• 1400s

• Balangay or barangay was the basic unit of political

means
• Led by the daty or rajah

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
• 1400s onwards
• diplomatic public relations and resist Spanish
conquest
• council : Ruma Bichara

[Link] - adviser
[Link] laut - maritime force
[Link] - laws
• 1400s onwards
• diplomatic public relations and resist Spanish
conquest
• council : Ruma Bichara

[Link] - adviser
[Link] laut - maritime force
[Link] - laws
• year 1565
• Philippine was a colony of Spain
• led by the King of Spain
• governor general until 1989
• province - alcalde mayor
• towns - gobernadorcillo
• barangay - cabez de barangay
• 1898
• military rule
• military governor exercised ALL power
• Philippine Commission on Law
• PCL became the head for legislative department
• Senate and House of representatives
• Commonwealth Government
• 1935
• Manuel L. Quezon
• power and responsibility
- Filipino president
• making laws
• scrutinizing the work of the government.

• considering bills approved by the House of

Representatives
• as the Lower House of a bicameral Congress of the
Philippines, exercises legislative power (with the
Senate) “except to the extent reserved to the people
by the provision on initiative and referendum.” The
Philippine Constitution of 1987
• All matters proposing amendments to the Constitution of the
Philippines and the compilation and revision of existing codes
and laws; election laws and implementation of constitutional
provisions on initiative and referendum on legislative acts;
recall of elective officials; the role and rights of people’s
organizations; and sectoral or party-list representation.
• The right to approve or reject the
government’s budget;
• The right of inquiry.
• The right to question the cabinet, for
instance during the question hour;
• The right to propose motions.
• The right to amend bills;
• The right of initiative, i.e. the right to
propose bills.
The Judicial branch holds the power to settle
controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch
determines whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part and
instrumentality of the government. It is made
up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
Judiciary - (also known as the judicial system
or 'court system) is the system of courts that
interprets and applies the law in the name of
the state. The judiciary also provides a
mechanism for the resolution of disputes.
Under the doctrine of the separation of powers,
the judiciary generally does not make law
(that is, in a plenary fashion, which is the
responsibility of the legislature) or enforce
law (which is the responsibility of the
executive),
but rather interprets law and applies it to the
facts of each case.
This branch of the state is often tasked
with ensuring equal justice under law. It
usually consists of a court of final appeal
(called the "Supreme court" or
"Constitutional court"), together with
lower courts.
the lowest level of elected territorial
organization within a state" that has a dual
function of providing local public services and
implementing national welfare policies
(Atienza 2006).
In the Philippines, drawing from its indigenous
and colonial heritage, the lowest political unit
of the state is the barangay headed by the
elected barangay chairman and the elected
members of the barangay council.
is a process or mechanism for
filling a governmental office
through choices made by the
majority of qualified voters
exercising their right to
suffrage.
is a set of rules that governs the conduct of
elections (Heywood 2013).
• In the case of the Philippines, rules and
procedures governing elections rest in the
management and supervision of the
Commission on Election (COMELEC).
only one party dominates and there is no
political competition between parties.
single-party systems are characterized
by the oppression of democratic
freedom.
primarily dominate the political
landscape and smaller parties only play
a subordinate role.
other parties are present but only one
party dominates and enjoys prolonged
periods in power
more than two parties compete for
power over time. it reduces the
likelihood of a single-party government
and increase chances of coalition
formation.
a group of people that is formally
organized for the purpose of winning
government power through electoral or
other means.
is the major organizing principle of
modern politics. It links the state and
civil society, the institutions of the
government, and the groups and
interests that operate within society.
The structure of the current electoral system is
provided in the 1987 Constitution and the Omnibus
Election Code. The COMELEC is given the task to
enforce election laws and exercise exclusive
jurisdiction over the qualifications of candidates,
accreditation of political parties, and canvassing of
votes.
1991 Local Government Code governs
elections for local government officials.
The punong barangay, vice mayor, mayor, vice governor, and
governor are elected in their respective localities through a
plurality vote . The members of the local assemblies are elected
by district and through a plurality vote. Members of the barangay
or village assembly are elected at large in their areas. The local
government officials are to serve a maximum of three consecutive
three-year terms (Teehankee 2002).
• aggregate of nongovernmental organizations and
institutions that manifest interest and will of citizens
• basically non-government members of the society
that promote the interest of the public
• known to solve issues of the marginalized members of
the society, such as issues on human rights, labor
rights and environmental protection.
• Traditional view: politics formal structures
of government
• Alternative perspective: interest group
approach politics = government + citizen
groups & their actions = interaction of
social groups
Theoretical proponents:
• Bentley: group is the basic unit of all
political life
• Latham: organized groups are structures of
power; politics is the struggle of groups
• Truman: uniformities of behavior through
these groups
• any group that, on the basis of one or more
shared attitudes, makes certain claim upon
other groups in society for the
establishment, maintenance, or
enhancement of forms of behavior that are
implied by the shared attitudes
• formal structure of organization
• articulation and aggregation of interests
• acting with the political system
• influencing external power
• representation of political interests
• Non-Governmental Aid Organization
(NGO's) provide assistance to people
for a little or no fee. NGO's fall into
the category of civil society because
they are not operated by the
government.
• non-membership organization formed for
providing welfare and development
services to the poor
• private, non-profit, legal, small, focused
usually works with peoples' organizations
(Pos)
1. plays as an alternative institutional setting
to political parties, articulating & aggregating
socially relevant interests
2. supplements government's social delivery
mechanisms
3. privatizes policy implementation
• are large informal groupings of
individuals or organizations which
focus on specific political or social
issues.
➤Cultural Anthropologist David F. Aberle
identified four kinds
of Social Movements.
- Alternative Social Movement
- Redemptive Social Movement
- Reformative Social Movement
- Revolutionary Social Movement
1. Alternative Social Movement- are at the
individual level and advocate for minor
change.

2. Redemptive Social Movement- are at the

individual level and advocate radical changes.
3. Reformative Social Movement- occur at a
broader group or societal level and advocate
for minor changes.

4. Revolutionary Social Movement- occur at a

broader group or societal level and advocate
for radical change.
• Participation in civil society, community
and/or political life, characterized by
mutual respect and non-violence and in
accordance with human rights and
democracy (Hoskins 2006).
• choose the issue
• who and what can help to solve the
issue
• what kind of action will you take
• how will you know if you are successful
• plan and get ready for performance
• put your plan into action
• time to reflect, evaluate and report your
story