fw;wy; ifNaL

tuyhW
juk; 10
 2015 Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthdJ.
 ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;b vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;g
jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 myFfspd; ghlNtisfisAk;
mjw;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ.

Mf;fk; :- eh.nry;tr;re;jpud;

Mrpupau; ah/muhyp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up.

1
 myF 01
tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fs;
(ghlNtis 04)
ghlNtis 01
01 tuyhW vd;why; vd;d?

,we;j fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; fw;Fk; ghlkhFk;.

02 tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

gy;yhapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;duhd tuyhw;iwAk; kdpj nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd vOj;jhtzq;fs;> Mf;fq;fs;> Kjyhdtw;iw
cs;slf;fpaNj %yhjhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
03 tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fspd; tiffs; vit?
1 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; 2 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;
,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;
04 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; vd;why; vd;d?
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpjdhy; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspYk; vOjpg;
ghJfhj;J itj;j E}y;fSk; mwpf;iffSNk ,yf;fpa %yhjhukhFk;.
05 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fis vt;thW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1 cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; (RNjr ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;)
2 ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;
cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;
06 cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; vd;why; vd;d?
,uz;lhapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj ,yq;ifau; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk;
vOjpa ftpijfSk;> ciueilfSk; cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;
vdg;gLk;.

2
07 ,yq;if tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; RNjr ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; vit?
1 jPgtk;rk; (,yq;if tuyhw;iwf;$Wk; kpfg;goikahd E}y; )

 vOe;j fhyg;gFjp :- fp.gp 4k; Ehw;whz;L

 $wg;gLk; tplak; :- kfhNrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhy KbT tiu
,yq;ifapd; murpay;> ngsj;j rkak; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fs;
 FiwghL :- tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLjy;
rpy tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;glhky; ,Uj;jy;.
2 kfhtk;rk; (,yq;if gw;wpa cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fSs;
Kf;fpakhd ,yf;fpakhFk;. jPgtk;rj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
FiwghLfis tpl kfhtk;rj;jpy; FiwghLfs; Fiwthf
vOjg;gl;;Ls;sd. rpy ghfq;fis cs;slf;fpa E}yhFk;.)

 ,jd; Kjy; ghfj;ij vOjpatu; :- kfhehkNjuu;

 mtu; tho;e;j gpupNtdh :- jpf;re;jnrdtpa gpupNtdh
 vOe;j fhyg;gFjp :- fp.gp 5k; / 6k; E}w;whz;L
 $wg;gLk; tplak; :- Gj;j ngUkhdpd; ,yq;if tUif Kjy;
kfhNrd kd;ddpd; Ml;rp KbT tiu
 ,jw;F vOjg;gl;l ciu E}y; :- kfhtk;rBfht (tk;rj;jg;gfhrpdp)
 Kf;fpak; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 tuyhW tpupthf vOjg;gl;Ls;sik.
2 ,jpy; ,yq;if tuyhW njhlu;r;rpahf vOjg;gl;Ls;sNjhL
,yq;ifapd; tuyhW xNu E}ypNyNa cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3 ,e;E}ypy; cs;s jfty;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %yKk;> Vida
njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; %yKk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
Kbfpd;wik.
3 jPgtk;rk;> kfhtk;rk; vOjg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; vOe;j E}y;fs; (jPgtk;rj;jpd; rpy
mj;jpahaq;fSk; kfhtk;rj;jpd; rpy mj;jpahaq;fSk; xj;jitahff;
fhzg;gLtjw;F fhuzkhd E}y;fs;)
1 rp`yml;lfjh 2 cj;jutp`hu ml;lfjh 3 tpda ml;lfjh
3
 4 ,uhrul;il (mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWit) tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y;fs; vit?
ngsj;j rka E}y;fshff; fUjg;gLgit

 Nghjptk;rk;
 J}gtk;rk;
 jhJtk;rk;
 G+[htypa
 rj;ju;kyq;fhu
5 fk;gis njhlf;fk; Nfhl;il tiuahd tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
 epfha rq;fpu`a – ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j rhrd tsu;r;rp gw;wpf;$Wfpd;wJ
 uh[typa - murpay; jj;Jtq;fisf; $Wfpd;wJ.
6 Nfhl;il> fz;b ,uhrjhdp tiu tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y;fs;
J}J fhtpak; kAure;Njra> jprure;Njra> nryyp`pdp re;Njra
Gfo;fhtpak; nguFk;gh rpupj;j
Nghu;f;fhtpak; rPjthf;frl;ld> ,q;fpuprprl;ld> nfhd;];jhe;jpDrl;ld

08 mDuhjGuf; fhyk; Kjy; Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp Muk;gk; tiuapyhd

fhyg;gFjpapy; E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;likf;fhd Nehf;fk;?
rka Nehf;fk;
09 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs; vit?
 E}y; vOjg;gl;l fhyk;
 E}y; Mrpupau;
 E}yhrpupaupd; Nehf;fk;
 E}Yf;fhd jfty; jpul;lg;gl;l tpjk;
ghlNtis 02
ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk;
1 ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa %yhjhuk; vd;why; vd;d?
,yq;iff;F tUif je;j ntspehl;ltu;fSk;> ,yq;if njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;j ntspehl;ltu;fSk; vOjpa E}y;fs;> mwpf;ifffs;
vd;gdthFk;.
4
2 ,yq;if gw;wp ntspehl;ltu;fs; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbe;jikf;fhd fhuzk;?
ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;ig Nkw;nfhz;likahy;
3 ntspehl;L %yhjhuk; vd;gjDs; mlq;Fk; ,U gpupTfSk; vit?
1 Neubahf tUif je;J vOjg;gl;lit
2 Neuhahf tUif juhJ jfty;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J vOjg;gl;lit.
Neubahf tUif je;J vOjg;gl;lit
4 ,yq;iff;F tUif je;J Neub mDgtq;fisg;ngw;W vOjpa E}y;fs; vit

 rPd ,yf;fpak; :- ghfpad; Njuupd; NjrrQ;rhu mwpf;if

(ngsj;j ,uhr;rpak; gw;wpa tpguk;)
 muG ,yf;fpak; :- ,gd;gJ}jhtpd; NjrrQ;rhu mwpf;if
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa ,yf;fpak; :- upigNuh vd;gtupd; ,yq;if gw;wpa E}y;
(upigNuhtpd; ,yq;if tUif)
 xy;yhe;J ,yf;fpak; :- gpypg;g]; ghy;ba]; vd;gtupd; ,yq;if gw;wpa
E}y;
(Nghy;barpd; ,yq;if tuyhW)
 Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; :- nwhgl;nehf;rpd; md;iwa ,yq;if (vjhn`yjPT)
Neuhahf tUif juhJ jfty;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J vOjg;gl;lit.
5 ,yq;iff;F tUif juhJ ,yq;iff;F tUif je;jtu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J
vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fs; vit?

 fpNuf;f %yhjhuk;
 mup];Nlhl;ly; - bKz;nlh
 nkf];jdp]; - ,d;bfh
 xdrpfpwpl;lrpd; mwpf;if
 cNuhk %yhjhuk;
 gpspdp - ner;Ruhyp]; `p];Nlhupah
 njhykp - G+Nfhs rh];jpug; gpuNtrk;
 rPd %yhjhuk;
 `pAq;rhq; Njuupd; NjrrQ;rhu mwpf;if
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa %yhjhuk;
 gu;dhNth FNtNuhrpd; ,yq;if gw;wpa mwpf;if
 ,e;jpa %yhjhuq;fs;
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 kzpNkfiy  gj;Jg;ghl;L
5
6 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fshy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; vit?
1 tuyhw;Wf;fhy xOq;F Kiwia tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;
1 xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;L cwTfs; gw;wp mwpa KbAk;
3 xU E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis kw;nwhU E}ypd; %yk;
cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;.
4 ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspd; murpay;> nghUshjhu> f%fk;> fyhrhuk; gw;wp
mwpayhk;
ghlNtis 3
njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuk;
1 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuk; vd;why; vd;d?
mfo;thuha;r;rpfspd; NghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gLk; njhy;nghUl;fs;> rpiyfs;>
ehzaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> rpijTfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaNj
njhy;nghUs; %yhjhukhFk;.
2 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuj;Js; mlq;Fgit vit?
1 vOj;jthzq;fs; (rhrdk;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;)
2 ehzaq;fs;
3 rpijTfs;
4 fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; (rpj;jpuk;> nrJf;fy;)
rhrdq;fs;
3 rhrdk; vd;why; vd;d?
fspkz;jl;L> fUq;fy;> Rtu;> nrg;Gj;jfL> nghd;jfL> kug;gyif vd;gtw;wpy;
vOjg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fshFk;.

6
4 ,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s vOj;jthzq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs;
vOj;jthzq;fs;
vOjg;gl;l cjhuzk; rpwg;Gf;fs;;
rhjdq;fs;

 ep]q;fky;ydhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 nghyeWit ,uhrjhdpf;fhyj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,yq;iff;Fk; fypq;f Njrj;jpw;Fk; cs;s
fy;nghj;j
cwT> ngsj;jd; my;yhj xUtu;
fy;ntl;L (fy;
,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;a KbahJ vdf;
Gj;jfk;)
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
 ,yq;ifapd; kpf ePz;l fy;ntl;L
 ,jpy; ahid> md;dk; Mfpa cUtq;fs;
cz;L

 1k; tp[aghF kd;ddhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

gdhfLt  jdf;F cjtpa rpj;jhuk;gp Gj;jehaf;fh
nrg;Gj;jfL nrg;G vd;Dk; jsgjpf;F ed;wpf; fldhf
rhrdk; toq;fg;gl;l gupRfs;> rYiffs;
vd;gtw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ.

 trg kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

 tlgFjp Ml;rpahsdhf up]pfpup vd;gtu;
ty;ypGu
nghd;jfL nraw;gl;ljhff; $Wfpd;wJ.
nghw;rhrdk;
 up]pfpup vd;gtuhy; gpupaq;fjp];] vDk;
tpfhiu mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

 fk;gis fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

vk;gf;f
kug;gyif  3k; tpf;fpukghFthy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njthyak;
 kuNtiyg;ghLfSf;Fg; Gfo;ngw;wJ

 nrq;fy;> XL vd;gtw;wpy; vOjg;gl;l

fspkz; nghUl;fs;
vOj;Jf;fs;

 kl;ghz;lk; kw;Wk; ghj;jpuq;fspy;

ghj;jpuq;fs;
vOjg;gl;Ls;s vOj;Jf;fs;
7
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
5 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
fUq;fw;fspy; vOjp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; MFk;.
6 fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;Ls;s fy;ypd; mikg;igg; nghWj;J mtw;wpd; tiffs;
vit?
tif vOjg;gl;Ls;s ,lk;
Fiff;fy;ntl;L fw;Fiffspy; fw;gy
P pfspd; mUfpy; vOjg;gl;lit
Fd;Wf;fy;ntl;L fw;ghiwfspd; Nky; vOjg;gl;lit
J}z;fy;ntl;L nrg;gdplg;gl;l fUq;fw;fspy; vOjpait
Rtu;f;fy;ntl;L nrg;gdpl;l fw;gyifapy; vOjpait
,Uf;iff;fy;ntl;L kyu; Mrdq;fs; Nghd; gPlq;fspy; vOjpait

7 fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; vit?

1 xU nkhopapd; gbg;gbahd tsu;r;rpia mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
2 kd;du;fspd; Nritfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
3 Guhjdfhy nghUshjhu Kiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
4 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; $wg;gl;ltw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
5 fw;Fiffis ngsj;jgpf;Fkhupd; trpg;gplq;fshf trjpnra;J
ifaspj;jik gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.(mikj;jtu;fspd; gjtp> guk;giu)
6 Guhjd r%f tuyhW> FbNaw;wq;fspd; guk;gy; vd;gtw;iw mwpayhk;.
7 fp.gp 2k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; mikf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s
tplaq;fs;.

 tpfhiufSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fpuhkq;fs;> fhzpfs;

 tpfhiufspd; epu;thfk;
 mur fl;lisfis nghJkf;fSf;F mwptpj;jy;
 tu;j;jf eltbf;if kw;Wk; tup mwtPL
 jtW nra;gtu;fSf;F kd;dpf;F mspj;jy;
 jdpegu;fspd; Nritfisg; ghuhl;Ljy;

8
ehzaq;fs;
6 ,yq;ifapy; ehzaq;fspd; ghtid Muk;gkhd fhyg;gFp?
mDuhjGuk;
7 vkJ ehl;by; fpilf;fg;ngw;w kpfg; Guhjd ehzak; vJ?
f`gz (Guhz> juz)
9 Guhjdfhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ehzaq;fs;
1 ahid kw;Wk; Rt];jpfh cUtk; gjpj;j ehzak;
2 ,yf;Fkp cUtk; gjpj;j ehzak;
3 mf vd;Dk; nghd; ehzak;
8 nghyeWitf; fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrg;G ehzak; vJ?
jk;gk];]
10 ,yq;ifapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ntspehl;L ehzaq;fs; vit
cNuhk;> ,e;jpah> rPdh> mNugpa ehl;L ehzaq;fs;
11 ehzaq;fs; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tplaq;fs;
1 ehl;bd; nghUshjhu epiy
2 ehl;bd; cNyhfg;ghtid
3 ehl;by; ,lk;ngw;w cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;
4 njhopDl;g tsu;r;rp
5 Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fspd; mjpfhu tpupthf;fk;
rpijTfs;
12 rpijTfs; vd;why; vd;d?
Guhjdfhy fl;llq;fs;> tpfhiu> fw;W}z;fs;> Fsq;fs;> ngha;iffs;
vd;gdtw;wpd; ,bghLfSk; vQ;rpAs;s gFjpfSk; MFk;.
13 Guhjdfhy rpijTfspypUe;J vtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;
1 Kw;fhy kf;fspd; fiyahf;fk;> fiyahw;wy;
2 njhopy;El;g mwpT 3 fl;llf;fiyj;jpwd;
4 ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk; 5 Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G
9
fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;
14 ,yq;ifapd; fyhrhu tsu;r;rpapd; tuyhw;iwf; fhl;Lk; capNuhl;lkhf
rhl;rpfshf mikgit vit?
1 Guhjd rpj;jpuq;fs;
2 rpw;gq;fs;
3 nrJf;fy;fs;
15 fiyg;gilg;Gf;fspd; Clhf vtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;
1 Kd;Ndhu;fspd; Mil> mzpfyd;fs;> Mguz tiffis mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
2 fiyahw;wy;fis mwpayhk;.
3 fiyahf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ghiwtiffis mwpayhk;
4 rka ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wp mwpayhk;.
16 rpfpupah Xtpaq;fs; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba jfty;fs;
1 mtu;fsJ Milfs;
2 mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa Mguzq;fs;
3 mf;fhyg; ngz;fs; gad;gLj;jpa G+f;fs;
5 mf;fhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa epwk;
17 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba tplaq;fs;
1 gz;ila kf;fspd; gy;NtWgl;l jpwikfs;
2 gz;ila fyhrhuk;
3 njhopDl;gk;
4 ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;
5 tho;f;if Kiw
19 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; vit?
1 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; rkfhyj;jitahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd

10
 2 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w FiwghLfis jpUj;jpf;nfhs;s
cjTk;.(epfo;Tfs; eilngw;w rkfhyj;jpy; vOjg;glhJ gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy;
vOjg;gl;bUj;jy;> E}yhrpupaupd; tpUg;G ntWg;G cs;slq;fpapUj;jy;)
3 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLk;.
4 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuk; %yk; ngwg;gLk; fl;ll rpijTfs;> rpd;dq;fs;>
rpijTfs;> fiyak;rq;fs; Kjyhdit tuyhw;Wf;F cWjpiaAk;
gyj;ijAk; mspf;fpd;wd.
ghlNtis 04
01 tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; vit?
1 ,we;jfhy mDgtq;fs; %yk; epfo;fhyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;
vjpu;fhyj;ij jpl;lkplTk; cjTk;
2 khw;Wf; fyhrhuj;ij kjpf;Fk; jd;ik Vw;gLk;
3 jhd; thOk; rKfk; gw;wpAk; cyfk; gw;wpAk; Gupe;Jzu;T Vw;gLk;.
4 ehl;bd; Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
5 kdpjj;jd;ikia kjpg;gjd; %yk; Njrpa xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
6 NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fis rfpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
02 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaq;fs;
1 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fis Kd;Ndhu;fs; ghJfhj;jjd; fhuzkhfNt
ekf;F cjTfpd;wd. mJ Nghd;W ehKk; ghJfhg;gjd; %yNk vjpu;fhy
re;jjpf;F cjT KbAk;
2 ,d;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fshy;(FbNaw;wq;fs;
mikf;fg;gLjy;> ngUe;njUf;fs; mikf;fg;gLjy;> fl;llq;fs;
fl;lg;gLjy;> tptrha eltbf;iffs;) njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; cs;s
,lq;fs; kiwe;J Nghf tha;g;Gf;fs; cs;sd.
3 cy;yhrg; gazj;Jiwahy; njhy;nghUl;fs; Nrjkhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

