MODULE1: Limit of a Function Example 1

Find the limit:

Definition lim (3x + 4)
-​ The limit of a function f(x) is the x→2

value it approaches as the value of

x approaches a certain value, “As x Solution:
approaches c, the limit of f(x) Since the function is a polynomial, we can
approaches L”. substitute x = 2:
3(2) + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10
Formula:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 Thus,
𝑥→𝑐 lim (3x + 4) = 10
x→2

Additional Information Example 2

●​ Of course, on the number line, x Find the left-hand and right-hand limits:
may approach c in two ways; lim (x → 1⁻) |x - 1|
through values on its left and lim (x → 1⁺) |x - 1|
through values on its right.
●​ Remember that the values to be Solution:
chosen should be close to c. When approaching from the left (x → 1⁻),
x - 1 is negative, so |x - 1| = -(x - 1) = 1 - x.
Thus, lim (x → 1⁻) |x - 1| = 0
When approaching from the right (x →
M1S1 Limits From Tables and 1⁺), x - 1 is positive, so |x - 1| = x - 1.
Graphs
Thus, lim (x → 1⁺) |x - 1| = 0
One Sided Limits
-​ Left-hand Limit Since both left-hand and right-hand limits
If x approaches c from the left, or are equal,
lim |x - 1| = 0
through values less than c, then we x→1
write lim 𝑓(𝑥) .
−
𝑥→𝑐
Example 3
Evaluate:
-​ Right-hand Limit lim (x / |x|)
x→0
If x approaches c from the right, or
through values greater than c, then Solution:
we write lim 𝑓(𝑥) .
+
𝑥→𝑐
If x → 0⁻, then |x| = -x, so (x / |x|) = x / -x lim x² + 3x
= -1. x→2

If x → 0⁺, then |x| = x, so (x / |x|) = x / x =

1. Solution:
Since the left-hand and right-hand limits By the limit properties,
are different, the limit does not exist. lim (x → 2) (x² + 3x) = lim (x → 2) x² + lim
(x → 2) 3x

M1S2 Limit Laws Evaluating each limit separately:

Limit Laws/Theorems lim (x → 2) x² = (2)² = 4
-​ Constant Theorem: lim 𝑘 = 𝑘 lim (x → 2) 3x = 3(2) = 6
𝑥→𝑐
-​ The limit of 𝒙 as 𝒙 approaches 𝒄 is equal to 𝒄: Adding them:
lim 𝑥 = 𝑐 4 + 6 = 10
𝑥→𝑐
-​ The Constant Multiple Theorem:
Example 3 (Multiplication Theorem)
lim 𝑘 · 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐾𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 Evaluate:
-​ Addition Theorem: lim (𝑓𝑥 + 𝑔𝑥) 𝐿 ± 𝑀 lim (x * 2x)
𝑥→𝑐 x→3
-​ Multiplication Theorem: lim (𝑓𝑥 · 𝑔𝑥) 𝐿𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓𝑥 𝐿
Solution:
-​ Division Theorem: lim 𝑔𝑥
= 𝑀
, 𝑀≠ 0 By the multiplication theorem,
𝑥→𝑐
𝑝 𝑝 lim (x → 3) (x * 2x) = (lim (x → 3) x) * (lim
-​ Power Theorem: lim (𝑓𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
(x → 3) 2x)
𝑛 𝑛
-​ Radical/Root Theorem: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 = (3) * (2(3))
-​ Substitution Theorem: Basically “L” for “C” = 3 * 6 = 18

Example 1 (Constant Theorem) Infinite Laws/Theorems

Find the limit: -​ a. If r is positive then: lim
1
𝑟 = +∞
𝑥→0
+ 𝑥
lim 7
x→5 1
lim 𝑟 If r is even then +∞
𝑥→0
− 𝑥
Solution: If r is odd then -∞
By the constant theorem,
lim 7 = 7 1
x→5 -​ b. lim 𝑛 is 0 if n is positive
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

2
Example 2 (Addition Theorem) -​ c. 𝑥 = 1𝑥1 x = 0 1 - x
Evaluate: x=01x
 -​ d. Polynomials are always differentiable -​ 1. exists

Example 1 -​ 2. exists
Find:
lim (1 / x) -​ 3.
x → 0⁺

Solution: If any one or more of the above three

As x approaches 0⁺ (values close to zero conditions fail, the function is said to
but positive), (1 / x) grows infinitely large.
lim (x → 0⁺) (1 / x) = +∞ be discontinuous at a number .

Example 2 Example 1
Evaluate: Investigate the continuity of the function
lim (3 / x)
x→∞ .

