INTERMEDIATE SECOND YEAR

POLITICAL SCIENCE-II

R SREEDHAR
Govt Junior College Gambhiraopet Rajanna
Siricilla dist
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 UNIT-1 7. Independent Judiciary: Hence the Supreme
INDIAN CONSTITUTION –HISTORICAL Court and High Courts in India act independently
BACKGROUND without fear or favour to executive and Legislative
10 marks organs.
1. Explain the Salient Features of Indian 8. Directive Principles of State Policy: Part IV
Constitution. from Articles 36 to 51. Principles from Irish
A: Salient Features of Indian Constitution: constitution. They pointed out that the principles
Some of the important features of the Indian would transform Indian into a Welfare, Gandhian
constitution include the following. and liberal State
1. Written and Detailed Constitution: The 9. Fundamental Rights: They are incorporated
Constitution of India is a written document. It was under part III from Articles 12 to 35 of our
drafted, debated and enacted by the Constituent Constitution. At first there were seven fundamental
Assembly of India. It took 2 years. 11 months and rights in the constitution. But at present there are
18 days to write and enact the constitution. only six fundamentals rights. They are: Right to
Originally Indian constitution consists of 395 Equality, Right to Freedom etc....,
Articles, divided into 22 parts with 8 schedules. At 10. Fundamentals Duties: In Article 51 under part
present it contains 486 Articles 25 parts and 12 IV. A based on the recommendations of Swaran
schedules. Singh Committee on constitutional Reforms. At first
2. India is Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, there were 10 Fundamental Duties inserted through
Democratic Republic: With the adoption of the the constitution 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. 86th
constitution India became a Sovereign Socialist, Amendment Act, 2002.
Secular and Democratic Republic. 11. Single Citizenship: Our constitution conferred
3. Noble aims and Objectives: The Indian single citizenship to all those persons who are born
constitution secures to all its citizens, Justice-social, in India or who resided in India for a specific period.
economic and political matters
4. Combination of Rigidity and Flexibility: The 5 Marks
Constitution of Indian can be amended with Rigid 1. Explain any four causes for the birth of Indian
and Flexible methods of simple majority. For National Movement.
example, the formation of new states. Principles can A: Causes for the Birth of Indian National
be amended Fundamental Rights through 2/3rd Movement: Psychological attribute along with
majority method in Parliament. exploitative and repressive British rule motivated
5. Unitary and Federal Features: The Chairman of the Indians to lead a strong National Movement in
the Drafting Committee Dr B.R. Ambedkar and India.
other eminent leaders described Indian 1) British Colonial Rule: British rule in India had
Constitution as federal on tilting towards unitary both positive and negative impact on Indian
one K.C. Where are remarked that Indian is a quasi- Society the British rule had introduced a concrete
federation administrative structure with several rationally
6. Parliamentary Government: Indian Constitution divided departments. The Britishers had also
introduced the British Parliamentary System of followed practices like ruthless exploitation of
Government Central and State levels. Prime Indian economic resources.
Ministers' leadership, collective responsibility, 2) Socio-Culture Renaissance: The Brahma Samaj
Parliament's control over the union executive, founded by Raja Rammohan Roy. Dayananda
nominal status of the President etc. Saraswathi formed by the Arya samaj. The Rama
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Krishna Mission, Socio-Cultural identity and 1. Positive Programmers
patriotism and indirectly motivated the people to a. Use of Swadeshi Goods
have an dirge for self-rule. b. Raising of one crore rupees’ fund for
3) Great Revolt: During the year 1857, thousands implementing the activities of Non-Coorperation
of Sepoys of Indian Army, deposed rulers, rural c. Distribution of 20 Lakhs Charkas to the
artisans and peasants made combined an effort to unemployed Indians
overthrow the British rule in India. Particularly, Lord 2. Negative programmes
Dalhousie's "Doctrine of Lapse". The movements a) Boycotting Foreign Goods
had produced great leaders like Rani Jhansi b) Renouncing the British titles and Honorary
LakshmiBai, Mangal Panday, Nana Saheb, Tantia offices
Tope and others, C) Abstaining from the Government Sponsored
4) Press: Many newspapers, Amrit Bazar Patrika, meetings.
Kesari, Patriot, The Hindu, Navajeevan, Andhra 2 Marks
Patrika etc. The British Rulers. Eminent leader like 1. Moderates in Indian National Movements
Motilal Nehru Surendranath, Bal GangadharTilak, A. The Moderate phase of the Indian Movement is
M.K Gandhi and many others ideals of nationalism also described as an era of reforms and Liberalism.
through the medium of press. Prominent leaders in this phase are Dadabhai
2. Explain the role of the extremists in Indian Naoroji, Gopala Krishana Gokhale , Sudrendhranath
National Movement. Banerjee, Umesh Chandra Benarjee and others
A: Extremist Phase (1905-1920): More Particularly, 2. Methods of Extremists
leaders like Bala GangadharTilak, Lalalajapet Rai, A.1. Boycott of British Goods and Insistence on
Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh and other Utilizing Domestic Goods or Swadeshi.
were very critical of the methods and aims of 2. Boycott of Honorary titles and Government
Moderate Leaders and denounced their supplicant offices.
ways. Bala Gangadhara Tilak profoundly stated that 3. Practising passive resistance.
"Swaraj is My Birth Right and I Shall have it." 3. Minto Morley Reforms Act
1. Boycott of British Goods and Insistence on A. This Act was formulated with the initiative of
Utilizing Domestic Goods or Swadeshi. Lord Minto Lord John Morely, The Act extended the
2. Boycott of Honorary titles and Government numerical strength in Central Legislative Council.
offices. The Act Introduced indirect election system.
3. Practising passive resistance. 4. Constituent Assembly
4. Organizing Festivals for mobilizing people to A. The Constituent Assembly was held on
disseminate the idea of self-rule. December 9, 1946. [Link] Rajendhra Prasad was
5. Vigorous political action and continuous struggle elected as the Chairman of the Constituent
with bandh and Hartal. Assembly.
