HISTORY

The Golden Gate Bridge serves as an iconic bridge structure

connecting the San Francisco to its neighboring places particularly
Marin County, also in California USA. The said bridge was created
across the golden Gate (the narrow straight where the pacific Ocean
meets the bay of San Francisco) for about two miles span. The
Construction of the bridge began in January 05, 1933 with the
supervision of the chief Engineer Joseph Strauss and almost 3.25 million
feet of dirt was excavated for the huge anchorages of the bridge.
With the help of the bridge, the dream of connecting San francisco
into its neighboring places particulary on the northern part became a
reality. On the 27th day of May in the year 1937 the golden gate bridge
officially opened and serves as the longest bridge span in the world at
the time (particularly longest main suspension bridge span). The said
bridge once symbolizes the greatness and power of the United States.
The 1,280 meters or 4,200 feet span of the bridge is suspended from
two cables hung from two 227 meters (746 feet) high towers. With that,
the Golden Gate Bridge serves as a perfect-picture landmark and one
of the marvel of engineering.
REASON OF BUILDING IT
One of the reasons for building the Golden Gate Bridge is to connect
the San Francisco into its northern neighboring places particularly to
Marin Country to increase the city’s growth rate since the growth rate
of San Francisco is below the national average during that time.

COMPONENTS
The Golden gate bridge is a
suspension bridge with two
towers, anchorage, cables
(main cable and suspender
cables), deck and piers.

Constructed on the end of the San Francisco bay are the two towers of the
bridge which collect the weight from the deck ssupports the two main
cables which supports the deck. The compression force created by the
cables are resisted by the towers with the help of piers and the anchorage
blocks located at the both ends of the bay prevents or offset the tension
force vreated due to the dead load acting on the deck.

CLASSIFICATION BY:
MATERIALS: STEEL BRIDGE

OBJECTIVES: HIGHWAY BRIDGE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: SUSPENSION BRIDGE

SUPPORT CONDITION: SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE

DURABILITY: PERMANENT BRIDGE

 HISTORY
John A. Roebling was the architect of the Brooklyn Bridge. 1869 saw the start of
construction, which was finished in 1883. It was the world's longest suspension bridge at the
time. By crossing the East River, the Brooklyn Bridge links the boroughs of Manhattan and
Brooklyn.
The rest of the bridge slopes down to ground level and stretches rather far inland on
both sides of the East River due to the elevation of the span above the river and the
comparatively low-lying shoreline.
There was a thorough reconstruction between 1944 and 1954. The train and trolley
tracks were removed, the highways were enlarged from two to three lanes, new approach
ramps were built, the inner and outer trusses were strengthened, and new horizontal stays
were inserted between the four major cables. In 1969, more FDR Drive approach ramps were
made available to traffic.
In 1964 and 1972, respectively, the Brooklyn Bridge received the designations of
National Historic Landmark and National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. In 1967, the
bridge and the several Manhattan and Brooklyn parcels that make up the approaches were
named NYC Landmarks. The building has recently undergone renovations in order to meet
the traffic demands of its second century.
The Brooklyn Bridge, which connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn across
the East River in New York City, is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge. The Brooklyn
Bridge, which first fixedly crossed the East River on May 24, 1883, was built. At the time of its
opening, it was also the longest suspension bridge in the world, measuring 1,595.5 feet (486.3
meters) in length with a deck that was 127 feet (38.7 meters) above mean high water. The
Brooklyn Bridge was formally renamed in 1915 from its previous names of the New York and
Brooklyn Bridge or the East River Bridge.
REASON OF BUILDING IT
The bridge was constructed to facilitate travel between Manhattan and
Brooklyn for both vehicles and pedestrians. Before it was built, getting
from Brooklyn to Manhattan required taking a ferry, which took a long
time

COMPONENTS
Limestone, granite, and cement were used to construct the towers.
Four cables support its deck, which supports both vehicular and foot
traffic. The wide promenade above the road, which John Roebling
correctly prophesied "would be of incalculable benefit in a congested
commercial city," is a distinguishing feature.

