Book Crunch - 4

Physics
 Physics

KINEMATICS
1. One end of a rope is fixed at a point on the ceiling the other end is held close to the first end so that the
rope folded. The second end is released from this position. Find the speed at which the fold at F is
descending at the instant the free end of the rope is going down at speed v.

2. Two frictionless ropes connect points A and B in vertical plane. Bead 1 is allowed to slide along the straight
rope AB and bead 2 slides along the curved rope ACB. Which bead will reach B in less time?

A
1
0

0
2 B
C

3. A ball is projected from point O on the ground. It hits a smooth vertical wall AB at a height h and rebounds
elastically. The ball finally lands at a point C on the ground. During the course of motion, the maximum height
attained by the ball is H.

C
O A

h OA 1
(a) Find the ratio if 
H OC 3
(b) Find the magnitude of average acceleration of the projectile for its entire course of flight if it was projected
at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.

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 2 PHYSICS Book Crunch

4. A rocket prototype is fired from ground at time t = 0 and it goes straight up. Take the launch point as origin
and vertically upward direction as positive x direction. The acceleration of the rocket is given by
g
a  kt 2 ; 0  t  t0
2
= –g ; t > t0

3g
where t0 
2k

(a) Find maximum velocity of the rocket during the up journey.

(b) Find maximum height attained by the rocket.
(c) Find total time of flight.
5. Two balls are projected simultaneously from the top of a tall building. The first ball is projected horizontally
4
at speed u1 = 10 m/s and the other one is projected at an angle   tan1   to the horizontal with a velocity
3
2
u2. [g = 10 m/s ]
u2


u1

(a) Find minimum value of u2 (= u0) so that the velocity vector of the two balls can get perpendicular to each
other at some point of time during their course of flight.
(b) Find the time after which velocities of the two balls become perpendicular if the second one was
projected with speed u0.
6. A particle rotates in a circle with angular speed 0. A retarding force decelerates it such that angular
deceleration is always proportional to square root of angular velocity. Find the mean angular velocity of the
particle averaged over the whole time of rotation.

NEWTON’S LAWS
1. A rope of mass m is hung from a ceiling. The centre point is pulled down with a vertical force F. The tangent
to the rope at its ends makes an angle  with horizontal ceiling. The two tangents at the lower point make
an angle of  with each other. Find .

 

F
2. A hemisphere of mass M and radius R rests on a smooth horizontal table. A vertical rod of mass m is held
between two smooth guide walls supported on the sphere as shown. There is no friction between the rod
and the sphere. A horizontal string tied to the sphere keeps the system at rest.
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Book Crunch PHYSICS 3

m
String
M R


(a) Find tension in the string.

(b) Find the acceleration of the hemisphere immediately after the string is cut.
3. A long helix made of thin wire is held vertical. The radius and pitch of the helix are R and  respectively. A
bead begins to slide down the helix.
(a) Find the normal force applied by the wire on the bead when the speed of the bead is v.

(b) Eventually, the bead acquires a constant speed of v0. Find the coefficient of friction between the wire
and the bead.

4. A wedge of mass m is kept on a smooth table and its inclined surface is also smooth. A small block of
mass m is projected from the bottom along the incline surface with velocity u. Assume that the block remains
on the incline and take  = 45°, g = 10 m/s2.

(a) Find the acceleration of the wedge and the x and y components of acceleration of the block.

(b) Draw the approximate path of the block as observed by an observer on the ground. At what angle does
the block hit the table?

(c) Calculate the radius of curvature of the path of the block when it is at the highest point.

u y
m
m
= 45°

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 4 PHYSICS Book Crunch

5. A particle of mass m is attached to a vertical rod with two inextensible strings AO and BO of equal lengths
l. Distance between A and B is also l. The setup is rotated with angular speed  with rod as the axis.

A
l

O
l
m

l
B

(a) Find the values of  for which the particle remains at point B.
(b) Find the range of values of  for which tension (T1) in the string AO is greater than mg but the other
string remains slack.
(c) Find the value of  for which tension (T1) in string AO is twice the tension (T2) in string BO.
(d) Assume that both strings are taut when the string AO breaks. What will be nature of path of the particle
moment after AO breaks?
6. The arrangement shown in figure is in equilibrium with all strings vertical. The end A of the string is tied to
a ring which can be slide slowly on the horizontal rod. Pulley P1 is rigidly fixed but P2 can move freely. A
mass m is attached to the centre of pulley P2 through a thread. Pulleys and strings are massless.
A

P1

M
P2

m
(a) Which block will move up as A is moved slowly to the right?
(b) Will the block of mass m have horizontal displacement?
(c) Is it possible, for a particular position of A, that M has no acceleration but m does have an acceleration?
If this happens when string from P2 to A makes an angle  with vertical, find the acceleration of m at
the instant.
7. A smooth spherical ball of mass M = 2 kg is resting on two identical blocks A and B as shown in the figure.
The blocks are moved apart with same horizontal velocity V = 1 m/s in opposite directions (see figure).

V A B V
a

(a) Find the normal force applied by each of the blocks on the sphere at the instant separation between
the blocks is a  2R ; R  1.0 m being the radius of the ball.

(b) How much force must be applied on each of the two blocks (when a  2R ) so that they do not have
any acceleration. Assume that the horizontal surface is smooth.
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Book Crunch PHYSICS 5
8. In the figure all pulleys (P1, P2, P3 …) are massless and all the blocks (1, 2, 3 …) are identical, each having
mass m. The system consist of infinite number of pulleys and blocks. Strings are light and inextensible and
horizontal surfaces are smooth. Pulley P1 is moved to left with a constant acceleration of a0. Find the
acceleration of block1. Assume the strings to remain horizontal.

P3
P2
P1 3
a0 2
1

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

1. A pendulum bob is projected form its lowest position with velocity (u), in horizontal direction, that is just
enough to make the string horizontal (position OC). At angular position , at point B, the speed (V) of the
bob was observed to be half its initial projection speed (u).

O
C


L
V

B
A
u

(a) Find 

(b) Plot variation of magnitude of tangential acceleration with .

(c) Let the travel time from A to B be t1 and that from B to C be t2. Looking at the graph obtained in part
(b), tell which is larger t1 or t2?

2. A light thread is tightly wrapped around a fixed disc of radius R. A particle of mass m is tied to the end P
of the thread and the vertically hanging part of the string has length R. The particle is imparted a horizontal
4g R
velocity V  . The string wraps around the disc as the particle moves up. At the instant the velocity
3
of the particle makes an angle of  = 60° with horizontal, calculate.

O R

V0 p

(a) Speed of the particle

(b) Tension in the string

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 6 PHYSICS Book Crunch

3. Two particles of masses M and m (M > m) are connected by a light string of length R.
The string is hung over a fixed circular frame of radius R.

m M
O

Initially the particles lie at the ends of the horizontal diameter of the circle (see figure). Neglect friction.
(a) If the system is released, and if m remains in contact with the circle, find the speed of the masses when
M has descended through a distance R ( < ).
(b) Find the reaction force between the frame and m at this instant.
(c) Prove that m1 will certainly remain in contact with the frame, just after the release, if 3m > M.
4. In the arrangement shown in the fig. all the three blocks have equal mass m. The length of the strings
connecting A to C and B to C is L each. Assume the gravitational potential energy of any mass at the level
of the pulleys to be zero. Neglect dimension of the pulley and treat the strings to be massless. Distance
between the pulleys is 2d.

d d
U=0

 

A
C
B
(a) Write the potential energy of the system as a function of angle .
(b) Knowing that potential energy of the system will be maximum or minimum in equilibrium position, find
value of  for equilibrium.
(c) Tell if the equilibrium is stable or unstable.
5. A particle of mass m is attached to an end of a light rigid rod of length a. The other end of the rod is fixed,
so that the rod can rotate freely in vertical plane about its fixed end. The mass m is given a horizontal velocity
u at the lowest point.
(a) Prove that when the radius to the mass makes an angle  with the upward vertical the horizontal
component of the acceleration of the mass (measured in direction of u) is [g(2 + 3 cos) – u2/a] sin
(b) If 4ag < u2 < 5ag, show that there are four points at which horizontal component of acceleration is zero.
Locate the points.
6. A weightless rod of length l with a small load of mass m at one of its end is held vertical with its lower end
hinged on a horizontal surface. The load touches a wedge of mass M in this position. A slight jerk towards
right sets the system in motion (see figure), with rod rotating freely in vertical plane about its lower end. There
is no friction.
m

l
M

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 7

M 
(a) For what mass ratio will the rod form an angle   with the vertical at the moment the load
m 3
separates from the wedge?
(b) What is speed of the wedge at that moment? Neglect friction.

7. A tube of mass M hangs from a thread and two balls of mass m slide inside it without friction (see figure).
The balls are released simultaneously from the top of the ring and slide down on opposite sides.  defines
the positions of balls at any time as shown in figure.

 

3M
(a) Show that ring will start to rise if m  .
2

(b) If M = 0, find the angle  at which the tube begins to rise.

8. A heavy particle is attached to one end of a light string of length l whose other end is fixed at O. The particle
is projected horizontally with a velocity v0 from its lowest position A. When the angular displacement of the
string is more than 90°, the particle leaves the circular path at B. The string again becomes taut at C such
that B, O, C are collinear. Find v0 in terms of l and g.

C
v0
A

4 mg
9. AB is a vertically suspended elastic cord of negligible mass and length L. Its force constant is k  .
L
There is a massless platform attached to the lower end of the cord. A monkey of mass m starts from top
g
end A and slides down the cord with a uniform acceleration of . Just before landing on the platform, the
2
monkey loses grip on the cord. After landing on the platform the monkey stays on it. Calculate the maximum
extension in the elastic cord.
A

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 8 PHYSICS Book Crunch

MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS

1. A wooden wedge of mass 10m has a smooth groove on its inclined surface. The groove is in shape of quarter

 11 
of a circle of radius R = 0.55 m. The inclined face makes an angle   cos1   with the horizontal. A
 5 
block ‘A’ of mass m is placed at the top of the groove and given a gentle push so as to slide along the
groove. There is no friction between the wedge and the horizontal ground on which it has been placed.
Neglect width of the groove.

A
R


R
(a) Find the magnitude of displacement of the wedge by the instant the block A reaches the bottom of the
groove.
(b) Find the velocity of the wedge at the instant the block A reaches the bottom of the groove.

M
2. A disc of mass M and radius R lies on a smooth horizontal table. Two men, each of mass , are standing
2
on the edges of two perpendicular radii at A and B.
A
P
R

B
C

Find the displacement of the centre of the disc if

(a) The two men walk radically relative to the disc so as to meet at the centre C.
(b) The two men walk along the circumference to meet at the midpoint(P) of the arc AB.
3. Three particles A, B and C have masses m, 2m and m respectively. They lie on a smooth horizontal table
connected by light inextensible strings AB and BC. The string are taut and <ABC = 120°. An impulse is
applied to particle A along BA so that it acquires a velocity u. Find the initial speeds of B and C.
C

120°
l
A B
4. A large number of small identical blocks, each of mass m, are placed on a smooth horizontal surface with
distance between two successive blocks being d. A constant force F is applied on the first block as shown
in the figure.
d
F
1 2 3 4 5

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 9
(a) If the collisions are elastic, plot the variation of speed of block 1 with time.
(b) Assuming the collisions to be perfectly inelastic, find the speed of the moving blocks after n collisions.
To what value does this speed tend to if n is very large.
5. Two small balls, each of mass m are placed on a smooth table, connected with a light string of length 2l,
as shown in the figure. The midpoint of the string is pulled along y direction by applying a constant force F.
Find the relative speed of the two particles when they are about to collide. If the two masses collide and
stick to each other, how much kinetic energy is lost.

m m
l l
6. A mass m moving with speed u in x direction collides elastically with a stationary mass 2m. After the collision,
it was found that both masses have equal x components of velocity. What angle does the velocity of mass
2m make with the x axis?
7.
m
u
R/2
u0

A heavy ball of radius R is travelling on a smooth horizontal surface with a velocity of u0 towards left. A
R
horizontally moving small ball of mass m strikes it at a height above the centre while travelling with velocity
2
u towards right.
(a) After collision the small ball moves in vertically upwards direction with velocity u. Prove that this can

happen only if u  3 u0

(b) Find the velocity of small ball after collision if the collision is elastic and the balls are smooth.
8. Two elastic balls of masses M and m (M >> m) are placed on top of each other with a small gap between
them. The balls are dropped on to the ground with the bottom of the lower ball at height h above the ground.
The lower ball has a radius R and the upper ball has negligible dimension.