Solution:
Since (3 / x) gets smaller as x → ∞, Step 1:
lim (x → ∞) (3 / x) = 0 ​
​
Example 3
Find: ​
lim (x³)
x → -∞ Step 2:
Solution:
For very large negative values of x, x³ ​
remains negative. ​
lim (x → -∞) x³ = -∞ ​

MODULE2: Continuity and

Discontinuity of a Function ​
​
M2S1 Continuity ​
Continuity
Conditions that must be satisfied to be
Step 3: Since ,
considered continuous:
then does not exist. Consider the function .
Because the second condition is not
Step 1:
satisfied, the function is discontinuous at

undefined
Example 2 Therefore, function is discontinuous at
Determine whether
is continuous at
When the function is graphed, the vertical
Step 1:
asymptote will be at .

​
​

Step 2:

​
​

Step 3:
Therefore, the function is As the value of approaches 3 from the
continuous at left, approaches negative infinity (

As the value of approaches 3 from the

M2S2 Types of Discontinuity
right, approaches positive infinity (
Asymptotic/Infinite Discontinuity
In this type of discontinuity, at least one of
the two limits is infinite. Therefore this is an asymptotic/infinite
discontinuity.
Example
Jump Discontinuity
A function has a jump discontinuity at x=a
if:
However, at exactly x=2, the denominator
becomes 0, and thus the function is
undefined there. The two-sided limits
Example exist and are equal to 4. Thus, this is a
removable discontinuity, which can be
fixed by defining explicitly f(2)=4.

Solution
Compute the left-hand limit as : MODULE3: Basic Concepts of
Derivatives

Compute the right-hand limit as : M3S1 The Derivative of a Function

and Slope of the Tangent
Line
Since the left-hand limit (3) and right-hand Delta Method
limit (5) are unequal, the function has a
jump discontinuity at x=2.

Removable Discontinuity
A removable discontinuity occurs when
the two-sided limits exist and are equal
but either the function value at that point
differs or is undefined. Derivatives
Example
Example Find the derivative of y = 3 / x-4

Solution

Solution
1.​ Factor Numerator
2.​ Evaluate limit as x→2:
 M3S2 Differentiability and
Continuity
Definitions and Notations
Slope & Equation of the Tangent Line
Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the
graph of the function y = x^3 - 2x + 8 at
(-2, 4). Write the equation of the tangent
line.

Solution Example
Find out if f(x) = I x-2 I is continuous and
differentiable at x = 2.

Solution
 M3S3 Tangent Line and Normal
Line
Definition of Terms

Example
Find the equation of the tangent line and
normal line to the parabola y = x^2 - 5x + 3
at point (2, -3).
 -​ Any constant variable will always be
equals to 0
Examples:
1.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 9
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0