Before the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge in Scotland was finished in

1890, the Brooklyn Bridge's 486-meter (1,595-foot) main span was the
longest in the world. Limestone, granite, and cement were used to
construct the towers. Four cables support its deck, which supports both
vehicular and foot traffic

CLASSIFICATION BY:
MATERIALS: CONCRETE AND STEEL BRIDGE

OBJECTIVES: HIGHWAY AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: SUSPENSION AND CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE

SUPPORT CONDITION: CANTILEVER BRIDGE

DURABILITY: PERMANENT BRIDGE

 HISTORY
Tower Bridge is a double-leaf bascule (drawbridge) type movable
bridge that connects Southwark and Tower Hamlets in Greater London
across the River Thames. It is a distinctive landmark that enhances the
Tower of London's aesthetic appeal.
The construction of tower bridge began on April 22, 1886. The
bridge was constructed in 1894 and was opened by the Prince and
Princess of Wales. It has an entrance that is 76 meters (250 feet) broad
and 240 meters (800 feet) long. Its twin towers are 200 feet (61 meters)
above the Thames in height. A pair of glass-covered walkways that are
well-liked by tourists extend between the towers. The walkways were
blocked from 1909 to 1982 despite being initially intended to let people
to traverse even while the bridge was elevated because they served as
prostitution and theft hotspots. Up until 1976, the Tower Bridge was
powered by hydraulic pumps propelled by steam; the steam power
system is being maintained (in good shape) as a tourist attraction. Yet the
leaves are now rarely lifted due to the decline in shipping in the London
Docklands. Around 11,000 tons of steel were used to create the Towers
and Walkways, which were supported by two enormous piers that were
erected on foundations dug into the riverbed.
 REASON OF BUILDING IT
The City of London Corporation was presented with a significant
challenge: how to construct a bridge downstream from London Bridge
without interfering with river traffic. A public competition was held to
select a design for the new bridge after the Special Bridge or Subway
Committee was established in 1876 to help with concept generation. The
Committee received over 50 designs, some of which are on exhibit at
Tower Bridge, for consideration. The chosen design for Tower Bridge
wasn't presented as a solution until October 1884, when Sir Horace Jones,
the City Architect, and Sir John Wolfe Barry did so.

COMPONENTS
Tower Bridge is a bascule and suspension bridge across the Thames River. It includes
two Victorian Gothic-style towers that are joined by two walkways that are built to
withstand horizontal stresses from the bridge's hanging portions. It is sometimes
confused for London Bridge, the bridge upstream that is located next to it, and has
grown to be recognized as a symbol of the city and a top tourist destination.

The 244 m (800 ft) long bridge connects two towers that are each 65 m (213 ft) tall
and built on piers. To let river traffic to pass over, the 61 m (200 ft) center span
between the towers is divided evenly into two bascules or leaves that can be lifted
to an angle of 83 degrees. Each of the approximately 1,100-ton bascules are
counterbalanced to reduce the amount of effort needed to hoist it, and the process
only takes five minutes. Each of the two side-spans is 82 meters (270 feet) long
and is a suspension bridge.

CLASSIFICATION BY:
MATERIALS: STEEL COVERED WITH MASONRY STONE

OBJECTIVES: COMBINED BRIDGE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: SUSPENSION BRIDGE

SUPPORT CONDITION: CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE

DURABILITY: PERMANENT BRIDGE

 HISTORY
The Rialto Bridge (Ponte di Rialto) also known as “Lover’s Bridge” is a stone arch bridge
that spans the Grand Canal at its narrowest point in the center of Venice. It was designed by a
Venetian designer, Antonio da Ponte. The length of Rialto Bridge is 104 feet. The bridge is 24 feet
in height and 29 feet in width.

The Ponte della Moneta, sometimes regarded as the first bridge there, was a wooden
pontoon bridge that Nicol Barattieri constructed in 1178. In order to improve access to Rialto,
Venice's main commercial district, the building was rebuilt twice, in 1255 and 1264, and
subsequently replaced by the Rialto Bridge after many collapses. Up until the 1850s, the bridge
was the only fixed structure that crossed the canal; earlier, gondola boats were used to carry
pedestrians over other points. The Rialto Bridge, the oldest bridge over the canal, was built in the
final years of the 16th century and is regarded as a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture
and engineering. After a design competition in the city, Antonio da Ponte and his nephew,
Antonio Contino, created and constructed it.
Antonio da Ponte The Rialto Bridge spans the canal at around midpoint in the late 16th century.
At the east end of the canal, the first Accademia Bridge was constructed in the middle of the
19th century to aid with foot traffic and his nephew Antonio Contino help him building it.