(a) Up to what height the ball of mass m will bounce above the ground?
(b) Does the result obtained above violates the low of conservation of mechanical energy?

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10 PHYSICS Book Crunch

ROTATIONAL MOTION
1. A wall is inclined to a horizontal surface at an angle of 120° as shown. A rod AB of length L = 0.75 m is
sliding with its two ends A and B on the horizontal surface and on the wall respectively. At the moment angle
 = 20° (see figure), the velocity of end A is vA = 1.5 m/s towards right. Calculate the angular speed of the
road at this instant. [Take cos40° = 0.766]
B

120°
 VA
A
2. A horizontal stick of mass m has its right end attached to a pivot on a wall, while its left end rests on the
top of a cylinder of mass m which in turn rests on an incline plane inclined at an angle . The stick remains
horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the cylinder and both the plane and the stick is . Find the
minimum value of  as function of  for which the system stays in equilibrium.

3. A spool is kept in equilibrium on an incline plane as shown in figure. The inner and outer radii of the spool
r 1
are in ratio  . The force applied on the thread (wrapped on part of radius r) is horizontal. Find the angle
R 2
1  3 
that the force applied by the incline on the spool makes with the vertical. [Take tan    19 ]
 5 

F
r

= 60°

4. A uniform rod of mass M and length L is hinged at its lower end on a table. The rod can rotate freely in
L
vertical plane and there is no friction at the hinge. A ball of mass M and radius R  is placed in contact
3
with the vertical rod and a horizontal force F is applied at the upper end of the rod.
(a) Find the acceleration of the ball immediately after the force starts acting.
F

(b) Find the horizontal component of hinge force acting on the rod immediately after force F starts acting.

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 11
5. A light thread has been tightly wrapped around a disc of mass M and radius R. The disc has been placed
on a smooth table, lying flat as shown.

M
R

The other end of the string has been attached to a mass m as shown. The system is released from rest. If
m = M, which point of the disc will have zero acceleration, immediately after the system is released?
6. A disc of radius r = 0.1 m is rolled from a point A on a track as shown in the figure. The part AB of the
track is a semi-circle of radius R in a vertical plane. The disc rolls without sliding and leaves contact with
the track at its highest point B. Flying through the air it strikes the ground at point C. The velocity of the
center of mass of the disc makes an angle of 30° below the horizontal at the time of striking the ground. At
the same instant, velocity of the topmost point P of the disc is found to be 6 m/s. (Take g = 10 m/s2).
B

P
30°
C A
(a) Find the value of R.
(b) Find the velocity of the center of mass of the disc when it strikes the ground.
(c) Find distance AC.
7. A uniform rod BC with length a is attached to a light string AC. End A of the string is fixed to the ceiling
and the end B of the rod is on a smooth horizontal surface. B is exactly below point A and length AB is
b(a < b < 2a). The system is released from rest and the rod begins to slide. Find the speed of the centre
of the rod when the string becomes vertical.
A

C b
a

B
8. A uniform rod of mass m and length 2L on a smooth horizontal surface. A particle of mass m is connected
to a string of length L whose other end is connected to the end ‘A’ of the rod. Initially the string is held taut
perpendicular to the rod and the particle is given a velocity v0 parallel to the initial position of the rod.
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the centre of the rod immediately after the particle is projected.
(b) The particle strikes the centre of the rod and sticks to it. Calculate the angular speed of the rod after this.
A 2L B

V0
m
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12 PHYSICS Book Crunch

9. Three identical cylinders have mass M each and are placed as shown in the figure. The system is in
equilibrium and there is no contact between B and C. Find the normal contact force between A and B.

B C

10. A ladder of mass M and Length L stays at rest against a smooth wall. The coefficient of friction between
the ground and the ladder is .
(a) Let Fwall, W and Fg be the force applied by wall, weight of the ladder and force applied by ground on
the ladder. Argue to show that the line of action of these three forces must intersect.
(b) Using the result obtained in (a) show that line of action of Fg makes an angle tan–1 (2 tan) with the
horizontal ground where  is the angle made by the ladder with the ground.
(c) Find the smallest angle that the ladder can make with the ground and not slip.
(d) You climb up the ladder, your presence makes the ladder more likely to slip. Where are you at A or B?
C is the centre of mass of the ladder.

A
C
B


11.

Q
B

A
A light thread is wrapped tightly a few turns around a disc P of mass M. One end of the thread is fixed to
the ceiling at B. The other end of the thread is passed over a massless pulley (Q) and carries a block of
mass M. All segment of the thread (apart from that on the pulley and disc) are vertical when the system is
released. Find the acceleration of block A. On which object – the block A or the ceiling at B – does the thread
exert more force?
12. A disc is free to rotate about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane. The moment
of inertia of the disc about its rotation axis is I. A light ribbon is tightly wrapped over it in multiple layers.
The end of the ribbon is pulled out at a constant speed of u. Let the radius of the ribboned disc be R at
any time and thickness of the ribbon be d(<< R). Find the force (F) required to pull the ribbon as a function
of radius R.

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 13

d
u

13. A uniform semicircular wire is hinged at ‘A’ so that it can rotate freely in vertical plane about a horizontal
axis through ‘A’. The semicircle is released from rest when its diameter AB is horizontal.

A O B

Find the hinge force at ‘A’ immediately after the wire is released.

GRAVITATION
1. An astronaut on the surface of the moon throws a piece of lunar rock (mass m) directly towards the earth
at a great speed such that the rock reaches the earth.
M
Mass of the earth = M, Mass of the moon =
81
Radius of the earth = R, Distance between the centre of the earth and the moon = 60R
(a) In the course of its journey calculate the maximum gravitational potential energy of the rock
(b) Find the minimum possible speed of the rock when it enters the atmosphere of the earth.
2. A spy satellite S1, travelling above the equator is taking pictures at quick intervals. The satellite is travelling
from west to east and is ready with picture around the whole equator in 8 hours. Another similar satellite
S2, travelling in the same plane is travelling from east to west and is able to take pictures around the whole
equator in 6 hours. Find the ratio of radii of the circular paths of the satellite S1 and S2.

3. An asteroid was fast approaching the earth. Scientists fired a rocket which hit the asteroid at a distance of
5 R from the centre of the earth (R = radius of the earth). Immediately after the hit the asteroid’s velocity
(V0) was making an angle  = 30° with the line joining the centre of the earth to the asteroid. The asteroid
just grazed past the surface of the earth. Find V0 [Mass of the earth = M]

V0


5R

4. A satellite is orbiting around the earth in a circular orbit. Its orbital speed is V0. A rocket on board is fired
from the satellite which imparts a thrust to the satellite directed radially away from the centre of the earth.
The duration of the engine burn is negligible so that it can be considered instantaneous. Due to this thrust
V
a velocity variation V is imparted to the satellite. Find the minimum value of the ratio for which the
V0
satellite will escape out of the gravitational field of the earth.

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14 PHYSICS Book Crunch

5. Earth is rotating about its axis with angular speed 0 and average density of earth is . It is proposed to
make a space elevator by placing a long rod with uniform mass density extending from just above the surface
for the earth out to a radius nR (R is radius of the earth). Prove that the rod can remain above the same
8 G 
point on the equator all time if, n 2  n  , where  is density of the earth.
32
6. A body is projected up from the surface of the earth with a velocity half the escape velocity at an angle of
30° with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance and earth’s rotation, find
(a) The maximum height above the earth’s surface to which the body will rise.
(b) Will the body move around the earth as a satellite?

FLUIDS
1. A bent tube contains water. An air bubble is trapped inside the liquid. The tube is held vertical (as shown)
and is moved horizontally with an acceleration (a) such that the bubble moves to position  shown in the
diagram. Find the direction and magnitude of a.

Bubble

2. A cylindrical container has mass M and height H. The centre of mass of the empty container is at height

H M
from the base. A liquid, when completely filled in the container, has mass .
2 2

This liquid is poured in the empty container.

(a) How does the centre of mass of the system (container + liquid) move as the height (x) of liquid column
changes from zero to H? Explain your answer qualitatively. Draw a graph showing the variation of height
of centre of mass of the system (xcm) with x.
(b) Find the height of liquid column x from which the centre of mass is at its lowest position.

H
x

3. A cylindrical container contains water. A cubical block is floating in water with its lower surface connected
to a spring
(a) Suppose that the spring is in relaxed state. Now, if the whole container is accelerated vertically upwards,
will the spring get compressed?
(b) Suppose that the spring is initially compressed. Now, what will happen to the state of the spring when
the container is accelerated upwards?

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 15
(c) Assume that mass of the block is 1 kg and initially the spring (force constant k = 100 N/m) is compressed
by 5 cm. When the container is accelerated up by an acceleration of 5 m/s2, the spring has a total
compression of 6 cm. Calculate the change in volume of block submerged inside water when the
container gets accelerated. Density of water is 103 kg/m3.

4. A cubical container of side length L is filled completely with water. The container is closed. It is accelerated
horizontally with acceleration a. Density of water is .

2 1
h

L 4 a

L
(a) Assuming pressure at point 1 [upper right corner] to be zero, find pressure at point 2 [upper left corner]
(b) Pressure at point 4, at a distance h vertically below point 2, is same as pressure at lower right corner
3. Find h.
5. (i) In the figure shown, the heavy cylinder (radius R) resting on a smooth surface separates two liquids of
densities 2 and 3. Find the height ‘h’ for the equilibrium of cylinder.

R
2
h R
3

(ii) The cross section of a dam wall is an arc of a circle of radius R = 20 m subtending on angle of  = 60°
at the centre of the circle. The centre (O) of the circle lies in the water surface. The width of the dam
[i.e., dimension perpendicular to the figure] is b = 10m. Neglect atmospheric pressure in following
calculations.

(a) Calculate the vertical component of force (Fv) applied by water on the curved dam wall.

(b) Calculate the horizontal component of force (FH) applied by water on the curved dam wall.

(c) Calculate the resultant force applied by the water on the curved dam wall.

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16 PHYSICS Book Crunch

6. An open tank of cross sectional area A contains water up to height H. It is kept on a smooth horizontal
surface. A small orifice of area A0 is punched at the bottom of the wall of the tank. Water begins to drain
out. Mass of the empty tank may be neglected.
(i) Prove that the tank will move with a constant acceleration till it is emptied. Find this acceleration.
(ii) Find the final speed acquired by the tank when it is completely empty.
A

7. A hemispherical bowl of radius R is placed upside down on a flat horizontal surface. There is a small hole
at the top of the inverted bowl. Through the hole, a liquid of density  is poured in. Exactly when the container
gets full, water starts leaking from between the table and the edge of the container. Find the mass (m) of
the container.
hole

m

R

8. A spherical ball of radius R is made by joining two hemispherical parts. The two parts have density  and
2. When placed in a water tank, the ball floats while remaining completely submerged.
(a) If density of water is 0, find .
(b) Find the time period of small angular oscillations of the ball about its equilibrium position. Neglect viscous
forces.


O 2

water

SURFACE TENSION
1. The radii of two columns in a U tube are r1 and r2 (r1 > r2). A liquid of density  is filled in it. The contact
angle of the liquid with the tube wall is . If the surface tension of the liquid is T then plot the graph of the
level difference (h) of the liquid in the two arms versus contact angle . Plot the graph for angle  changing
from 0° to 90°. Assume the curved surface of meniscus to be part of a sphere.

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2. Two capillaries of small cross section are connected as shown in the figure. The right tube has cross sectional
radius R and left one has a radius of r(< R). The tube of radius R is very long where as the tube of radius
r is of short length. Water is slowly poured in the right tube. Contact angle for the tube wall and water is
 = 0°. Let h be the height difference between water surface in the right and left tube. Surface tension of
water is T and its density is .

(a) Find the value of h if the water surface in the left tube is found to be flat.
(b) Find the maximum value of h for which water will not flow out of the left tube.
3. A soap bubble of radius r is formed inside another soap bubble of radius R (> r). The atmospheric pressure
is P0 and surface tension of the soap solution is T. Calculate change in radius of the smaller bubble if the
outer bubble bursts. Assume that the excess pressure inside a bubble is small compared to P0.