11
 4 jw;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ruq;fkWj;jy;> Gijay; Njhz;Ljy; (#upa>
re;jpu cUtq;fs;> tprpwp> tpy;> mk;G> rq;F> khl;Lf;nfhk;G> ghjr;RtL
Nghd;wd gpuNjr vy;iyfisf; Fwpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
milahsq;fshFk;. ,t;thwhd ,lq;fspYk;> re;jputl;lf;fy;> fhtw;fy; >
fw;W}z;fs; cs;s ,lq;fspYk; ngWkjpahd nghUl;fs;
Gije;jpUf;fyhk; vd;Dk; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWtJ) fhuzkhf
njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; moptile;J tUfpd;wik
5 tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gila ,lq;fspy; my;yJ njhy;nghUs; rpd;dq;fspd; kPJ
vOJjy;> tiujy; nraw;ghLfshy; ghjpg;G Vw;glyhk;.
03 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisg; ghJfhf;f vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffs; vit?
1 kf;fSf;F tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jy;
2 njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fis Nrjg;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf rl;lq;fisf;
nfhz;L tuy;
3 cy;yhrg; gazpfSf;F Nghjpa mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Fjy;
4 mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ njhy;ypay; epGzu;fspd;
MNyhridfisg; ngWjy;
04 mDuhjGuj;jpYs;s kfhtpfhiuf;Fupa gpupNtdhf;fs;
jpf;re;jnrdtpa gpupntdh> Rd;`hj;j gpupntdh> vyf;f gpupntdh> kUfj
gpupntdh
05 rPdhtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahTf;F fhy;eilahfTk; gpd;du; ,yq;iff;F tUif
je;J mgafpup tpfhiuapy; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUe;J fy;tp fw;wtu;
gh`pad;
06 fp.gp 629Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 10 tUlq;fs; ahj;jpiuapy; <Lgl;L Mrpahtpy; jhd;
fz;ltw;iw vOjpa rPdg;gpf;F ahu;?
`pAq;rhq;
07 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa Nghu; tPuuhf ,yq;if te;J gpd;du; ,yq;if gw;wpa E}iy
vOjpatu;? upigNuh

12
08 ,yq;if gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fis vOjpa xy;yhe;J kjFU? gpypg;g]; nghy;NjT];
09 gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L ,yq;if gw;wp rpwg;ghf tlgFjpapy; tho;e;j kf;fspd;
nkhop> gz;ghL gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; Fwpg;Gf;fis vOjpatu;
gpypg;g]; nghy;NjT];
10 2k; ,uh[rpq;fdhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L 19 Mz;Lfs; rpiwitf;fg;gl;L gpd;du;
mq;fpUe;J jg;gpj;J ,yq;if gw;wpa E}iy vOjpa Mq;fpNyau;
nwhgl;nehf;];
10 ,yq;iff;F tUif juhJ ,yq;if gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fis vOjpa ,NaR
rigapd; kjNghjfu; ahu;? gu;dhNth B. FthNuh];
11 gpd;tUk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; ngau;fs; vt;tpyf;fpa tifiar; rhu;e;jjhf mikAk;

rl;ld – Nghu;

re;Njra - J}J fhtpak;

rpupj;j - tuyhW

13
 myF 02
,yq;ifapy; FbNaw;wq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gLjy;
(ghlNtis 06)
ghlNtis 01
01 ,yq;ifapd; Muk;gf; FbNaw;wq;fis tho;f;ifKiw> njhopDl;g mbg;gilapy;;
gpupf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs; vit?
1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; 2 Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyk;
3 tuyhw;Wf;fhyk;
tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
02 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd;why; vd;d?
 vOj;J%y tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; mjhtJ vOj;J%y Mjhuq;fs;
,y;yhj fhyk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Guhjd fhyj;jpw;F Ke;jpa fhyk;
nghJthf tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
03 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhykhdJ fyhrhu mbg;gilapy; vt;thW gpupf;fg;gLk;.

 ePz;lfhyk; epiyj;jpUe;j fw;fhyk; (tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;)

 jhtu czTfis cl;nfhs;tjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;b cNyhfg; gad;ghl;Lld;
epue;juf; FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpa fhyk; (Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyk;)
04 ,yq;ifapy; Kjypy; FbNawpa kdpjd; ahu;? Mjp N`gNkhNrg;gpad;
05 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;Fupa Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;Js;s ,U ,lq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpl;L mit gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf?

 ,uj;jpdGupAk; mjd; maw;#oy; gpuNjrq;fSk;

Rkhu; njhz;Z}W mb Moj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,e;j mfo;Tfspy;
fpilf;fg;ngWk; fdpkg;gbkq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ruisf; fw;fSld;
$ba kz;gilfspy; fy;yhAjq;fSk;> tpyq;Ffspd;
vYk;GfSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it gpisj;Njhrpd; (gdpAfk;)
fhyj;jpy; kz;zpy; GijAz;Ls;sd. kiyg;ghq;fhd gpuNjrj;jpy;
epfo;e;j kz;zupg;gpdhy; cUthd ruisf;fw; gbTfs; jho;epyq;fspy;
Gije;Js;sd.

14
  ,uizkLg; gbkq;fs;
,g;gbTfs; ,uizkLf;Fsj;jpd; #oypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjptuz;l tya epyj;jpdbapy; fspkz;Zld; $ba ruisf;fy;
gbTfspy; ,it fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F fw;fhyj;Jf;Fupa
fy;yhAjq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it gpisj;Njhrpd; fhyj;jpy; epytpa
FWfpa ntg;g fhyj;jpy; kz;zpy; GijAz;Ls;sd.
06 ,yq;ifapd; fw;fhy kdpjd; thoe;J te;Js;s fhyepiy tyaq;fs; vit?
1 <u tyak;(kiyehl;L <utyak;> cau; kiy ehl;L <utyak;)
2 miutws; tyak;
3 jho;epy cyu; tyak;
4 jho;epy ,il cyu; tyak;
5 tws; tyak;
7 kiyehl;L ,il cyu; tyak;
07 ,t;thwhd fhyepiy tyaq;fisj; jPuk
; hdpf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzpahf miktJ
kiotPo;r;rpapd; NtWghL
08 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j gpd;tUk; ,lq;fspd; fhy
fl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
,lq;fs; fhyfl;lk;
gjpuh[nty 125000 Mz;Lfs;
G+e;jy 80000 Mz;Lfs;
ghfpad;fy 38000 Mz;Lfs;
gl;lnjhk;gyd 28000 Mz;Lfs;
fpj;Js;fy ngypNydh 15000 Mz;Lfs;
ngy;yd;gjpngy;y] 12000 Mz;Lfs;

15
ghlNtis 02
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;
01 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpju;fs; tho;e;jjhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;s
,lq;fs; vit?
1 jho;epy kiof; fhLfs;
2 tpy;Yg; Gy;epyk;
3 cyu; tyaf; fhLfs;
4 fiuNahuq;fspd; fsg;Gf;fs;
02 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjdpd; FbNaw;wq;fspd; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;
,uz;L gFjpfSk; vit?

 jpwe;j ntspahd Ntl;ilaplq;fs;

 fiuNahu ntl;lntspfs; - kpdp`hfy;fe;j> Gj;jy>
gjpuh[nty
 jho;epy cyu;tya ntl;lntsp - ngy;yd;gjpngy;y]
 kiyafg; gpuNjr ntl;lntsp – gz;lhutis> n`hl;ld;
rkntsp
 ,aw;ifahd fw;Fifs;
 jho;epy <utyaf; Fiffs; - ghfpad;fy> gl;lnjhk;gnyd>
fpj;Js;fy ngypnyd
 jho;epy cyu;tyaf; Fiffs; - rpfpupahnghj;jhd> mypfy
03 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; miktplq;isj; jPu;khdpj;j
fhuzpfs; vit?

 czT ngWk; tha;g;G

 ePu; fpilf;Fk; tha;g;G
 ,aw;if rf;jpfspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
 fy;yhAjq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$abjhd ,lq;fs;

16
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; tho;f;if Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfs;
04 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; tho;f;if Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 ,lk;ngaUk; Ntl;ilf;fhuu;fshf ,Ue;jik – Ntl;ilahbAk;;> miye;J

jpupe;Jk; czitj; Njbdu;. jpdKk; 7 fpNyhkPw;wu; tiu ele;Js;sdu;.

2 kiof;fhyq;fspy; fw;Fifspy; jq;fpdu;.
3 tuz;l fhyg;gFjpfspy; ntl;lntspfspy; jq;fpdu;

4 rpwpa rKff; FOf;fshf tho;e;jdu;. nghJthf xU FOtpy; 15 – 25

,ilapyhd egu;fs; mlq;fpapUe;jdu;. 50 Ngu; $Ljyhf ,Ue;jpUg;gu;.

(gz;lhutisapd; Nru;r;`py; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; 150 rJu kPw;wu; gug;gpy; 25
egu;fs; tho;e;jikf;F Mjhuk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ngy;yd;gjpngy;y]
vd;Dkplj;jpy; 120 rJukPw;wu; gug;gpy; 30 Ngu; tho;e;Js;sdu;. xNu
,lj;jpy; gy vYk;Gfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik %yk; ,jid mwpayhk;)
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; czTg;gof;f Kiwfs;
05 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; cztpd; jd;ik gw;wpa Mjhuq;fs;
mjpfk; fpilj;Js;s tyaq;fs;; vit?
1 jho;epy cyu; tyak;
2 <utyak;
06 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; czTg;gof;f tof;f Kiwfs; vit?
1 jhd; thOk; #oYf;F Vw;g czTg;gof;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jik.(
jho;epy <utyaj;jpy; tho;e;j kdpjd; ej;ijfis cz;lik)
2 Ntl;ilahb jkf;F Njitahd czitg; ngw;wdu;. (khL> fhl;nlUik>
fhl;Lg;gd;wp> khd;> kiu> Ks;sk;gd;wp> Kay;> kumzpy;> fhl;Lf;Nfhop
vd;gd Ntl;ilahlg;gl;ld)
3 jhtu czTfisAk; cl;nfhz;lik (fhl;Lthio> fhl;Lg;gyh>
ts;spf;fpoq;F> fpj;Js;tpij Nghd;wtw;iw cl;nfhz;ldu;)

17
 4 czitg;gjg;gLj;j jPiag; gad;gLj;jpaik. (12500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du;
fhl;Lg;gyhtpd; tpijfisr; Rl;L cz;likf;F fpj;Js;fyngypNydhtpy;
Mjhuk; fpilj;Js;sJ)
5 cg;igg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.(fpj;Js;fyngypNydhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
ej;ijfspd; vr;rq;fs; flw;fiug; gFjapypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l cg;Gld;
fye;jpUe;jik)
6 jho;epy <utya ePu;epiyfspy; tsu;ej
; jpj;jah Nghd;w kPdpdq;fis
cz;ldu;.
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kf;fspd; njhopDl;g Kiwfs;
07 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; njhopDl;g Kiwfs; vit?
1 Nfj;jpu fzpjg; nghwpKiw cUtpyhd EZf;fkhd fy;yhAjq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jik. (gspq;Fg; ghiwfspdhYk;> rpwpa kQ;rs;
epwg;gspq;Ff; fy;ypdhYk; ,it nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,it 4.5
nrd;upkPw;wu; mstpw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;.)
2 ed;F $u;ikg;glj;jg;gl;l ,r;rpwpa fy;yhAjk; jb xd;wpdhy; my;yJ
kpUf vYk;G xd;Wld; fl;bg; ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 gy;NtW NjitfSf;F cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
(Ntl;ilahly;> ntl;Ljy;> jl;ilahf;Fjy;> Njhz;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F)
kuf;Nfhy;fs;> tpyq;F vYk;Gfs;> fw;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; cgfuzq;fis
nra;jik.
4 Mguzq;fisg; gaz;gLj;jpaik (ghfpad;fy Fifapy; rpg;gpiaj;
Jisj;J nra;ag;gl;l fOj;jpy; mzpAk; ml;bay; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik)
5 fUq;fy;ypy; jl;ilahd Rj;jpay;> mk;kp Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sd;.

18
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; clyikg;G gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
08 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; clyikg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 tsu;e;j Mzpd; cauk; 174 nrd;upkPw;wUk;> ngz;zpd; cauk; 166
nrd;upkPw;wUk; MFk;.
2 mtu;fsJ gw;fs; ngupadthf mike;jpUe;jd.
3 mfd;w %f;ifAk; mfd;w ehbiaAk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
4 tsu;e;j Mzpd; %is 1600 fdnrd;upkPw;wUk;> ngz;zpd; %is 920
fdnrd;upkPw;wUkhFk;.

5 mtu;fsJ MAl;fhyk; 35 – 40 taJf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy mgprhu Kiwfs; (gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tof;fhWfs;)

09 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; rlq;F rk;gpujha Kiwfs; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
cjtpahf miktJ vJ?
kuzr;rlq;F Kiw
10 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhy kdpjdpd; rlq;F> rk;gpujha Kiwfs; vit?
1 ,we;JNghd cwTfspd; cly;fis fw;Fifspy; Gijj;jdu;.
(fpj;Js;fyngypnyd gpuNjrj;jpy; 12 vYk;Gf;$LfSk;>
ngy;yd;gjpngy;y]tpy; 30 vYk;GfSk; fpilj;Js;sd)
2 cly;fs; cf;fpg;Nghd gpd;du; mijj;Njhz;b kPz;Lk; vLj;J ghJfhg;ghf
Gijj;Js;sdu;. (gl;lnjhk;gnyd Fifspy; tisj;Jg; Gijf;fg;gl;l
vYk;G fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
3 kuzpj;jtu;fspd; kz;ilNahl;ilAk;> vYk;igAk; nre;epwg;ghiwapdhy;
epwk; jPl;bdu;.
4 ,we;jtu;fSf;F kuzr;rlq;F elj;jpdhu;fs;. (,uhtzvy;y Fifapy;
fpilf;fg;ngw;w kz;ilNahl;by; Jisaplg;gl;bUe;jJ. fpj;Js;fy>
gl;lnjhk;gnyd>ghfpad;fy Fif vd;gtw;wpy; kuzr;rlq;Ffs;
njhlu;ghd rk;gpujhaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd)

19
ghlNtis 03
Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;
01 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; vd;why; vd;d?
tuyhw;W Kw;gl;lfhy Kbtpw;Fk; tuyhw;Wf;fhy Muk;gj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyNk Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; vdg;gLk;.
02 tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vit?
1 ,Uk;Gg; ghtidapd; Muk;gk; ,jdhy; ,Uk;G Afk; vdg;gl;lJ.
2 Rl;gg
; l;l kz;ghtidapd; Muk;gk;.
3 Kiwahd kuzr;rlq;Ffspd; Muk;gk;.
4 epiyahd FbapUg;Gf;fs; Mikf;fg;gl;lik
5 tptrhak; nra;a Muk;gpj;jik
03 fy;yhAjq;fs; KOikahff; iftplg;gl;l fhyk; vJ?
Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjp
Kd;tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
04 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; cUthfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 fhyepiyapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;
2 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G
05 Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhy Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s ,lq;fs; vit?
1 rg;ufKt khfhzj;jpd; tlfpof;Fg;gFjp
2 Cth khfhzj;jpd; njd;Nkw;Fj;jpir
06 ,yq;ifapd; Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; goikahdit?
fp.K 2400 Mz;Lfs;

20
Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;
07 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?

 epue;jukhd FbNaw;wq;fSk; thoplq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

(tptrhaj;Jf;F gof;fg;gl;likNa mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk; - ,jw;F
Mjhukhf cluQ;rkhlj;jpy; tPl;bd; vr;rk; xd;W
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 tupr;Rr;Rtu; tPLfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 tPl;bd; cl;Gwk; gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 tPl;bw;F fjTfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;
 Rtu; fspkz;zhy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 $iu ,Yf;Fg;Gy;yhy; Nkag;gl;bUe;jJ.
Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy tho;f;if Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfs;
08 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfis mwpe;Jnfhs;s
cjTk; Mjhuk; fpilj;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
cluQ;rhklk;
09 kf;fspd; tho;f;ifKiwapd; ,ay;Gfs;
 tho;f;if Xu; xOq;fhd jd;ikapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ. (epiyahd
FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;j fhuzj;jpdhy; mtu;fSf;F rpe;jpf;Fk;
tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. )
 czT cw;gj;jpapy; mjhtJ fkj;njhopypy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpdu;.
(vdpDk; Ntl;ilahlYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. khL> khd;> fhl;Lg;gd;wp
Nghd;wtw;wpd; vYk;Gfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ)
 fw;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl;l rikayiw cgfuzq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ngz;fs; jk;ik myq;fupj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; mjpf Mu;tk;
fhl;bAs;sdu;.(fspkz; kzpfs;> fz;Zf;F ikapLk; cNyhfj;jpyhd
Fr;rp> kQ;rs;> rptg;G epwj;jpyhd G+R fw;fs;> mtw;iw cuha;tjw;fhd
miuf;Fk; fw;fs; vd;git fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd)

