Name: Koriche Taresa ID No :-

2015
Departement :- HNS
Level :- IV
Weekend 3rd Years

1. Write necessary steps to configure wireless router?

1. Unbox and Connect the Router

 Unbox your router and plug it in.

 Connect the router to your modem: Use an Ethernet cable to connect the router’s
WAN/Internet port to the modem's Ethernet port.
 Power on the router.

2. Connect Your Device to the Router

 Wired Connection: Use another Ethernet cable to connect a computer to one of the
router's LAN ports.
 Wireless Connection: Connect a laptop or smart phone to the router’s default Wi-Fi
network. You can find the default Wi-Fi name (SSID) and password on the label at the
back of the router.

3. Access the Router’s Admin Interface

 Open a web browser and enter the router’s IP address in the address bar. Common IP
addresses for most routers are:
o 192.168.1.1
o 192.168.0.1
 If prompted, enter the default username and password. Common credentials are:
o Username: admin
o Password: admin or password
o Check the router manual if these defaults do not work.

4. Change the Router’s Admin Password

  Once logged in, change the default admin password to something more secure. This
will prevent unauthorized access to your router’s settings.

5. Set Up the Wireless Network

 Change the SSID (Wi-Fi Network Name): Customize the Wi-Fi name (SSID) so you
can easily identify your network.
 Select the Wireless Mode: Choose the Wi-Fi standard that your devices support

(e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax).

 Set Wireless Security: Choose WPA3 (if available) or WPA2 for the best security.
Avoid using WEP, as it is outdated and insecure.
 Set a strong password for your Wi-Fi network.

6. Configure the Network Settings

 Set the Time Zone: Set the time zone and region for the router.
 Enable DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): This is typically enabled by
default. It assigns IP addresses to connected devices automatically.
 Change IP Address Range: If needed, you can change the router’s IP address range
(e.g., 192.168.0.x or 192.168.1.x) for better network management.

7. Update the Router Firmware

 Check for firmware updates in the router’s settings. Keeping the firmware up-to-date
ensures better security and performance.

8. Save the Settings

 After configuring the router, click Save or Apply to save your changes.
 The router may reboot to apply the settings.

9. Test the Connection

 After the router reboots, connect your device (laptop, smart phone, etc.) to the newly
configured Wi-Fi network using the updated SSID and password.
 Make sure you have a stable internet connection.

10. Optional: Set Up Guest Network

 If desired, you can set up a guest network for visitors to use, ensuring your primary
network remains secure.

11. Secure the Router

  Disable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) for added security.
 Disable remote management (unless necessary) to prevent external access to the router
settings.
 Enable firewall settings if not already active.

2.Write steps to change admin password of the tip link wireless access
point?

To change the admin password on a TP-Link wireless access point, follow these steps:

1. Connect to the TP-Link Access Point

 Wired Connection: Use an Ethernet cable to connect your computer to one of the LAN
ports on the TP-Link access point.
 Wireless Connection: Connect your computer or mobile device to the TP-Link access
point's Wi-Fi network using the default SSID and passwfgord found on the device's label.

2. Login to the Admin Interface

 Open a web browser (Chrome, Firefox, etc.) on your device.

 In the address bar, type the IP address of the TP-Link access point:
o Default IP address: 192.168.0.254 or 192.168.1.254
 Press Enter to load the login page.
 Enter the admin username and password. The default credentials are usually:
o Username: admin
o Password: admin
o If you've already changed the password previously, use the updated login details.

3. Access the System Tools

 After logging in, you should be in the router’s web interface.

 Look for a section called "System Tools" or "System" in the sidebar or menu,
depending on the model of your access point.

4. Change the Admin Password

 Within the System Tools menu, find an option like "Password" or "Change
Password".
 You will be prompted to enter:
o Current Password: Enter the existing password (usually "admin" unless
changed).
o New Password: Enter a new, strong password for the admin login.
o Confirm Password: Re-enter the new password to confirm.
  Password tips: Make sure the new password is strong—mix upper and lower case letters,
numbers, and special characters.

5. Save Changes

 Once you've entered the new password, click the Save or Apply button to save the
changes.
 The access point might prompt you to log in again with the new password. Do so to
confirm that the change was successful.

6. Logout of the Admin Interface

 Once your password is changed, log out of the router’s admin interface.
 Ensure you note down the new password somewhere safe in case you forget it.