The bridge was burned down in 1310, and the first time it fell was in 1444 when a
multitude gathered to see a boat procession in honor of the marquis Ferrara's wedding. And in
1524 a replacement made of stone had to be built after the Rialto Bridge again fell, and the
Venetians commissioned Michelangelo to be one of the five designers.

Construction on the single-span design by Swiss-born Venetian architect and engineer

Antonio da Ponte started on 1588 and it lasted until 1591.
 REASON OF BUILDING IT
One of the reasons why the Rialto Bridge was created is to connect the
San Marco to San Polo. The Migrants think that it will be a great way to
cross water which became and known as Grand Canal of today’s time.
Another reason is for easy transport of Goods and people in the Market
which before a lot of boats stayed in the canal for market and
transportation of Goods.

COMPONENTS
The Rialto is the oldest bridge across the Grand Canal and was constructed to allow
access to the Rialto market and connect the San Marco and San Polo sestieri
(districts).
The Rialto Bridge is made out of a single stone-arch bridge that holds up a large
rectangular deck with two arcades of shops fronting three streets. The bridge's lower
chord is just 25 meters (83 feet) in length, while the breadth is 20 meters (66 feet). The
bed joints of the stones were set perpendicular to the thrust of the arch, and 6,000
wood piles were put beneath each abutment to hold the broad stone arch in the soft
alluvial soil.
The most renowned bridge in Venice is undoubtedly the Rialto Bridge, one of the most
recognized bridges in the entire world (Italy). It has a single stone arch that spans 22
meters, is 48 meters long, and rests on two ramps.

CLASSIFICATION BY:
MATERIALS: CONCRETE/LIMESTONE BRIDGE

OBJECTIVES: PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: ARCH BRIDGE

SUPPORT CONDITION: SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE

DURABILITY: PERMANENT BRIDGE

 HISTORY
The Alcántara Bridge, also called Trajan's Bridge at Alcantara, is a
Roman bridge in the Extremadura region of Spain's Alcántara. The word
alcántara is derived from the Arabic al-Qantarah, which means "the
arch." The Roman emperor Trajan issued a decree in 98 that led to the
construction of the stone arch bridge over the Tagus River between 104
and 106 AD. Over the years, conflict has done more harm to the
Alcántara Bridge than the elements. One of the tiniest arches was
destroyed by the Moors in 1214, but it was restored in 1543 using stone
from the original quarries. After the Spanish damaged the second arch
on the northwest side in 1760 to halt the Portuguese advance, Charles III
restored it in 1762 only for Wellington's soldiers, who were seeking to stop
the French, to blow it up once more in 1809. Interim repairs were
performed in 1819, but the Carlists again demolished a large portion of
the bridge in 1836. The bridge was reconstructed using mortared masonry
in 1860[6], and the main pillars were totally renovated in 1969 after the
José Mara de Oriol Dam was finished and the Tagus riverbed was
drained.
 REASON OF BUILDING IT
On behalf of the native peoples in the area, Trajan the Roman emperor
was honored with a dedication. The Alcántara Bridge is made of six
semicircular arches supported by five pillars, and it is made of granite
without the use of cement. It rises more than 40 m meters above the
water's surface and spans the river for over 200 m. This magnificent work
of art was designed by a man by the name of Caius Julius Lacer.

COMPONENTS
It features two supports, two pillars, five pillars, and six arches between them
(some of them are 30 meters wide). A Triumphal Arch is located in the middle
of the street. Two marble plates are on it.

The bridge's current length, which was once 190 meters (620 feet), is 181.7
meters (596 feet).[2] The clear spans of the six arches from the right to the left
riverside are 13.6 meters (45 feet), 23.4 meters (77 feet), 28.8 meters (94 feet),
27.4 meters (90 feet), 21.9 meters (72 feet), and 13.8 meters (45 ft)

CLASSIFICATION BY:
MATERIALS: CONCRETE/LIMESTONE BRIDGE

OBJECTIVES: ROAD / AQUEDUCT BRIDGE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: ARCH BRIDGE

SUPPORT CONDITION: CONTINUOUSLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE

DURABILITY: PERMANENT BRIDGE