1 .

Create a HTML which uses CSS to control the

display of text using uppercase, lowercase and
capitalize using class selector ?
Answer :
Here’s an example of an HTML file with CSS that uses
class selectors to control the text display as uppercase,
lowercase, and capitalize.
In this example:
The .uppercase class transforms the text to uppercase.
The .lowercase class transforms the text to lowercase.
The .capitalize class capitalizes the first letter of each
word.

2 . Create a HTML which uses CSS to display a

paragraph element that has a 2px black border and
a green outline with a width of 10px ?
Answer :
Here’s an HTML example that uses CSS to display a
paragraph element with a 2px black border and a 10px
green outline:
In this example:

The .styled-paragraph class applies a 2px solid black

border to the paragraph.
The outline property adds a 10px solid green outline
around the border.
The padding property adds space between the content
and the border (optional).

3 . Write in detail about the working of Hyper Text

Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ?
Overview of HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of

data communication on the World Wide Web. It defines
how messages are formatted and transmitted, and how
web servers and browsers should respond to various
commands. HTTP is a request-response protocol that
operates over TCP/IP, meaning that it allows
communication between a client (usually a web browser)
and a server (usually a web server like Apache or Nginx).

How HTTP Works

1. **Client-Server Model**
- **Client**: The client, often a web browser, initiates
the communication by sending a request to the server.
This request is typically for a resource, such as an HTML
page, image, or other content.
- **Server**: The server, which hosts the requested
resources, processes the client’s request and sends back
a response, typically containing the requested resource
and status information.

2. **Request-Response Cycle**
The core of HTTP is the exchange of messages, where
the client sends a **request** and the server sends a
**response**.

- **HTTP Request**: This is sent from the client to the

server and consists of three main parts:
1. **Request Line**: This includes the HTTP method
(e.g., GET, POST), the resource path (e.g., `/index.html`),
and the HTTP version (e.g., HTTP/1.1).
2. **Headers**: These provide additional information
about the request or the client, such as `Host`, `User-
Agent`, `Accept`, and `Content-Type`.
3. **Body** (optional): This contains the data being
sent to the server, usually with methods like POST or PUT.

- **HTTP Response**: After processing the request, the

server sends back a response consisting of:
1. **Status Line**: This includes the HTTP version,
status code (e.g., `200 OK`, `404 Not Found`), and a
reason phrase.
 2. **Headers**: These provide additional information
about the response, such as `Content-Type`, `Content-
Length`, and `Set-Cookie`.
3. **Body**: This contains the actual content
requested by the client, such as an HTML document,
image, or JSON data.

#### 3. **HTTP Methods**

HTTP defines several methods that indicate the desired
action to be performed on the resource identified by the
URL. The most commonly used methods include:
- **GET**: Requests data from the server. It should only
retrieve data and not modify anything.
- **POST**: Sends data to the server, often used to
submit forms or upload files.
- **PUT**: Replaces the current representation of the
target resource with the uploaded content.
- **DELETE**: Removes the specified resource from the
server.
- **HEAD**: Similar to GET, but it only retrieves the
headers of the resource, not the body.
- **OPTIONS**: Used to describe the communication
options for the target resource.

#### 4. **HTTP Status Codes**

 Status codes are issued by the server to indicate the
result of the request. They are grouped into five
categories:
- **1xx (Informational)**: Request received, continuing
process.
- **2xx (Success)**: The request was successfully
received, understood, and accepted. Example: `200 OK`.
- **3xx (Redirection)**: Further action needs to be taken
to complete the request. Example: `301 Moved
Permanently`.
- **4xx (Client Error)**: The request contains bad syntax
or cannot be fulfilled. Example: `404 Not Found`.
- **5xx (Server Error)**: The server failed to fulfill a
valid request. Example: `500 Internal Server Error`.

#### 5. **HTTP Headers**

HTTP headers are key-value pairs sent as part of the
HTTP request or response. They provide essential
metadata about the request/response, such as:
- **Request Headers**:
- `Host`: Specifies the domain name of the server
(e.g., `example.com`).
- `User-Agent`: Identifies the client software making
the request.
 - `Accept`: Informs the server about the types of
media the client is willing to receive.
- **Response Headers**:
- `Content-Type`: Specifies the media type of the
returned content (e.g., `text/html`).
- `Content-Length`: Indicates the size of the response
body in bytes.
- `Set-Cookie`: Instructs the client to store a cookie.

#### 6. **Statelessness of HTTP**

HTTP is a **stateless** protocol, meaning each request
from a client to a server is independent of any previous
requests. The server does not retain any information
about past requests. This simplifies the server design but
can make maintaining session information challenging.

To manage state, mechanisms like **cookies** and

**sessions** are used:
- **Cookies**: Small pieces of data stored on the client
side that are sent with subsequent requests to the same
server.
- **Sessions**: Server-side storage that links a user’s
series of requests together.

#### 7. **HTTPS (HTTP Secure)**

 HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP. It adds a layer of
security by using SSL/TLS to encrypt the data transmitted
between the client and server. This prevents
eavesdropping, tampering, and man-in-the-middle
attacks.