21
ghlNtis 04
Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy kuzr;rlq;F Kiwapd;; ,ay;Gfs;
01 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy gz;ghl;ilf; fw;gjw;fhd gpujhd Mjhuk; vJ?
nkhfhypjpf; kahdk;
02 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy kuzr;rlq;F Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?

 m];jp itf;fg;gl;l fy;yiw kahdk; - ghupa fw;ghiwfis xd;W

Nru;j;J rJu tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s kahdk; ,JthFk;. rlyq;fis
vupj;Jg;ngwg;gl;l m];jp kl;ghz;lq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,k;kahdq;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; ,g;gd;fl;Lt> fy;nrh`d;>

al;bfy;nghj;j ,k; kahdq;fs; fp.K 750 – 450 fhy fl;lj;jpw;Fupait)

 m];jpf; fyrk; itf;fg;gl;l GijFop kahdk; - cliy vupj;J

ngwg;gl;l rhk;gy; fspkz; ghj;jpuq;fspy; ,l;L ghJfhg;ghf
FopNjhz;bg; Gijf;fg;gl;bUe;j kahdq;fNs ,itahFk;.
 guzp kahdq;fs; - m];jpAld; $ba rpwpa ghj;jpuq;fs; ngupa
ghj;jpuj;jpDs; itj;Jg; ghJfhf;ffg;gl;Ls;s kahdq;fshFk;.
 fspkz; Xl kahdk; - gr;irf;fspkz;zhy; Xlk;Nghd;w tbtpy; xU
nrt;tf Rtu; Nghd;w fl;Lkhdk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;Fs; vYk;Gf;$L
itj;J vupf;fg;gl;lJ.. ,jdhy; gr;irf;fspkz; Rlg;gl;L gjkile;jJ.
,t;thW vupj;Jg; ngwg;gl;l m];jp mjw;Fs; ghJfhg;ghf
itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,it fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; ngufy> `y;JKy;y>
cluQ;rkhlk;.
Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy njhopDl;gk;
03 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy njhopDg;gg; gad;ghl;bd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Ff?

 cNyhfg; gad;ghL ,lk;ngw;wJ.( fy;yhAjq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf

cNyhfg;ghtid ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,Ug;igg; gad;gLj;jp cgfuzq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. fhLfis mopj;jy;> epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jy;> xOjy;
Nghd;w Ntiyfis vspjhfr; nra;jdu;)
 epwe;;jPl;lg;gl;l kl;ghz;l Jz;Lfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wikahdJ mf;fhy
kf;fspd; tidjy;El;gk;> fiyEl;gk; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.(
cluQ;rkhlj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l epwe;jPl;lg;gl;l kz;ghj;jpuk;)

22
  njhopDl;g Kiwapyhd tPLfs; mikf;Fk; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lik.(
tPLfs; fPopwq;fhky; mikf;Fk; Kiw> epyj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;jhf Rtii
mikj;jy;> fjTfis Kiwahf mikj;jy; vd;gd ,jw;F cjhuzk;
cluQ;rkhlf; FbapUg;G)
 kz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l kzpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
 G+jTly;fisj; jfdk; nra;J m];jpia kl;ghz;lq;fspy;
,l;Litj;jy;
ghlNtis 05
tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;
01 Muk;g tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; fhyg;gFjp vJ?

fp.K 450 – fp.gp 300

02 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fs; guk;gpapUf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fisf;

rupahff; fhl;Lk; Fwpfhl;bahf tpsq;Fgit vit?
fpuhkf; Fsq;fspd; guk;gy;
FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;
03 tuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa gpujhd
fhuzp vJ?
Gtpapay; gpd;dzp
04 mt;thwhd Gtpapay; fhzpfs; vit?
1 kiotPo;r;rpapd; msT
2 kz;zpd; jd;ik
3 ,aw;if tsq;fspd; guk;gy;
4 jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghL
5 ePNuhilfs;

23
 kiotPo;r;rpapd; msT
cyu; tyaj;jpNyNa FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. tptrhaj;jpw;F kioePu;
mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; tlfPo; gUthf;fhw;W %yk; mjpfkhf kio

fpilj;j ,lq;fspy; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;jdu;. 1000 – 1250 kpy;ypkPw;wu;

kio fpilj;j ,lq;fspNyNa mjpfk; FbapUg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;lJ.

ky;tj;JXah> fyhXah> kfhtypfq;if> khzpf;ffq;if Nghd;w
ejpg;gsj;jhf;Ffspy; kf;fs; mjpfk; tho;e;jdu;.
kz;zpd; jd;ik
Muk;gfhy FbNaw;wq;fs; cyu; tyaj;jpy; gutpaikf;fhd fhuzk; tskhd
kz; fhzg;gl;likahFk;. ,q;F fhzg;gLk; nrq;fgpy epw kz; tptrhak;
nra;tjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;
,aw;if tsq;fspd; guk;gy;
kz;tsk;> ePu;tsk;> kpUftsk; mjpfk; cs;s ,lq;fspNyNa kf;fs; mjpfk;
tho;;e;Js;sdu;.
05 Muk;gfhy FbNaw;wq;fs; ejpf;fiufSf;F mg;ghy; mikf;fg;gl;likf;fhd
fhuzk; ahJ?
MWfspy; Vw;gLk; nts;sg;ngUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; njhopDl;g Mw;wy;
,d;ik
06 MWfSf;Ff; FWf;Nf mizfl;Lk; kiw muk;gkhd Mz;L vJ?
fp.K 1Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miug;gFjp my;yJ fp.gp 1Mk; E}w;whz;L
07 fpupe;jp XahTf;F FWf;Nf mizfl;b jp];]kfhuhk Fsj;ij mikj;jtd;

,sehfd; (fp.gp 33 – 43)

08 Fsj;jpd; mizf;fl;Lf;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mtuz vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mtuz

24
FbNaw;wj;jpd; ,ay;GfSk; fl;likg;Gk;
09 tuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Ff?
1 Fsj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L fpuhkq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jd.
2 xU fpuhkk; kw;iwa fpuhkj;jpypUe;J fhLfshy; gpupf;fg;gl;Lk;
fhzg;gl;lik.
3 njhopy; mbg;gilapy; xd;Wgl;bUe;j fpuhkq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
4 njhopy; mbg;gilapy; fpuhkq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
Fsj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L fpuhkq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jd.
kioePuhy; Cl;lk;ngWk; rpW Fsq;fis ikag;gLj;jpf; fpuhkq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld. ,t;thW tsu;r;rpaile;j fpuhkq;fs; thgpfhk vd ,yf;fpa
%yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. kfhtk;rj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Rkz
thgpfhk> `_e;jup thgpfhk> fl` thgpfhk vd;gd ,tw;Wf;F
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
njhopy; mbg;gilapy; xd;Wgl;bUe;j fpuhkq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
gy;NtW njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fs; jkJ njhopy; uPjpahf xd;Wgl;L
tho;e;j fpuhkq;fSk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sik.

fpuhkk; tho;e;j gpuptpdu;

frPfhufhk tptrhapfs; thOk; fpuhkk;
kzpfhufhk ,uj;jpdf;fy;NyhL njhlu;Gilatu;fs; thoe;ej fpuhkk;
Nfhghyffhk ,ilau; tho;e;j fpuhkk;
Nftl;lfhk kPdtu; thOk; fpuhkk;
Fk;gfhufhk Fatu;fs; thOk; fpuhkk;
tl;lfPfhk jr;ru; thOk; fpuhkk;

25
 njhopy; mbg;gilapy; fpuhkq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik
njhopy;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; fpuhkq;fs; mike;jpUe;jik.

gl;lhdfhk – JiwKfj;ij mz;ba fpuhkk;

epak;fk; - tu;j;jf fpuhkk;(rpW efuk;)

xyfk; - iftplg;gl;l Fsq;fis mz;ba fpuhkk;
10 FbapUg;Gf;fspd; NtW ,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 fpuhkq;fs; gy;NtW msTfspy; fhzg;gl;Ls;sik.
(rpW fpuhkk; 0.15 n`f;nlaiu tplf;FiwT> kj;jpa fpuhkk; 2 n`f;nlau;>
kpfg;ngupa efuf; FbapUg;G 2 n`f;nlaiu tplg; ngupaJ)

2 nghJthf xU fpuhkj;jpy; 5 – 6 tiuahd FLk;gq;fNs trpj;jd. ngupa

fpuhkq;fspy; 30 FLk;gq;fs; tho;e;Js;sd.

3 ngupa efuf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; Guk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. fp.K 250Mk;
Mz;lstpy; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; efupd; gpujhd fl;ll th];Jf;
fiyQu; Gufkj;j vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;. 1k; tp[aghFtpd;
gdhfLtnrg;Ngl;by; mDuhjGuk; EUGuk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.K
6Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ khfk efupYk; mjid mz;ba efuq;fspYk;
35000 Ngu; trpj;Js;sdu;.
4 Ntypapl;Lg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fs; gupfpj;jfk vd miof;fg;gl;ld.
mt;thW ghJfhf;fg;glhj fpuhkq;fs; mgupfpj;jfk vdg;gl;ld.
11 tuyhw;Wf;fhy FbapUg;Gf;fspd; epu;thf xOq;fikg;igf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1 fpuhkk; vd;gJ rpy FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;l myfhFk;.
2 FLk;gk; vd;gJ fpuhkj;jpd; Kf;fpak; tha;e;j myfhFk;.
3 FLk;gj;ijg; gpujpepj;Jtg;gLj;Jgtd; FLk;gj; jiytd; Mthd;. gpuhkpf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mtd; Fu;`gjp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shd;.
4 fpuhkj;jpy; FLk;gj;jiytu;fisf; nfhz;l FOtpd; jiytd; fkpf
my;yJ fpuhkpf vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

26
 5 gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F 10
fpuhkj;jiytu;fisf; nfhz;l FO nraw;gl;lJ. ,J gj;Jf; fpuhkg;
gpujhdpfs; vd;Dk; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ( fSjpanghFz
fy;ntl;by; mt;tpfhiug; gpf;FfSf;F jhdk; toq;Ftjpy; VJk; gpur;rpid
Vw;gl;lhy; gj;Jf; fpuhkg; gpujhdpfSk; Nru;e;J jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.)
12 epyj;ij mfo;e;J mjd; Nky; kz; G+rp tPl;bd; jsk; mikf;fg;gl;l fp.gp 3Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j tPl;bd; rpijTfs; fhzg;gl;l ,lk;
jp];]kfhuhikapd; tyfk;gj;J
16 tuyhw;Wf;fhy kf;fspd; gpiog;G Kiwfs; vit?
1 ejpg;gLiffSf;F mg;ghy; FbapUg;Gf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;l NghJ
Nridg;gapu;r;nra;if rPtNdhghakhf tpsq;fpaJ. Fuf;fd;> vs;> fiuauprp
vd;gd gapuplg;gl;ld.
2 fpuhkf; Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ney; gpujhd gapuhf khwpaJ
3 kPd;gpb> ke;ij tsu;j;jy;> tu;j;jfk; vd;gdTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
17 Muk;g tuyhw;Wf;fhy kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs;
1 mjpfupf;Fk; rdj;njhiff;F czT cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
2 ePiur; Nrfupj;Jitj;jYk; tpepNahfpj;jYk;
3 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G
4 ePuK
; fhik (fpilf;Fk; ePiu rpf;fdkhf Kiwikahd jpl;lj;jpd; gb
gfpu;e;J gad;gLj;Jjy;)
18 gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F rpW Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOJf.
1 ,uizkLg;gbT
2 MjpN`hNkhNrg;gpad;
3 El;gkhd fy;yhAjq;fs;
4 ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;F

27
ghlNtis 6
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy> Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhy kdpju;fs; tho;e;j gpd;tUk;
,lq;fis ,yq;ifg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
khe;ij mypfy ghfpad;fy gl;lnjhk;ngyd
ngy;yd;gjpngy;y] uhthzd; vy;y MidapwT G+efup gue;jd;
,uizkL jpUNfhzkiy Fjpiukiy Nkhjufk;MW
mDuhjGuk; nghk;gupg;G fyhXah nghyeWit
ghyhtp Gj;jsk; rpyhgk; jk;Gs;is
fSjpa fz;b Nguhjid gpgpiy

gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis ,yq;ifg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

fk;gis fpj;Js;fy mtprhtisgpafk fsdp
nfhOk;G ky;thid rptnehspghjkiy gz;lhutis
FUtpl;l fSfq;if ,uj;jpdgup kpdpfhfy;fe;j
tsitfq;if jp];]kfhuhik mk;ghe;Njhl;il jq;fhiy
khj;jiw fhyp EyNuypah Gj;jy

28
 myF 03
,yq;ifapy; murpay; mjpfhu tsu;r;rp
(ghlNtis 12)
ghlNtis 01
muRfSf;F Kw;fl;l fhyk;
01 muRfSf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?
munrhd;W Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;G ,yq;ifapy; ehl;il epu;tfpf;f ,Ue;j
KiwikahFk;.
02 fp.K 2400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng rpwe;j tptrha rKfk; epytpaJ vd;gjw;F
Mjhuk; fpilj;Js;s ,lq;fs; vit?
ngufy;y> `y;JKy;y
03 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ngUtpUg;G vd miof;fg;gl;lJ vJ?
kf;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikNahupd; tpUg;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij
04 ,yq;ifapd; muRfSf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; rpwpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F Ml;rp
mjpfhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldu;? gUkf
05 gpuNjr epu;thfj;ij gUkf Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhu; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuk; vJ?
fz;lyk vd;Dk; gpuNjrj;jpd; nfhy;fe;ijapy; cs;s fy;ntl;L
06 njhl;lNgh[f vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu; ahu;?
glFj;Jiwia epu;tfpg;gtu;
07 gUkfTf;F epu;thf mjpfhuk; fpilj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 mtu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l nry;tq;fs;
2 mjdhy; mtUf;Ff; fpilj;j mjpfhuk;
08 muRf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j gpuNjr mjpfhupfshf ,Ue;jtu;fs;

1 ,y;yj;jiytd; / Fu;`gjp/f`gjp/fpUfgjp

2 fpuhkj;jiytd; / fkpf / fpuhkpf / fpuhkNgh[f

3 gUkf
29
ghlNtis 02
,y;yj;jiytd;
01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; FLk;gk; vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ?
Fyk;
02 fp.K 250Mk; Mz;il mz;ba fhyg;gFjpapy; FLk;gj;jiytd; vt;thW
miof;fg;gl;lhd;
f`gjp
03 FLk;gj;jiytd; xUtd; gpf;Fkhu;fspd; eyDf;fhf fw;Fif xd;iwj;
jhdkspj;jjhff; $Wk; fy;ntl;L vJ? mjpy; vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
mDuhjGuk; ngupaGspad;Fsk;
Rkztpd; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j cNyhff; ifj;njhopy; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j
,y;yj;jiytd; xUtd; gpf;Ffspd; Nrkeyd; fUjp fw;Fif xd;iwr; Rj;jk;
nra;J jhdkspj;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
04 ,y;yj;jiytdpd; flikfs;
1 jd; FLk;gj;jtuJ Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy;
2 jd; FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fis giftuplj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; tpyq;FfspypUe;Jk;
fhj;jy;
3 FLk;gj;jpy; xw;Wikia epiyehl;Ljy;
4 FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fsJ xOf;fj;ij ghJfhj;jy;
5 rka tsu;rr
; papy; gq;fhw;Wjy;
ghlNtis 03
fpuhkj;jiytd;
01 Guhjd fhy fpuhkj; jiytu;fs; vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;

fkpf / fpuhkpf / fpuhkNgh[f

02 fpuhkq;fis mf;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jpdu;?