2.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0

3.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
𝑓'(𝑥) = 0

Power Rule
𝑛
-​ If 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a power function for
some positive integer 𝑛, then
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥
-​ Multiply the exponent to the
coefficient. Copy the variable.
Subtract 1 on the exponent to get
the new exponent.
Examples:
10
1.​ 𝑦 = 𝑥
9
𝑦' = 10𝑥
MODULE4: Differentiation Rules
3
2.​ 𝑦 = 7𝑥
M4S1 The Differentiation Rules for 3−1
Algebraic Functions 𝑦' = 3(7)𝑥
2
Constant Rule 𝑦' = 21𝑥
-​ If 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐
for all 𝑥, then 2
3.​ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 8
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
​ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 = 𝑓'(𝑥) = 0 𝑦' = 2(4)𝑥
2−1
+ 8
𝑦' = 8𝑥
Identity Function and Constant Multiple Examples:
Rule 4 3 2
1.​ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥
-​ Identity Function ​
If 𝑦 = 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 𝑑 3 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥 )
​ 𝑑𝑥
= 1 3 2
= 2(4𝑥 ) − 4(3𝑥 ) + 6(2𝑥)
-​ Constant Multiple Rule 3 2
If 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑓(𝑥) is a 𝑦' = 8𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 12𝑥
differentiable function, then
𝑑 𝑑 3 2
​ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 2.​ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
​
-​ Almost like Power Rule but
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 2 𝑑
separating the coefficient before 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(5𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(7𝑥)
multiplying it to the exponent. 2
= 3(3𝑥 ) − 5(2𝑥) + 7)
Examples: 2
8 𝑦' = 9𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 7
1.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥
8−1
𝑓'(𝑥) = 3 · 8𝑥 Product Rule
7
𝑓'(𝑥) = 24𝑥 -​ If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both
differentiable are both
3 differentiable functions, then
2.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥
3−1
𝑓'(𝑥) = 5 · 3𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2 𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑥) · 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓'(𝑥) = 15𝑥
Example:
13
𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 5)
3.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
13−1
𝑓' = (4𝑥 − 3) · 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 5) + (2𝑥 + 5) · 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 −
𝑓'(𝑥) = 7 · 13𝑥
12
​ = (4𝑥 − 3)(2) + (2𝑥 + 5)(4)
𝑓'(𝑥) = 91𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 6 + 8𝑥 + 20
𝑓' = 16𝑥 + 14
Sum and Difference Rule
-​ If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable Quotient Rule
functions, then -​ If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are both
​ ​ differentiable then functions at 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then
 ​ lim
∆𝑦
= lim
∆𝑦
· lim
∆𝑢
∆𝑥 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑
(𝑔𝑥) ∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 → 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
= 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
[𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢
· 𝑑𝑥
Example
2
3𝑥 +4
1.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 This can be written using Langrange
5𝑥 −3𝑥+2
2 𝑑 2
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 +4)−(3𝑥 +4) 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
2 𝑑 2 notation as follows:
𝑓' = 2 2 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓'(𝑔(𝑥)) · 𝑔'(𝑥)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
2 2
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)(6𝑥)−(3𝑥 +4)(10𝑥−3)
= 2 2
Example
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
3 2
(30𝑥 −18𝑥 +12𝑥)−(30𝑥 −9𝑥 +40𝑥−12)
3 2 2
= 2 2
𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 3)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 2
3 2
(30𝑥 −18𝑥 +12𝑥)−30𝑥 +9𝑥 −40𝑥+12
3 2 𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 3)
= 2 2 2−1 𝑑
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) 𝑦' = 2(4𝑥 + 3) · 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 + 3)
2 2
−9𝑥 −28𝑥+12 9𝑥 +28𝑥−12
𝑓' = 2 2 or 𝑓' = 2 2 = 2(4𝑥 + 3)(4)
(5𝑥 −3𝑥+2) (5𝑥 −3𝑥+2)
= (8𝑥 + 6)(4)
𝑦' = 32𝑥 = 24

M4S2 The Chain Rule

Example
2
𝑦= 15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2
If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 2
= · 𝑦= 15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1
2 2
Proof: = (15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2)
1
Using the Leibniz’s notation, let 1 2 2
−1 𝑑 2
𝑦' = 2
(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2) · 𝑑𝑥
(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2)
∆𝑥 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 1 2 −2
∆𝑥
= ∆𝑥 = 2
(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2) (30𝑥 − 6)
1
∆𝑦 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 30𝑥−6 2 −2 15𝑥−3
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢
𝑦' = ( 2
)(15𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2) 𝑜𝑟 2
∆𝑥
= ∆𝑥
· ∆𝑢
15𝑥 −6𝑥+2

∆𝑢 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢
∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢 MOCK QUESTIONS/SAMPLE PRACTICES
∆𝑥
= ∆𝑢
· ∆𝑥

When ∆𝑥 → 0 1. Investigate the continuity of the

∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢
lim = lim ⎡ ∆𝑢 · ⎤
∆𝑥 → 0
∆𝑥
∆𝑥 → 0
⎣ ∆𝑥 ⎦ function .
2. Determine what type of Discontinuity is

this function .

3. Solve for the derivative of the function

4 3 2
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 11𝑥 .

3
4. Differentiate 𝑦 = (6𝑥 − 4)

5. Find the derivative of the function f(x) =

9x⁴ - 37x¯² + x + 26. Simplify your answer.

A. f'(x) = 36x³ - 74x² + 1

B. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x³ - 1

C. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x¯³ + 1

D. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x³ + 1

 ANSWER KEYS being squared is strictly positive hence

why the equals to ( which

1. x = 1
gives us ).
Step 1:
4 3 2
3. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 11𝑥 ​
Step 2: 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4 𝑑 3 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 ) − 𝑑𝑥
(12𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥
(11𝑥 )
undefined 3 2
= 4(4𝑥 ) − 12(3𝑥 ) + 11(2𝑥)
3 2
Step 3: 𝑦' = 16𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 22𝑥
-​ Getting the derivatives of each
)=2 term.

Therefore, is continuous at 3
4. 𝑦 = (6𝑥 − 4)
3−1 𝑑
2. Infinite Discontinuity 𝑦' = 3(6𝑥 − 4) · 𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥 − 4)
2
Consider the function = 3(6𝑥 − 4) (6)
2 2
𝑦' = 18(6𝑥 − 4) 𝑜𝑟 648𝑥 − 432𝑥 + 288
Step 1:
5. D. f'(x) = 36x³ + 74/x³ + 1

undefined

Step 2:

Therefore is an infinite
discontinuity.
The function is positive infinity
discontinuity because anything that is