7. Reconnect If Necessary

 If you were logged in through Wi-Fi, you may need to reconnect to the access point using
the new admin password for any future administrative tasks.

Wireless networks provide convenience and flexibility, but they also come with a range of
challenges and potential problems. Here are some of the common issues faced with wireless
networks:

3.explain the problems whithwireless netoworks?

1. Signal Interference

 Problem: Wireless signals can be disrupted by other electronic devices or networks

operating on the same frequency, such as microwaves, cordless phones, baby monitors, or
neighboring Wi-Fi networks.
 Impact: This can cause slow speeds, dropped connections, and poor performance.
 Solution: Change the channel or frequency band (2.4 GHz or 5 GHz) on your router to
avoid overlap with other devices.

2. Limited Range

 Problem: The signal strength weakens as you move farther away from the router or
access point. Obstacles like walls, floors, or large metal objects can block the signal.
 Impact: Devices farther from the router may experience slow speeds, weak signals, or no
connection at all.
 Solution: Reposition the router in a more central location, away from obstacles.
Alternatively, use Wi-Fi extenders or mesh systems to boost coverage.

3. Overcrowded Channels
  Problem: Many devices in a densely populated area (like apartments or office buildings)
may be competing for the same Wi-Fi channels, especially on the crowded 2.4 GHz band.
 Impact: This can lead to slower speeds, network congestion, and unreliable connections.
 Solution: Switch to a less crowded channel, especially on the 5 GHz band, which has
more channels and is less prone to congestion.

4. Bandwidth Limitations

 Problem: Wireless networks have finite bandwidth that is shared among all connected
devices. When too many devices are using the network, speeds can drop, especially if
devices are streaming video, gaming, or transferring large files.
 Impact: Network congestion leads to slow speeds, buffering, or connection drops.
 Solution: Prioritize traffic with Quality of Service (QoS) settings, limit the number of
devices, or upgrade your internet plan or router.

5. Security Risks

 Problem: Wireless networks are more vulnerable to hacking or unauthorized access

compared to wired networks. Without proper security settings, malicious actors can
easily access your network.
 Impact: Potential data theft, unauthorized usage, or disruption of the network.
 Solution: Use strong encryption (WPA3 or WPA2) for your Wi-Fi network, set a strong
password, and disable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup). Consider hiding your SSID
(network name) to make it harder for outsiders to find your network.

6. Network Congestion

 Problem: In areas with many wireless networks (like apartments or public spaces), too
many devices can create network congestion and lead to slower speeds or dropped
connections.
 Impact: Increased latency, slower download speeds, and instability.
 Solution: Use the 5 GHz band if available, as it’s less crowded, or implement a mesh
network to handle congestion better.

7. Device Compatibility

 Problem: Older devices may not support newer wireless standards (like 802.11ac or
802.11ax), leading to slower speeds or connection problems.
 Impact: Devices may not be able to take full advantage of the faster speeds offered by
modern routers.
 Solution: Ensure that your devices are compatible with your router’s Wi-Fi standards.
Consider upgrading older devices if needed.

8. Network Drops and Disconnections

  Problem: Sometimes wireless networks drop connections unexpectedly or fail to
reconnect after a period of inactivity.
 Impact: Frequent disconnections can be frustrating and interrupt work or entertainment.
 Solution: Update the router’s firmware, reset network settings on devices, or check for
issues with the router’s configuration (e.g., DHCP settings).

9. Power Consumption

 Problem: Wireless devices can consume more power than wired devices, especially
when using high-speed internet or when the signal is weak and devices need to work
harder to maintain a connection.
 Impact: Reduced battery life on mobile devices and laptops.
 Solution: Use power-saving modes or connect to Wi-Fi when charging.

10. Router Performance

 Problem: Not all routers are created equal. Some may have weaker antennas, outdated
firmware, or limited performance under heavy traffic conditions.
 Impact: Slow speeds, poor signal quality, and frequent connection drops.
 Solution: Regularly update the router’s firmware, invest in a high-quality router that
supports newer standards, or consider upgrading to a mesh Wi-Fi system for better
coverage.

11. ISP Issues

 Problem: Sometimes the issue is not with your wireless network but with the Internet
Service Provider (ISP), such as slow speeds, outages, or throttling.
 Impact: Your network may appear slow or unreliable, even though your equipment is
working properly.
 Solution: Contact your ISP to troubleshoot or upgrade your plan if necessary.