6. Encouraging Education.
6Q. What are various programmes adopted 5. Drafting Committee
during the Non-Cooperation Movement? A. The Constituent Assembly setup the Drafting
A: Non-Cooperation Movement: Gandhiji Committee with Dr.B.R. Ambedkar as its chairman
Launched this movement between 1920-22, against and other 6 committee members. The Drafting
the mass killing of innocent people in Jallianwalah Committee played vital role in the Drafting process
Bagh in Punjab. This movement also supported the of the Indian Constitution.
Indian Muslims and their Kilafat Movement
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6. Preamble of the Indian Constitution settle in any part of the territory of India. • To
A. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution (After practice any profession or business.
the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976) The Preamble of • Article 20 States that No person shall be
the Indian Constitution reflects the aims, aspirations prosecuted and punished for the same offence
and objectives. more than once
UNIT-2 • Article 21 States about "Right to life".
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS-DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES • Article 22 States Every person who is arrested
OF STATE POLICY and detained in custody shall be produced before
10 MARKS the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of such
[Link] the Fundamental Rights as arrest.
incorporated in the Indian Constitution? 3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23 to 24)
A. Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights are Article 23 States that the traffic in human beings
incorporated in part III of the constitution. These and beggar and other similar forms of forced
are mentioned in Articles 12 or Articles 35. The labour are prohibited
"Freedom Movement" for "Independent India" is Article 24 States that no child below the age of 14
the spirit behind these provisions. years shall be employed to work in any factory
Fundamental Rights: 4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25 to
1. Right to Equality (Article 14 to 18) 28)
2. Right to Freedom (Article 19 to 22) • Article 25 Practice and propagate religion.
3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23 to 24) • Article 26 Public order, morality and health, every
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25 to 28) religious denomination
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 & 30) • To establish and mention institutions for religious
6. Right to constitutional Remedies (Article 32) and charitable purpose
• Article 1. Right to Equality (Article 14 to 18) • Article 27 Without pay Tax of religion.
• Article 14"Any person equality before the law or • Article 28 Religious instruction shall be provided
equal protection of laws". in any educational institution wholly maintained out
• Article 15 "Any citizen on grounds only of of state funds.
religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of 5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29
them" and 30)
• Article 16 "There shall be equality of opportunity • Article 29 Any citizen having a distinct language,
for all citizens in matters relating to employment." script or culture of its own shall have the right to
• Article 17 states that "Untouchability conserve the same
• Article 18 States that no title, excluding a military • Article 30 Minorities, whether based on religion
or academic, education, scientific, medicine, Sports or languages, shall have right to establish and
and Social Service shall be conferred by the state. administer educational institutes of their choice.
2. Right to Freedom (Article 19 to 22) 6. Right to constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
• Article 19 "States that all citizens shall have the • Article 32 The Supreme court shall have power to
right" issue directions "Orders or Writs" in the nature of (i)
• To freedom of speech and expression • To Habeas Corpus, (ii) Mandamus, (iii) Prohibition, (iv)
assemble peacefully and without arms • To form Quo Warranto and (v) Certiorari which ever may be
associations our unions • To move freely appropriate for the enforcement of any of the right
throughout the territory of India • To reside and conferred by this part.

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2. Explain the Directive Principles of State • Article 45 Provide free and compulsory education
Policy. for all the children below 14 years of age Article 45.
A. Directive Principle of State Policy: They are • Article 50 Steps to separate judiciary from
enshrined in Part-IV of the Indian Constitution from executive in public service of the state.
Article 35 to Articles 51. The Directive principles of • Article 51 Promote international peace and
state policy are non-justifiable in nature; security.
Directive Principles of State Policy are derived into Additional Principles.
3 types (a). socialist Principles. (b) Gandhian The Constitution Acts of 1976 and 1978 42nd
Principles.(C)Liberal Principles Amendment and 44th Amendment 1978 added a
a. Socialist Principles: few.
• Article 38 Provide that Social, Financial and •Minimising the inequalities in income. Article 38
Political Justice. (2)
• Article 39 Provide livelihood, common goal, • Provision of equal justice and free legal aid to the
nation's wealth, men and women poor Article 39(A).
• Article 41 Public assistance in case of • Securing participation of workers in the
unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement etc. management of the industries Article 43(A).
• Article 42 Work and for maternity relief. • Protecting environment, Forests and an animal
• Article 43 A living wage and conditions of work Article 48(A).
enjoyment of leisure, social and cultural. 2 MARKS
• Article 46 Scheduled castes and the scheduled 1. Right to Equality
tribes. The State Protect them against social "Any person equality before the law “,"Any citizen
injustice. on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place
• Article 47 The level of nutrition and standard of of birth or any of them", "Untouchability is
living of the people and to improve public health. abolished”.
b) Gandhian Principles: [Link] to constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
• Article 40 State to organize village panchayats The Supreme court shall have power to issue
• Article 43 Directs the state to strive for the directions "Orders or Writs" in the nature of (i)
promotion of cottage industries on individual. Habeas Corpus, (ii) Mandamus, (iii) Prohibition, (iv)
Article 46 Promote the educational and economic Quo Warranto and (v) Certiorari which ever may be
interest of the weaker section with special care. appropriate for the enforcement of any of the right
• Article 47 Prohibition of intoxicating drinks and conferred by this part.
of drugs. [Link] Principles:
Article 48 Organize agriculture and animal • State to organize village panchayats
husbandry on modern and scientific lines. • Directs the state to strive for the promotion of
• Article 48(A) Environment and so safeguard the cottage industries on individual.
forests and wild life of the country. .• Prohibition of intoxicating drinks and of drugs.