4. Two soap bubbles of radii r1 and r2 are attached as shown. Find the radius of curvature of the common film ACB.

r1 r2
C

5. (a) In the last question find the angle between the tangents drawn to the bubble surfaces at point A.
(b) In the above question assume that r1 = r2 = r. What is the shape of the common interface ACB? Find
length AB in this case.
(c) With r1 = r2 = r the common wall bursts and the two bubbles form a single bubble find the radius of this new
 2
bubble. It is given that volume of a truncated sphere of radius R and height y is y (3R  y ) [see figure]
3

R y

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6. A soap bubble is blown at the end of a capillary tube of radius a and length L. When the other end is left
open, the bubble begins to deflate. Write the radius of the bubble as a function of time if the initial radius
of the bubble was R0. Surface tension of soap solution is T. It is known that volume flow rate through a tube
of radius a and length L is given by Poiseuille’s equation
a 4 P
Q
8L

L
R0
2a

Where P is pressure difference at the two ends of the tube and  is coefficient of viscosity. Assume that
the bubble remains spherical.
7. A liquid having surface tension T and density  is in contact with a vertical solid wall. The liquid surface gets
curved as shown in the figure. At the bottom the liquid surface is flat.
The atmospheric pressure is P0.

(i) Find the pressure in the liquid at the top of the meniscus (i.e. at A)
(ii) Calculate the difference in height (h) between the bottom and top of the meniscus.

VISCOSITY
1. A liquid is flowing through a horizontal channel. The speed of flow (v) depends on height (y) from the floor
  y   y 2 
as v  v 0  2       . Where h is the height of liquid in the channel and v0 is the speed of the top layer.
  h   h  
Coefficient of viscosity is . Calculate the shear stress that the liquid exerts on the floor.
y
v0 Free surface

r
2. Two balls of radii r and are released inside a deep water tank. Their initial accelerations are found to be
2
g g
and respectively. Find the velocity of smaller ball relative to the larger ball, a long time after the two
2 4
balls are released. Coefficient of viscosity is given to be .

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r
r/2
r

3. A car windshield wiper blade sweeps the wet windshield rotating at a constant angular speed of . R is the
radius of innermost arc swept by the blade. Length and width of the blade are  and b respectively. Coefficient
of viscosity of water is . Calculate the torque delivered by the motor to rotate the blade assuming that there
is a uniform layer of water of thickness t on the glass surface.

R b


4. A vertical steel rod has radius a. The rod has a coat of a liquid film on it. The liquid slides under gravity. It
was found that the speed of liquid layer at radius r is given by

gb 2  r  g 2
v ln    (r  a2 )
2  a  4
Where b is the outer radius of liquid film,  is coefficient of viscosity and  is density of the liquid
(i) Calculate the force on unit length of the rod due to the viscous liquid?
(ii) Set up the integral to calculate the volume flow rate of the liquid down the rod. [you may not evaluate
the integral]
Rod

Liquid
r

b
5. A viscometer (an instrument used to study characteristics of a non-ideal fluid) consists of a flat plate and a
rotating cone. The cone has a large apex angle and the angle  shown in figure is very small (typically less
than 0.5°). The apex of the cone just touches the plate and a liquid fills the narrow gap between the plate
and the cone. The cone has a base radius R and is rotated with constant angular speed . Consider the
liquid to be ideal and take its coefficient of viscosity to be . Calculate the torque needed to drive the cone.

R

 

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ELASTICITY
1. A very stiff bar (AB) of negligible mass is suspended horizontally by two vertical rods as shown in figure.
Length of the bar is 2.5 L. The steel rod has length L and cross sectional radius of r and the brass rod has
length 2L and cross sectional radius of 2r. A vertically downward force F is applied to the bar at a distance
x from the steel rod and the bar remains horizontal. Find the value of x if it is given that ratio of Young’s
Ys
modulus of steel and brass is Y  2.
B

Brass
Steel
2L

L
F x

A 2.5L B
2. A steel wire of radius r is stretched without tension along a straight line with its ends fixed at A and B (figure).
The wire is pulled into the shape ACB. Assume that d is very small compared to length of the wire. Young’s
modulus of steel is Y.
(a) What is the tension (T) in the wire?
(b) Determine the pulling force F. Is F larger than T?

A 2 B

3. A rectangular bar is fixed to a hard floor. Height of the bar is h and its area in contact with the floor is A. A
 2 
shearing force distorts the bar as shown. Prove that the work done by the shearing force is W   
 2 
 
volume of the bar. Here  is shear modulus of elasticity. Assume the deformation to be small.

F
A

4. Assume that the least load which would break a thread when simply suspended from it is M and that this
load produces a strain of 1 percent at the moment of breaking. Also assume that Hooke’s law applies to
the thread right up to breaking-point. A load of mass m is suspended from a thread of length . It is raised
to a height and released. Find the least height to which the load must be raised so that it will break the thread
when allowed to fall.

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5. A metal cylinder of length L and radius R is fixed rigidly to ground with its axis vertical. A twisting torque 0
is applied along the circumference at the top of the cylinder. This causes an angular twist of 0 (rad) in the
top surface. Calculate the shear modulus of elasticity () of the material of the cylinder.
0

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

1. A block of mass M rests on a smooth horizontal table. There is a small gap in the table under the block
through which a pendulum has been attached to the block. The bob of the simple pendulum has mass m
and length of the pendulum is L. The pendulum is set into small oscillations in the vertical plane of the figure.
Calculate its time period. The table does not interfere with the motion of the string.

m
2. In the system shown in the figure the string, springs and pulley are light. The force constant of the two springs
are k1 = k and k2 = 2k. Block of mass M is pulled vertically down from its equilibrium position and released.
Calculate the angular frequency of oscillation. The top surface of the block (represented by line AB) always
remains horizontal.

k1 k2
A B
M

3. Two ideal springs of same make (the springs differ in their lengths only) have been suspended from points
A and B such that their free ends C and D are at same horizontal level. A massless rod PQ is attached to
the ends of the springs. A block of mass m is attached to the rod at point R. The rod remains horizontal in
equilibrium. Now the block is pulled down and released. It performs vertical oscillations with time period
m
T  2 where k is the force constant of the longer spring.
3k
A

B
k

P R Q
C D

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(a) Find the ratio of length RC and RD.

(b) Find the difference in heights of point A and B if it is given that natural length of spring BD is L.
4. A particle of mass m is constrained to move along a straight line. A and B are two fixed points on the line
at a separation of L. When the particle is at some point P, between A and B, it is acted upon by two forces
  6 mg     3 mg  
F1    PA and F2    PB
 L   L 
At time t = 0, the particle is projected from A towards B with a speed of gL .
At what time ‘t’ will the particle reach at B for the first time?
A P B

5. Two spheres A and B of the same mass m and the same radius are placed on a rough horizontal surface.
A is a uniform hollow sphere and B is uniform solid sphere. They are tied centrally to a light spring of spring
constant k as shown in figure. A and B are released when the extension in the spring is x0. Friction is
sufficient and the spheres do not slip on the surface. Find the frequency and amplitude of SHM of the sphere
A.
A B
K

6. A simple pendulum of length L has a bob of mass m. The bob is connected to light horizontal spring of force
constant k. The spring is relaxed when the pendulum is vertical (see fig. (i)).
(a) The bob is pulled slightly and released. Find the time period of small oscillations. Assume that the
spring remains horizontal.
(b) The spring is replaced with an elastic cord of force constant k. The cord is relaxed when the pendulum
is vertical (see fig (ii)). The bob is pulled slightly and released. Find the time period of oscillations.

l l

k
k
(i) (ii)
7. Two simple pendulums A and B have length 4l and l respectively. They are released from rest from the
position shown. Both the angles  and  are small. Calculate the time after which the two string become
parallel for the first time if-
(a)  = 
(b)  = 1.5 

  l
4l B

A
8. Two identical blocks 1 and 2, each of mass m, are kept on a smooth horizontal surface, connected to three
springs as shown in the figure. Each spring has a force constant k. Under suitable initial conditions, the two
blocks oscillate in phase and their respective displacement from the mean position is given by

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 23
m m
k k k
1 2

x1 = A sin t and x 2 = A sin t

(i) Suggest one such initial condition that will result in such oscillation.
(ii) Find 
9. Four identical massless rods are connected by hinged joints to form a rhombus of side length L. Rods can
rotate freely about the joints. The joints B and D are connected by a massless spring of relaxed length
1.5 L. The system is suspended vertically with a load of mass M attached at C (see fig.). In equilibrium the
rods form an angle of 30° with the vertical. Find time period of small oscillations of the load.
A

L L

B D

L L

M
10. Two small blocks of mass m and 4m are connected to two springs as shown in fig. Both springs have
stiffness K and they are in their natural length when the blocks are at point O. Both the blocks are pushed
so that both the springs get compressed by a distance a. Find the block of mass m is released
a a

k m 4m k
O

 3
and after it travels through a distance  1   a , the second block is also released.
 2 
(a) At what distance from point O will the two blocks collide?
(b) How much time the two blocks need to collide after the block of mass 4m is released?
11. Two tunnels - T1 and T2 are dug across the earth as shown in figure. One end of the two tunnels have a
common meeting point on the surface of the earth. Two particles P1 and P2 are oscillating from one end to the
other end of the tunnels. At some instant particles are at mid point of their tunnels as shown in figure. Then –
T1

T2
P1
v1 v2
P2
60°

J
(a) Write phase difference between the particle P1 and P2. Can the two particles ever meet?
(b) Write the ratio of maximum velocity of particle P1 and P2.

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12. Two identical small elastic balls have been suspended using two strings of different length (see fig (a)).
Pendulum A is pulled to left by a small angle 0 and released. It hits ball B head on which swings to angle
20 from the vertical. Calculate the time period of oscillation of A if its length is known to be L.

0
20
L

A B
(a) (b)
13. A pendulum consists of an inextensible thread connected to a solid spherical ball of radius r. The distance
between the point of suspension and the centre of the ball is L (>> r). Calculate the percentage difference
in the time period of this pendulum to the time period of a simple pendulum of length L. How large is this
difference for r = 5 cm and L = 100 cm.

WAVE MOTION
1. (i) Two sinusoidal wave are given as y1 = a1 sin(t + kx + ) and y2 = a2 sin(t – kx). They superimpose.
(a) Calculate the resultant amplitude of oscillation at a position x. Is amplitude time dependent?
(b) Calculate the ratio of maximum and minimum amplitudes observed.
(ii) A speaker (producing a sound of a single wavelength ) and a microphone are placed as shown in the
figure. The microphone detects the sound and converts it into electrical signal. This way we can obtain
the waveform of the sound. Assume that there is no attenuation of the sound. The waveform detected
by the microphone is sinusoidal with amplitude a. In one experiment 6 microphones are placed in front
5
of the speaker with distance between two neighbouring microphones being d 
6
(a) The output from all the 6 microphones is superimposed. What is amplitude of the resultant?
(b) If large number of microphone are kept with separation L between two consecutive ones, how will
the combined output change with L? Given that L  n (n = 1, 2, 3...........)
Microphone 1 Microphone 2 Microphone 6
...

d
Speaker
2. A string in a guitar is made of steel (density 7962 kg/m3). It is 63.5 cm long, and has diameter of 0.4 mm.
The fundamental frequency is f = 247 Hz.
(a) Find the string tension (F).
(b) If the tension F is changed by a small amount F, the frequency f changes by a small amount f. Show
f 1 F
that 
f 2 F
(c) The string is tuned with tension equal to that calculated in part (a) when its temperature is 18°C.
Continuous playing causes the temperature of the string to rise, changing its vibration frequency. Find
f if the temperature of the string rises to 29°C. The steel string has a Young’s modulus of 2.00 × 1011
Pa and a coefficient of linear expansion of 1.20 × 10–5 (°C)–1. Assume that the temperature of the body
of the guitar remains constant. Will the vibration frequency rise or fall?
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3. A long taut string is connected to a harmonic oscillator of frequency f at one end. The oscillator oscillates
with an amplitude a0 and delivers power P0 to the string. Due to dissipation of energy the amplitude of wave
th
3
goes on decreasing with distance x from the oscillator given as a = a0e–kx. In what length of the string  
4
of the energy supplied by the oscillator gets dissipated?

4. The figure shows the y – x graph at an instant for a small amplitude transverse wave travelling on a stretched
string. Three elements (1, 2 and 3) on the string have equal original lengths (= x). At the given instant

(i) Which element (among 1, 2 and 3) has largest kinetic energy?

(ii) Which element has largest energy (i.e., sum of its kinetic and elastic potential energy)

2
E y
(iii) Prove that energy per unit length of the string is constant everywhere equal to T   where T
x  x 
is tension the string.

x a
x x
O  x
a 2 3

5. A small source of sound has mass M and is attached to a spring of force constant K. It is oscillating with

V M
amplitude A  where V is speed of sound in air. The source of sound produces a sound of frequency
20 K
f0 = 399 Hz.