1 vq;fsJ Cu; (jhk; thOk; fpuhkk;)
2 may; Cu;( maypy; ,Ue;j fpuhkq;fs;)
3 ntspA+u;fs; (J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;j fpuhkq;fs;)
30
03 fpuhkj;J ,y;yj;jiytu;fspy; ,Ue;Nj fkpf njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu; vdf;$Wk;
Ehy; vJ> mjid vOjpatu; ahu;?
Gj;jNfhruJ rke;jghrjpfh
04 fpuhkj;jiytDf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jFjpfs;
1 ,y;yj;jiytdhf ,Uj;jy;
2 nrhj;J> gyk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uj;jy;
3 FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fsJ ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy;
05 Viof;Fbahdtd; xUtd; mLj;j Nghfj;jpy; jUtjhff; $wp fkpftplk; ney;
%l;il xd;iwf; fldhfg; ngw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ?
[hjpf ml;lfjh
06 fkpftpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gzpfs;
1 fpuhkg;nghJ epfo;TfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;
2 fpuhkf;Fsj;ij epu;tfpj;jy;> ePiu tpepNahfpj;jy;
3 fpuhkj;jtu;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;j;jy;
4 fpuhkj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; epiyehl;Ljy;
5 rka tsu;r;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sjy;
6 rkhjhd rftho;T epyTtjw;F cjtp nra;jy;.
07 fpuhkj; jiytu;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; ey;YTwitg; Ngzpdu; vd;gjw;F
Mjhuk; fpilj;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
rpj;Jy;gt;t tpfhiuf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd nfhutf;ftpy; cs;s fw;Fif
08 mf;fy;ntl;by; Fifia Rj;jkhf;fp jhdkspf;f Kd;te;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLk;
fpuhkj;jiytu;fs; ahtu;?
fkpfrpt> fkpfRkz> fkpfrjd

31
ghlNtis 04
gUkf
01 rpW Fsq;fspy; Vw;gLk; ePu;gg
; w;whf;Fiwia rkhspf;f ifahz;l Kiw vJ?
jdpj;jdpahf fhzg;gLk; Fsq;fis fhy;tha;fs; %yk; xd;wpizj;J
Fsj;njhFjpia cUthf;fy;. ,j;njhFjpf;F nghJthf ntg;gpughjda
vdTk; cyu; tyaj;jpy; vy;yq;fht vd;Dk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
02 ePu;gg
; w;whf;Fiw Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

 kio fhyj;jpy; NrUk; ePu; gw;whf;Fiwahf ,Ue;jik

 rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fk;
 rdj;njhifj; ngUf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd ePiug;ngwy;
03 ,t;thwhd Fsj;njhFjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 Nkl;Lg;ghq;fhd epyj;jpy; mike;Js;s Fsk; kio ePuhy; epuk;Gk;NghJ
ntspNaWk; Nkyjpf ePiu jho;epyg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s Fsk; xd;wpw;F
jpUg;gptpLjy;
2 ,U Fsq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhy;thapy; ve;NeuKk; ePiug;ghatpLtjd;
%yk; mjd; ,Ugf;f epyq;fspdJk; <uj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhj;jy;
04 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; murpay; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rpaila
tpj;jpl;ltu;fs; ahu;?

gUkf(gpuKf vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jJ – gy fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fpa

xU gpuNjrj;jpd; epu;thf mjpfhup)

05 gUkftplk; fhzg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; (flikfs;) vit?
1 tup mwtpLk; mjpfhuk;
2 vy;yh fkpfkhiuAk; newpg;gLj;Jjy;
3 Fsj;njhFjp ePu; gq;fplg;gLk; Kiw
4 fpuhkq;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;
4 fpuhkq;fspd; nghJ epfo;TfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;

32
06 gUkf vd;gtu; jkJ gpuNjr murdhfr; nraw;gl;lhu; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs;
1 khj;jis khtl;lj;jpd; vk;Gy;mk;Ng vDkplj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy;
Nghrdp murd; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ gUkfitNtNa MFk;.
2 Nffhiyapy; cs;s al`nyd vd;w tpfhiuapd; fy;ntl;by; gpuNjr
epu;thfp xUtu; Jfju[ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,jd; fUj;J kf;fis
kfpo;tpg;gtu;
5 gUkf gjtp tfpj;j ngz;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldu; gUkfY
ghlNtis 05
murpd; tsu;r;rp
01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk; tpuptile;J fhzg;gl;l Kiwfs; vit?
FLk;gk; - FLk;gj;jiytd;
fpuhkk; - fkpf
gpuNjrk; - gUkf
02 mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
murpay; mjpfhuj;ij me;je;jg; gpuNjrj;ijg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;
Ml;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLjyhFk;.
03 mjpfhu ikag;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
vd;gJ mjpfhuk; xU jdpahsplj;jpy; Ftpe;J fhzg;gLjyhFk;.
04 muR vt;thW Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ?
gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis xUKfg;gLj;jp xU egupd; fPo; nfhz;L
tUtjd; %yk;
06 murd; vd;w gjtp vt;thW Njhd;wpaJ?
,y;yj;jiytd;  fkpf  gUkf  murd;
07 ,yq;ifia Ml;rp Gupe;j Kjy; kd;dd; ahu;?

gz;Lfhgad;

33
08 gz;Lfhgad; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; kd;dd; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

1 gpuhe;jpa mjpfhupfshf ,Ue;j khkd;khu;fisf;nfhd;W gpuhe;jpa uPjpapy;

gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;j mjpfhuq;fis xUKfg;gLj;jpdhd;.

2 jdJ Ml;rpapd; kj;jpa epiyakhf mDuhjguj;ij njupT nra;jhd;

3 jhd; Ml;rpf;F te;J gj;jhtJ Mz;by; ehl;bYs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F

vy;iyfis tFj;jhd;.

4 ,yq;ifapy; rpjWz;L fhzg;gl;l Mupaf;FOf;fis xd;WgLj;jpdhd;.

5 ehl;L kf;fspd; ePu;j;Njitia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf mDuhjGu efupy;

mgathtpia mikj;jhd;.

6 mDuhjGu efupy; midj;J kjj;jtu;fSk; topglj;jf;fthW jdpj;jdpNa

rkaf; fl;llq;fis mikj;jhd;.

6 mur mjpfhuq;fis ikag;gLj;jp 70 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;jhd;.

09 ghjpfhga kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; kj;jpa epu;thfk; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jikapd;

ntspg;ghLfs; vit?

1 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;J ,Ue;jJ

2 cNuhKf;F tu;j;jf J}Jf;FOit mDg;gpdhd; mf;FO jpUg;gptUk; NghJ

fz;zhb> gtsk;> gspq;F> Mguzq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L te;jJ.

3 cNuhKld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G ,Ue;jikf;Fr; rhd;whf khNjhl;lj;jpYk;>

rpfpupahtpYk; cNuhk ehzaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4 Utd;ntyprhaTf;F khngUk; G+i[ xd;iw epfo;j;jpa ,tdJ

cUtr;rpiy Utd;ntyprha Kw;wj;jpy; cs;sJ.

34
10 Njtek;gpajPr kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; kj;jpa kag;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thfk; NkYk;

rpwg;gile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik.( fpof;F Nkw;F ehLfis

,izf;Fk; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; Clhf mike;jpUe;j tu;j;jfg;ghijapd;

ikaj;jpy; ,yq;if mike;jpUe;jikAk;> ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; Kf;fpak;

ngw;wpUe;j ,uj;jpdf;fw;fs;> ahidfs;> thridj;jputpaq;fs; ,q;F

fhzg;gl;likahYk;)

2 mur mjpfhuj;jpd; rpd;dkhf rj;jpupa Fy Kiwg;gb Kb#l;Ltpohit

elj;jpdhd;. (,tdJ rkfhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rpnra;j

mNrhfr;rf;futu;j;jpapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l Njtek;gpa – flTSf;Fg;

gpupakhd vd;w gl;lj;ij #bf;nfhz;lNjhL mNrhfdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l

Kb#l;L tpohTf;Fj; Njitahd Mytl;lk;> rhkiu> ghjzpfs;>

kq;fsths;> new;wpg;gl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L Kb#bf; nfhz;lhd;

3 ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; kfpe;jNjuuhy; ngsj;j kjk; ,yq;iff;F nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ. gpf;Fzp rq;fkpj;ijahy; nts;suRf;fpis nfhz;L tug;gl;L

kfhNkftdg;G+q;fhtpy; elg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F fjpu;fhkk;> re;jdfhkk;

gpuNjrj;jiytu;fs; miof;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;.,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ ngsj;j

kd;dd; vd;w ngUikapidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;.

4 ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; gad;ngWk; tifapy; J}guhkitAk;

jp]hthtpiaAk; fl;bdhd;.

35
ghlNtis 06
kf;fs; murdplk; vjpu;ghu;j;j Nritfs;

01 Guhjd fhy kf;fs; murdplk; vjpu;ghu;j;j Nritfs; vit?

1 ehl;il nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;. Fsq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs;
mikj;J nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
(cjhuzkhf guhf;fpukghF guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk; mq;fkby;yhf; fhy;tha;
vd;gtw;iw mikj;jik)
2 ehl;L kf;fis ghJfhj;jy;. ntspehl;L> cs;ehl;L vjpupfspd;
,ilA+Wfspy; ,Ue;J kf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;. (cjhuzkhf Nrdd;
Fj;jpfd; vd;fpd;w Fjpiu tpahghupfsplkpUe;J mNryd; ehl;ilkPl;lik)
3 kf;fspd; Md;kf
P <Nlw;wj;jpw;F cjTjy;. ,jw;fhf tpfhiufs;>
jhJNfhgq;fs;> Muhikfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fl;Ljy;. (Njtek;gpajPrd;
J}guhkitAk; Jl;lifKD Utd;ntyprhaitAk; fl;bdhd;)
ghlNtis 07
muRupik gpd;gw;wg;gl;l Kiwfs;;

01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; muRupik vt;thW gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd cjhuzq;fs;

1 je;ijaplkpUe;J kfDf;F fpilj;jJ
1 gz;Lfhgadpd; gpd; mtd; kfd; %j;jrptd;
2 %j;jrptDf;Fg; gpd; mtd; kfd; Njtek;gpajPrd;
3 fhte;jPrdpd; gpd; mtd; kfd; Jl;lifKD
4 trgDf;Fg;gpd; mtd; kfd; tq;feh]pfjp];]
5 4k; KfyDf;Fg;gpd; mtd; kfd;; ,sturd; fPu;j;jp
5 rj;jhjPrDf;Fg;gpd; mtd; kfd; Jyhj;jdd;
2 rNfhjudplk; ,Ue;J rNfhjuDf;F fpilj;jJ
1 Njtek;gpajPrdpd; gpd; mtdJ rNfhuu;fshd cj;jpa> k`hrpt>
#ujp];]> mNry Ml;rpf;F te;jik
2 Jl;lifKDtpd; gpd; rNfhjud; rj;jhjPrd;
3 4k;NrdDf;Fg;gpd; mtd; rNfhjud; 4k; kfpe;jd;

36
02 rpk;khrdg; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
1 jhJNrddpd; ,uz;lhtJ kidtpapd; kfdhd fhrpag;gd; KjyhtJ
kidtpapd; kfdhd KfyDf;Fg; gae;J jhJNrddplkpUe;J Ml;rpiaf;
ifg;gw;wpdhd;
2 rj;jhjPrd; ,we;jJk; Vw;gl;l gy Mz;L gpur;rpidfspd; gpd;du; mtd;
kfd; tyfk;ghF Ml;rpf;F te;jik
3 1k; tp[aghF ,wf;f mtd; kfd; tpf;fpukghFTf;Fk; tp[aghFtpd;
rNfhjud; [agHFTf;FkpilNa gpzf;F Vw;gl;L tpf;fpukghF Ml;rpf;F
te;jik
03 Gujhd fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;j ngz; murpfs; ahtu;
RfyhNjtp> yPyhtjP> fy;ahztjp
ghlNtis 08
murfUtp
01 Guhjd fhy epu;thf Kiwapd; mikg;gpid fl;likg;G %yk; fhl;Lf

kfhuh[h (kGWKfh)

jiyik mikr;ru; - kfh mkjp(k`kj)

mikr;ru;fs;(mnkj) + jsgjpfs; (Nrdhjpgjp)

nghUshsu;(glfupf)

czTr;rhiy mjpfhup (gjF)

tof;fq;fs; kuGKiwfs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhup (nfhJWNfdh)

efughyfu;(efuFj;jpf)

Fjpiug;gpuptpd; jiytu; (mr mnjf)

ahidg;gpuptpd; jiytu; (`jp mnjf)

ehl;bag;gpuptpd; jiytu; (el mnjf)

37
 fhR mr;rpLk; gpuptpd; jiytu; (&g mnjf)

tu;j;jf eltbf;iff;fhd jiytu; (gd mnjf)

efu fl;ll epu;khzp (efu tbf)

mur Mtzq;fspd; jiytu; (fd ngbf)

ghlNtis 09

muRupik gpd;gw;wg;gl;l Kiwfs;;

01 mur milahsr; rpd;dq;fshf fUjg;gLgit

1 mur Kj;jpiufs;
2 muru;fs; gad;gLj;jpa ngau;fs; (eNu];tud;(kdpju;fspd; flTs;>
gu;tjuh[d; (kiyfspd; murd;)
02 kj;jpa fhyf;Fjpapy; Ml;rpahsu;fs; #bf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpa ngau;fs; ahit?
Nghjprj;Jtu;> Mz;ltd;> kiyfspd; murd;> FNgud;> rf;futu;j;jp
03 gpd;tUk; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ltu;fs;

#bf;nfhz;l ngau;fs; kd;dd;

eNu];tud; (kdpju;fspd; flTs;) Fl;lfz;z mgad;
kpd;ndupah nja;tk; kfhNrdd;
myfga kfhuh[h (,e;jpuNyhfq;fspd; kfhuh[h) 1k; fhrpag;gd; (FNguf; flTs;)
fhypq;frf;futu;j;jpg; ngUkhd; ep]q;fky;yd;

04 murd; Nghjprj;Jtuhf Njhw;wkspj;jjd; fhuzk; ahJ?

jdJ Fbkf;fspd; khdrPf MWjYf;fhf ePjp> Neu;ik> Md;kf
P j;jd;ilAld;
$ba Ml;rpiaf; nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd flikg;ghl;Lld;
,Ug;gjhff; fhz;gpf;fTk; murd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifAk; kupahijAk;
Vw;gLtjw;fhfTk;

38
05 Guhjd fhy Mrpahf; fz;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j muru;fs; gad;gLj;jpa gl;lk; vJ?
kiyapd; murd;
06 KO cyfj;jpw;Fk; murd; vd;w nghUs;gLk; nrhy; vJ?
rf;futu;j;jp(rf;tpjp)
07 muR njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs;

 murdpd; cau;T
 Ml;rpahsupd; cd;djepiy
 Ms;gtdpd; Kd;khjpupahd jd;ik
 mur ghuk;gupak;
ghlNtis 10

Jl;lifKD
01 ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fSs; Jl;lifKD kd;dd; Kf;fpak;

ngWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 vy;yhs kd;ddplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il kPl;L xd;WgLj;jpaik

2 gpuhe;jpa mjpfhuq;fis xd;wpizj;jik

3 kf;fs; eyNdhk;G jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.

4 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspd; gb ,yq;ifj;jPit xd;WgLj;jpa Kjy; kd;dd;

5 rka tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpaik

vy;yhs kd;ddplk; ,Ue;J ehl;il kPl;L xd;WgLj;jpaik

mf;fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpa ru;tNjr JiwKfkhf ,Ue;j khe;ijia vy;yhsdplk;

,Ue;J kPl;f Kbahky; ,Ue;jJ. ,jid kPl;gjw;fhf je;ijahd

fhte;jPrdpd; topfhl;lypd;gb ,aq;fpdhd;. vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbg;gjw;Fupa

gpd;Gyj;ij mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jtd; fhtd;jPrd; Mthd;. ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy;

Kiwahd Aj;j nraw;ghl;bw;F jiyikjhq;fpatd; ,tdhtdh;.

vy;yhsidj; Njhw;fbg;gjw;F jhd; vLf;Fk; eltbf;if ngsj;j

39
 rhrdj;jpdJk; ehl;bdJk; eyDf;fhfNt vd;w nghJf;nfhs;ifia
Kd;itj;jhd;. ,jw;F ee;jpkpj;jpu> NtYRkz> Ruepky> G];]Njt
cs;spl;l 10 ky;yu;fs; Jiz epd;wdu;. vy;yhsdpd; fy;yiwf;F kupahij
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lisapl;L jdJ murpay; rhzf;fpaj;ij
ntspg;gLj;jpdhd;.
gpuhe;jpa mjpfhuq;fis xd;wpizj;jik
tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fspy; tpupthd Kiwapy; $wg;gLfpd;w Jl;lifKD
kd;dd; ,e;ehl;bd; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij Kiwahd tpjj;jpy;
cUthf;Ftjpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;shd;. ,Jtiu
gd;Kfg;gl;bUe;j gpuhe;jpa mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;j gUkfit xd;W
Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;lik Jl;lifKD ,e;ehl;L murpay; mjpfhu tsu;r;rpf;F
Mw;wpa ngUk; gzpahFk;. gUkfu;fis jdJ epu;thfj;jpy; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;lNjhL mtu;fSf;F Kf;fpa gjtpfisAk; toq;fpdhd;. nghUshsu;>
mwtPl;lhsu;> nrayhsu; Nghd;w gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ljhf
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
kf;fs; eyNdhk;G jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhd;.
jhd; ve;jsT mjpfhuk; gilj;jtdhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; kd;ddpd; flik
nghJkf;fSf;F Nrit nra;tNj vd;gijAzu;e;J Utd;ntyprha>
kpuprntl;ba> Nyhtkfhgha Nghd;w rkaf;fl;blq;fis mikj;Jf;
nfhLj;jhd;. Utd;ntyprha fl;lg;gl;l Ntisapy; mjd; ehw;wpir
thapy;fspYk; jhdkspf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhd;. NkYk; ,jid mikf;Fk;
gzpapy; <Lgl;ltu;fSf;F rk;gsk; toq;fTk; Vw;ghL nra;jhd;.
nghUshjhuj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL jdJ rNfhjudhd
rj;jhjPrid jPfthtp gpuNjrj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;a mDg;gpdhd;.