12. Environmental Factors

 Problem: External factors such as walls, interference from other wireless devices, or
even weather conditions can affect signal quality.
 Impact: Poor signal strength or intermittent disconnections.
 Solution: Position your router in a central, open location away from obstructions.
Consider using Wi-Fi extenders or mesh systems to boost coverage in larger spaces.

4.write step to block unauthorized user from wi fi?

1. Log in to Your Router's Admin Interface

 Connect your device to your Wi-Fi network (either wired or wirelessly).
 Open a web browser and enter your router’s IP address in the address bar. The most common
addresses are:
 o 192.168.1.1
o 192.168.0.1
o 192.168.100.1
 Press Enter to access the login page.
 Enter your admin username and password to log in (the default login credentials are usually
printed on the router or in the user manual if you haven't changed them).

2. Find the List of Connected Devices

 Once logged in, look for a section such as "Device List," "LAN Status," "Attached Devices," or
"Wireless Clients."
 This list shows all devices currently connected to your Wi-Fi network, including both authorized
and unauthorized devices.
 Identify any devices you don’t recognize or don’t want on your network. The list usually shows:
o Device Name (if available)
o MAC Address (unique identifier for each device)
o IP Address

3. Block Unauthorized Devices

There are several methods to block unauthorized users from your network:
Option 1: Block by MAC Address

 MAC Address Filtering: Each device connected to your Wi-Fi has a unique MAC address (Media
Access Control address). You can block a device by using the MAC address filtering feature on
your router.
 In the router settings, look for an option like "MAC Filtering," "Access Control," or "Wireless
MAC Filtering."
 Add the MAC address of the unauthorized device to the block list.
 Enable MAC Filtering: Choose to either allow only listed devices or deny the listed MAC
addresses.
 Save the settings to apply the changes.

Option 2: Change the Wi-Fi Password

 Another simple and effective way to block unauthorized users is by changing the Wi-Fi
password.
 Navigate to the Wireless Settings section in the router interface.
 Change the Wi-Fi password (use a strong password with a combination of upper/lowercase
letters, numbers, and symbols).
 Save the new settings and reconnect your authorized devices to the network using the new
password.

Option 3: Disable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)

 WPS allows easy connection of devices to your network by pressing a button on the router.
However, it can be exploited by unauthorized users.
 Disable WPS: Look for "WPS" or "Wi-Fi Protected Setup" in your router settings and turn it off.
  This ensures that no one can easily join your network without proper credentials.

4. Enable WPA3/WPA2 Encryption

 Make sure your network is secured with strong encryption to prevent unauthorized users from
gaining access easily.
 Go to the Wireless Settings and ensure you are using WPA2 or WPA3 encryption.
 WPA3 is the most secure option if your router supports it; otherwise, use WPA2.
 Set a strong password for your Wi-Fi network.

5. Limit DHCP Leases

 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses to devices that
connect to your network.
 You can limit the number of IP addresses assigned to devices by configuring the DHCP range on
the router. This will prevent too many devices from connecting to the network.
 Go to the LAN Settings or DHCP Settings in your router interface and adjust the range of IP
addresses to allow only the number of devices you want to connect.

6. Enable Network Isolation

 Some routers offer a feature called "Guest Network" or "Client Isolation", which can be enabled
to keep devices from interacting with each other.
 You can create a guest network with limited access to resources (such as the internet but not
your internal network) to keep unauthorized users from accessing your main network.
 Client Isolation (if available) ensures that devices connected to the same network cannot
communicate with each other, preventing unauthorized devices from accessing shared resources.

7. Monitor the Network Regularly

 Periodically check the list of connected devices to identify any new or unauthorized connections.
 If you notice any new devices that shouldn’t be on your network, you can block them using the
methods above.

8. Set Up Alerts for New Connections

 Some routers allow you to set up alerts when a new device connects to your Wi-Fi network.
 Check your router’s settings for options like "Email Alerts" or "Device Notification" when a new
device connects. This helps you stay informed and quickly take action if needed.

4.what are 3 main factors affecting wireless network?

1. Signal Interference

 Description: Wireless networks use radio waves to transmit data, and these signals can
be interfered with by various factors.
 Common Sources of Interference:
 o Other electronic devices (microwaves, cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, etc.)
o Neighboring Wi-Fi networks using the same or overlapping channels
o Physical barriers like walls, floors, and large metal objects
o Other wireless technol‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘à‘ogies (e.g., Zigbee, baby monitors)
 Impact: Interference can cause slower speeds, signal drops, and reduced reliability of the
network.
 Solution: Switching to a less crowded frequency band (such as 5 GHz instead of 2.4
GHz) or changing the Wi-Fi channel can help reduce interference.