(a) Find the frequency of sound registered by a stationary observer standing at a distant point O.

k M
Observer

O
Smooth

 40 
(b) Let t1 be the time interval during which the registered frequency changes from 420 Hz to  399   Hz
 39 

 40 
and t2 be the time interval during which the observed frequency changes from 399 Hz to  399   Hz .
 41 
Which is larger t1 or t2?

6. A source of sound is located in a medium in which speed of sound is V and an observer is located in a
medium in which speed of sound is 2V. Both the source and observer are moving directly towards each other
V
at velocity . The source has a frequency of f0.
5
(a) Find the wavelength of wave in the medium in which the observer is located.

(b) Find the frequency received by the observer.

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x 
7. A transverse wave y  A sin    t  is travelling in a medium with speed V1. Plane x = 0 is the boundary
V
 1 
of the medium. For x > 0 there is a different medium in which the wave travels at a different speed V2. Part
of the wave is reflected and part is transmitted. For x < 0 the wave function is described as
x   x   x 
y   A1 sin    t   A2 sin    t  , while for x > 0 ; y   A 3 sin    t 
 V1   V2   V2 
(a) Using the fact that the wave function must be continuous at x = 0, show that A1 – A2 = A3
y V
(b) Using the fact that must be continuous at x = 0, prove that 2 A1  A3  A2
x V1
2V2 A1 V V 
(c) Show that A 3  and A2   1 2  A1
V1  V2  V1  V2 
8. A wire having mass per unit length  and length L is fixed between two fixed vertical walls at a separation
L. Due to its own weight the wire sags. The sag in the middle is d (<< L). Assume that tension is practically
constant along the wire, owing to its small mass. Calculate the speed of the transverse wave on the wire.
L

9. (i) In a travelling sinusoidal longitudinal wave, the displacement of particle of medium is represented by
s = S (x, t). The midpoint of a compression zone and an adjacent rarefaction zone are represented by
letter ‘C’ and ‘R’ respectively. The difference in pressure at ‘C’ and ‘R’ is P and the bulk modulus of
the medium is B.
s 
(a) How is x related to
C 
s
(b) Write the value of x in terms of P and B.
C

(c) What is speed of a medium particle located mid-way between ‘C’ and ‘R’.

 3x   3vt 
(ii) A standing wave in a pipe with a length of L = 3 m is described by s  A cos   sin   where v
 L   L 
is wave speed. The atmospheric pressure and density are P0 and  respectively

L L
(a) At t  the acoustic pressure at x  is 0.2 percent of the atmospheric pressure. Find the
18v 2
displacement amplitude A.
(b) In which overtone is the pipe oscillating?

10. A longitudinal wave is travelling at speed u in positive x direction in a medium having average density 0. The
displacement(s) for particles of the medium versus their position (x) has been shown in the figure.
S

O 6 8
x (in cm)
2 4 10

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Answer following question for 0 < x  10 cm
(a) Write x co-ordinates of all positions where the particles of the medium have maximum negative
acceleration. What is density at these locations - higher than 0, less than 0 or equal to 0?
(b) Write x co-ordinates of all locations where the particles of the medium have negative maximum velocity.
What do you think about density at these positions?
(c) Knowing that the change in density () is proportional to negative of the slope of s versus x graph, prove
d d
that  a, where a is acceleration of the particles at position x. At which point (0 < x  10) is
dx dx
positive maximum.

11. Two sound waves, travelling in same direction can be represented as

  x 
y1  (0.02 mm) sin (400 rad s1 )  1
 t 
  330ms 
And

  x 
y 2  (0.02 mm)sin (404 rad s1 )  1
 t 
  330ms 
The waves superimpose.
(i) Find distance between two nearest points where an intensity maximum is recorded simultaneously.
(ii) Find the time gap between two successive intensity maxima at a given point.
12. A taut string is made of two segments. To the left of A it has a linear mass density of  kg/m and to the
right of A its linear mass density is 4  kg/m.
V
a 2 cm 1 cm
4
 A
2 cm

A sinusoidal pulse of amplitude a is travelling towards right on the lighter string with a speed V = 2 cm/s.
Draw the shape of the string after
(a) 1 s (b) 2.5 s

TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL EXPANSION

1. In a compensated pendulum a triangular frame ABC is made using two different metals. AB of length 1 is
made using a metal having coefficient of linear expansion 1. BC and AC of length 2 each have coefficient
2
of linear expansion 2. A heavy bob is attached at C. Pendulum can oscillate about the pivot D. Find 
1
so that distance of bob from the pivot point D does not change with change in temperature.
1/2 1/2
A D B
1
2

2
2 2

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2. A metal cylinder of radius R is placed on a wooden plank BD. The plank is kept horizontal suspended with
the help of two identical string AB and CD each of length L. The temperature coefficient of linear expansion
of the cylinder and the strings are 1 and 2 respectively. Angle  shown in the figure is 30°. It was found

that with change in temperature the centre of the cylinder did not move. Find the ratio 1 , if it is know that
2
L = 4R. Assume that change in value of  is negligible for small temperature changes.
A
 

L R L

B D
3. A uniform metal rod (AB) of mass m and length L is lying on a rough incline. The inclination of the incline
3
and coefficient of friction between the rod and the incline is  = 37° and  = 1.0 respectively. tan37 
4
(a) If temperature increases the rod expands. However, there is a point P on the rod which does not move.
Find the distance of this point from the lower end of the rod.
(b) If the temperature falls the rod contracts. Once again there is a point Q which does not move. Find
distance of Q from the lower end of the rod.
(c) Will the repeated expansion and contraction cause the rod to slide down?

CALORIMETRY
1. Two identical cylindrical containers A and B are interconnected by a tube of negligible dimensions. Container A
is filled with an ice block up to height H = 1.8 m and container B is filled up to same height with water. Ice is at
0°C and water is at 40°C. Due to heat exchange between water and ice, the ice block begins to melt. Assume
that the ice block melt in horizontal layers starting from the bottom. The thickness of ice block reduces uniformly
over the entire cross section of the container. The ice block moves without friction inside the container and no
water enters between the vertical wall of the container and the ice block. Heat is exchanged only between the ice
block and the water and there is no heat exchange with containers or atmosphere. Calculate the height of
water in container B when thermal equilibrium is attained. Relative density and specific latent heat of fusion of
ice are 0.9 and 80 cal g–1 respectively. Specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal g–1 ºC–1.

A B
Water

Ice
H

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2. A well insulated box has two compartments A and B with a conducting wall between them. 100 g of ice at
0°C is kept in compartment A and 100 g of water at 100°C is kept in B at time t = 0. The temperature of
the two parts A and B is monitored and a graph is plotted for temperatures TA and TB versus time (t) [Fig.
(b)]. Assume that temperature inside each compartment remains uniform.
T(°C)

TB

A B
T0
TA
O t (s)
t0 t1
(a) (b)
(a) Is it correct to assert that the conducting wall conducts heat at a uniform rate, irrespective of the
temperature difference between A and B?
(b) Find the value of time t1 and temperature T0 shown in the graph, if it is known that t0 = 200 s.
Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal g–1 °C–1
Specific heat of water = 1.0 cal g–1 °C–1
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal g–1
3. A copper calorimeter has mass of 180 g and contains 450 g of water and 50 g of ice; all at 0°C. Dry steam
is passed into the calorimeter until a certain temperature () is reached. The mass of the calorimeter and
its contents at the end of the experiment increased by 25 g. Assume no heat loss to the surrounding and
take specific heat capacities of water and copper to be 4200 J kg–1 K–1 and 390 J kg–1 K–1, respectively.
Take specific latent heat of vaporization of water to be 3.36 × 105 J kg–1 and 2.26 × 106 J kg–1 respectively.
(a) Find the final temperature 
(b) If steam enters into the system at a steady rate of 5 g min–1, plot the variation of temperature of the
system till final temperature  is attained.

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND GAS LAWS

1. A hypothetical gas sample has its molecular speed distribution graph as shown in the figure. The speed (u)
dN
and have appropriate units. Find the root mean square speed of the molecules. Do not worry about
du
units.

dN
du
4

u
O 4
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30 PHYSICS Book Crunch

2. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds in a sample of an ideal gas can be expressed
as

3/2 mv 2
4  m  2
–
f    v e 2 kT .dv
  2kT 

where f represent the fraction of total molecules that have speeds between v and v + dv. m, k and T are
mass of each molecule, Boltzmann constant and temperature of the gas.
v 

(a) What will be value of  fdv ?

v 0


3 – av 2 1
(b) It is given that v e dv 
2a2
0

Find the average speed of gas molecules at temperature T.

dN
3. The speed distribution of molecules in a sample of a gas is shown in the figure. The graph between
du
and u is a parabola and total number of molecules in the sample is N0.

(a) Calculate the rms speed of the molecules

(b) Calculate the total translational kinetic energy of molecules if mass of the sample is 10 g.

dN
du

u
O 1
2
(speed in × 10 m/s)
4. A cylindrical container is divided into three parts by two tight fitting pistons. The pistons are connected by a
spring. The region between the pistons is vacuum and the other two parts have same number of moles of
an ideal gas. Initially, both the gas chambers are at temperature T0 and the spring is compressed by 1 m.
Length of both gas chambers is 1 m in this positon. Now the temperature of the left and right chambers
4T0 5T0
are raised to and respectively. Find the final compression in the spring in equilibrium. Assume
3 3
that the pistons slide without friction.

Vacuum

1m 1m

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 31

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. One mole of a mono atomic gas of molar mass M undergoes a cylic process as shown in the figure. Here
 is density and P is pressure of the gas.
(a) Calculate the heat rejected by the gas in one complete cycle.
(b) Find the efficiency of the cycle.


20 2

0 1 3

P
P0 2P0
2. A cylindrical container has insulating wall and an insulating piston which can freely move up and down without
any friction. It contains a mixture of ideal gases. Originally the gas is at atmospheric pressure P0 and
temperature (T0). A tap positioned above the container is opened and it supplies water at a constant rate
dm
of  0.25 kg/s . The water collects above the piston in the container and the gas compresses. The tap
dt
1
is kept open till the temperature of the gas is doubled. During the process the T vs graph for the
V
gas was recorded and found to be a parabola with its vertex at origin as shown in the graph. Area of piston
A = 1.515 × 10–3 m2 and atmospheric pressure = 105 N/m2
(a) Find the ratio of Vrms and speed of sound in the gaseous mixture.
(b) For how much time the tap was kept open?
Tap
T

Water Pipe
2T0

T0
Piston

Gas
O 1 1.21 1
V0 V0 V

3. (a) A polytropic process for an ideal gas is represented by PVx = constant, where x  1. Show that molar
R
specific heat capacity for such a process is given by C  Cv  .
1– x
(b) An amount Q of heat is added to a mono atomic ideal gas in a process in which the gas performs a
Q
work on its surrounding. Show that the process is polytropic and find the molar heat capacity of the
2
gas in the process.

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32 PHYSICS Book Crunch

4. One mole of an ideal gas is expanded from the state A(P0, V0) to final state B having volume V. The process
follows a path represented by a straight line on the P – V diagram (see figure). Up to what volume (V) the
gas shall be expanded so that final temperature is half the maximum temperature during the process.
P

2P0

P0 A

P B

V
O V0 V
5. An insulated cylinder is divided into three parts A, B and C. Pistons 1 and 2 are connected by a rigid rod
and can slide without friction inside the cylinder. Piston 1 is perfectly conducting while piston 2 is perfectly
insulating. Equal quantity of an ideal gas is filled in three compartments and the state of gas in every part
is same (P0 V0 T0). Adiabatic exponent of the gas is  = 1.5. The compartment B is slowly given that heat
4V0
through a heater H such that the final volume of gas in part C becomes
9
(a) Calculate the heat supplied by the heater.
(b) Calculate the amount of heat flow through piston 1.
(c) If heater were in compartment A, instead of B how would your answers to (a) and (b) change ?

A 1 B 2 C
P0V0T0
P0V0T0 P0V0T0
H

6. An adiabatic cylinder has length 2L and cross sectional area A. A freely moving non-conducting piston of
negligible thickness divides the cylinder into two equal parts. The piston is connected to the right face of
the cylinder with an ideal spring of force constant k. The right chamber contains 28 g nitrogen in which one
third of the molecules are dissociated into atoms. The left chamber containes 4 g helium. With piston in
equilibrium and spring relaxed the pressure in both chamber is P0. The helium chamber is slowly given heat
using an electric heater (H), till piston moves to right by a distance 3L . Neglect the volume occupied by
4
the spring and the heating coil. Also neglect heat capacity of the spring.