• Article 49 Protect the monuments, places and 4. Mention any four Fundamental Duties
other objects of artistic or historic and national 1. Respect Nation Flag and National Anthem
importance. 2. To value and preserve the rich Heritage of our
c) Liberal Principle: composite culture
• Article 44 Uniform Civil code throughout the 3. To upload and protect the sovereignty, unity and
country. integrity of India
4. To safeguard public property
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 UNIT-3 governor of a state Government of that state
UNION GOVERNMENT cannot function according to the Constitutional
10 MARKS provisions, the president may proclaim emergency
1. Describe the ordinary and emergency powers in that state.
of President of India (OR) 3. Financial Emergency (Article 360): During this
Describe powers and functions of President of emergency union Government can issue any
India. direction for the reduction of salaries and
General Powers: allowances of the administrative personnel. All the
1. Executive powers: The Executive powers of the money bills and other bills passed by the state
union shall be vested in hands of the president. As legislature are reserved for the consideration of the
the head of executive the president makes several president.
appointments. Prime Minister, the union council of 2. Describe the powers of Prime Minister of
Ministers, State Governors, Judges of Supreme India.
court, High court, Election commissioner, UPSC etc.. The Prime Minister of India’s the real political
2. Legislative Powers: This President is an integral executive Head of the Union Government
part of the union legislature. The president Powers and Functions of Prime Minister:
nominates two anglo Indian members to Loksabha 1. Leader of the Union Cabinet: The Prime
and 12 members to Rajyasabha. Prior sanction of Minister is central to the formation of the Union
the president money bills, bills of formation. Council of Ministers, its life and collapse. The prime
3. Financial Powers: The president initiates every minister has the power to include or dismiss any
financial year through the "Annual Budget" of person in the council of Ministers. He can change
Government of India to be presented before the portfolios among the ministers.
Houses of Parliament. For every five years he 2. Leader of the parliament: As the leader of the
appoints the Chairmen and the members of the majority party in the House of people of Parliament
Finance Commission and head of the Government, the Prime Minister is
4. Judicial powers: The President appoints Chief treated as the leader of the Parliament. He/she is
justice and other judges of the Supreme Court and the Chief spokesperson of the Government in the
high courts. House.
5. Military powers: The President is the supreme 3. Leader of the Union Government: While the
commander of the defence forces. He can declare President of India is Head of the State, Prime
War and negotiate peace. Minister is head of Government. All major
6. Diplomatic Powers: The President appoints appointments of the Union Government are
foreign countries and receives the credential of the virtually made by the Prime Minister. He co-
ambassadors of other countries appointed to India. ordinates various departments of Union
Emergency Powers: Government.
1. National Emergency (Article 352): If the 4. Link between the President and the Union
president is satisfied that a grave emergency exists Cabinet: The Prime Minister acts as the bridge
in the country war or external aggressions or armed between the President and the Union Council of
rebellion, parliament with a majority of not less Ministers. It is the duty of Prime Minister to
than 2/3rdmembers present and voting in each communicate to the President all the decisions of
house within a month. the Union Cabinet and furnish every information
2. Constitutional Emergency (President Rule- regarding the administration of the Union
Article 356): On the receipt of a report from the Government.
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5. Leader of the Nation: In international relations sabha elect two of their members as the speaker
the Prime Minister is regarded as Chief and Deputy speaker. The member of Rajya Sabha
Spokesperson of the country. All major decisions on elects their Deputy Chairman
foreign policies are influenced by the Prime 6. Judicial Powers: Indian Parliament to impeach
Minister the President, vice president, the Chief Justice and
6. Other powers & Functions: In addition to the other judges of the Supreme Courtand High courts
above mentioned, the Prime Minister has various on specific grounds of allegations of proved
other roles. He is the chairman of the NITI Ayog, misbehaviour or incapacity
National Integration Council, Inter-State Council 7. Deliberative Functions: Parliament is the
and also acts as chairman of the other appointment Important. It discusses at length, the contemporary
committees. national and international issues, matter concerning
[Link] the power of Indian Parliament. redressed of public grievances etc.
Power and functions of Indian Parliament: Indian 8. Other powers: Alternation of boundaries of
Parliament is the supreme Legislature body states. i) Creation or abolition of Legislature council
reflecting the aims and aspiration of the common iii) Changes in the name of states.
people in India. 5 MARKS
1. Legislature Powers: The parliament is [Link] about the functions of Supreme Court
empowered to make laws over the subjects of of India.
union list and concurrent list. A bill will become an A. Supreme Court Powers and Functions:
act only after the both Houses pass it. The 1. Original Jurisdiction: a) Between the centre and
president has a power to return a bill to the one or more states (b) states on the one side and
parliament for reconsideration. When the one or other states (c) between two or more states.
parliament resends and re-passes it the president 2) Appellate Jurisdiction: under the appellate
has to sign it. jurisdiction the Supreme Court can hearer appeals
2. Executive powers (Power to control over on the following cases a) Constitutional Cases b)
executive): The council of Ministers are directly Civil cases c) criminal cases
responsible to the LokSabha. Adjournment Motion, 3) Advisory jurisdiction: The president of India
cut motion, call attention motion is keys to control can seek. The Supreme Court may give its opinion
the executive on the Presidents reference with regard to any
3. Financial Powers: No tax can be levied any matter.
expenditure made without the approval of the 4) Miscellaneous Functions:
parliament. A cut motion is passed or a rejection of *Direction, order or Writs: Fundamental rights of
any money bill by the LokSabha is a vote of no- the citizens.
confidence against council of minister and it has to • Review of Judgment and order: Any judgment
resign given by it earlier. Guardian of the Constitution
4. Power to amend the constitution: Article 368, 5) Judicial Review: The Supreme court has been
the power to amend the constitution is vested in given the power to decide. Parliament or the State
parliament. parliament by a 2/3rd majority of the Legislatures and the executive decisions taken by
members in each House. For amending the the central or state government is constitutional or
provision of some articles the ratifications of at not. Public interest litigation
least half of the stage legislature is required.
[Link] Functions: Indian Parliament elects the
president and vice [Link] members of Lok
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[Link] about election of Vice President and his [Link] composition of Union Council of Ministers
Functions. A. India has the three tier ministry consisting of 1)
The Vice President of India is the second highest cabinet ministers,2) ministers of state and3)The
authority in the country. Deputy Ministers.
1. Election: The vice president of India is elected by 3. National Emergency (Article 352).
the both elected and nominated member of two A. If the president is satisfied that agrave
House of parliament. emergency exists in the country war or external
2. Removal: Rajya Sabha only by at least 1/4h of aggressions or armed rebellion, parliament with a
the total members of the House. After expiry of the majority of not less than 2/3rdmembers present and
14 days voting in each house within a month.
