GEOGRAPHY: INDUSTRIES CHAPTER 1

Need for industrialisation in India :

1. Rapid industrialisation ensures support and strength of the agricultural base.

2. Maintains a favourable balance in trade

3. It will make India independent and self-reliant

Location of various industries is done based on the following:

1. Availability of raw materials

2. Power supply

3. Manual labour

4. Water supply

5. For example: iron and steel industries are located close to the region where manganese,
limestone and coal are available.

6. Sugar Mills are located close to areas of sugarcane as perishable raw materials have to be
processed without loss of time.

Commercial factors: Government

1. The big industries which require large infrastructure and land are set up by the government.

2. The government makes decisions and policies to protect the indigenous industries.

3. The government provides basic amenities of land and power.

Capital :

1. Mostly financers and capitalists are found in major cities.

2. That is why most cities are industrial centers.

Agro based industries: industries which have raw materials as agricultural produce.

—--Sugar based industry:

1. It is the India’s 2nd largest organized industry after cotton textile industry.

2. Sugarcane is an important cash crop which is crushed in factories to produce sugar and
provides by products like gur and khandsari.

3. Besides providing these, it also provides bagasse, molasses and press mud.

4. Bagasse is used for producing steam which acts as a source of power for sugar industry.

5. Pressed mud is used for making wax, synthetic, etc.

6. Maharashtra is the leading producer of sugarcane in India.

a. Due to the marine impact , the climate is suitable for the cultivation of
sugarcane wherein recovery rate of sucrose is high and crushing season is
longer.

b. Uttar pradesh is the 2nd largest producer of sugarcane in india, Particularly in 2

belts of Terai belt and Ganga doab area.

There are a number of reasons about the tendency of sugar Industry to migrate to
South. They are:

(i) The Maritime Climate of South which is free from loo and frost.

(ii) The availability of black soil which is well drained and more fertile than Alluvial soil.

(iii) The Sugarcane of the South is of superior quality with higher yield as compared to
north.

(iv) Excellent transport facilities in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu which has given them an
advantageous

position in relation to Export Markets.

(vi) The cooperative societies in South are managing the sugarcane farms which are
large in size by providing

better seeds, fertilizers, irrigation facility.

(viii) In South, the Farmers have new machinery and crushing devices which ensures
high yield.
—Problems of Sugar Industry:

(i) The Sugarcane produced in India is of poor quality with low

Sucrose content.

(ii) Due to inefficient and uneconomic nature of production, short

crushing season, low yield and far off

locations, the cost of production is quite high.

(iii) Since Sugarcane is harvested almost at the same time, there is

lot of pressure on sugar mills and cannot

crush all canes which results in the wastage of canes.

(iv) The supply of raw materials to sugar factories is irregular.

(v) The Government has fixed the prices of sugarcane, thus if the farmers are not
offered good prices they

tend to switch over to other crops.

—(B) Cotton Textile Industry:

(i) India is one of the largest manufacturing countries and one of the largest
Exporters of Cotton Textiles in

the World.

(ii) Cotton Textile Industry is divided into two sectors: Powerloom and Handloom.

(iii) The important powerloom cotton mills are located in Maharashtra, Gujarat
and Tamil Nadu and the

Handloom Cotton Mills are situated in Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Kanpur,

Coimbatore, Howrah, etc.

(iv) Maharashtra and Gujarat are the two most important cotton textile
manufacturing states in India.

(v) Mumbai and Ahmedabad contribute about 50% of the total installed looms.

(vi) Mumbai is called the ‘Cottonopolis’ of India and is also known as the
‘Lancashire of India’.

(vii) Ahmedabad is known as the ‘Manchester of India’.

 (viii) There are many factors responsible for Mumbai and Ahmedabad to emerge
as the most important Cotton

Manufacturing Centres. They are as follows:

(a) Regular supply or proximity to raw material.

(b) Favourable climatic conditions, especially the humid climate.

(c) Good network of road and rail transportation within the country and sea routes
for the international

market.

(d) Location of major ports facilitates the export and import facilities.

(e) Availability of cheap and skilled laborers.

(f) Accessibility to capital since Mumbai and Ahmedabad are centres of financial
and commercial

resources. Even large number of banks and financial institutions exist which
provide loans to the manufacturers.

(g) Electricity supply by the Tata Hydro-electricity system in the Western Ghats to
Mumbai and the Ukai and Kakrapara Hydro-electric units to Gujarat.

(h) Good demand of cotton garments in India both in the Northern and Southern
States and in the Foreign Markets.

Problems of Cotton Textile Industry:

1) Shortage of raw materials especially long staple cotton that is imported

from pakistan, kenya
2) Sick industrial units due to:
a. Low productivity of labours and machine
b. Increasing competition from powerloom
c. Lack of modernization
d. Obsolete technology: old and obsolete machinery which leads to
low output and yield quality

Silk industry :

1. India has a monopoly of golden yellow muga silk produced in Assam

2. Produces 4 types of silk:mulberry, eri , tasar and muga
3. The rearing of silk worms for production of silk is known as siriculture.
 TYPES OF SILK : mulberry, eri, tasar and muga.

1. It is produced by rearing of the silk worms on the mulberry tree.

2. Bengaluru and srinagar

Problems of the silk industry:

1. Competition with artificial silk is high , it is cheaper and better in quality.
2. Needs modern power loom for increasing the production.
3. Import of better silk and cheaper silk from china.