(a) Find the ratio of Cp and Cv for nitrogen gas in right chamber.
(b) Calculate change in temperature of helium.
(c) Calculate heat supplied by the heater.
L L

k
Helium
Nitrogen
H

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HEAT TRANSFER
1. A thick cylindrical shell made of material of thermal conductivity k has inner and outer radii r and R
respectively and its length is L. When the curved surface of the cylinder are lagged (i.e., given insulation
cover) and one end is maintained at temperature T1 and the other end is maintained at T2(< T1) ; the heat
current along the length of the cylinder is H. In another experiment the two ends are lagged and the inner
wall and outer wall are maintained at T1 and T2 respectively. Find the radial heat flow in this case.

R
2. Two identical adiabatic containers of negligible heat capacity are connected by conducting rod of length L
and cross sectional area A. Thermal conductivity of the rod is k and its curved cylindrical surface is well
insulated from the surrounding. Heat capacity of the rod is also negligible. One container is filled with n moles
of helium at temperature T1 and the other one is filled with equal number of moles of hydrogen at temperature
T2(<T1). Calculate the time after which the temperature difference between two gases will becomes half the
initial difference.

T1 L T2

He H

3. A spherical shell is kept in an atmosphere at temperature T0. The wavelength corresponding to maximum
intensity of radiation for the shell is 0. A point source of constant power is switched on inside the shell. The

power radiated by the source is P  0.4SeT04 where S, e and  are outer surface area of the shell,
emissivity of the outer surface of the shell and Stefan’s constant respectively. Calculate the new wavelength
() corresponding to the maximum intensity of radiation from the shell. Assume that change in temperature
(T) of the shell is small compared to the ambient temperature T0.
4. Consider the sun to be a blackbody at temperature Ts = 5780 K. Radius of the sun is rs = 6.96 × 108 m.
The earth-sun distance is R = 1.49 × 1011 m. Assume that 30% of the solar radiation that hits the earth is
scattered back into space without absorption.
(a) Calculate the steady state average temperature of the earth assuming it to be a blackbody. Take
1
 0.7  4  0.91

(b) We know that average temperature of earth is  288 K. How does this value compare with that obtained
in (a)?
The difference is due to greenhouse effect. Comment on the following statement - “Emissivity of earth
is reduced more than absorptivity due to green house effect.”
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34 PHYSICS Book Crunch

5. A and B are two sphere made of same material radius of A is double that of B and initially they are at same
temperature (T). Both of them are kept far apart in a room at temperature T0(<T). Calculate the ratio of initial
rate of cooling (i.e. rate of fall of temperature) of sphere A and B if
(a) the spheres are solid,
(b) the spheres are hollow made of thin sheets of same thickness

ELECTROSTATICS
1. There is a ball of radius r having uniformly distributed volume charge Q on it and there is a spherical shell
of radius r having uniformly distributed surface charge Q on it. The two spheres are far apart.
(a) A point charge q is moved slowly from the centre of the shell (through a small hole in it) to the centre
of the ball. Find work done by the external agent in the process.
(b) The two spheres are brought closer so that their centers are separated by 4r. Now calculate the amount
of work needed in slowly moving a point charge q from the centre of the shell to the centre of the ball.
Assume that charge on one ball does not alter the charge distribution of the other. Does your answers
in (a) and (b) differ? Why?

Q Q

r
r

2. A ring of radius R has uniformly distributed charge q. A point charge Q is placed at the centre of the ring.
(a) Find the increase in tension in the ring after the point charge is placed at its centre.
(b) Find the increase in force between the two semicircular parts of the ring after the point charge is placed
at the centre.
(c) Using the result found in part (b) find the force that the point charge exerts on one half of the ring.
q

3. A smooth fixed rod is inclined at an angle  to the horizontal. At the bottom end of the rod there is a fixed
charge +Q. There is a bead of mass m having charge q that can slide freely on the rod. The equilibrium
separation of the bead from fixed charge Q is x0. Find the frequency of oscillation of the bead if it is displaced
a little from its equilibrium position.

q
m

Q 

4. (a) There is an infinitely long thread uniformly charged with linear charge density  C/m. Using Gauss’ law,
calculate the electric field (E0) at a distance x from the thread.
(b) Now consider a semi-infinite uniformly charged thread (linear charge density = ) as shown in figure.
Find the y component of eletric at point P in terms of E0. Use simple qualitative argument.

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(c) For the situation described in (b) calculate the x component of electric field at point P using the method
of integration.
(d) Find the angle that the electric field at P makes with x direction.

P y

x x

 + + + + + + +
5. A uniform non-conducting ring has mass m and radius R. Two point charges q and q are fixed on its
circumference at a separation of 2R . The ring remains in equilibrium in air with its plane vertical in a region
4mg
where exists a uniform vertically upward electric field E. Given E  .
7q
(a) Find angle  in equilibrium position (see figure).
(b) The ring is given a small rotation in the plane of the figure and released. Will it perform oscillations?

E E
q q


R R
6. In the figure shown, spheres S1, S2 and S3 have radii R, and respectively. C1, C2 and C3 are centers
2 4
of the three spheres lying in a plane. Angle C1C2C3 is right angle. Sphere S3 has a uniformly spread volume
charge density 4. The remaining part of S2 has uniform charge density of 2 and the left over part of S1
has uniform charge density of .

R
(a) Find electric field at a point A at a distance from C3 on the line C2C3 (see figure).
8
R
(b) Find electric field at point B at a distance from C2 on the line C3C2 (see figure).
4


4 A
S3 C3
C1 C2
B
2
S2

S1

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36 PHYSICS Book Crunch

7. The quarter disc of radius R (see figure) has a uniform surface charge density .
(a) Find electric potential at a point (O, O, Z)
(b) Find the Z component of electric field at (O, O, Z)
Y

X
O R
8. Two concentric spherical shells have radii R and 2R. The outer shell is grounded and the inner one is given
a charge +Q. A small particle having mass m and charge –q enters the outer shell through a small hole in
it. The speed of the charge entering th shell was u and its initial line of motion was at a distance a  2R
from the centre.
(a) Find the radius of curvature of the path of the particle immediately after it enters the shell.
(b) Find the speed with which the particle will hit the inner sphere.
Assume that distribution of charge on the spheres do not charge due to presence of the charge particle.
–q
u

Hole
+Q
2R
R a

9. A semicircular ring of radius R carries a uniform linear charge density of . P is a point in the plane of the
ring at a distance R from centre O. OP is perpendicular to AB. Find electric field intensity at point P.

O P
R

B
10. In a certain region of space the electrostatic field depends only on the coordinates x and y as follows.

E=0 for x 2  y 2  r0

 
E  a xiˆ  yjˆ / x 2  y 2  for x 2  y 2  r0

where a is a positive constant, and iˆ and ĵ are the unit vectors along the X- and Y-axes. Find the charge
within a sphere of radius 2r0 with the centre at the origin.

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 37
11. Two infinite line have linear charge densities – and +. They are parallel to z axis passing through x axis
 ln  2 
at points x = –a and x = a respectively. Show that the equipotential surface having potential is a
40
cylinder having radius 2 2a .
12. A conducting sphere of radius R having charge Q is placed in a uniform external field E. O is the centre of
the sphere and A is a point on the surface of the sphere such that AO makes an angle of 0 = 60° with the
opposite direction of external field. Calculate the potential at point A due to charge on the sphere only.
E
A +Q

0
O

13. A conducting shell has inner radius R and outer radius 2R. A charge +q is given to the spherical shell.
(a) Find the electric field at a point which is at a distance x from the centre of the shell. Give your answer
for three cases.
(i) x < R (ii) R < x < 2R (iii) x > 2R
(b) Find the electric potential in all the three cases mentioned in (a).
(c) Find field and potential in all the three cases mentioned in (a) after a point charge –q is introduced at
the centre of the shell.
(d) Write the electrical potential energy of the system consisting of the shell and the point charge at its
centre.
(e) Find the electrostatic force that the shell exerts on the point charge.
(f) Now, another point charge +q is placed at a distance 4R from the centre of the shell. Find electric field
and potential in following cases.
(i) x < R
(ii) R < x < 2R
q

2R

14. An infinite line charge is perpendicular to the plane of the figure having linear charge density . A particle
having charge Q and mass m is projected in the field of the line charge from point P. The point P is at a distance
R from the line charge and velocity given to the particle is perpendicular to the radial line at P (see figure).
V0

+ P
R

Line charge

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(a) Find the speed of the particle when its distance from the line charge grows to R ( > 1).
(b) Fine the velocity component of the particle along the radial line (joining the line charge to the particle)
at the instant its distance becomes R.
15. (a) Calculate the electrostatic self energy of a uniformly charged sphere of radius R having charge Q.
R
(b) Divide the above sphere (mentally) into two regions-spherical concentric part having radius and the
2
 R 
remaining annular part  between and R  . Denote the point charges in sphere of radius R/2 by q1,
 2 
q2, q3 ... etc.
The charges in annular part be denoted by Q1, Q2, Q3 ... etc.
Calculate the electrostatic interaction energy for all pairs like [(Qi, Qj) + (qi + qj)].

q1 R/2
q2
Q Q3

Q2

16. A short electric dipole (dipole moment P) is placed on the axis of a uniformly charged ring at a distance x
from the centre as shown in figure. Radius of the ring is a and charge on it is Q.
a
(i) Write the force on the dipole when x  and when x = a. Why the direction of force at two points is
2
different?
(ii) Is the force on the dipole zero if x = 0? If not, where will you place the dipole so that force on it is zero.

a
P
x
O

CAPACITOR
1. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and spacing between the plates d is filled with three dielectrics as
shown in the figure. The dielectric constants of the three dielectrics are K1 = K, K2 = 2K, K3 = 3K. The
capacitor is connected to a cell of emf V.

(a) Write the ratio of maximum to minimum charge density on the surface of the capacitor plate.

(b) Calculate the surface charge density of bound (induced) charge on the middle dielectric.

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Book Crunch PHYSICS 39
(c) If the three dielectrics occupy equal volume between the plates, calculate the capacitance of the
capacitor.

k1

k2

k3

2. A parallel plate capacitor has square plates of side length L. Plates and kept vertical at separation d between
them. The space between the plates is filled with a dielectric whose dielectric constant (K) changes with
height (x) from the lower edge of the plates as K = ex where  is a positive constant. A potential difference
of V is applied across the capacitor plates.

(i) Plot the variation of surface charge density () on the positive plate of the capacitor versus x.

(ii) Plot the variation of electric field between the plates as a function of x.

(iii) Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.

3. Find heat dissipated in the circuit after switch S in closed. C = 2 F.

C C

30 V 60 V 30 V

4. Two square metal plates have sides of length L and thickness t (<< L). They are arranged parallel to each
5
other with their inner faces at a separation of t .One of the plates is given a charge –Q and the other one
2
t
is given a charge +Q. A third rectangular metal plate of sides L and x, having thickness is inserted
2
between the plates as shown. The third plate is equidistant from the two plates and parallel to them. Neglect
edge effects.

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L
t
2
L +Q t

2
5t
x
2 1 Q

(a) Find the charge density on lower plate at points 1 and 2 shown in figure.

(b) Find potential difference between the upper plate and the middle plate.

(c) Find electric field between the two outer plates in space where the third plate is not present (i.e., at a
point above point 1.)

(d) Find the capacitance of the system across two outer plates.

5. A hollow spherical conductor of radius R has a charge Q on it. A small dent on the surface decreases the
volume of the spherical conductor by 2%. Assume that the charge density on the surface does not change
due to the dent and the electric field in the dent region remains same as other points on the surface.

(a) E is the electrostatic energy stored in the electric field in the shallow dent region and E is the total
E
electrostatic energy of the spherical shell. Find the ratio .
E
(b) Using the ratio obtained in part (a) calculate the percentage change in capacitance of the sphere due
to the dent.

6. A particle of mass m and charge +q enters horizontally with speed V0 midway between the horizontal plates
of a parallel plate capacitor at time t = 0. Separation between the capacitor plates is ‘d’ and it starts getting
charged, by a constant current source, at time t = 0. Plate area of the capacitor is A. It was found that the
particle just misses (to hit) the lower plate. Assume that the plates are quite long and acceleration due to
gravity is g.

(a) Give a rough sketch of the path of the particle.

(b) Find the constant current (i0) supplied by the source to the capacitor.
Consider no magnetic force on the charge.