The workflow for HTTPS includes:

- The client connects to the server using the HTTPS
protocol.
- The server provides a digital certificate to prove its
identity.
- The client and server establish an encrypted
connection using SSL/TLS.
- HTTP communication happens over this secure
connection.

#### 8. **HTTP Versions**

- **HTTP/1.0**: Introduced in 1996, it established the
basic request-response model. However, it required a
separate connection for each request, leading to
inefficiencies.
- **HTTP/1.1**: Introduced in 1997, it improved
efficiency by allowing persistent connections, meaning
multiple requests could be sent over a single connection.
It also introduced chunked transfer encoding and better
caching mechanisms.
 - **HTTP/2**: Introduced in 2015, it further optimized
performance by allowing multiplexing (sending multiple
requests for data in parallel over a single connection),
header compression, and server push (where the server
can send resources the client is likely to need without the
client explicitly requesting them).
- **HTTP/3**: Introduced in 2020, it builds on HTTP/2
but uses QUIC, a transport protocol based on UDP, to
reduce latency and improve performance, especially on
unreliable networks.

### Conclusion

HTTP is a crucial protocol that underpins the web. Its

request-response model, statelessness, and well-defined
methods and status codes make it a versatile and
powerful tool for communication on the web. With the
evolution of versions, HTTP has continuously improved in
performance, security, and efficiency to meet the growing
demands of the modern web.
4 . Explain the different types of lists used in HTML
with an example for each ?
HTML provides several types of lists to organize and
display content in a structured way. The main types of
lists in HTML are:

1. **Ordered List (`<ol>`)**

2. **Unordered List (`<ul>`)**
3. **Description List (`<dl>`)**

### 1. Ordered List (`<ol>`)

An ordered list displays items in a specific sequence, with

each item preceded by a number or letter, depending on
the list style. The default style is numbers.

#### Example:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=”en”>
<head>
<meta charset=”UTF-8”>
<meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-
width, initial-scale=1.0”>
<title>Ordered List Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Steps to Bake a Cake</h2>
<ol>
<li>Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C).</li>
 <li>Mix the dry ingredients.</li>
<li>Whisk the wet ingredients.</li>
<li>Combine wet and dry ingredients.</li>
<li>Pour the batter into a pan.</li>
<li>Bake for 30 minutes.</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
```
#### Output:
1. Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C).
2. Mix the dry ingredients.
3. Whisk the wet ingredients.
4. Combine wet and dry ingredients.
5. Pour the batter into a pan.
6. Bake for 30 minutes.

### 2. Unordered List (`<ul>`)

An unordered list displays items without any particular

order. Each item is usually preceded by a bullet point
(dot), though the style can be changed.
#### Example:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=”en”>
<head>
<meta charset=”UTF-8”>
<meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-
width, initial-scale=1.0”>
<title>Unordered List Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Grocery List</h2>
<ul>
<li>Milk</li>
<li>Bread</li>
<li>Eggs</li>
<li>Fruits</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
```
#### Output:
- Milk
- Bread
- Eggs
- Fruits

### 3. Description List (`<dl>`)

A description list is used to define terms and their

descriptions. It consists of pairs of terms (`<dt>`) and
their corresponding descriptions (`<dd>`).

#### Example:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=”en”>
<head>
<meta charset=”UTF-8”>
<meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-
width, initial-scale=1.0”>
<title>Description List Example</title>
</head>
<body>
 <h2>HTML Tags</h2>
<dl>
<dt>&lt;p&gt;</dt>
<dd>This tag is used to define a paragraph.</dd>

<dt>&lt;a&gt;</dt>
<dd>This tag is used to define a hyperlink.</dd>

<dt>&lt;img&gt;</dt>
<dd>This tag is used to embed an image.</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
```
#### Output:
**`<p>`**
This tag is used to define a paragraph.

**`<a>`**
This tag is used to define a hyperlink.

**`<img>`**
This tag is used to embed an image.

### 4. Nested Lists

HTML also allows for nested lists, where one type of list is
embedded within another.

#### Example:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=”en”>
<head>
<meta charset=”UTF-8”>
<meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-
width, initial-scale=1.0”>
<title>Nested List Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>To-Do List</h2>
<ul>
<li>Work Tasks
<ol>
 <li>Finish project report</li>
<li>Attend team meeting</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Home Tasks
<ol>
<li>Clean the kitchen</li>
<li>Do the laundry</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
```
#### Output:
- Work Tasks
1. Finish project report
2. Attend team meeting
- Home Tasks
1. Clean the kitchen
2. Do the laundry
### Summary:

- **Ordered List (`<ol>`)**: A list with a specific order,

usually numbered.
- **Unordered List (`<ul>`)**: A list without a specific
order, usually marked with bullet points.
- **Description List (`<dl>`)**: A list used for terms and
their definitions.
- **Nested Lists**: Lists within lists, allowing for
hierarchical structures.

These different types of lists can be styled further using

CSS to fit the design and functionality needs of your web
page.