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Normalization

The document discusses the process of normalization in databases, emphasizing its importance in reducing data redundancy and eliminating anomalies. It outlines the objectives and characteristics of various normal forms, including First, Second, and Third Normal Forms, and explains the significance of achieving at least Third Normal Form for most applications. Additionally, it provides examples of normalized tables for advisers, subjects, and students.

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49 views2 pages

Normalization

The document discusses the process of normalization in databases, emphasizing its importance in reducing data redundancy and eliminating anomalies. It outlines the objectives and characteristics of various normal forms, including First, Second, and Third Normal Forms, and explains the significance of achieving at least Third Normal Form for most applications. Additionally, it provides examples of normalized tables for advisers, subjects, and students.

Uploaded by

danicadaniela.cesicar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IT1924

Normalization  First Normal


Form:
ADV_NAME SUBJ_CODE SUBJECT STU_NUM STU_NAME
Fundamentals
A. Santos MAT1 Math 018 John L.
 An unnormalized data is raw data in its original state. It The Normalization Process
A. Santos MAT1 Math 021 Mae R.
might contain redundant data, multivalued data, and/or Example of an unnormalized table:
A. Santos MAT1 Math 026 Mark V.
other data SUBJECT
ADVISER anomalies. A STUDENTS
data anomaly is an undesirable C. Reyes CHEM Chemistry 020 Zac S.
consequence
Santos A. Mathof a data modification
John L., Mae R., Mark V. C. Reyes CHEM Chemistry 019 Ed P.
 Normalization is a process
Reyes C. Chemistry that
Zac S., Ed assigns
P. attributes to
entities so that data redundancies are reduced or
eliminated.
 Objectives of normalization:
o Each table/relation represents a single subject.
o Each row/column intersection contains only one
value and not a group of values.
o No data item will be unnecessarily stored in more
than one table.
o All nonprime attributes (not part of a key) in a
table are dependent on the primary key.
o Each table has no insertion, update, or deletion
anomalies.
 Each rule in database normalization is called a normal
form.
 The most common normal forms are the following:
Normal Form Characteristics
First normal There are no repeating groups
form (1NF) and the primary key is
identified.
Second normal 1NF and all the columns depend
form (2NF) on the table’s primary key.
Third normal 2NF and there are no non-key
form (3NF) attributes determined by another
non- key attribute.
Boyce-Codd Every determinant is a candidate
normal form key (special case of 3NF)
(BCNF)
Fourth normal form 3NF and no independent
(4NF) multivalued dependencies
 Although other levels of normalization are possible, 3NF is
considered the highest level necessary for most
applications.

05 Handout 1 *Property of STI


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 Second Normal Form:
Table 1: Advisers
ADV_ID ADV_NAME
0001 A. Santos
0002 C. Reyes
Table 2: Subjects
SUBJ_CODE SUBJECT
MAT1 Math
CHEM Chemistry
Table 3: Students
STU_NUM STU_NAME
018 John L.
021 Mae R.
026 Mark V.
020 Zac S.
019 Ed P.
 Third Normal Form
All three (3) tables from 2NF and the table below:
Table 4: StudentAdvisers
ADV_ID SUBJ_CODE STU_NUM
0001 MAT1 018
0001 MAT1 021
0001 MAT1 026
0002 CHEM 020
0002 CHEM 019

References:
Coronel, C. and Morris, S. (2017). Database systems: design,
implementation, and management (12th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.
Elmasri, R. and Navathe, S. (2016). Fundamentals of database systems (7th
ed.). USA: Pearson Higher Education.

05 Handout 1 *Property of STI


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