2. Range and Coverage

 Description: The distance between the device and the wireless access point (AP) or
router affects the quality and speed of the connection.
 Factors Affecting Range:
o Physical obstacles (walls, floors, furniture)
o Signal strength (weaker signals at greater distances)
o Router placement (too far from devices or placed in an enclosed space)
 Impact: The farther a device is from the router or AP, the weaker the signal becomes,
which can result in slower speeds, dropped connections, and poor network performance.
 Solution: Repositioning the router to a more central location, using Wi-Fi extenders, or
upgrading to a mesh Wi-Fi system can help improve coverage.

3. Bandwidth and Network Congestion

 Description: Bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transmitted over a
network in a given amount of time, and network congestion occurs when too many
devices are trying to use the same network resources simultaneously.
 Factors Contributing to Congestion:
o Too many devices connected to the same network
o Heavy data usage (streaming, large file downloads, online gaming, etc.)
o Limited bandwidth from the internet service provider (ISP)
 Impact: Network congestion can cause slower speeds, high latency, and poor
performance for all connected devices.
 Solution: Limiting the number of connected devices, prioritizing traffic (using Quality of
Service, or QoS), or upgrading to a faster internet plan can help alleviate congestion.

6.what is the difference between wifi and Bluetooth?

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are both wireless technologies, but they are designed for different purposes
and operate in distinct ways. Here's a breakdown of the key differences:

1. Purpose and Use Case

 Wi-Fi:
o Primary Use: Provides high-speed internet and network connectivity over a larger area.
 o Common Applications: Connecting devices to the internet, home or office networking,
streaming media, file sharing, etc.
 Bluetooth:
o Primary Use: Facilitates short-range communication between devices, typically for direct
device-to-device communication.
o Common Applications: Wireless headphones, keyboards, mice, smartwatches, file
transfer between devices, connecting to IoT (Internet of Things) devices, etc.

2. Range

 Wi-Fi:
o Typical Range: 30 to 100 meters (about 100 to 300 feet), depending on the router and
environment (e.g., walls, interference).
o Application: Suitable for connecting devices over larger areas, such as within a home,
office, or public spaces.
 Bluetooth:
o Typical Range: 1 to 100 meters, depending on the Bluetooth version (Bluetooth Low
Energy or Bluetooth 5.0 offers longer range).
o Application: Designed for short-range communication, typically up to 10 meters (about
33 feet), ideal for device-to-device connections.

3. Speed and Data Transfer Rate

 Wi-Fi:
o Data Transfer Rate: Generally much faster than Bluetooth, with speeds ranging from 54
Mbps (Wi-Fi 4) to over 9 Gbps (Wi-Fi 6).
o Application: Ideal for high-bandwidth tasks like streaming, online gaming, and large file
transfers.
 Bluetooth:
o Data Transfer Rate: Much slower compared to Wi-Fi, with speeds ranging from 1 Mbps
(Bluetooth 2.0) to around 3 Mbps (Bluetooth 4.0).
o Application: Suitable for small, intermittent data transfers like sending files between
phones, or streaming audio (e.g., wireless headphones).

4. Power Consumption
 Wi-Fi:
o Typically uses more power, making it less ideal for battery-powered devices like
wearables.
o Energy Efficiency: Modern Wi-Fi standards (like Wi-Fi 6) offer better efficiency, but it
still consumes more energy compared to Bluetooth.
 Bluetooth:
o Designed to be power-efficient, especially with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
technology, making it ideal for battery-powered devices (e.g., wireless mice, fitness
trackers).
o Energy Efficiency: Consumes much less power than Wi-Fi, allowing devices to last longer
on a single battery charge.
5. Connection Type and Setup
 Wi-Fi:
o Requires a wireless router or access point for devices to connect to the internet or
network.
o Setup: Devices connect to a Wi-Fi network using SSID and password; the setup process
may be a bit more involved.
 Bluetooth:
o Devices directly pair with one another, usually by enabling Bluetooth on both devices
and pairing them through a simple process.
o Setup: Pairing is typically quick, and devices often automatically reconnect once paired.