Powers and Functions: 4. Constitutional Emergency (President Rule-
[Link] of Rajyasabha: The Vice President of Article 356)
India is the ex-office Chairman of rajya sabha A. On the receipt of a report from the governor of a
2. Acting as the President: President of India in state Government of that state cannot function
the removal or resignation or death of the according to the Constitutional provisions, the
President of India. The Vice President acts as the president may proclaim emergency in a state.
President for a period of not exceeding six months 5. Powers of Lok Sabha Speaker
3. Write about Judicial Review of Supreme A. 1) The Speaker presides over the meetings of Lok
Court. Sabha
A. The Supreme Court has been given the power to 2) He allows members to ask questions
decide whether a law passed by the Parliament or 3) Adjournment motions of moved with his consent
the State Legislatures and the executive decisions 6. Composition of Rajya Sabha
taken by the central or State Governments is A. The Rajya Sabha as 250 out of which12 members
Constitutional or not. If such a law or executive are nominated by the President and 238 are
decision is found unconstitutional, then it can be representatives of the States and the 3 of union
declared as invalid. The Judiciary in India is armed [Link] present strength of RajyaSabha is245
with the power of judicial review not only to 7. Composition of Lok Sabha
safeguard the provisions of constitution but also A. Lok Sabha is lower house in Indian Parliament, its
ensures that all the organs of the government maximum strength is 550 at present there are 543
function within their jurisdiction as per the spirit of members and 2 other members will be nominated
the Constitution. Further it also upholds the by the President
fundamental rights in general and right to property UNIT-4
in particular STATE GOVERNMENT
2MARKS 5MARKS
1. Composition of Electrical College? 1Q: Write about power and functions of the
A. The President of India is elected by an Electoral State Governor.
College. It consists of the elected members of a) A: Power and Functions of the Governor:
both houses of parliament b) state legislative 1. Executive power:
assemblies c) the elected members of Legislative i) The governor appoints the Chief Minister
Assemblies of Delhi and Puducheri and Jammu & ii) He appoints, removes the ministers on the advice
Kashmir. of the Chief Minister.
iii) The State public service commission, Minorities
commissions, Commission for Women, etc.
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iv) He promulgates ordinances during the recess of decides the agenda, initiates discussions and
the State Legislature. influences the policies of the Cabinet.
v) He appoints the Chief Secretary and Advocate 3. Link between the Governor and the Council of
General of the State Government. Ministers: The Chief Ministers is the Main link
2. Legislative Power: between the Governor and the Council of Ministers.
i) The Governor convenes two Houses of State He is the Chief advisor of the Governor.
Legislature. 4. Leader of the Legislative Assembly: The Chief
ii) He nominates 1/6th of the members to the State Minister is the leader not only of his party but also
Legislative Council of the Legislative Assembly.
iii) He nominates in Anglo-Indian member to the 5. Chief Spokesman: He makes important
state Legislative Assembly if no one is selected that announcements on behalf of the State Government.
house. 6. Leader of the Party in power: He participates in
iv) He Accords permission to the bills sent by the the party meeting. He seeks the cooperation of the
state legislature or returns them suggesting party member for effective implementation of the
alterations or modifications. state Government Programmes.
3. Financial Powers: The Governor accords 7. Power of getting the State Legislative
permission to the members for moving money bills Assembly Dissolved: Advice is given by the Chief
the state legislature. Minister alone on the basis of Political
4. Judicial Powers: He can influence that considerations.
appointments, postings and promotions of the [Link] the Structure of the State Legislative
district judges and other judicial officials. He can Council.
grant requite, reprieve, punishment, cancel against A: Legislative Council; Legislative council is the
of Law. upper House of the State Legislature.
5. Miscellaneous Powers: State public service Qualifications:
commission and passes it on to the council of 1. He must be a citizen of India
minister for comments. 2. He must have completed 30 years of age
6. Discretionary Powers: Tenure: The Legislative council is a permanents
i) Selection of the Chief Minister House. 1/3 of its members shall retire for every two
ii) Dismissal of the Ministry years. Every member holds the membership for a
ii) Seeking information of the form the Chief term of six years.
Minister Compositions:
iv) Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. a) 1/3 of the total members are elected by local
[Link] powers and Functions of the Chief self-governing bodies like municipalities, Municipal
Ministers. Corporations.
Ans: Power and Functions: b) 1/3rd to be elected by Legislative Assembly.
1. Formation of the Ministry: Formation of the c)1/124 to be elected by the University Graduates.
Ministry is the choice and responsibility of the Chief d) 1/12 to be elected by secondary school teachers
Minister. Governor to be appointed as Ministers, he e) The remaining members will be nominated by
renders advice to the Governor in the matters of the Governor the basis of their special knowledge.
allocation of portfolios to the ministers.
2. Presides over the Cabinet Meetings: The Chief
Ministers is the chairman of the State Cabinet. He

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 2MARKS 2) State List
1. State Executive 3) Concurrent List
A. The state executive includes1) the Governor 2) 1. If the Rajya Sabha declares by a resolution,
the Chief Minister and 3) the members of state supported by not less than 2/3rd of its members
council of ministers. Besides, there are some present and voting that is necessary in the state list
administrative personnel, assist the ministers in the specified in the resolution. (Article 249)
functioning of state government. 2. Whenever national emergency is declared under
[Link] of State Council of Ministers Article 352, the parliament gets the power to make
A. The State Council of Ministers include i) the Chief laws over the subjects of the state list (Article 250).
Minister ii) Ministers of Cabinet Rank iii) Ministers 3. The Parliament can make laws on a subjects of
of State Rank and sometimes Deputy Ministers. State list on the Estate Duty Act, 1953, Water Act,
3. Discretionary powers of the Governor 1974 Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act.
A. a) Selection of the Chief Minister b) Dismissal of 4. The Parliament has power to make a law for the
the ministry c) Seeking information on the whole or any part of the territory of India for
Legislative and administrative matters from the implementing any treaty, Anti-hijacking Act, 1982
Chief Minister d) Dissolution of the Legislative etc are a few example in this regard (Article 253).
Assembly. 5. During emergency on account of failure of
[Link] of the Chief Minister constitutional machinery in a state list (Article 356).
A. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor. [Link] out the administrative relations between
Normally, the Governor appoints the majority party union and states.
leader in the State Legislative Assembly as the Chief Administrative Relations:
Minister after the general elections. i. The President has the power to appoint, transfer
5. Legislative Assembly or dismiss the Governor of a State. The
A. Legislative Assembly is the popular, democratic, appointment of Governors is totally in the hands of
powerful and directly elected lower house of the the Union Government.
State Legislature. Its membership varies between 60 ii. The president can exercise veto power on certain
and 500. The members are directly elected by the state Bills referred by the Governor (Article 200)
voters of various constituencies in the State iii. The Directives of the President are required for
6. Legislative Council the Governor of a State for proclaiming ordinance
A. The Legislative Council is the upper house. on certain specific matters (Article 213)
Legislative Council normally less than 40 and not iv. The Parliament can by a law provide, distribution
more than 1/3rd of the total membership of the or control of the waters of any interstate or river
Legislative Assembly of the state. valley projects. (Article 262)
UNIT-5 v. The president is empowered to establish an
Centre-State Relations interstate council (Article 263)
5MARKS vi. When the president proclaims emergency under
[Link] the legislative relations between Article 352, the executive power of the Union gets
union and states. extended to the States.
Legislative Relations: Our constitution prescribed vii. President's rule can be introduced in a State
the legislative relations between the union and the Whenever if fails to comply with directions of the
states in a clear manner in part IX from articles 245 Union Government (Article 365)
to 255
1) Central list
10
3. Examine the recommendations of the Sarkaria than agricultural land etc. At present there are 52
Commission. item in this list.
Sarkaria Commission: The Union Government has [Link] Commission
setup level commission headed by Justice Ranjit Article 280 and 281 of Indian constitution deal with
Singh Sarkaria on June 9, 1983. Existing the composition, powers, Finance commission for
arrangements between the Union and the State in every five years. Recommendations to the President
regard to powers. Its implemented 170 on the distribution of financial resources between
recommendations. the Union and the States.
Recommendations: [Link] Ayog
1. Strong Centre: Power if the Centre in the larger The NITI Ayog (The National Institution of
interests of national unity and integrity. Transforming India Ayog) Came into force on
2. Appointment of Governors: It opposed the idea January 1, [Link] -State relations by ensuring
of appointing active politicians as Governors. partnership of States in the vision of National
3. Appointment of Chief Minister: If no single party Development priorities and fostering co-operative
enjoys a clear cut majority in the Assembly, the federalism. The Prime Minister of India is the
person who can command majority in the Assembly Chairperson of the NITI Ayog.
should be appointed as Chief Minister by the [Link] a brief note on the Sarkaria Commission.
Governor. The Union Government has set up level commission
4. President Rule: The Commission suggested that headed by Justice Ranjit Singh Sarkaria on June 9,
president's Rule should be introduced on rare 1983. Existing arrangements between the Union
occasions. and the State in regard to powers. Its implemented
5. Three language formula: Implementation of three 170 recommendations.
language formula throughout the country. UNIT-6
6. Allocation of finances: Major changes in the LOCAL GOVERNMENT
scheme of distribution of financial resources as 10 MARKS
provided by the constitution. [Link] the main provisions of the
7. Retention of All India service: All India services on Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992?
the ground that they would greatly undermine the Grass root Political Institutions: The Constitution
unity and integrity of the country. (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 came into force on
[Link] of Mass Media: The commission April 24 1993. It has inserted part IX (Containing
favoured relaxation of Union's control over Radio & Article 243, 243-A to 2436-0) which deals with “THE
TV, RADIO. PANCHAYATS".
2MARKS The Constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act,
[Link] List (Central List): 1992:
At present there are 98 items in this list, some of 1. Definition (Article 243): Gram Sabha, Panchayat,
them are defence, citizenship, foreign affairs, District Etc. Which are found in the Act.
railways. Post and telegraphs, telephones, currency 2. Gram Sabha (Article 243-A): Gram Sabha at the
coinage, baking, Insurance, atomic energy and Village Level.
mineral resources, income tax, customs, taxes on 3. Constitution of Panchayat (Article 243-B): (1)
stock exchange transactions etc. Village Level (ii) Block Level (iii) District Level.
[Link] List:In this list are criminal law, 4. Composition of Panchayat (Article 243-C):
marriage and divorce, transfer of property other Territorial Constituencies.

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5. Reservation of Seats (Article 243-D): SC and the iii) Co-ordinate and consolidate the plans prepared
ST in proportion 1/3 of seats resaved for women. with respect to the mandals in the district and
6. Duration of Panchyat (Article 243-E): Panchayat in prepare plans for the entire district.
five years, as per the Act. iv) Supervise the activities of the Mandal Praja
7. Qualifications and Disqualifications (Article 243- Parishadand Gram Panchayats in the district.
F): Eligibility and disqualifications for the candidates v) Exercise and perform such other powers and
in the panchayat functions or the District Board
8. Powers and Functions (Article 243-G): Eleventh including the powers to levy any tax or fees, as may
Schedule which lists out 29 specific areas. be transferred to it under this Act;
9. Source Income (Article 243-H): Sources of income vi) Perform the responsibilities, functions and
of Panchayat. exercise such other powers in relation to any
10. The Finance commission (Article 243-1): Finance development programmes as the Government may
commission to review the position of Panchayat. by notification confer on or entrust to it ,
11. Audit and Accounts (Article 243-J): Audit and vii) Advise Government on all matters relating to
Accounts of Panchayat. development activities and service utilities in the
12. State Election Commission (Article 243-K): State district, whether undertaken by local authorities or
Election commission free and fair elections in Government.
Panchayat 2 MARKS
13. Panchayat Union Territories (Article 243-L): [Link] Rai Mehta Committee:
Directions of President. BalwantRaiMehta Committee in 1957. The
14. Exempted Areas (Article, 243-M): Administration Committee made several recommendations such as
councils in scheduled areas. three tier structure if Panchyats and provision of
15. Continuation of Some Laws (Article 243-N): adequate financial resource to rural local
According to the Act. Governments.