40
ghlNtis 11

trgd;
01 ehl;bd; epu;thfj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf trg kd;dd; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gf;fs;
1 Gjpa mur tk;rj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhd;

2 ehl;bid epu;thf myFfshfg; gpupj;J Ml;rp Gupe;jhd;

3 ePug
; ;ghrd tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpdhd;.

4 tup mwtpLk; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhd;.

Gjpa mur tk;rj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhd;

trg kd;ddhy; ,yk;gfu;z tk;rk; vd;w Gjpa tk;rk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,yk;gfu;zu;fs; Kd;du; murdpd; Mtzq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jtu;fs;

Mtu;. ,t;tk;rk; 370 Mz;Lfs; ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rpg;nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ.

ehl;bid epu;thf mYFfshfg; gpupj;J Ml;rp Gupe;jhd;

ehl;bid epu;thf myFfshfg; gpupj;J Ml;rpapid Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. Xt;nthU

gpupTf;Fk; mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;du; .,t;tifapy; tlgFjpf;F

epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhupNa up~pfpup vd;gtu; Mthu;. ,tuhy; gpupaq;fjp];]

vd;w tpfhiu fl;lg;gl;ljhfTk; ty;ypGu nghw;rhrdk; $Wfpd;wJ. trg

kd;dd; fhy rhd;Wfs; kl;lf;fsg;G> FUehfy;> rpj;Jy;gt;t Mfpa

,lq;fspy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sjhy; ehL KOtjpYk; Ml;rp nra;Js;sik

njupatUfpd;wJ.

ePu;gg
; hrd tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpdhd;.

,e;jpahtpy; fpU];zhejpg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l czTg;gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf

,yq;ifapd; jhdpaq;fSf;F mjpf Nfs;tp Vw;gl;ljhy; cw;gj;jpia

mjpfupf;f Kjd; Kjypy; ghupa Fsq;fis mikj;jhd;. 11 Fsq;fis

mikj;Js;sjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;Ws; kfhtpyhr;rpa> khdfl;ba>

41
 nehr;rpg;nghj;jhdh Nghd;w Fsq;fSk; vy`uhf;fhy;thAk; Kf;fpakhd

mikg;Gf;fshFk;. NkYk; ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; Ruq;f top ePu;g;ghrd KiwAk;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. jprhthtpapypUe;J uz;kR G+q;fhtpw;Fk;>
Fl;lk;ngha;iff;Fk; Ruq;ftopapy; ePu; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ. ,jid
fh];kuP py; vOjg;gl;l uh[juq;fpdp vd;Dk; E}y; $Wfpd;wJ. trgdpd;
,j;jifa eltbf;iffs; ru;tNjrj;jpw;F Vw;g cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpia ngUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w trgdpd; Kd;khjpupahd Kaw;rpahFk;.
trgdpd; rkag;gzp
gOjile;j tpfhiufs; gytw;iw Gdu; epu;khzk; nra;jhd;. J}guhk J}gpf;F
tl;ljhNfkid mikj;jhd;. gpf;Fkhu;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F
tpfhiufSf;F toq;fg;gl;l nfhLg;gdTfs; gw;wp fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,RWKdpa tpfhiuapy; Nghahkidnahd;iwf; fl;bdhd;.
ghlNtis 12
1k; tp[aghF
01 ,yq;if murpd; mjpfhuk; gykiltjw;F 1k; tp[aghF kd;dd; nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpfs;
1 ,yq;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;w Nrhouhl;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jik
2 nghyeWititia jiyefuhf;fpaik
3 ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J ehl;ilf;fhf;f Kaw;rp vLj;jik (,jw;fhf
khNjhl;lj;jpy; flw;fhty; muz;fis mikj;jhd;)
4 nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpaik
5 rkaj;jpw;Fg; gq;fhw;wpaik

42
,yq;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;w Nrhouhl;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jik

1055,y; cUFizapd; Ml;rpahsdhf te;j 1k; tp[aghF nghyeWitapy;

,Ue;j Nrhou;fis tpul;Ltjw;fhf %d;W topfspy; gilfis mDg;gp

Nrhou;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J KO ehl;ilAk; me;epau; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J

tpLtpj;J 1070,y; KOehl;Lf;Fk; kd;ddhf Kb#bf;nfhz;lhd;.

nghyeWititia jiyefuhf;fpaik

1k; tp[aghF jdJ jiyefuhf nghyeWitNa njupT nra;jhd;. ,jw;Ff;

fhuzk; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; Nkw;if ikakhff; nfhz;L ,lk;ngw;w

ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; fpof;fpw;F khwpaikahFk;. ,jw;F Nfhfu;z JiwKfk;

Vw;wjhf tpsq;fpaJ. kpad;khu;> rPak;> fk;G+r;rpah Nghd;w ehLfNshL

njhlu;Gnfhs;s mj;JiwKfk; trjpahf ,Ue;jikahFk;.

nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpaik

k`hfy;fltythtp> k`hfzjuhtthtp Kjypa J}u;e;JNghd Fsq;fis

Gduikj;jhd;. vy`huf; fhy;thapd; xUgFjpia Gduikj;jhd;.

fe;jsha;thtp> fTLYthtp> kpd;Ndupah Mfpa Fsg;gFjpfspy; kPz;Lk;

tptrhaj;ij Muk;gpj;jhd;. Cth khfhzj;jpy; GJFzthtpia mikj;jhd;.
rkaj;jpw;Fg; gq;fhw;wpaik
kfhtpfhiu> mgafpuptpfhiu> n[j;jtduhktpfhiu> jp];]uhktpfhiu Nghd;w
tpfhiufis Gdu; epu;khzk; nra;jhd;. nghydWitapy; 3 khbfisf;
nfhz;l jyjhkhspifia mikj;jhd;. rptndhspghjiyf;Fr; nry;Yk;
ghijia nrg;gdpl;L jq;Fkpl trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. ngsj;j fy;tpia
tsu;f;f gpupNtdhf;fis mikj;jhd;. rptndhspghjkiyapd; epu;thfr;
nryTf;fhf fpupkiy vd;w fpuhkj;ij xJf;fpaik

43
 myF 04
gz;ila r%fk;
(ghlNtis 12)
ghlNtis 01

01 xU ehl;bid nfhz;L elj;Jfpd;w Kf;fpa jhgdq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lj;Jiw 2 epu;thfj;Jiw 3 ePjpj;Jiw

02 ,yq;ifapy; kd;du; fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw nraw;gl;ld

vd;gjw;F Mjhukhff; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; vit?

1 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; vkJ ehl;by; epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd;gd

fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. epu;thfj;JiwNa rl;lj;JiwahTk; nraw;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jw;F mf;fhyj;jpy; Kbahl;rp Kiw epytpaikNa fhzkhFk;. ,jdhy;

rl;lj;Jiw vd;W jdpahd mikg;nghd;W mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

2 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; “tj;`pkpad; tjhy” vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F murdpd;

Miz vd;gNj nghUshFk;.

3 kd;dDf;F rl;lk; ,aw;WtjpYk; epu;thfj;jpYk; murrig cjtpaJ.

murrigf;F murd; jiytuhf ,Ue;Js;shd;. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

“vf;njd;rkpa” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjw;F mur rigahy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ

vd;gJ nghUshFk;. ,r;nrhy;yhdJ “Vf M];jhd rhk;a” vd;Dk;

nrhw;fspypUe;J cUthdJ.

4 kd;dd; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;NghJ ehl;bd; kuGfisAk; gpf;Ffspd;

MNyhridfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;shd;.

5 murd; ,aw;wpa rpy rl;lq;fs; nrhunghuthtp fy;ntl;by;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

44
03 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; “jrfk; vj;jd;” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ vJ? mjd;

nraw;ghLfs; vit?\

epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;fhf ,aq;fpa RNar;irahd rigahFk;. ,it

gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; nraw;gl;ld. 10 fpuhkq;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; mjd; jiytu;fs; nraw;gl;Ls;du;. ,jw;F Mjhukhf

fSjpanghFz tpfhiuf; fy;ntl;by; tpfhiufSf;F jhdk; toq;Fifapy;

VJk; gpur;rid Vw;gl;lhy; gj;J fpuhkj;jiytu;fSk; xd;W$bj;

jPu;j;Jitf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

04 trg kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; aho;gg

; hzj;ij (ehfjPg) epu;tfpj;j up~pfpup vd;gtu;

gpupaq;fjp];] vd;Dk; tpfhiuia mikj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLk; Mjhuk; vJ?

ty;ypGu nghw;rhrdk;

05 Njtek;gpajPr kd;dDf;Fg; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j mtdJ rNfhjuu;fs; ahtu;?

cj;jpa> k`hrpt> #ujp];]> mNry

06 mf;fhy epu;thfj;jpd; Nehf;ffq;fs; vit?

1 ehl;L kf;fspilNa rkhjhd rftho;it Vw;gLj;jy;

2 mtu;fsJ eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

3 ehl;ilg; ghJfhj;jy;

4 kf;fspd; vjpu;fhy ey;tho;tpw;Fg; gq;fhw;Wjy;

5 may;ehLfSld; ey;Ywitg; NgZjy;

07 Guhjd fhy ePjpj;Jiw nraw;ghLfs; vt;thW ,Ue;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 mf;fhyj;jpy; ePjpkd;wq;fs; rght vd;Dk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2 muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyj;ij ,d;ndhUtUf;F cupj;jhf;FtJ ,t;

mikg;gpd; nraw;ghlhFk;.

45
 3 mDuhjGuj;jpy; cs;s FUkj;jkd vd;Dk; fy;ntl;by; nfNyfk vd;w

,lj;ij kfpe;juhk vd;w gpf;Fzpfspd; Muhikf;F md;gspg;Gr; nra;a

rghitr; Nru;e;j nkdpd;fKNtcja> epfnty;NyNrd Mfpa ,U

mjpfhhpfs; rKfkspj;jdu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;LsJ.

4 rght vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ ,yf;fpaq;fspy; “k`Ny”

vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F k`Nyfk; (gjpthsu; ehafk;) vd;gtu;

nghWg;ghtu;. ,tuJ flik rfy mur eltbf;iffisAk; gjptJk;

mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJk; MFk;.

5 k`Nyfk; vd;gJ ePjpj;JiwNahL njhlu;Gila gjtp MFk;. ,jw;F

Mjhukhf nkjpupfpupahtpy; mikej;jpUe;j vj;nt`u vdg;gl;l

J}gpkidf;F 2k; Nrd kd;ddpd; Mizg;gb fhzp toq;Fk;

eltbf;iff;fhf fhrpag;g vd;Dk; gjpthsu; ehafk; te;Js;shu; vdf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

08 fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; FwpaPLfs; vtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 tprpwp - nrq;Nfhy; 2 nfhb - md;dk; (J}a;ik)

3 gpiw> #upad;> re;jpud; - epiyj;j jd;ik

4 eha;> fhfk; - ,ilQ;ry; nra;Nthu; mLj;j gpwtpapy;

vLf;Fk; gpwg;G

46
ghlNtis 02

Rfhjhu trjpfs;

01 Guhjdfhyj;jpy; vd;gJ itj;jparhiyiaf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l

nrhy; vJ? nt[;[rhyh

02 Kw;fhyj;jpy; epu;thfj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; Rfhjhuj;Jiwia

Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;bAs;sdu; vd;gjw;F Mjhuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?

kd;du;fs; Mw;wpa Rfhjhug; gzp

 gy itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jhd;.
 gj;Jf; fpuhkq;fSf;F xU itj;jpaiu epakpj;jhd;.
Gj;jjhrd;
 %ypifj;Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;fpdhd;.
 “rhuzhu;j;jrq;fpu`a” vd;Dk; itj;jpaE}iy vOjpdhd;.
ehnlq;Fk; fhzg;gl;l itj;jparhiyfSf;F Ntz;ba rfy
5k; kfpe;jd;
trjpfisAk; toq;fpdhd;.
 fha;r;ryhy; gPbf;fg;gl;tu;fSf;nfd jdpahd
4k; fhrpag;gd; itj;jparhiynahd;iw mikj;jhd;.
 ,J “cgrf;f Nuhfehr” vdg;gl;lJ.
 fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khupd; Njitf;fhfg; gpurt tpLjpfis
mikj;jhd;.
1k; cgjp];]  mit “g]te;jp ehk rhy” vdg;gl;ld. gputrj;jpw;fhd
kd;dd; itj;jparhiyfs; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;.
 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,it “jpk;gpupNf”
vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
 mDuhjGuj;jpy; nrhj;jprhy vdg;gLk; tpNrl fl;llq;fis
mikj;jhd;.
gz;Lfhgad;
 ,it gpuhkzu;fspd; topghl;blj;ijf; Fwpj;jNjhL gpurt
tpLjpfisf; Fwpg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

47
  nghyeWit Myh`dh gpupNtdhtpy; itj;jpahriyia
mikj;Js;shd;.
 ,tw;wpd; ,bghLfs; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
1k; guhf;fpukghF  ,q;F kUj;JtXlk;> itj;jpa cgfuzq;fSk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,tw;Ws; rj;jpurpfpr;ir cgfuzq;fSk;
cs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ghlNtis 03

ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if

01 ,yq;if kd;du;fs; ntspehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l njhlu;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gf;F fhuzk; :- ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy;

mike;jpUe;jik> Kf;fpa tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs;

fhzg;gl;lik

2 njhlu;Gnfhz;l ntspehLfs; :-

fpof;F ehLfs; - rPdh> kpad;khu;> fk;G+r;rpah> yhNth];

Nkw;F ehLfs; - fpNuf;fk;> cNuhk;> mNugpah>
may;ehL - ,e;jpah
3 njhlu;Gnfhz;l Jiwfs; - murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> fyhrhuk;(rkak;>
jpUkzk;)

4 fhzg;gl;l JiwKfq;fs – [k;GNfhsg;gl;bdk;(tlf;F)> Nfhfd;d(fpof;F)

nfhltha(njw;F)> kfhjPu;j;j(Nkw;F)
5 njhlu;Gnfhz;l kd;du;fs;
kd;du;fs; ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;

 gj;jpdpj; nja;t Nfhapy; xd;wpd; jpwg;G tpohTf;fhf

1k; f[ghF
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Nru ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;wik

48
  Utd;ntyp jhJNfhgj;jpw;F G+ir nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
fdp];ljp];] fz;zhb kzpfisg;ngw;WtUtjw;fhf cNuhKf;F
J}Jf;FOtpid mDg;gpdhd;.
 cgrk;gjh rlq;fpw;fhf kpad;khupypUe;J gpf;Ffis
tutioj;jhd;.
 nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;l jyjhkhspifapd;
ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Ntisf;fhug;gilia epakpj;jhd;.
1k; tp[aghF ,tu;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
$ypg;gilapduhtu;.
 ntspehLfSld; nfhz;l rkaj; njhlu;gpd; fhuzkhf
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ngsj;jKk;> ,e;J kjKk; mNugpaj;
njhlu;G fhuzkhf ,];yhKk; gutpaJ
6k; rPdhTld; neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzpdhd;. rPd
mf;fNghjp ,uh[je;jpupfs; 20 Kiw ,yq;if te;Js;sdu;.
 cNuhKf;F tu;j;jf J}Jf;FOit mDg;gpdhd;. mf;FO
jpUk;gptUk;NghJ fz;zhb> gspq;F> gtsk;> Mguzq;fs;
vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L te;jdu;.
 (fp.gp 1344 ,y; ,yq;if te;j mNugpa NjrrQ;rhupahd
,gd;gJjh ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
ghjpfhgad;
 ,yq;if kd;du;fs kpad;khUld; ahid tu;j;jfj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
 mNugpa kd;du;fSld; gupRg;nghUl;fis ,yq;if
kd;du;fs; gupkhwpf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpw;F Mjhukhf cNuhk ehzaq;fSk;>
rPd kl;ghz;lq;fSk; fz;nLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 fypq;f ,sturpahd jpupNyhfRe;jupiaj; jpUkzk;
nra;jNjhL jdJ rNfhjupia ghz;ba ,sturDf;F
1k; tp[aghF jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jhd;.
 ,jw;F ,yq;ifiag; ghJfhf;f NrhoUf;F vjpuhd
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifNa fhuzk;

49
ghlNtis 04

gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis ,yq;ifg; GwcUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

gioa JiwKfk; - [k;GNfhsg;gl;bdk;> #fhujPj;j> kfhjpj;j> cUnty>

ry;tj;Njhl;l> fhyjpj;j> gpk;gjpj;j> fpk;`jpj;j> kfthYfhk>

epy;tsjpj;j> Nfhj;jg;gj> njhl;lYnjhl;l> Nfhfz;zjpj;j>

gy;ytq;f

tu;j;jfefuk; - fJUnfhl> jtfpupefuk;> gkefuk;> mfefuk;> epypaefuk;>

rptefuk;> Njtefuk;> gj;jrefuk;> khfk> cjpefuk;> frgefuk;>

efefuk;

ghlNtis 05

nghUshjhuk;

01 Guhjdfhy kf;fsJ nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilfs; vit?

1 rPtNdhghakhf tptrhak; fhzg;gl;lJ

2 ke;ij tsu;gG
; k; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

3 gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd

4 cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tzpfk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ

5 gy;NtW Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhf gy;NtW fiyQu;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;.

tptrhak;

02 Guhjdfhy tptrhaj;jpd; gpujhd gpupTfs; ,uz;Lk; vit?

1 gapu;r;nra;if 2 ke;ij tsu;gG

;

03 gapu;r;nra;ifapd; gpupTfs; vit?