Constant
current
m V0 source
d
g i0

7. One plate of a parallel plate capacitor is tilted by a small angle about its central line as shown in the figure.
The tilt angle  is small. Both the plates are square in shape with side length a and separation between
their centers is d. Find the capacitance of the capacitor.
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Book Crunch PHYSICS 41
x2 x3
Given :  n 1  x   x –   ...
2 3
 x2 x3 
 n 1– x   –  x    ... 
 2 3 

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. A parallel plate capacitor has plate area A and separation between the plates equal to d. A material of
dielectric constant K and resistivity  is filled between the plates. The switch is closed to connect the capacitor
to a cell of emf V.

S V

(a) Write the steady state current in the circuit and charge on the capacitor.
(b) When the circuit is in steady state, switch s is opened (at t = 0). Write charge on the capacitor as function
of time (t) after this.
2. Two cylindrical rods, of different material, are joined as shown. The rods have same cross section (A) and
their electrical resistivities are 1 and 2. When a current I is passed through the rods, a charge (Q) gets
piled up at the junction boundary. Assuming the current density to be uniform throughout the cross section,
calculate Q.

1 2 l
l

Under what condition the charge Q is negative?

3. A prism shaped network of resistors has been shown in the figure. Each arm (like AB, AC, CD, DF...) has
resistance R. Find the equivalent resistance of the network between
(a) A and B
(b) C and D
D

C
F E

A
B
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4. In the circuit shown, each resistor has a resistance RX which depends on the voltage VX across it.
For VX  1 V, RX = 1 
and for VX > 1 V, RX = 2 
The emf (V) of the source, changes with time (t) after the switch is closed at t = 0. The variation of V with
time is depicted in the graph. Plot the variation of ammeter reading with time.
Rx

Rx
Rx

A
S
V

V (Volt)

10

t (s)
O 10 20
5. In the Fig. two neutral spherical conductors of radii 2a and a are separated by a large distance. Initially,
switch S1 is kept closed and S2 is open. Now S1 is opened and S2 is closed at t = 0
(a) Find the rate of fall in potential of the conductor of radius 2a as a function of time.
(b) Find the heat dissipated after S2 is closed.
R
2a
S2 a
V
S1

6. In the circuit shown in the fig, the switch ‘S’ is closed at time t = 0. The current in branch AB is represented
by z and is taken to be positive when it is from A to B.
(a) Write the value of z immediately after the switch is closed.
(b) Write the value of z infinite time after the switch is closed.
(c) Write z as a function of time (t) and plot the variation of z with time.
(d) At what time t0 the current z become zero?
C
A
R
z
R C
B

R
S V

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MOTION OF CHARGE IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

1. Figure shows a circular region of radius R  3 m which has a uniform magnetic field B = 0.2 T directed
into the plane of the figure. A particle having mass m = 2 g, speed v = 0.3 m/s and charge q = 1 mC is
projected along the radius of the circular region as shown in figure. Calculate the angular deviation produced
in the path of the particle as it comes out of the magnetic field. Neglect any other force apart from the
magnetic force.

q v

2. A particle of mass m and charge q is projected into a region having a uniform magnetic field B0. Initial velocity
(v0) of the particle is perpendicular to the magnetic field. Apart from the magnetic force the particle faces a
frictional force which has a magnitude of f = kv where v is instantaneous speed and k is a positive constant.

(a) Find the radius of curvature of the path of the particle after it has travelled through a distance of
mv 0
x0  .
2k
(b) Plot the variation of radius of curvature of the path of the particle with time (t).

3. AB and CD are two parallel planes perpendicular to the X axis. There is a uniform magnetic field (B) in the
space between them directed in negative Z direction. Width of the region having field is d and rest of the
space is having no field. A particle having mass m and charge +q enters the region with a velocity V making
an angle  with the X direction as shown.

(a) Find the values of d for which the particle will come out of the magnetic field crossing CD.

 2 – 1  mv 
(b) For d    and   find the angular deviation in the path of the particle.
 2  qB 6
 
(c) Find the deviation in path of the particle if

5mv
d 1– sin  
4qB

A C
d
y

 p x

+
B D
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4. A long uniform cylindrical beam of radius R consists of positively charged particles each of charge q, mass
m and velocity V along positive x direction. The axis of the beam is the x-axis. The beam is incident on a
region having magnetic field in y-z plane. The magnetic field in the region is confined to 0  x  x (x is
small). The field lines are circular in yz plane as shown. The magnitude of the field is given by
B = B0r where B0 is a constant and r is distance from the origin.
y

Field lines
r

x
O

z
Show that this magnetic field acts as a converging lens for the ion beam and obtain the expression for focal
length. Neglect the divergence in the beam caused due to electromagnetic interaction of the charge particles.
5. (a) A charge particle travelling along positive x direction with speed Vx enters a region of width  having a
uniform electric field E in positive y direction. A screen is kept, at a distance D(>>) from the region of
the field, in yz plane. Find the y co-ordinate of the point where the particle strikes the screen. Charge
and mass of the particle is +q and m respectively.
(b) The electric field in the region is replaced with a uniform magnetic field B in negative z direction. Now
calculate the y co-ordinate of the point on the screen where the particle hits it. Assume deflection due
to field to be small and D >>.

l D

x
Vx O

(c) Now the field region is filled with a uniform electric (E) and magnetic field (B) both directed in positive
y direction. A beam of protons and some other positive ion enters the region travelling along x direction.
The particle hit the screen along two curved paths. Explain.
Draw the two curves in yz plane and point out which one represents the protons.
6. In a region of space a uniform magnetic field exist in positive z direction and there also exists a uniform
electric field along positive y direction. A particle having charge +q and mass m is released from rest at the
origin. The particle moves on a curve known as cycloid. If a wheel of radius R were to roll on the X axis, a
fixed point on the circumference of the wheel would generate this cycloid. Find the radius R. It is given that
strength of magnetic and electric fields are B0 and E0 respectively.

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MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

1. Two identical coils having radius R and number of turns N are placed co-axially with their centres separated
by a distance equal to their radius R. The two coils are given same current I in same direction. The
configuration is often known as a pair of Helmholtz coil.
(i) Calculate the magnetic field (B) at a point (P) on the axis between the coils at a distance x from the
centres of one of the coils.

d 2B  3 
(ii) Prove that
dB
0 and 2
 0 In fact d B is also equal to zero  at the point lying midway between the
dx 3
dx  dx 
two coils. What conclusion can you draw from these results?

l l

x
R
2. In the figure shown w1 represent the cross section of an infinitely long wire carrying current I1 into the plane
of the fig. AB is a line of length L and the wire w1 is symmetrically located with respect to the line. The line
B  
integral  B  dl along the line from A to B is equal to –a0 where a0 is a positive number. Another long wire
A
B  
w2 is placed symmetrically with respect to AB (see fig) and the value of  B  dl becomes zero. Consider a
A
line DC to the right of w2. The line is parallel to AB and has same length. The two wires fall on perpendicular
D   l2
bisector of both lines. If  B  dl  2a0 with both wires w1 and w2 present, calculate the ratio of current l in
1
C
the two wires.
A D

w1 w2
x
l1 l2

d d
B C
3. A current carrying conductor is in the shape of an arc of a circle of radius R subtending an angle  at the
centre (C). A long current carrying wire is perpendicular to the plane of the arc and is at a distance 2R from
the midpoint (M) of the arc on the line joining the points M and C. Current in the arc as well as straight wire
is I. Find the magnetic force on the arc.


l M
C

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4. A current carrying loop is in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side length a. Its mass is M and it is in
vertical plane. There exists a uniform horizontal magnetic field B in the region shown.
3
(a) The loop is in equilibrium for y 0  a , Find the current in the loop.
4
(b) The loop is displaced slightly in its plane perpendicular to its side AB and released. Find time period of
its oscillations. Neglect emf induced in the loop. Express your answer in terms of a and g.

A B
B

5. A uniform ring of mass M and radius R carries a current I (see figure). The ring is suspended using two
identical strings OA and OB. There exists a uniform horizontal magnetic field B0 parallel to the diameter AB
of the ring. Calculate tension in the two strings. [Given  = 60°]
O



A B

B0

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1. A perfectly conducting ring of radius L is kept fixed on a horizontal surface. A vertical uniform magnetic field
B0 exists in the region. A conducting rod (AB) of length L is hinged at the centre of the ring at A and its other
end (B) touches the ring. The ring and the end A of the rod are connnected to an external circuit having
resistance R and capacitance C. The rod is made to rotate at a constant angular speed 0. Neglect friction
and self inductance of the circuit.
(i) Find work done by the external agent in rotating the rod of the time the capacitor acquires a charge q0.

(ii) Find heat generated in resistance R by the time the capacitor acquires a charge q0.

B0 B R
A L
C

2. A hollow cylinder made of material of resistivity  has length , radius a and wall thickness d ( >> a >> d).
A current I flows through the cylinder in tangential direction and is uniformly distributed along its length.

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dI
(a) Find the emf developed along the circumference of the cylinder if the current changes at the rate 
dt
(b) Assume that no external source is present and the current at time t = 0 is l0. The current decays with
time. Write I as a function of time.

l
a

d


3. A long straight wire of cross sectional radius a carries a current I. The return current is carried by an identical
wire which is parallel to the first wire. The centre to centre distance between the two wires is d. Find the
inductance (L) of a length x of this arrangement. Neglect magnetic flux inside the wires.
l

a l

4. A cylindrical region of radius R is filled with a uniform magnetic field B as shown in the figure. A metal wire
(AB) of length L is placed inside the field such that its ends are symmetrically located with respect to the
dB
centre (O) of the circular cross section of the region. If the magnetic field is changed at a rate the emf
dt
induced in the metal wire is . Find change in value of  if the wire is displaced by a small distance L parallel
to its own length. Assume that the wire remains inside the field region.

A B

5. A cylindrical volume of radius R has a uniform axial magnetic field B, which is increasing at a rate of
dB
  Ts –1 . A chord (AB) of the circular cross section of the cylindrical region has length L. Calculate the
dt
B   
line integral of induced electric field   Edl  as one moves along the chord from A to B. Try to find the
 
A 
answer without actually performing the integration. Is the value of integral same if one moves along the arc
from A to B?

B
C

A B

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6. A short bar magnet having magnetic dipole moment M is moving along the axis of a fixed conducting
(non-magnetic) ring of radius R. The axis of the ring is along z direction.

P
M

z
v
R

(a) Write the z component of magnetic field due to the magnetic dipole at a point P in the plane of the ring,
at the instant the magnet is at a distance z from the centre of the ring. Position of point P can be defined
in terms of angle  as shown.
(b) Write the magnetic flux through the ring due to the magnetic field produced by the magnet as a function of z.
(c) Write the magnitude of emf induced in the ring at the instant shown if speed of the magnet at the moment
is v.
7. Figure shows a square conducting frame and a long wire-both lying in the same plane. The side length of the
square loop is ‘a’ and it is at a distance ‘a’ from the long wire which is having a steady current I0. The inductance
and resistance of the square loop are L and R respectively. The loop is turned by 180° about its side AB so as
to bring it to final position ABCD at rest. Calculate the net charge that flow past a side of the loop.

I0
C B C
a

D aA D

8. There exists a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the figure in a cylindrical region of radius a.
The magnetic field is increasing at a constant rate of Ts–1. A particle having charge q is at a point P outside
the field region. The particle is slowly moved to infinity. Calculate work done by the external agent on the particle if

O
a

Q
P

(a) The particle is moved in radial direction OP.

(b) The particle is moved in a direction perpendicular to OP along PQ.

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ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. A box has a large electric circuit inside it. When it was connected to an ac generator it was found that it
1
was putting a lot of load on the generator and the power factor of the box was . A capacitor of
2
capacitance C was connected in series with the box and the power factor of the circuit became equal to
the ideal value. Find the impedance of the box. The generator has an angular frequency of .

Box
C


2. In the circuit shown the source voltage is given as v = V0sint. Find the current through the source as a
function of time.

 v R C L

3. In a series LCR circuit the phasors corresponding to voltage across resistance, capacitor and inductor at
an instant are as shown in the Figure and have amplitudes of VRO = 4 volt, VCO = 3 volt, and VLO = 6 volt
(a) Is the source frequency larger than or lesser than the resonance frequency? Does the current (I) lead
or lag the source voltage?
(b) Find the voltage amplitude of the source.
(c) If VR phasor makes  = 53° at time t = 0, write the source voltage as function of time. Take angular
frequency of the source to be 
 4
sin53  5 
 
VLO

VRO

VCO

4. A series LCR circuit having resistance R, capacitance C and inductance L has a voltage source of angular
frequency  and voltage Vin. Output voltage (Vout) is taken as voltage across the resistor and inductor
combined.
Vout
(a) Find  
Vin

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 1 1 R
(b) Find  in the limit of large     , , 
 RC LC L 

 1 1 R
(c) Find  in the limit of small     , , 
 RC LC L 

Vout

R L

 Vin

5. A resistance R and a capacitor having capacitance C are connected to an alternating source having emf
1
V = V0sin(t). It is given that  
3RC

(a) Plot the variation of power supplied by the source as a function of time. Mark the maximum and minimum
values of power in the graph.