16. Courts not to Interface (Article 243-0): The Act 2. L.N. Singhvi Committee:
provides that the courts electoral matters of L.M. Singhvi Committee recommended for the
Panchayat. Constitutional recognition of Panchayat's for
2. Describe the composition and powers of Zilla strengthening their identity and integrity'. It gave
Parishads, in Telangana. certain suggestions for the reorganization of local
A. Composition : Every Zilla Parishad shall consist of self-Governments.
the following members : i) Elected members ii) Ex- [Link] Sabha: Every village Panchayat, Sarpanch,
officio members iii) Co-opt members iv) Zilla Gram sabha, registered voters of the Panchayat)
Parishad Territorial Constituency members (ZPTC) v) and secretary assist the Panchayat in administrative
ZillaPrajaParishad Chairperson (ZPPC) vi) Chief affairs.
Executive Officer (CEO) 4. Sarpanch
Powers of ZillaParishads : The ZillaParishads shall A. Sarpanch is the first person of the village and
have the power to political head of the Gram Panchayat. He is directly
i) Examine and approve the budgets of Mandal elected by the registered voters of the village. He
Praja Parishads in the district. should also preside over meetings of the Gram
ii) Distribute the funds allotted to the district by the Panchayat and Gram Sabha.
Central or State Government
among the Mandal Praja Parishads and Mandals in
the district.
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5. Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituency Election Commission shall consist of the Chief
Member (ZPTC) Election Commissioner and such number of other
A. Each Zilla PrajaParishad area is divided into many Election Commissioners, if any, as the President
mandals. Every mandal in the district shall be a may from time to time fix and the appointment of
territorial constituency, represented by one Chief Election Commissioner and other Election
member known as ZPTC. He shall be elected by the Commissioners.
secret ballot method by persons who are registered Powers and Function of Election Commission:
voters in that particular ZP territorial constituency. 1) It recognizes different political parties in India
6. Mayor and classify them as national, regional and sub-
A. The Mayor is the political head and first person regional political parties while allotting electoral
of the Municipal Corporation. For every Municipal symbols to them.
Corporation there shall be one 'Mayor' and one 2) It prepares the electoral rolls for conducting
'Deputy Mayor', who shall be elected by and from elections. It enrols all the citizens who have crossed
among the elected councilors/ cooperators. The the age of 18 years as voters. It makes additions
Mayor presides over and convenes the meetings of and deletions to voters list.
the Municipal Corporation. 3) It notifies the election schedules with proper
UNIT-7 dates (both for general elections any by elections)
ELECTION SYSTEM IN INDIA 4) It prepares the model code of conduct (MCC) to
5 MARKS be followed by political parties during elections.
1. Explain about Central Election Commission. 5) It supervises the machinery of elections in the
A. Central Election Commission: The Election country with the help of other departments to
Commission of India is an independent body. The conduct free and fair elections.
Constitution vested the Election Commission the 6) It cancels the polls or postpone the polls in the
powers to supervise, control and direct all elections event of malpractices like rigging or violence.
in India. Presently, the Central Election Commission 7) It advises the President of India or the Governor
consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and two of respective State on matters relating to the
other Election Commissioners. The Chief Election disqualification of a legislator
Commissioner is the chairman of the Election .5 MARKS
Commission. He is appointed by the President of 1. What are Electronic Voting Machines?
India and remains in office during his pleasure. A. The system of manual Ballot paper was replaced
Normally, he is appointed for a period of 6 years. with Electronic Voting Machines(EVM) system. The
He can resign on his own or can be removed from Ballot unit of the EVM can record votes for as many
his position on grounds of misbehaviour or as 64 contestants at a time. The Election
incapacity to discharge his constitutional Commission of India also introduced Voter
obligations. However, the removal process involves Verifiable Paper Audit Trial (VVPAT) system for
passing of a resolution in each house of parliament instant verification of their vote cast in EVMS.
by an absolute majority of not less than two third 2. When is National Voter's Day observed?
members present and voting. A. The Election Commission of India is established
2. Describe the composition powers and on January 25, 1950. To mark the Commission's
functions of Election Commission of India. Foundation day, every year January 25, is
A. In India, all elections are conducted under the celebrated as National Voters Day.
control and supervision of an Election Commission.
According to Article 324 of the Constitution. "The
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3. What is Psephology? UNIT-9
A. Psephology is a branch of political science "The EMERGENCE OF TELANGANA STATE
Quantitative analysis of elections and balloting". As 10 MARKS
such, psephology attempts to scientifically explicate 1. Explain the various factors which led to the
elections. Psephology uses historical precinct voting agitation for a separate Telangana State.
data, public opinion polls, campaign finance A. The factors which led to the agitation for a
information and similar stactical data separate Telangana State may be explained as
UNIT-8 follows:
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN INDIAN POLITICS 1. By amending the domicile rule, the residential
5MARKS qualification for public employment and education
[Link] Various anticorruption laws in India. was reduced from 12 years to 4 years. With the
Anti-corruption law in India: The prevention of result it is presumed that more than 50 thousand
Corruption Act, 1988 is enacted to curb corruption Andhra’s were holding jobs meant for Telangana
in public life in India. Various sections of Indian Region.
Code (IPC). The Prevention of Money Laundering 2. Human development in Telangana region was
Act 2002 and the right to information Act, 2005 neglected in the composite state of Andhra
help in filling cases of corruption. The Central Pradesh. People below the poverty line were 40.78
Vigilance Commission (CVC) was setup in 1964 to percent in Telangana compared to a much less
the public servants, The Citizens guide is prepared percentage in Andhra according to 1987 - 88
by the Central Vigilance Commission on do's and estimates of Andhra Pradesh State government.
don'ts in matters of Corruption. 3. After the separate Andhra Agitation of 1972,
The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013: The UPA provisions related to Mulki rules and Telangana
Government in 2011 brought out the Lokpall bill to Regional Committee were
constitute an independent Lokpal to investigate the amended thereby denying institutional mechanisms
charges of corruption against officials and to check the injustices and backwardness and
politicians including parliament members and protect the region's interests.
ministers. The act provides for the establishment of 4. The educational facilities were also poor for
a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for Telangana people in the composite state of Andhra
State. Pradesh till early [Link] region continues
2MARKS to be the lowest in literacy rates at 37 percent.