6. Interference and Frequency

 Wi-Fi:
o Operates primarily on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands (some newer routers support 6 GHz).
o Interference: Can experience interference from other Wi-Fi networks, microwave ovens,
baby monitors, etc.
 Bluetooth:
o Also operates on the 2.4 GHz frequency (which is the same as some Wi-Fi networks), but
Bluetooth has protocols in place to minimize interference.
o Interference: Less susceptible to interference than Wi-Fi due to its lower power output
and specific channel-hopping mechanism.

7. Number of Devices Connect‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ed

 Wi-Fi:
o Can support a large number of devices (dozens or even hundreds) connecting to the same
network, depending on the router.
 Bluetooth:
o Typically designed for fewer connections, often between 1 to 7 devices at a time
(depending on Bluetooth version and device capabilities).

8. Security
 Wi-Fi:
o Security protocols like WPA2 and WPA3 offer strong encryption and security for Wi-Fi
networks, making them secure for internet and file sharing.
 Bluetooth:
o Bluetooth security has improved over the years with features like encryption and pairing
codes to prevent unauthorized access. However, Bluetooth security may be weaker in
comparison to Wi-Fi, depending on the implementation.

Summary of Differences:
Feature Wi-Fi Bluetooth
Primary Use Internet and network connectivity Short-range communication between devices
 Range 30-100 meters (depending on 1-100 meters (usually shorter than Wi-Fi)
environment)
Speed Faster (up to several Gbps) Slower (up to 3 Mbps for classic Bluetooth)
Power Higher (not ideal for battery-powered Low power consumption (ideal for small
Consumption devices) devices)
Setup Requires a router and network Simple pairing between devices
configuration
Interference Can be affected by nearby Wi-Fi Less interference due to frequency hopping
networks and other devices
Security Strong encryption (WPA2, WPA3) Moderate, improved over time with pairing
codes and encryption

7.how to reduce wifi range in tp link router?

Steps to Reduce Wi-Fi Range on TP-Link Router:

1. Login to the Router’s Admin Page

 Connect to your TP-Link router via a wired or wireless connection.

 Open a web browser and type the router’s IP address in the address bar:
o Default IP address is usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1.
 Press Enter to load the login page.
 Enter your admin username and password (the default credentials are typically admin for both
fields unless changed).

2. Navigate to Wireless Settings

 Once logged in, go to the Wireless Settings or Wireless tab in the router's interface. The exact
location of this section may vary depending on the router model.
 In most TP-Link routers, this can be found under the "Basic Settings" or "Advanced Settings"
section.

3. Adjust the Transmit Power

 Look for a setting called "Transmit Power" or "Wireless Transmit Power".

 Reduce the power to a lower percentage (e.g., from 100% to 50% or 25%) to limit the range of
your Wi-Fi signal. This reduces the distance the Wi-Fi signal can travel while still maintaining
connectivity within the desired range.

Note: Lowering the transmit power will reduce the Wi-Fi range but could also affect the quality
of the connection in certain parts of the coverage area.

4. Change Wi-Fi Channel

 Sometimes, adjusting the Wi-Fi channel can help reduce interference or limit the range. Choose a
channel with less congestion, especially on the 2.4 GHz band.
 In the Wireless Settings section, locate the Channel option and select a different channel
(channels 1, 6, and 11 are usually recommended for the 2.4 GHz band).
5. Disable the 5 GHz Band (Optional)

 If your router supports dual-band Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz), you can disable the 5 GHz band to
limit the network coverage to the 2.4 GHz band, which generally has a longer range. This can
help reduce the overall coverage.
 Under the Wireless Settings section, disable the 5 GHz network if you want to limit coverage to
the 2.4 GHz band.

6. Set Up a Guest Network (Optional)

 If you want to further control which devices access your network in specific areas, you can set up
a Guest Network with limited access.
 In the Wireless Settings section, find the Guest Network option and configure it with restrictions.
You can set limits on the devices connected to this network, and it can be placed in a specific area
for better control.

7. Save Your Settings

 After adjusting the settings, make sure to save the changes by clicking Save or Apply (depending
on your router model).
 The router will likely restart, applying the new settings.

Optional: Using Physical Barriers

If you want to physically limit the range further, you can:

 Relocate the router: Move it to a more centralized location in your home to limit the signal
coverage in unwanted areas (like outside your house).
 Use a Wi-Fi range extender or mesh system: In some cases, you can install a range extender or
mesh system in a way that limits coverage to only certain parts of your home