1 Nridg;gapu;r;nra;if 2 new;nra;if

50
Nridg;gapu;r;nra;if

04 Nridg;gapu;r;nra;if vd;why; vd;d?

jkf;Fj; Njitahd cztpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf NghJkhd

fhl;bidj; njupT nra;J mjidj; jPapl;Lf;nfhOj;jp Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

gapu;r;nra;ifahFk;.

05 Guhjdfhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl; Nridg;gapu;r;nra;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

vit?

1 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; “nrn`d;”(Gj; ruz) > “Nrd”(ck;kf;f [hjf)> “gplgpk;”

(fy;ntl;L) vd;Dk; nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpLg;gLtJ Nridg;gapu;r;nra;ifahFk;.

2 ,J Nkl;Lepyg; gapu;r;nra;ifahFk;.

3 Nridg;gapu;r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gbKiwfs;

1 jkf;Fj; Njitahd epyg;gug;Gf;fis ngUq;fhLfspy; ,Ue;J

ngWjy;

2 rg;jkpl;L xyp vOg;gp rfy capupdq;fisAk; mfw;Wjy;

3 fhl;il mopj;J mg;gFjpf;F jP %l;b mjidr; Rj;jpfupj;Jf;

nfhs;Sjy;

4 kuk;> mbg;gFjpfs; vd;gtw;iw jPapl;Lg; nghRf;fp epyj;ijg;

gz;gLj;jy;

5 gapu;r;nra;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

6 kpUfq;fsplkpUe;J ghjfhj;jy;

4 etnjdp Nrd – Gjpjhf jPaplg;gl;l fhzpahFk;. NkYk; tskhd

NridfSk; ,g;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk;.

rj;ju;kuj;dhtypapy; ,r;nrhy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

51
 etnjdp Nrd; vd;gjw;F Fuf;fd;> nfhs;S> cOe;J> gaW> Nrhsk;> fk;G>

tuF> jpid> Xkk; Mfpa xd;gJ jhdpaq;fs; tsUk; ,lk; vdTk;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ.

5 ,q;F ney;(fiuney;)> Nrhsk;> Fuf;fd;> gaW> cOe;J> tuF> vs;S>

jpiz Nghd;w jhdpaq;fSk;> fj;jupf;fha;> G+rzpf;fha;> tl;Lf;fha;>

Riuf;fha;> nts;supf;fha; Nghd;wdTk; gapuplg;gLk;.

6 Nridg;gapu;r;nra;ifNahL njhlu;gila nrhw;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;

nrhw;fs; fUj;Jf;fs;
fdj;j rpy fhyk; iftplg;gl;L kPsTk; gapuplg;gLk; Nridfs;
ngy Nridapy; cau; kuk; xd;wpy; fl;lg;gl;l rpW Fbir
jz;Lntl;l jPaplg;gl;l kuq;fspd; fk;Gfshy; Nriiar; Rw;wp
mikf;fg;gl;l Ntyp
fpdpahjpfht fhLfSf;F jPapl Kd;du; mq;Fs;s tpyq;Ffis
tpul;Ltjw;F xyp vOg;Gjy;.
n`ypflh ghid xd;iwf; jiyahff; nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;l
ntUsp

7 Nridg;gapu;r;nra;ifNahL njhlu;Gila tupfs; - nfjpml> nfLfdf.

,t;tupfis ePf;fpa nghyeWit kd;dd; ep]q;fky;yd; Mthd;.

ghlNtis 06

new;nra;if

01 Guhjdfhy new;nra;ifapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 mjupfupj;j rdj;njhifapd; czTj;Njitia epiwT nra;aNt

tay;fspy; ney; tpijf;fg;gl;lJ.

2 rpwpa ney;tay;fs; “tay;fs;”; vd;Wk; gue;j tay;fs; “nfj” vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;ld.

52
 3 ngUk;ghYk; ePu;gg
; hrdj;jpd; %yNk new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. kio

fhyj;jpy; Fsq;fspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l ePu; fhy;tha;fs; %yk; tay;fSfF

tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ.

4 xU Kiw gapuplg;gLk; fhyk; Nghfk; vdg;gLk;. ,uz;L fhyq;fspy;

gapuplg;gl;lJ ,it ngUk;Nghfk;> rpWNghfk; vd;gitahFk;. ePu;

fpilf;Fk; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J ,ilg;NghfKk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

Njhzpfy fy;ntl;by; %d;W Nghfq;fs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5 cyu; tyaj;jpd; ePu;j;Njitifs epiwT nra;tjw;F ,U Kiwfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld mit kioePiuj; Njf;fpitg;gJk;> MWfis kwpj;J

fhy;tha;fs; %yk; ePiu tay;fSf;F mDg;GtJkhFk;.

6 trgd;> kfhNrdd;> guhf;fpukghF> jhJNrdd; Nghd;w gy kd;du;fs;

; hrd tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpdu;. guhf;fpukghF kd;dd; “ tpz;zpy;

ePu;gg

,Ue;J kz;zpy; nghopAk; xU Jsp ePiuNaDk; kdpjDf;Fg; gad;lhJ

flypy; fyf;ftplkhl;Nld;” vdf;$wpAs;sik Kd;khjpupahd nraw;ghlhFk;.

ke;ij tsu;gG
;

02 Guhjdfhy ke;ij tsu;gg

; pd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 khL> ML> Nfhop vd;gd tsu;f;fg;gl;ld ,jpy; khL Kf;fpak; ngw;Ws;sJ.

2 khL tsu;g;NghUf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Nfhghyfk; gw;wp fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk;
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
3 czTj;Njitia ,tw;wpd; %yk; ngw;wdu;. japu;> nea;> ntz;nza;
vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngw;wd.
4 4k; fhrpag;g kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;by; $wg;gLk; fpupnfup vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ
ghy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gRitf; Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ.
5 ngz;nzhUj;jp ghy; fwg;gjidf; fhz;gpf;Fk; rpw;gk; rpfpupahtpy; cs;sJ.

53
 6 nghyeWit nkjpupfpupapy; cs;s vj;nt`u kz;lgj;jpy;
itj;jparhiyapy; Nehahsu;fspd; Njitf;fhf MLfspdJk;
NfhopfspdJk; khkprk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghlNtis 07

ifj;njhopy;

01 Guhjd kd;du; fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Kf;fpa ifj;njhopy;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L

mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Ff?

1 cNyhff;ifj;njhopy; - Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,Uk;gj;njhopypy; <Lgl;l

fk;khsu;fisf; Fwpf;f “fgu” vd;w nrhy; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tptrhaj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd kz;ntl;b> Vu;>

mupths; vd;gtw;iw mtu;fs; jahupj;jdu;. nghydWitapd; KJfy;y

vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; k[;[pk vd;Dk;

fk;khsiug;gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NkYk; nrg;G> nts;sPak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; <Lgl;ltu;fis jk;gfu vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ. gz;Lfhgad; fk;khuNjt vd;Dk; nfhy;yu;fspd;

nja;tj;jpw;F Nfhapiyf;fl;bdhd;.

2 Mguzf;ifj;njhopy; - jq;ff;ifj;njhopy; <Lgl;l nghw;nfhy;yu;fspd;

Guhjd fhyj;jpy; Jyhjhu vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;. mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapd;
kz;lyk fy;ntl;by; Jyju Rkz vd;w nghw;nfhy;yu; gw;wpf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mDuhjguk;> kfhfk Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
khiyfSk; Nkhjpuq;fSk; mf;fhyj;jpy; khzpf;ff; ifj;njhopy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sijf; $Wfpd;wJ. khzpf;ff; ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl;ltu;fs;
kzpfu vd;w miof;fg;gl;ldu;. n[jtduhk mfo;tpd; NghJ xU
ney;kzp mstpyhd jq;fj;jpy; 21 G+ Ntiyg;ghLfs; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,J mf;fhy Mguzf;ifj;njhopypd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

54
3 je;jr;nrJf;fy; ifj;njhopy; - fz;b ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa Ntfpupa

Njthyaj;jpw;F mUfpy; fhzg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; jbfRkz vd;Dk; je;j

nrJf;fy; fiyQu; xUtiug;gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; jbf vd;gJ

je;ijj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.

4 tidjy; ifj;njhopy; - njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfspd; NghJ ngUksT

kl;ghz;lq;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ls;sd. tidjy; njhopyhdJ

mf;fhyj;jpy; ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l njhopyhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. tidjy;

ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; Fk;gfhu vd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. fspkz;zpy; ,Ue;J nrq;fw;fSk;

jahupf;fgl;Ls;sd. nrq;fw;fisj; jahupg;gtu;fis “xYt” vd

kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

5 nerTf; ifj;njhopy; - Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;Nj nerTf;ifj;njhopy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. tp[ad; tUk; NghJ FNtdp E}y;

E}w;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jjhf kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. mk;ghe;njhl;ilapd;

ntn`unfk vDk; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; “jjta” vd E}y;

E}w;gtu;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mf;fhy Nridfspy; gUj;jpAk;

gapuplg;gl;Ls;sJ. n`uf;fk vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by;

Jzp nra;J tpw;gid nra;Nthupd; rq;fk; gpf;FfSf;F xU Fifia

jhdk; nra;jJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

55
ghlNtis 08

tu;j;jfk;

01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; epytpa tu;j;jfj;jpd; ,U gpupTfSk; vit?

1 cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; 2 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;

02 cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 mDuhjGuk;> khfk vd;gd tu;j;jfu;fs; tho;e;j efuq;fshf ,Ue;Js;sd.

; ;G+q;fhtpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;btl;by; “mgytgu” vd;w

2 rpfupahtpd; ePug

tu;j;jfu; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tu; Gsp tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;lTu;

Mthu;.(Mk;y vd;gJ Gsp)

3 mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa tu;j;jf rq;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gjw;F “Gfa” vd;Wk;

“epak];jhd” vdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4 tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; “tzp[“ vdTk; “thgu” vdTk;

miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

5 tu;j;jfu;fs; nry;te;ju;fshf tpsq;fpdu;. mtu;fshy; fw;Fiffs; jhdkhf

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;F Mjhukhf mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpd;

kz;lfy vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;by; Rkz vd;Dk; tzpfu;

fw;Fif xd;iwj; jhdkspj;Js;sjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

6 tu;j;jf re;ijfSk; mf;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. mDuhjGuj;jpd; njw;F

thapypy; fhyRkz vd;w re;ij xd;W ,Ue;Js;sJ. khfktpy; ,Ue;J

mDuhjGuj;jpw;F te;j Ruepky vd;gtu; thridj; jputpaq;fis

thq;fpajhf ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

56
 6 tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd rl;l jpl;lq;fs; fhzg;gl;Ls;sik. 4k; cja

kd;ddpd; nrhunghuthtpf; fy;ntl;by; N`hgpbfk tu;j;jf re;ijapd;

epu;thf eltbf;iffs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7 nrhunghuthtp J}z;fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; re;ij epu;thfk; gw;wpa

rl;lq;fs;

1 re;ijf;F tUk; tz;bfspy; my;yhJ re;ijiaf; fle;J nry;Yk;

tz;bfSf;F tupt#ypf;fg;glf;$lhJ.

2 #upa xspapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gl;l kz;lgk; xd;wpNyNa

ntw;wpiy tpahghuk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

3 Nehd;kjp jpdq;fspy; tu;j;jfk; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$lhJ. (Nehd;kjp

jpdq;fspy; tu;j;jfk; Gupe;Njhu; kfpaq;fid tpfhiuf;F

tpsf;Nfw;Wtjw;fhf vz;nza; jz;lkhf toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ)

4 murpdhy; mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;l juhR> gbf;fy; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;.

5 re;ijf;F tuk; nghUl;fis ,ileLtpy; itj;J thq;ff;$lhJ.

8 cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; cg;G> ,Q;rp> Mil> Mguzk; vd;gd

Kf;fpak; ngw;wd.

ghlNtis 09

ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

01 Gujhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 ,yq;ifapy; 11k; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J 13k; E}w;whz;L tiu njd;dpe;jpa

tk;rhtspfspd; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; gw;wp jkpo; E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

ehdhNjrp> tyQ;rpahu;> Ie;E}w;Wtu; vd;gd rpythFk;.

57
2 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfu;fs; mDuhjGu Muk;g fhyq;fspy; tho;e;Js;sdu;.

,jw;F Mjhukhf njd;khfhzj;jpd; Nghtj;Njfy fy;ntl;by; fhk;Ngh[

k`h Gfpa vd;Dk; thrfk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ

fhk;Ngh[u;fspd; ngU tuj;jf mikg;Gg; gw;wpajhFk;.

Mg;ghdp];jhdpypUe;J ,q;F te;jtu;fNs fhk;Ngh[u;fs; vd

mf;fhyj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

3 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj; njhlu;GfSf;F Kf;fpa fhuzpahf ,yq;if ,e;J

rKj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mike;jpUe;jikNa fhuzkhFk;. fpof;F – Nkw;F

tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspd; gupkhw;W epiyakhf ,yq;if mike;Js;sJ.

4 ,yq;ifapy; gy JiwKfq;fSk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sik ntspehl;L

tu;j;jfj;jpw;F ngupJk; cjtpaJ. mDuhjGuj;jpd; Nkw;fpy; khe;ij

JiwKfKk; fpof;fpy; Nfhfd;d JiwKfKk; tlf;fpy;

[k;GNfhsg;gl;bdKk; (rq;fkpj;ij nts;suRf;fpisAld; te;jpwq;fpa

,lk;) fpof;fpy; mike;jpUe;j yq;fhg;gl;bdk;(Gdpjje;jjhJ N`kkhyh

,sturpahYk;> je;j ,sturdhYk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ) Nghd;wd

mike;jpUe;jd.

5 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghUl;fshf ahid> ahidj;je;jk;>

Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> flyhik vd;gd fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

6 cNuhk;> rPdh> fpNuf;fk;> ,e;jpah> mNugpah Nghd;w ehLfNshL tu;j;jfj;

njhlu;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

58
 myF 4

ghlNtis (32 – 01)

Vida njhopy; nra;Ak; fiyQu;fs;

01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; epytpa Vida njhopy; GupAk; fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa

tplaq;fs; vit?

1 Mrpupau;fs; - Mrpupau;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; Mrhu;a vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

fiyfis fw;gpj;jtu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp fiyfspy;

epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtu;fSk; mg;ngauhy;

miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

ahidiag; gof;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; - `];jp Mrhu;a

Fjpiu Xl;lj;ijf; fw;gpj;Njhu; - m];t Mrhu;a

mk;G va;Ak; fiyia fw;gpw;gpw;Nghu; - JD Mrhu;a

2 itj;jpau;fs; - rKfj;ij RfNjfpfshf itj;jpUg;gjw;F

itj;jpau;fspd; gzp Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

itj;jpau;fis Fwpg;gjw;F “nt[“ vd;Dk; nrhy;

gad;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.gp 9k; Ehw;whz;by; itj;jpau;fs;

“k`hNtjdh” vdg;gl;ldu;. ,J Kjd;ik

itj;jpaiuNah my;yJ mWitr;rpfpr;ir nra;Ak;

itj;jpaiuNah Fwpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.