(b) How does the plot change if capacitor is removed and only R remains connected to the source?

(c) Plot the graph when only C remains connected to source and R is removed.

R C


V = V0 sint

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
1. The refractive index of light in glass varies with its wavelength according to equation

b
    a 
2
where a and b are positive constants.

A B

A nearly monochromatic parallel beam of light is incident on a thin convex lens as shown. The wavelength
of incident light is 0   where  << 0. The light gets focused on the principal axis of the lens over a
region AB. If the focal length of the lens for a light of wavelength 0 is is f0, find the spread AB.
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2. A horizontal parallel beam of light passes through a vertical convex lens of focal length f. The optical centre
of the lens is P. A small plane mirror is placed at point M inclined at 60° to the axis of the lens. Distance
f
PM  . The mirror reflects the light passing through the lens and froms an image at point I. Find distance PI.
2

60°
P M

3. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm and another planoconvex lens of focal length 40 cm are placed
co-axially. The plane surface of the planoconvex lens is silvered. An object O is kept on the principal axis
at a distance of 10 cm from the convex lens (see Figure). Find the distance d between the two lenses so
that final image is formed on the object itself.

10 cm d

4. In the Figure FE is a man of height H standing on a floor. E is eye of the man and F is his foot. The distance
between eye and the head is negligible. A steel ball of radius r is suspended in front of him. The distance
H
of the ball from the man is H and height of the centre of the ball from the floor is . It is given that r <<
2
H. The surface of the ball acts like a mirror and the man sees his image in it. Calculate the angle subtended
by the image at the eye of the man.
E

H
H
H/2
F
5. A stick is placed inside a hemispherical bowl as shown in Figure. The stick is horizontal and has a length
of 2a. Eye of an observer is located at E such that it can just see the end A of the stick. A liquid is filled
upto edge of the bowl and the end B of the stick becomes visible to the observer. Radius of the bowl is R.
Find the refractive index () of the liquid.

A B

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6. Monochromatic light rays parallel to the principal axis (then x axis) are incident on a convex lens of focal
length f. If the lens oscillates such that it tilts up to a small angle  on either side of the y axis, then find
2
the distance between the extreme positions of the image. Take sec  1  for small .
2
Y

WAVE OPTICS
1. In Young’s double slit experiment, when the slit plane is illuminated with light of wavelength 1, it was
observed that point P is closest point from central maximum O, where intensity was 75% the intensity at
O. When the light of wavelength 2 is used, point P happens to be the nearest point from O where intensity
1
is 50% of that at O. Find the ratio  .
2
P

2. A point source (A) is kept on the axis of a hemispherical paper weight made of glass of refractive index
3
  . The distance of the point source from the centre (O) of the sphere is R where R is radius of the
2
hemisphere. Use paraxial approximations for answering following questions.
(a) Find the change in radius of curvature of the wavefronts just after they enter the glass at O.
(b) Find the radius of curvature of the wavefronts at point P just outside the glass.

A O P

R R

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3. Light is incident at an angle  with the normal to a vertical plane containing two narrow slits (S1 and S2) at
separation d. The medium to the left of slit plane is air and wavelength of the incident light is . The medium
to the right of the slit plane has refractive index . Find all values of angular position () of a point P where
we will observe constructive interference. Wavelength of incident light is .

Air 

S1 P




S2

Screen
4. In a Young’s double slit experiment set up source S of wavelength = 500 nm illuminates two symmetrically
located slits S1 and S2. The source S oscillates about its shown position parallel to the screen according to
the equation y = (0.5 mm) sin(t)
Where t is time in second. Distances are as marked in the figure.
(a) Write the y co-ordinate (y ) of central maximum as a function of time
(b) Find least value of time (t) at which the intensity becomes maximum at a point on the screen that is
exactly in front of slit S1.

S1
S 1 mm x
O
S2

1m 2m Screen

5. In Young’s double slit experiment, the upper slit is covered by a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4 while
the lower slit is covered by another glass plate having same thickness as the first one but having refractive
index 1.7. Interference pattern is observed using light of wavelength 5400 Å. It is found that the point P on
3
the screen where the central maximum fell before the glass plates were inserted, now has the original
4
intensity. It is also observed that what used to be 5th maximum earlier, lies below the point P while the 6th
minimum lies above P. Calculate the thickness of glass plates. Absorption of light by glass plate may be
neglected.

S1

S1

6. In the arrangement shown, S is a point source of monochromatic light. S1 and S2 are two slits located
symmterically with respect to the source with separation between them d1. Parallel to this slit plane there are
two more slits (S3 and S4) at separation d2. These slits are also symmetrically located with respect to S. A
screen is at a distance L2 from this slit plane. How does the intensity on the screen change with y and d1?

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Screen
S1 S3
y
d1 d2

S
S2 S4

L1 L2
1
 x2  y 2  2
7. The refractive index of a medium changes as   0 1–  where 0 is the refractive index on the
 d 2 
z axis. A plane wavefront (AB) is incident along z axis as shown in the figure. Draw the wavefront at a later
time t. Is the wavefront getting focused?

x
A

WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY AND ATOMIC PHYSICS

1. In a photoelectric experiment a metal plate of work function  = 2.0 eV is irradiated with beam of
monochromatic light. The photoelectric current (i) versus the applied potential difference (V) graph is as
shown in the figure. It is known that the efficiency of photoemission is 10–3 %. Calculate the power of light
incident on the metal plate.

10 A

V (In volt)
–5

2. In photoelectric experiment set up, the maximum kinetic energy (kmax) of emitted photoelectrons was
1
measured for different wavelength () of light used. The graph of kmax vs was obtained as shown in first

figure. In the same setup, keeping the wavelength of incident light fixed at , the applied potential difference
was varied and the photoelectric current was recorded. The result has been shown in graph in second figure.
(a) Find  in Å

(b) Taking the photo efficiency to be 2% (i.e. percentage of incident photons which produce photoelectrons)
find the power of light incident on the emitter plate in the experiment. [Take hc = 12400 eV Å]

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kmax i (mA)

0.8

O 1/(m )
–1 volt
10 6 volt
1V O Accelerating p.d
Retarding p.d

3. A point source (S) of light having power 500 W is kept at the focus of a lens of aperture diameter d. The
2d
focal length of the lens is . Assume that 40% of the incident light energy is transmitted through the lens
3
and the complete transmitted light is incident normally on a perfectly reflecting surface placed behind the
lens. Calculate the force on the reflecting surface.

S d

2d/3

4. An equilateral glass prism kept on a table has refractive index of   2 . It is illuminated by a narrow laser
beam having power P0 and wavelength . The path of the laser beam inside the prism is parallel to the base
of the prism. Calculate change in weight of the prism due to the incident laser beam.

60°

5. Assume that structure of hydrogen atom is governed by classical mechanics. An electron is circulating around
dE e 2a 2
a proton and it is radiating energy at a rate given by  where a is the acceleration of the
dt 6c 30
electron.
Assume that speed of the electron is v(<< c).

(a) Estimate the fraction of kinetic energy lost by the electron per revolution in terms of v. Make suitable
assumptions.

(b) Is the energy loss per revoution large? Is it safe to assume that orbit is circular during a small time
interval?

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6. The X-ray spectrum of a metallic target has been shown in figure

(a) What is the accelerating potential difference for bombarding electrons?
(b) Two characteristic X-rays have been shown in the figure one of them is k X-ray and the other one is
k X-ray. What is wavelength of k X-ray?
(c) Find the atomic number of the target atom.
Intensity

1/(Å)–1
4.34 5.56 8.06
7. A hydrogen atom in ground state is moving with a kinetic energy of 30 eV. It collides with a deuterium atom
in ground state at rest. The hydrogen atom is scattered at right angle to its original line of motion. Assume
13.6
that energy of nth state in both the atoms is given by En  – eV and the mass of deuterium is twice
n2
that of hydrogen. Write the maximum and minimum possible kinetic energy of deuterium after collision.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. A free neutron at rest, decays into three particles: a proton, an electron and an anti neutrino.
1
0n  11p  0
–1e v
The rest masses are: mn = 939.5656 MeV/c2
mp = 938.2723 MeV/c2 me = 0.5109 MeV/c2
In a particular decay, the antineutrino was found to have a total energy(including rest mass energy) of 0.0004
MeV and the momentum of proton was found to be equal to momentum of electron. Find the kinetic energy
of the electron.
2. A radioactive sample consists of two isotopes one of them decays by -emission with a half life of 1 = 405 s
and the other one decays by  emission with half life of 1 = 1620 s. At time t = 0, probabilities of getting 
and  particles from the sample are equal.
(a) If a particle coming out of the sample is detected at t = 1620 s, what is the probability that it is  particle?
(b) Find the time when total number of surviving nuclei is half the initial quantity.
Given : If x4 + 4x – 2.5 = 0 then x = 0.59
log10 2 = 0.301; log10 5.9 = 0.774
3. The uranium - 238 decay series (also known as 4n + 2 series. Can you tell why?) ends at a stable isotope
206. Lead -206 is found in a certain uranium ore due to distintegration of uranium.
82Pb

(a) How many alpha and beta particles are emitted in the series decay of one 238 206
92U nucleus into 82Pb ?
(b) What is the age of uranium ore if it now contains 8g of Pb206 for every 10 g of U238? Half life of U238 is
4.5 billion year.
[Take n2 = 0.6930; n (1.9243) = 0.6546]

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4. Moderator is used in a nuclear reactor to slow down fast neutrons generated after a fission event in the
reactor. Consider a fast neutron (mass mn) moving at speed v. The neutron hits a moderator nucleus
(Mass M), which is orginally static, and gets scattered eleastically by 180°.
(a) Find the ratio of kinetic energy of the neutron after and before collision.
(b) Show that when M >> mn, the neutron does not lose much energy and therefore, a moderator should
have a small mass number.
5. A  active radioactive source is in the form of a conducting sphere of radius a. It is surrounded by a
concentric conducting shell of radius b(> a). The shell is grounded.  particles are emitted with kinetic energy
ranging from E1 to E2 (> E1).
(a) Find the maximum potential that will be acquired by the sphere of radius a.
(b) Find the total charge that will flow through the grounding wire AB.
(c) Find the final maximum charge on the outer sphere.

b
A

B
6. Nuclei of radioactive element A are being produced at rate t2 at time t. The element A has decay constant
dN
equal to . If N is the number of active nuclei of element A at any time t then was found to be minimum
dt
at t = t0. Find N at time t = t0.

‰ ‰ ‰

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ANSWERS

KINEMATICS
V
1.
2
2. Bead 2

16
3. (a)
25

(b) 2g

g3
4. (a) Vmax 
18 k

3g 2
(b) X 0 
16 k

3 3g
(c) T 
2 2k

5. (a) u0 = 37.5 m/s

(b) t = 1.5 m/s
0
6.
3

NEWTON’S LAWS
 mg  
1.   2 tan1  1   cot  
 F  
2. (a) T = N cos

mg
(b)
M tan   m cot 
2
 v 2 cos  
3. (a) mg cos  1   
 Rg 

tan  
(b) where tan  
 v cos  
2
2 2R
1  
 Rg 
 g
4. (a) awedge  iˆ
3
 g
ax block 
3
 2g
ay block  ;
3
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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 59
(b) The block hits the table normally.