[Link] of Corruption 5. Telangana region also witnessed a lot of injustice
A. The World Bank defines corruption as using in sharing river waters. The plans and designs of
"Public Office for Private Profit". There are different two major river valley
forms of corruption which include bribery, projects on Krishna namely Nagarjuna Sagar and
extortion, embezzlement, favoritism, nepotism Srisailam, are catering the needs of Andhra but not
under influence etc. to the Telangana area.
2. Whistle Blowers 6. The pace of work on Sriramsagar, the only major
A. The activists, who expose or disclose corruption Project taken up on Godavari exclusively meant for
in public officers and alert people against Telangana region is very slow.
corruption are popularly known as Whistle Blowers. 7. The work on projects of Telangana region which
have assured allocation of water like Srisailam Left
Bank Canal was not progressed satisfactorily.

14
8. Because of gross neglect meted out to the Nizam Telangana Movement was started and intensified
Sagar Project with regard to maintenance and with the active participation of students of different
removal of silt, the ayacut under this project has colleges and universities. Students belonging to
gone down by about one lakh acres. different organizations with multiple ideological
9. The water of Manjeera River meant for doctrines have come together to form the students
augmenting irrigation facilities in Medak and Joint Action Committees. Prominent among them
Nizamabad districts of Telangana region were were Osmania University Students JAC (OUJAC) and
diverted to capital city Hyderabad for purpose of Kakatiya University Students JAC(KUJAC). The very
drinking water. concept of JACs was coined, initiated, formed and
10. The share of water allowed for Telangana region shap various organizations of student’s unions.
in the Rajoli Banda Diversion scheme is 4) Employees JAC:
unauthorized tapped by Rayalaseema. The Joint Action Committee of Employees, workers
[Link] the role of JAC's in Telangana and teachers, popularly known as Employees JAC,
Movement, spearheaded the movement for separate Telangana
A. 1) Political JAC: state with various protest programmers and
The Political Joint Action Committee was formed on activities. Lakhs of Government employees
24'" December 2009. Major political parties such as belonging to different cadres initiated non-
Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Bharatiya Janata cooperation, pen down, Delhi Chalo, lunch hour
Party (BJP), Communist Party of India (CPI), demonstrations, SakalaJanulaSamme etc.
Congress Party, Telugu Desam Party, CPI (ML), New 3. Discuss the Formation of Telangana as the
Democracy, Employees Associations and others new State in the Indian Union.
associated with Political JAC. The political JAC A. The Parliament is empowered to create a New
extensively undertook various protest programmes State by following a certain procedure prescribed
for fighting the cause of a [Link] under Article 3 of the Indian Constitution. The
programmaes includes Million march, Union Government followed the required steps
Maanavaharam, sakalakanilasamme, vantavaaru etc. prescribed by Article 3 of the Constitution. The
2) Kula Sanghala JAC: President of India referred the A.P. Reorganization
The emergence of Kula Sanghas (Caste Bill, 2014 to the State Legislature for its
associations) and forming into Joint Action consideration. The A.P. State Legislature rejected
Committee (JAC) is a novel phenomenon in the the Bill. However, the Parliament had the power
Telangana Movement. All the subaltern caste either to accept or reject the opinion of the State
groups and occupational groups such as dalit Legislature. Finally, the Bill was referred to
bahujans, other back-ward classes (OBCs), and Parliament by the [Link] Rajya Sabha and
minorities and so on came together as a Joint Lok Sabha passed the Bill and President Pranab
Action Committee to actively participate in the Mukherjeehad signed the A.P. Reorganization Bill,
movement. This is perceived as a struggle which 2014 which became an Act on 1st March, [Link]
points to an expression of livelihood rather than an Government of India declared that on 2nd June,
expression of parochial allegiance to caste. The 2014 the Act would come into force. By this Act the
collapse of the occupations due to the lopsided Telangana State was formed on 2nd June, 2014 as
socio-economic policies of the Government forcing the 29th State in the Union of India.
people into forming groups to join the movement. Emergence and Formation of Telangana State:
3) Students JAC: The A.P. Reorganization Act 2014 has the following
salient features:
15
A State of Telangana: A new Telangana State with A. Consequently the violation of Gentlemen's
10 districts has emerged as the29th State of the Agreement by the successive Governments of
Indian Union. (Presently Telangana has 33 districts). Andhra Pradesh, particularly the violation of Mulki
A State of Andhra Pradesh: The State of Andhra Rules, discontent was brewing among the people.
Pradesh has 13 districts after the division of the This had cumulatively resulted in the emergence of
State. separate. Telangana agitation in 1969. It was
Hyderabad as a common Capital: Hyderabad reported that as many as 25,000 Government jobs
remains as the common capital for the States of were occupied by migrants of Andhra in Telangana
Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period not region. As a result, a large number of students and
exceeding 10 years. employees felt betrayed in view of violation of
Common Governor: There shall be a common Mulki Rules. It is against this background that 1969
Governor for both the States of Telangana and agitation for separation of Telangana from Andhra
Andhra Pradesh for some time. The Governor is Pradesh received impetus. Originally, the 1969
vested with some special duties. agitation was started in Khammam District by a
5 MARKS student of Osmania University who undertook fast
[Link] the Provisions of Gentlemen's unto death for the formation of Telangana.
Agreement: Subsequently, it spread all over the region. The
In order to bring about rapport between Andhra Government employees and opposition members
and Telangana leaders, the Congress High of the State Legislative Assembly came out and
Command convened a meeting at Delhi on 20th threatened "Direct Action" in support of the
February 1956. Andhra was represented by 1) students. Subsequently, there were protests all over
[Link] Reddy (Chief Minister of Andhra State) 2. the region, people from all walks of life including
[Link] Reddy, 3) [Link], 4) [Link] employees, teachers, students, intellectuals, women
Raju Telangana was represented by 1) Burgula and general public joined the movement. Even the
Rama Krishna Rao (Chief Minister of Hyderabad political leaders like Konda Laxman Bapuji, the then
State) 2) K.V. RangaReddi, 3) [Link] and 4) minister, resigned and joined the movement.