3 tof;fwpQu;fs; - rl;lEZf;fq;fs; njupe;j rl;lty;Yeu;fs; ,yq;ifapy;

tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fs; rl;lj;ij ,aw;WtjpYk;> jPu;g;Gr;
nrhy;tjpYk; kd;dDf;F Jiz epd;wdu;. ,tu;fisf;

Fwpg;gjw;F “nth`hu” vd;Dk; nrhy; gad;gl;Ls;sJ.

,r;nrhy; tpatfhu vd;gjpypUe;J te;jjhFk;.
59
 4 eldf;fiyQu; - FUehfy; khtl;lj;jpd; nkjfktpy; mike;Js;s

tpfhiuapd; fy;ntl;by; jp];] vd;w eldf; fiyQu;

gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tuJ kidtp gUkf gjtp

tfpg;gtuhff; $wg;gl;Ls;shu;.

5 rpj;jpuf;fiyQu; - Xtpau;fisf; Fwpg;gpl “rpjfu” vd;w nrhy;Yk; “ygj”

vd;w nrhy;Yk; gad;gl;Ls;sJ. rk[;fpUjj;jpy; Nygj

vd;gJ myq;fhug;gLj;jy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;ijr;

Nru;e;j nel;Lf;fe;j vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s

fy;ntl;by; ygjjp];] vd;gtiug; gw;wpf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

6 ftpQu;fs; - ftpQu;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;F ftp vd;W nrhy;

gad;gl;Ls;sJ> ygjjp];] vd;gtuJ kfd; rQ;rad;

fy;ntl;by; ftpQu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;.

ghlNtis (32 – 02)

Guhjd fhy rkaq;fs;

01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; epytpa rkaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfisf;

Fwpg;gpLf?

Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j> ,e;J> ,];yhk;> fpwp];jt kjq;fs;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.

ngsj;j kjk;

1 kfpe;jNjuhy; ngsj;j kjk; ,yq;iff;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

2 KjyhtJ ngsj;j kd;ddhf Njtek;gpajPrd; fhzg;gl;Ls;shd;.

60
3 ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjk; Ntfkhfg; gutpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 ngsj;jk; guTtjw;F Kd; xOq;fike;j kjk; fhzg;glhik

2 murd;> mikr;ru;fs; ngsj;j kjj;ijj; jOtpaik

3 ngsj;j kjj;Jld; rpwe;j nksupa fyhrhuq;fs; gutyile;jik

4 tptrhaj;jpw;F Vw;w kjkhf ngsj;jk; fhzg;gl;lik

5 fl;ll> rpw;gf;fiyfs; tsu;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpaik

4 gpf;FfspdJk;> gpf;FzpfspdJk; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jikahy;

Muhikfspd; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf ,aw;ifahf mike;j

fw;Fiffis mtu;fSf;F jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.

5 fw;Fiffis jhdk; nra;Ak; NghJ mtw;iw Rj;jk; nra;J toq;fpdu;.

jhdkspj;jtu;fspd; ngau;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit gpuhkp

vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;ld. (Guhjd rpq;fs nkhop gpuhfpUj

vdg;gl;lJ cjhuzk; kpfpe;jiy> upl;bfy> rpfpupah)

6 fw;Fiffs; jtpu gpf;Ffs; tho;tjw;F gd;drhiyfSk;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Xiy> ,yf;Fg; Gy; Mfpatw;why; Ntag;gl;L

kz;zhy; Rtu; vOg;gg;gl;l fl;llq;fshFk;.
7 jiyikg;gpf;F Njuu; vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtupd; fPo; tho;e;j Vida
FUkhu;fs; me;Njthrpg; gpf;Ffs; vdg;gl;ldu;.
8 jiyikg; gpf;Ffis mz;bthOk; khztg; gpf;Ffs; rjptp`fupa
vdg;gl;ldu;
9 tyfk;ghF kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; jpupgPlfk; E}YUthf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mJtiu mjid kddk; nra;Nj itj;jpUe;jdu;. mt;thW kddk;

nra;j gpf;Ffis ghzf vd mioj;jdu;. jPfepfhahit kddk;
nra;jtu;fs; jPfghzf vdTk;> rq;f Aj;j epfhahit kddk;
nra;jtu;fs; rq;f Aj;j ghzf vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

61
10 ngsj;j kjg; Nghjidfs; gFjp gFjpahfNt gpf;Ffshy; kddk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ

11 gpf;FfSf;F kio fhyq;fspy; Muhikfspy; jq;fpapUf;f miog;G

tpLg;gJ mf;fhy tof;fkhFk;. FUehfy; khtl;lj;jpy; n`yk;gfy

vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; trtrpf vd;Dk; nrhy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; nghUs; kio fhyj;jpy; ghJfhg;ghf

jq;fpapUj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.

12 ngsj;jk; gutpajhy; Vw;gl;l rKf> fyhrhu tpisTfs; vit?

1 xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l xU kjk; Njhd;wpaik

2 xOf;fkhd rKjha Kiwnahd;W Njhd;wpaik( jhdk;

toq;Fjy;> KjpNahiu Mjupj;jy; Nghd;wd)

3 vOj;Jf;fiyfspd; mwpKfKk; nkhop tsu;r;rpAk; Vw;gl;lik

4 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngUe;njhifahf mikf;fg;gl;lik

5 gd;drhiy> Muhikfs;. tpfhiufs;> Nghd;wd fl;lg;gl;lik

,e;Jkjk;

1 njd;dpe;jpah ,yq;iff;F mz;ikapy; ,Ue;jikahy; ,e;jkjf;

fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fshy; gug;gg;gl;ld.

2 mDuhjguj;jpYk; mjw;F mUfhikapYk; gpuhkzu;fs; trpj;Js;sdu;.

gpuhkzu;fs; topghL nra;Ak; ,lj;ij nrhj;jprhyh vd kfhtk;rj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3 rptngUkhDf;F G+irfs; elj;JtJ ,e;Jf;fspd; tof;fkhFk;.

rptypq;fk; gpujp];il nra;ag;gl;l ,lj;ij rPtfrhyh vd kfhtk;r

Bfht $Wfpd;wJ.

62
4 ,yq;if njd;dpe;jpahTf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUg;gjdhy; ,e;J

rkaKk;> jkpo;nkhopAk;> njd;dpe;jpaf; fiyfSk; ,yq;if

fyhrhuj;NjhL ,ize;jd.

5 jkpo; tu;j;jfu;fs; jnkl vd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ls;sdu;.

6 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; gpujhd JiwKfq;fis mz;b jkpou;fs;

tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf mtw;Wf;F mUfpy; rpthyaq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khe;ijf;F mUfpy; jpUf;NfjPr;ruKk;>

Nfhfd;dTf;F mUfpy; jpUf;NfhNdr;ruKk; [k;GNfhs JiwKfj;jpw;F

mUfpy; eFNyr;ruKk; Kf;fpa ,e;J topghl;L ,lq;fshf ,Ue;Js;sd.

7 nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;l rptd; Nfhapy;fs; njd;dpe;jpa

fiykugpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; rptd;> ghu;tjp>

eluh[ rpiyfSk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd>

fpwp];jtk;
1 ,yq;if fpNuf;fk;> cNuhk; Nghd;w ehLfNshL tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; fpwp];jtk; ,yq;ifapy; gutpaJ.

2 mDuhjGuj;jpy; rpYit milahsj;Jld; $ba Guhjd fw;W}z; xd;W

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mr;rpYit milahsk; fj;Njhypf;f rkag;gpupT

xd;whd ne];Nlhupau;fSf;F cupajhFk;. ,k;kjkhdJ ghurPfj;ij

ikakhff; nfhz;L gutpaJ.

3 nfh];k]; vd;Dk; NjrrQ;rhup mDuhjGuj;jpy; tho;e;j ghurPf

tpahghupfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

63
 ,];yhk;

1 ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhk; kjf;fUj;Jf;fs; fp.gp 9k; E}w;whz;by; gpd;G

gutpaJ.

2 muhgpau;fshy; ,yq;if nruz;bg; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ngau;

“fpjhg; my; k];ypf; ty; kkhypf;” vd;Dk; Guhjd muG G+Nfhstpay;

E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

3 KfkJegp tho;e;j fhyg;gFjpapNyNa nruz;bg;gpypUe;J

mk;kjj;ijg;gw;wp mwpe;JJtu xU J}Jf;FO mDg;gg;gl;lJ vd

,gd;r`;upau; vd;gtu; jdJ “m[hapg; my; `pe;j;” vd;Dk; E}ypy;

,jidf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

4 fp.gp 850,y; mNugpa tu;j;jfuhd Riykhd; vd;gtu;

rptndhspghjkiyiaj; juprpg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if te;Js;shu;.

5 gf;jhj; efuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l mg;gh]pau;fspd; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; ,];yhkpau;fspd; tu;j;jf Mjpf;fk; Mrpah vq;Fk; gue;J

epiyj;J epd;wJ.

6 ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;ijr; rpwg;ghfg; Ngz ,yq;if Ml;rpahsu;fs;

cWjpahd eltbf;iffs; vLj;jjhf my;gy#up vd;Dk; muhgpa

tuyhw;whrpupau; $Wfpd;whu;.

ghlNtis (32 – 03)

Guhjd fhy fy;tp Kiw

01 Guhjd fhy fy;tp Kiwapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; vit?

1 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gapw;rpfspd; %yKk; Nfs;tp Qhdj;jpd; %yKNk

xU guk;giuapypUe;J mLj;j guk;giuf;F mwpT ifkhw;wg;gl;lJ.

64
2 4400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng kahdq;fspy; fspkz; Xlf;fy;yiwfSk;>
m];jpitf;fg;gl;Ls;s kl;ghz;lq;fSk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; nfhz;L
mtw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fupa njhopDl;g mwpT ,Ue;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

3 Guhjdfhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Mrpupau;fs; “Mrhu;a” vd;Dk; ngaupy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

4 Gj;jrkak; gutj;njhlq;fpa gpd;du; fy;tpapd; kj;jpa epiyaq;fshf

tpfhiufs; tpsq;fpd. ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; rpq;fsk;> rk];fpUjk;> ghsp>
gpuhfpUj nkhopfspy; kl;Lkd;wp Gj;jju;kj;jpYk; Mo;e;j mwpitf;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
5 mDuhjGuf;fhyj;jpy; kfhtpfhiu rka kj;jpa epiyakhf kl;Lkd;wp
fy;tpapd; kj;jpa epiyakhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J

te;J ,q;F jq;fpapUe;J fy;tpfw;wdu;. jpupgPlfj;jpw;F ml;Lthf;fis

vOjpa Gj;jNfhru; mt;thW te;jtuhthu;.
6 fy;tp tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhdJ vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. NyhNfhgfhu

vd;Dk; Ehypy; cs;s ftpijapy; “ xUtu; cUtj;jpy;> thypgj;jpy;>

Fzj;jpy;> Qhdj;jpy; Nkk;gl;ltuhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtu; njhopy;uPjpahd

mwpT ,y;yhtpl;lhy; thridapy;yhj fhl;Lg;G+tpw;Nf xg;ghtu;” vdf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7 kfhtpfhiu> mgafpuptpfhiu vd;gtw;wpy; gpupntdhf;fs;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. Nrhjplk;> Nghu;f;fiy> thdpay;> ju;f;ftpay;>

rh];jpuk;> fzpjk;> mk;nga;jy;> ahid gof;Fjy;> Fjpiu gof;Fjy;

vd;gd fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

65
Guhjd fhy ,urid
02 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaKk; ,uridAk; vt;thW fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
1 ,uhrul;il ehfupf ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpd;tUk; nkhopfspy; vOe;jd.
ghsp :- jPgtk;rk;> mgpjhdh gpujPg;gpf;fh> rhuhgpujPg;gjp
rk];fpUjk; :- [hdfp`uza> ghytjNghjd> mDUj;j> rj;jfa
rpq;fsk; :- rpag];yfu> rrhe;jhtj;j> KtNj cjhtj;j
2 2000 tUlq;fSf;F Kw;gl;l jhsj;Jld; ghlf;$ba ftpijnahd;W
fpupe;j gd;drhiyapYs;s fw;ghiwapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy;
Gj;j ngUkhdpd; Fztpay;Gfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
2 rpfpupahtpd; gspq;Fr; Rtu;fspy; 600 Nkw;gl;l ,urid kpf;f ftpijfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (,it 8k; my;yJ 9k; Ehw;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jitahFk;)

3 Guhjdfhy ftpQu;fspd; ftpijfspy; ngsj;jkjg; NghjidfSk;
cyfpd; epiyahikAk; Kf;fpa fUg;nghUl;fshff; fhzg;gl;ld.
4 mgafpuptpfhiuapd; Rw;whlypy; cs;sj;ijf; ftuf;Rba
ctikf;ftpijnahd;W nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5 mf;fhy kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;J tho;e;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
mtu;fs; ePz;lfhy tptrha eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;likAk;> ke;ij
tsu;g;gpy; <Lgl;likAk; fhuzkhFk;. ,jdhy; ,aw;ifapd; moF>
epiyahik Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; gw;wpa mwpT fhzg;gl;lJ.
6 rpfpupahf;Fd;wpy; jPl;lg;gl;l mg;ru];fspd; %yk; 5k; E}w;whz;bd;
,yq;ifapd; muritf; fiyak;rj;ijf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,tu;fs;
kpd;diyAk;> KfpiyAk; fhz;gpf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; vd Ma;thsu;fs;
$Wfpd;wdu;.

66
ghlNtis (32 – 04)

,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,zf;fg;ghL

01 Guhjd rKfj;jpy; thoe;j ,dq;fs; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lj;jd;ikAld; tho;e;jdu;

vd;gjw;Ff; $wf;$ba Mjhuq;fs; vit?
1 Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,yq;ifapy; gy ,dj;jtu;fs; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
(njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j jkpou;fs;> fpNuf;fk; kw;Wk; krpNlhdpahtpy;

,Ue;Jte;j mNahdpau;fs;> Mg;fhdp];jhdpypUe;J te;j fhk;Ngh[u;fs;>

kyhf;fhtpypUe;J te;j [htfu;fs;> Mupaf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; %yk; tho;e;j
rpq;fstu;)

2 ngsj;j rkaf;FUthf ,Ue;j jkpou; gw;wp fp.K 250k; Mz;lstpy;

vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;nlhd;W mgafpup tpfhiuapy; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3 jkpou; xUtiu jpUkzk; Kbj;j rpq;fsg;ngz; gw;wpf; fy;ntl;by;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4 mDuhjGuj;jpy; jkpou;fs; nrwpe;J tho;e;j tPjp Ma;thsu;fspdhy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5 fp.gp 9k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ murrigapy; jkpo;kf;fspd; eyd;fisg;

ghJfhf;f jkpo; mjpfhup xUtu; ,Ue;Js;shu;. ,J gw;wp 4k; fhrpag;g
kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;nlhd;W $Wfpd;wJ.

6 ,sehf> mgaehf Nghd;w kd;du;fs; njd;dpe;;jpahtplk; gilAjtp

ngw;Ws;shu;fs;. Nfushtpy; ,Ue;Jte;j mtu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gil
m`k;gbr;Nrid vdg;gl;lJ. 1k; tp[aghF jyjhkhspifapd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf

Ntisf;fhug; gilia epakpj;jhd;.

7 yPyhtjp murp fhy fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; ehdNjrp vd;Dk; tu;j;jfg;gpuptpdUf;F

nrhe;jkhd jPu;it epiyak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. njd;dpe;jpau;fSf;F

cNyhf Kj;jpiunahd;W mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy; fz;nLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

67
8 ,yq;ifapy; cs;s rptndhspghjkiy midj;J ,d kf;fshYk;

topglg;gLk; ,lkhf cs;sJ. ngsj;ju;fs; Gj;jupd; fhyb gl;ljhy; =ghj

vdTk;> ,e;Jf;fs; rptdpd; ghjk; gl;ljdhy; rptndhspghjkiy vdTk;>

,];yhkpau;fSk;> fpwp];jtu;fSk; Kjy; kdpjdhd Mjhkpd; ghjr;RtLfs;

vdf; fUJtjhy; Mjhkpd; kiy vdTk; fUjp topgl;L tUfpd;wdu;.

9 midj;J kf;fSk; jkJ fyhrhuq;fis kjpj;Jg; ghJfhj;j mNjNtis

ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Nf Kf;fpakspj;Js;sdu;.

02 Guhjdfhyj;jpy; ngsj;j FUkhu; Mo;e;j jpahdj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;llk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?

gjdhfu

cjhuzk; :- trg kd;ddJ ngupkpad;Fs fy;ntl;by; RJ];]d vd;w

ngaupy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ ,j;jifia fl;llj;ijNa

MFk;.