3u 2
(c)
16g

g
5. (a)  
l

g 2g
(b) 
l l

6g
(c)
l
(d) Parabolic

6. (a) Block with mass M will move up

(b) Yes; (c) g(1 – cos)

7. (a) 10 2  8N

(b) 5  4 2 N
3a0
8.
2

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

 1
1. (a)   cos1  
4

(b) |ar|


O /2
(c) t1 > t2

2. (a) 3gR

 1
(b) mg  3  
 2

 M   m sin  
3. (a) 2gR
Mm

mg
(b) M  m  M  3m  sin   2 M 

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60 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

 2  cos  
4. (a) U   2mgL  mgd  
 sin  
(b)  = 60°
(c) Stable
5. The four points are represented by

 u 2  2ag   1  u  2ag 
2 
  0, , cos1   and  2  cos  
 3ag    3ag  
6. (a) 4
1 g
(b)
2 2
2
7.   cos1  
3

8.
 4  3 2  gl
2
L
9.  2  19 
8

MOMENTUM AND CENTER OF MASS

1. (a) 6 cm
(b) 0.18 m/s
R
2. (a)
2 2
 2  1 R
(b)
2 2

2 31 4u
3. vB  u, vC 
11 11
4. (a) See the solution for graph

n Fd Fd
(b) ;
n 1 m m

Fl
5. 2 ; Fl
m
6. 45°

7. (b) u 2  3u02  3uu0

8. (a) 2R + 9h

ROTATIONAL MOTION
1. 2.26 rad/s
3 sin 
2. 1  cos 
3. 41°
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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 61

3F
4. (a)
4M
7F
(b)
8
R
5. A point at a distance from centre
2
6. (a) 1 m
(b) 12 m/s

(c) 3.6 3 m

 b
7. v  g a  
 2

v 02
8. (a)
5L

3 v0
(b)
2 L

Mg
9.
2
10. (b)  = tan–1 (2 tan )

1  1 
(c) min  tan  2 
 

(d) Slippage is more likely when at A.

4g
11. ; Thread exerts more force on A
11

Idu 2
12. F
2R 4

1 1
13. Mg  2
4 

GRAVITATION
GMm
1. (a) 
243R
14045 GMm
(b)
14337 R
2/3
r1  3 
2.  
r2  4 

32 GM
3. V0 
105 R

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62 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

4. (1)
 7  2
6. (a)  R
 6 
(b) No

FLUIDS
1. a = g tan  towards right
H
2. (a) The COM first falls, attains a minimum height and then it rises to original height
2
(b) x   6  2  H
3. (a) No
(b) Spring will get compressed more
(c) 100 cm3
4. (a) aL

 a
(b) h  L  1  
 g 

3
5. (i) R
2
(ii) (a) Fv = 1.2 × 107 N
(b) FH = 1.5 × 107 N
(c) F = 1.92 × 107 N

2A0 g
6. (i)
A

(ii) v  2 2gH

R 3 
7. m
3

20
8. (a)  
3

123R
(b) T  2
40g

SURFACE TENSION
1. h


O° 90°
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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 63

2T
2. (a) h 
Rg

2T  r  R 
(b)  
g  rR 

4Tr
3. r 
3P0 R

r1r2
4. r1  r2

5. (a) 120°

(b) 3r

3r
(c)
2(2)1/3
1
 a 4Tt  4
6. R  R0 1  
 2LR04 

2T
7. (i) Po  gh (ii)
g

VISCOSITY
2v 0
1.
h

11 r 2 g
2. upwards
54 

bR 3  L
3 
3.  1    1
3t  R 

b
 b 2 
4. (i) ga 2    1 (ii) Q   v  2rdr
 a   a

2R 3 2R 3
5. 
3 sin  3

ELASTICITY
1. x = 1.25 L

2 d 
2
2. (a) T  Y r  2 
 2l 
d 
(b) 2T   where T is given in answer (a). No F is much smaller.
l 

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64 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

0.01 M 
4. h
2m
2l 0
5.
R 4 0

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

LM
1. T  2
g M  m 

8k
2. 
3M
RC 2
3. (a) 
RD 1
(b) L.

2 L
4. t
3 3g

1 46 k 21
5. f  ; A1  x0
2 35 m 46

1

g k
(a) 2   
2
6.
  m

 
1
 
1
 g k  2 g  2
(b)       
  m     

2    19  1 
7. (a) (b) 2  cos1  
3 g g  6 

k
8. (ii)  
m

L
9. T  2
2 3g

 5 
10. (a) a cos  
 18 

5 m
(b)
9 k
11. (a) 180°, No
(b) 2 : 1

3 L
12.
2 g

20r 2
13. %; 0.05%
L2
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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 65

WAVE MOTION
1. (i) (a) a12  a22  2a1a2 cos(2kx  )

Amax a  a2
(b) A  1
min | a1  a2 |

(ii) (a) zero (b) zero

2. (a) 98.4 N

(c) 4.2 Hz decrease.

ln2
3.
k
4. (i) 2
(ii) 2
5. (a) 380 Hz  f  420 Hz
(b) t1 > t2

8V
6. (a) 5 f
0

11
(b) f0
8

g
8. v L
8d

s s s P
9. (i) (a)  (b)  (c) Zero
x C x R x C 2B

0.0004L P0
(ii) (a) (b) Second
3v 2
10. (a) x = 4; equal to 0

(b) x = 2, x = 10;  is maximum negative

(c) x = 4.

11. (i) 150 m

(ii) 0.5 s

a
12. (a) A
2a
3

2a
3
a
3 A
(b) a
3



2
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66 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL EXPANSION

1 1
1. 2 2

1 8
2. 
2 1
3. (a) 0.875 L
(b) 0.125 L
(c) Yes

CALORIMETRY
1. 1.71 m

2. (a) Yes

(b) T0 = 13.3°C, t1 = 217 s

3. (a) 22°C


(b) 22°C

O t (min)
1.49 5

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND GAS LAWS

8
1. urms 
3

8kT
2. (a) 1 (b)
m

3
3. (a) v rms   100 m /s
10
(b) KT = 15 J

13  1
4. m
2

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

P0 M 3 
1. (a)   ln 2 
0 2 

2
(b) (1  ln 2)
5

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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 67

2. (a) 2
(b) 20 second
3. PV1/3 = constant; C = 3R

2 1
4. V  V0
2
5. (a) 18P0V0

19
(b) P0V0
2
17
(c) Answer to (a) does not change. Answer to (b) is P0V0
2
3
6. (a)  
2

1  15kL2 
(b)   9P0 AL 
R  16 

27 2 35
(c) kL  P0 AL
16 2

HEAT TRANSFER
2L2H
1.
 R 2  r 2   n  R 
r 

15nRL
2. ln 2
16kA

10
3. 0
11
4. (a) 254 K

1
5. (a)
2
(b) 1

ELECTROSTATICS
Qq
1. For both (a) and (b) W 
8 0r

KQq
2. (a) T 
2R 2
KQq
(b)
R 2
KQq
(c)
R 2
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68 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

1 2g sin 
3. f 
2 x0


4. (a) E0  2 x
0

E0
(b) E y 
2

E0 
(c) E x  2  4 x
0

(d) 45°

3
5. (a)   tan1  
4

(b) Yes

5 R
6. (a)
6 0

41 R
(b)
24 0

  2
7. (a) V  R  Z 2  Z 
8 0 

  Z 
(b) EZ  1  
8 0 2 2
R  Z 


16 20 R 2 mu 2
8. (a) r 
Qq

Qq
(b) V  u 2 
40 mR

1 
9. ln  2  1
40 R

10. q  160 ar0

1 Q ER
12. 
40 R 2

Kq
13. (a) (i) E = 0; (ii) E = 0; (iii) E 
x2

Kq Kq Kq
(b) (i) V  ; (ii) V  ; (iii) V 
2R 2R x
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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 69

Kq  1 1
(c) (i) V  2 ; V  Kq   
x R x 

(ii) E = 0; V = 0
(iii) E = 0; V = 0

Kq 2
(d) 
2R
(e) zero

Kq Kq Kq Kq Kq
(f) (i) E  ; V    (ii) E  0; V 
x 2 4R x R 4R

Q
14. (a) V  V02  ln 
0 m

2  1  Q
(b) Vr  V0  1  2   ln 
   0 m

3 Q2
15. (a)
5 40R

147 Q 2
(b)
320 40 R

a 16 KQP
16. (i) at x  ; F  3/2
2 5 a3

KQP
at x  a; F  
25/2 a3
a
(ii) No; Force is zero at x  
2

CAPACITOR
max 3
1. (a)  
min 1

0V
(b) b   2K  1
d

2K 0 A
(c) C 
d

0eL

2. (i)
0

x
O L
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70 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

(ii)

0 L L
(iii) C  e  1
d
3. 1.8 mJ

4Q 5Q
4. (a) 1  ; 2 
L  4L  x  L  4L  x 

5Qt
(b)  L 4L  x
0  
4Q
(c)  L 4L  x
0  
0 L  4L  x 
(d)
10t

1
5. (a)
150
(b) 0.67%

Path

6. (a)

2mgA0 g
(b) i0 
q 3d

0 a 2  a 2 2 
7. 1  
d  12d 2 

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
VA K 0 AV
1. (a) I  ; Q
d d
t
K 0 AV  K 0
(b) q  e
d
2. Q = (2 – 1) 0I
Q is negative if 1 > 2

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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 71

8R
3. (a)
15

3R
(b)
5
4. I (A)

10
3 3

5/3
1.2
1
0.83
0.6
0.5
t (s)
O 1.5 5 10 17 18.75 20
3t
V
5. (a) e 8 0aR
(80 a )R

40 aV 2
(b)
3

V
6. (a)
R
V
(b) 
3R

4V   RC 1 
3t
(c) Z  e  
3R  4
z

V
R

– V
3R

2RC
(d) t0  n2
3

MOTION OF CHARGE IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

1. 60°

mv 0
2. (a) 2qB
0

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72 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

(b) R0

t
mv
3. (a) d  (1  sin )
qB
(b) 15°
(c)  – 2

mV
4. f 
qB0 x
qE D
5. (a) y 
mVx2

DqB
(b) y 
mVx
y

(c)
Proton

z
mE0
6. R
qB02

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

0 NIR 2  1 1 
1. (i)  2  
  R  x  R   R  x   
2 3/2
2  2 2 3/2 

(ii) The magnetic field is constant at points close to mid way between the coils.

I2
2.  1 2
I1

3. Zero

2Mg
4. (a) I 
aB

3a
(b) T  
g

5. TAO = Mg + IRB0
TBO = Mg – IRB0

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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 73

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1
1. (i) q0 B0 0 L2
2

1  q 
(ii) q0 B0 0 L2  0 
2  C

0 a2
2. (a)

2t

0ad
(b) I  I0 e

0 x d  a
3. L n 
  a 

4. No change

L
5. 4R 2  L2
4

0
6. (a) Bz  [2 cos2   sin2 ]
4r 3

0 MR 2
(b)  
2 R 2  z2 
3/2

30 MR 2vz
(c) Ein 
2 R 2  z2 
5/2

 0 I0 a
7.  n3
2R

8. (a) Zero

 2
(b) qa 
4

ALTERNATING CURRENT

2
1.
C

1  1  
2. i  V0  sin t   C   cos t 
R  L  

3. (a) Source frequency is greater than resonant frequency. Current lags.

(b) 5 volt

(c) V0cos t

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74 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

2
 L 
1  
4. (a)  R 
2
 L 1 
1   
 R RC 
(b) 1
(c) RC
2

P Pmax = 3V0
8R 2
V0
Pmax Pmin = –
5. (a) 8R
t

Pmin

P V0
2

Pmax =
R
Pmax
(b)

Pmax

(c) t
2
V 0
Pmax =
Pmin
2 3R
2
V0
Pmin = –
2 3R

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
 4b 
1. f0 
  0  a 0  b   0  
2 2 

f
2.
2
3. d = 20 cm
2r
4. 
5H

Ra
5. 
R a

f 2
6.
2
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Book Crunch (Answers) PHYSICS 75

WAVE OPTICS
3
1.
2

R
2. (a)
2
(b) 10R

 1 
3.   sin1   n  d sin    ; [n  0,  1,  2 ]
 d 

4. (a) y    sin t

1
(b) s
6
5. 9.3 m

 d d   d y 
6. Intensity  cos2  1 2  cos2  2 
 2 L1   L2 

x
A

7. Z

Yes the wavefront is getting focussed.

WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY AND ATOMIC PHYSICS

1. 7W
2. (a) 5536 Å
(b) 0.089 W
3. 1.33 × 10–7 N
2P0
4. cos 15
c
3
8  v 
5. (a)  
3 c
(b) No, Yes
6. (a) 105 volt
(b) k = 0.23 Å
(c) Z = 74
7. 20 eV, 13.2 eV

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76 PHYSICS Book Crunch (Answers)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. 0.7820 MeV
1
2. (a)
9
(b) 1215 s
3. (a) 8 and 6
(b) 4.25 × 109 yr
2
 M  mn 
4. M  m 
 n 

E2
5. (a) V0 
e
(b) Zero
40 abE2
(c) q  
e(b  a )

2t0  t02
6.
2

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