J.V. Narsinga Rao Participants affixed their Prominent student leaders like Madan Mohan,
signatures to the accord popularly known as Mallikarjun and Puli Veeranna, etc. joined the
'Gentlemen's Agreement". agitation.
[Link] this agreement Telangana Regional 2 MARKS
committee was empowered to look into 1. Mulki Rules
development and economic planning, local self- A. In Urdu language, 'Mulk' is a nation and the
government, public health etc. residents are Mulkis. A person shall be called a
[Link] (12 years continued stay in Telangana) as Mulki who was a permanent resident of the
qualification for admission into educational Hyderabad State for at least 15 years and has
institutions and recruitment to all subordinate abandoned the idea of returning to the place of his
services in Telangana area. residence and has obtained an affidavit to that
[Link] was agreed upon that if the Chief Minister is effect on a prescribed form attested by a
from one region the Deputy Chief Minister should magistrate.
be from other region and that the Cabinet will [Link] Krishna Committee Report, 2010.
consists members in proportion of 60:40 percent of A. The Government of India appointed a five-
Andhra and Telangana. member committee headed by Justice Sri Krishna
2. Write a note on Telangana Agitation in 1969. on 3rd February, 2010 to look into the issue of
16
Telangana. It had given six solutions to the 9. Use of a wide range of services like internet,
problem. The important one is the Bifurcation of mobile and other web-based services
the State into Telangana and Seemandhra as per 10. E-Governance
the existing boundaries with Hyderabad as the 16. Explain the powers and functions of Lokpal.
capital of Telangana. Seemandhra to have a new A. Powers and functions of Lokpal :
capital. The Lokpal has the power to enquire into any
3. SakalaJanulaSamme matter connected with allegations of corruption
A. The SakalaJanulaSamme (All people's general against
strike) was a historical occurrence in Telangana a) Prime Minister
agitation. This movement led to the strike of all b) Minister of the Union
sections of people supporting Telangana c) Any Member of either House of Parliament
Statehood. The Government employees stayed out d) Any Group 'A', Group 'B' officers
from the work. Lawyers boycotted the Courts and e) Any group 'C' or group 'D' official of the Union
many other Government employees like members 1) Any chair person or member of any corporation
of the teaching community, road transport g) Any society or trust or body that receives foreign
corporation, electricity board, etc. participated. This contribution above 10 lakhs.
movement led to 'Rail Roko' and 'Road Blockade'.. 2 MARKS
4. Million March 1. Lokayukta
A. The Non-Cooperation Movement was started on A. The concept of 'Ombudsman' originated in
17th February 2011 which lasted for16 days. In this Sweden in 1809 more than two centuries ago.
movement around three lakh government "Ombudsman' means an official appointed to
employees participated. The Million March investigate individual complaints against
movement was organized by Telangana JAC in maladministration, especially that of a public
Hyderabad on10" March, [Link] lakhs of people authority. The precise meaning of the term
braving police repression and gathered at Tank 'Ombudsman' is grievance officer. In India we
bund area. termed it as "Lokpal" which means care taker of
UNIT-10 people. It has been empowered to investigate the
SMART GOVERNANCE cases of corruption, maladministration, non-use of
5 MARKS power against the government officers, political
1. What is SMART Governance? leaders and other public authorities of central level.
A. SMART Stands for Simple, Moral, Accountable,
Responsive and Transparent. UNIT-11
Components of Smart Governance: INDIA AND WORLD
1. To improve the performance of the 5 MARKS
administration. [Link] any two features of Indian Foreign
2. Enhance accountability and transparency Policy.
3. To do away with petty politics A. two features of Indian Foreign Policy
4. Successful implementation (administration) of [Link]: India adopted this feature on 29th
the public policy. May 1954 by an alliance with China.
5. Greater efficiency a. Mutual respect for the territorial integrity and
6. Role of the community Leadership sovereignty on the state.
7. Future role and innovation in public services b. Non-aggression
8. Focus on planning and decision making
17
c. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other 3. He summons the special sessions of the General
states. Assembly on the request of Security Council or of
d. Equality and mutual benefits and the majority members of the United Nations
e. Peaceful co-existence Organization.
[Link]-Alignment: The Concept of Non-Alignment 4. He acts as the registering authority of all treaties
emerged in 1955 at Bandung Indonesia conference. and international agreements.
It was a post second world war phenomenon 2 MARKS
approved by more than half of the nations of the 1. How many countries took membership in the
world. These leaders were from India, Yugoslavia, UN General Assembly ?
Indonesia and Egypt. India, by following non- A. At present, General Assembly Consists of 194
alignment, has opposed all military alliance and member states.
proposed freedom from Committee to any power 2. List the main organs of UNO.
bloc. A. The main organs of UNO are1) General Assembly
2. Describe the powers and Functions of general 2) Security council 3)Economic and Social Council
Assembly. 4). Trusteeship council 5) International Court of
A: General Assembly is the principal Legislative and Justice 6) Secretariat.
deliberative organ of the United Nations 3. What is Panchasheel ?
organization. It is called “meeting” venue of the A. 29thMay 1954 due to an agreement with China.
world towns”. At present it consists of 194 member Panchasheel means five principles of conduct.
States. These principles include.
Powers & Functions of General Assembly: a) Mutual Respect for the territorial integrity and
1. Discusses and recommends all matters relating sovereignty of states.
to International Peace and Security. b) Non-aggression
2. Supervising the matters concerning the c) Non-interference in the internal affairs of other
International social and economic co-operation. states.
3. Approves the annual budget and exercises d) Equality and mutual benefits and
control over the finances of the U.N.0. e) Peaceful co-existence.
4. Elects 10 non-permanent of the members of the
Security Council Prepared By
5. Adopts all the International convention. REGULA SREEDHAR
J.L in Political Science
GJC Gambhiraopet
3. Briefly describe the powers and functions of
Rajanna Siricilla
the Secretary General. Phone: 9949120460
A. The Secretary General performs many functions
of the United Nations Organization within the
ambit of the Charter.
1. He brings to the attention of the General
Assembly and Security Council all the matters that
threaten international peace and security.
2. He prepares the annual budget and also annual
report on the working of the United Nations
Organization.

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