Fwpg;G :- muhgpa vOj;Jf;fspd; Muk;g tbtk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?

fpAgpf; (<uhf;fpd; $gh efiu ikakhff; nfhz;L tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ)

,JNt jpUf;Fu;Midg; gpujp nra;tjw;Fk; ga;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

68
 myF 05
,yq;ifapd; Guhjd tpQ;QhdKk; njhopDl;gKk;
ghlNtis (32 – 05)
tpQ;QhdKk; njhopDl;gKk;
01 tpQ;Qhdk; vd;why; vd;d?
,aw;ifapd; nraw;ghl;bw;F gq;fspg;G nra;ak; mbg;giliaj; njupe;J
nfhs;tJk; mjw;F mu;j;jk; fw;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tJkhFk;.
02 tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; ,U Kf;fpa nraw;ghLfSk; vit?
1 ,aw;ifapd; mbg;gilia rupahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;
2 mtw;iwj; Njbawpe;J cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
03 njhopDl;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
tpQ;Qhd gupNrhjidapd; gpd;du; njupe;Jnfhz;l ,aw;ifapd;
mbg;gilfis tho;tpy; nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ Njitg;gLk; El;g
KiwahFk;.
04 gpuNahf tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lk; vg;NghJ Muk;gpgj;jJ
tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
06 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpju;fs; tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g mwpitf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;; vd;gjw;F mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fy;yhAjq;fs; rhd;whf
mikf;fpd;wd vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; jUf?
1 28000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; tho;e;j kdpjd; xsp CLUtf;$ba rkhe;ju
fy;yhAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shd;. ,f;fy;yhAjk; gbff;fy;ypdhy;
Mf;fg;gl;lJ. fuL Kulhd fw;fis nrg;gdpl;L gad;gLj;jpAs;sik
njhopDl;g mwpitf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fy;yhAjq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf
fw;ghiwfspypUe;J fw;ghyq;fis gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhd njhopDl;gk;
mKf;fg; gpuNahfk; vdg;gLk;.
06 tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gk; tsu;r;rpaile;j fhyg;gFjp vJ?
Kd; tuyhw;Wf;fhyk;

69
07 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy kdpjdpd; tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gad;ghl;il mtd;
mikj;j fspkz; Xlf;fy;yiwfis Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Fwpg;gpLf?
rg;ufKt khfhzj;jpd; cluQ;rkhlj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;tpd;
NghJ fspkz; Xlf;fy;yiw khahdk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,we;jtu;fis
vupg;gjw;fhf gr;irf;fspkz;zpdhy; Xl tbtpy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
,jd; mikg;gpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l njhopDl;g Kiwfs; tUkhW
1 fy;yiwf;fhd cau;e;juf fspkz;izj; njupT nra;jy;
2 fy;yiwfspd; Rtu;fspd; cauj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
3 mr;Rtiu epyj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf mikj;jy;
4 fy;yiwr;Rtu;fspd; rkepiyiag; NgZjy;
5 gr;irf;fspkz;zpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l fy;yiw kdpj vYk;Gf;$l;il
vupf;Fk;NghNj Rlg;gl;lJ.
6 vupjYf;F xl;rprd; mtrpak; vd;gij fp.K 1350 k; Mz;bNyNa
mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gjw;F xU fy;yiwapy; vYk;Gf;$l;il
vupg;gjw;fj; Njitahd xl;rprid toq;Ftjw;F fspkz; Foha;fs;
nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;jd.

ghlNtis (32 – 06)

Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy njhopDl;gk;
01 Kd;tuyhw;Wf;fhy kdpjdpd; njhopDl;g mwptpid gpd;tUk; ,uz;L
tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpLf?
1 tPlikg;Gj; njhopDl;gk;
2 kl;ghz;lk; jahupj;jy;
tPlikj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopDl;g mk;rq;fs;
1 jhd; tho;e;j ,lj;ij tho;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy; khw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F
tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhy kdpjdhy; Kbe;jikf;F Mjhuk; fpj;Js;fy
ngypnyd mfo;tpy; fpilj;j fUq;fy; fl;llnkhd;wpd; rpijTfs;
%yk; mwpayhk;.

70
2 cluhQ;rkhlk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; tPnlhd;wpd; rpijTfs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy;
1 epyj;jpw;F Nkyhy; fUq;fw;fisg; gutp mjd; Nky; fspkz;
,l;L tPl;Lj;jiu mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 tPl;bd; Rtu;fs; gykhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf fspkz; Rtu;fSf;Fs;
kutupr;Rf;fs; itf;fg;gl;L mikf;fg;gl;ld.
3 jpwe;J %lf;$ba fjTfSk;> fjT epiyfs; cWjpahf ,Uf;f
mikf;fg;gl;l Jisfs; fhzg;gl;lik
4 kiofhyj;jpy; tPL fPopwq;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf gykhd mj;jpthuk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
kl;ghz;lk; jahupj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopDl;gq;fs;
1 kl;ghz;lk; jahupg;gjw;F tidjy; rpy;Y vd;gijg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
2 kl;ghz;lq;fs; jahupg;gjw;F jukhd fspkz;izj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;
3 ePz;lfhyg; gad;ghl;bw;fhf fspkz;iz ed;whfg; gjg;gLj;jy;
4 kl;ghz;lq;fis RLtjw;F #isfis mikj;jy;
5 kl;ghz;lk; Rlg;gl;l gpd;du; cUtk; tiujy;> tu;zk; G+Rjy;
(cluQ;rkhlj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l epwe;jPl;lg;gl;l kl;ghz;lk;)
6 kl;ghz;lj;jpy; ckpia epug;gp #isapDs; ftpoj;J itj;J Rl;gg
; l;Lk;
kl;ghz;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; cl;Gwk; fWg;ghfTk;>
ntspg;Gwk; nre;epwkhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,it fUQ;rptg;G kl;ghz;lk;
vdg;gl;lJ. ghj;jpuj;jpy; epug;gg;gl;l ckp vuptjw;Fj; Njitahd
xl;rprd; thAitj; jLg;gjdhy; ghj;jpuj;jpd; cl;gFjp fUik epwk;
ngWfpd;wJ.

71
ghlNtis (32 – 07)
ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk;
01 Guhjd FbapUg;Gf;fs; guk;gpapUe;j tyak; vJ?
cyu;tyak;
02 mq;F tho;e;j kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa ghupa rthy; vJ?
tptrhaj;Jf;Fk; > tho;f;iff;Fk; Njitahd ePiur; Nrkpj;Jitj;jy;
03 ePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fpa mikg;Gf;fs; vit?
Fsq;fs;> ngha;iffs;> fhy;tha;fs;
04 ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?
ePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w ce;jnthU eltbf;ifAkhFk;.
05 kfhthtpfs; mikf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 kiof;fhyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; Nkyjpf ePiur; Nrkpj;jy;
2 nts;sg;ngUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
3 efu kf;fspd; ePu;j;Njitiag; G+u;j;jpnra;jy;
06 gpd;tUk; kd;du;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Fsq;fisj; jUf?
kfhNrdd; - kpd;Ndupah> FUSthtp> fTLSthtp
jhJNrdd; - fythtp
trgd; - kfhtpyhr;rpa> khdhfl;ba> nehr;rpg;nghj;jhdh
kfh guhf;fpukghF - guhf;fpukrKj;jpuk;

ghlNtis (32 – 08)

Fsj;jpd; $Wfs;
Fsf;fl;L
01 Fsj;jpd; Kf;fpa $whd Fsf;fl;bd; mikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
njhopDl;gq;fs; vit?
1 ,U vr;rf;Fd;Wfis ,izj;J Fsf;fl;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 Fsf;fl;L(mtuz) gyk; tha;e;jjhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf ,aw;ifahd
fw;ghiwfis mj;jpthukhff; nfhz;Nl mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

72
 3 Fsf;fl;lhdJ gy kz;gilfshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhf fspkz;>
ruiskz;> ntz;fspkz; Kjypatw;iw Xu; mLf;fpd; Nky; ,d;Ndhu;
mLf;fhf ,l;L mjid ed;whf mOj;jp mizf;fl;L
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. (rPfpupa Fsf;fl;L)
08 miutl;ltpy; tbtpy; Fsf;fl;L mikf;fg;gl;l Fsk; vJ?
N[hjthtp (7 iky;ePsk;> 44 mb cauk;)
09 Fsf;fl;bd; Kf;fpa gzp ahJ?
Fsj;J ePu; ntspNawhjthW Fsj;jpd; ePu; nfhs;Sk; jpwidj; jhf;Fg;
gpbf;Fk;
miyjhq;fp
10 miyjhq;fp vd;why; vd;d mjd; gzp ahJ?
Fsj;jpy; cs;s ePu; mizf;fl;il mupf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
Fsj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; vOk; ePuiyfshy; Fsf;fl;L mupf;fhky;
,Ug;gjw;fhf ,J gad;gLk;.
Fsf;fl;bd; cl;Gwr;Rtupy; fw;fisg;gug;gp miyjhq;fp mikf;fg;gLk;.
ePuiyr; rf;jpapd; nraw;ghl;il ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ,J
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghlNtis (32 – 09)

fypq;fw;nwhl;bAk; kilf;fjTk;
01 Fsj;JePiu taYf;F toq;Ftjw;fhf fhy;tha;f;F ePiuj; jpwe;JtpLk;
mikg;G vJ? kilf;fjT(fypq;fy;)
02 fypq;fy; vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
Fsj;JePu; frpahJ ,Ug;gjw;fhf ghupa fUq;fw;fshy; mikf;fg;gLk;.
Fsf;fl;by; ePu; epiwe;Js;s gFjpapy; Muk;gpj;J Fsf;fl;bd;
fPo;gg
; Fjpia Jisj;Jr;nry;Yk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Fsj;jpd;
cl;gFjpapy; mjd; Jthuk; rpwpjhfTk; fhy;tha; gf;fk; ngupjhfTk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
73
03 fypq;fy;ypd; ,U tiffSk; vit?
1 cau;fypq;fy; - ePu; kl;lk; cau;thf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ fhy;tha;f;F ePiu
tpepNahfpf;f Nky; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s JthukhFk;.
2 <uf;fypq;fy; - Fsj;jpd; ePu; kl;lk; FiwAk; NghJ ePiu
tpepNahfpg;gjw;Fk; Fsj;jpd; mbapy; gbe;Js;s Nrw;iw
mfw;Wtjw;Fk; gad;gLtJ

04 fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; “u[nkh`hy;” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ vJ?

kilf;fjT

05 “nkh`hy;”> “ehf” vd;Dk; gjq;fs; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;L vJ? mjid

mikg;gpj;jtd; ahu;?
nt];]fpup fy;ntl;L> 4k; kfpe;jd;
06 jz;zPu;tpsf;F vd;why; vd;d?
Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ePiu tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j fypq;fy;
njhl;bAld; njhlu;gila fUq;fy;ypyhd J}zhFk;. ,j;J}iz
mirg;gjd; %yk; fypq;fy; njhl;bapYs;s jz;zPu; fhy;tha;f;F
tplg;gl;lJ.
07 jz;zPiuf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kilf;fjtpy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUe;j fw;W}z;
ehd;F Kok; caukhdJ vdf; $Wk; fy;ntl;L vJ?
nt];]fpup fy;ntl;L
08 fypq;fw;nwhl;bapd; nraw;ghL ahJ? vt;thW mikf;fg;gLk;?
Fsj;JePupd; mKf;fj;jpypUe;J Fsf;fl;ilg; ghJfhj;jy;. nrt;tf
tbtpyhd fUq;fw;fshy; mikf;fg;gLk;.
09 kilf;fjT %yk; ntspNaWk; ePiuf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fypq;fy;
njhl;bapy; itf;fg;gLk; Nfhy; vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk;?

“nkh`y”
10 Guhjdfhy fypq;fw;nwhl;bapd; rpijT fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?\
khJWXah ePu;j;Njf;fk;

74
ghlNtis (32 – 10)
fhy;tha; mikg;G
01 fhy;tha; mikg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghd mjpfhup fy;ntl;by; vt;thW
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;?

“mbf”
02 fhy;tha;fs; vjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;ld?
ejpfis kwpj;J mizfl;b me;ePiu Fsq;fSf;F nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf
03 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l gpukhz;lkhd fhy;tha; vJ?
vy`uhf;fhy;tha;
04 ,jid mikj;jtd; ahu;?
trgd;
05 ,J ve;ejpia kwpj;Jf;fl;b mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
kfhtypfq;ifapd; epis ejpahd mk;gd; fq;ifia
06 ,jd; ePsk; ahJ?
48 iky;
07 vy`uhf;fhy;tha; %yk; ePiug;ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Fsq;fs; vit?
kpd;Ndupah> fpupj;jythtp> fTLSthtp> fe;jsha;Fsk;
08 gpf;Ffspd; gad;ghl;bw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l fl;lg;gl;l jlhfq;fs; vit?
Fl;lk;ngha;if> jhkiug;ngha;if> ahidg;ngha;if
09 kfhtypfq;iff;F FWf;Nf kpdpg;Ng vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l
fhy;tha; vJ> mjid mikj;jtd; ahu;?
kpdpg;Ngf;fhy;tha;. 1k; mf;fNgh kd;dd;
10 jhJNrd kd;ddhy; mikf;fg;gl;l fhy;tha; vJ? mjd; rpwg;G ahJ? mJ
vf;Fsq;fis ,izj;J mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
n[afq;iff;fhy;tha;. xU fpNyhkPw;wUf;F 95 kpy;ypkPw;wu; rupTilaJ.
fyhthtp ePiu jp]hthtpf;F nfhz;L nry;tJ

75
11 kfhtypfq;ifapd; fpisejpahd mk;gd;fq;ifia(Mfhrfq;if)
mq;fkby;yhtpy; kwpj;J mjid guhf;fpukrKj;jpuj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;y
mikf;fg;gl;l fhy;tha; vJ? mjid mikj;jtd; ahu;?
mq;fkby;yhf;fhy;tha;. kfh guhf;fpukghF
12 trgkd;ddpd; Ruq;ftop ePug
; ;ghrdk; %yk; jp]hthtp ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
jlhfq;fs; vit?
Fl;lk;ngha;if> uz;kRg;G+q;fh
13 Cuhnfl fpzWfs; vd;why; vd;d? mit vjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;ld?
ngupa kl;ghz;lq;fs; Gijj;J ntl;lg;gl;l FbePu;f; fpzWfs; MFk;.
mkpyr;Rit fpzw;W ePupy; fyg;gijj; jLg;gjw;F. (cyu; tyaj;jpy;)
rpfpupah ePu;g;G+q;fh
14 rpfpupahtpd; ePug
; ;G+q;fh vq;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?
rpfpupahtpd; Nkw;F ee;jtdj;jpy;
15 ,jw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngau;fs; vit?
tpNehjG+q;fh> ePu;tpisahl;Lg;G+q;fh
16 ,jid mikj;jtd; ahu;?
fhrpag;gd;
17 ehd;F ePug
; ;G+q;fhf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzk; ahJ?
mtw;wpypUe;J NknyOk; ePupd; cauj;jpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j
18 rpfpupah ePu;gG
; +q;fhtpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;gq;fs; vit?
1 600mb cauj;jpypUe;J tha;f;fhy; xd;wpd; %yk; rkntspia Nehf;fp
xLk; ePiuj; jpBnudj; jLj;J fzprkhd mKf;fj;ijf; nfhLg;gjd;
%yk; ePiu Nknyor; nra;tjhFk;.
2 mt;thW Vw;gLk; ,lq;fspy; tl;lkhd Jisfsplg;gl;l fUq;fw;fisg;
nghUj;Jtjd; %yk; ftu;r;rpahd Kiwapy; ePiu NknyOg;gyhFk;.
3 ntt;NtW mstpyhd Jisfs; ,lg;gl;Ls;sd. rpwpa Jthuj;jpd;
Clhf ntspNaWk; ePu; caukhfTk; ngupa Jthufk; Clhf tUk; ePu;
Fiwe;j cauj;jpw;Fk; NknyOk;Gk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
76
19 ePNuhl;lk; fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ tz;ly; gbtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l
njhopDl;gq;fs; vit?
1 tha;f;fhypd; rha;T Fiwthf mikf;ff;fly;
2 tha;f;fhy; RUs; tbtpy; mikf;fg;gly;
3 kiofhyj;jpy; gbAk; Nrw;iw ePf;Ftjw;fhf fUq;fw;ghiwj;Jz;Lfs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld.

ghlNtis (32 – 11)

Guhjd fhy fl;llf; fiy
01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; mikf;fg;gl;l fl;ll tiffs; vit?
1 rka rhu;ghd fl;llq;fs; - tpfhiufs;> Muhik> rpiykid>
Nghjpkid> Nghahkid> jpahd kz;lgk;>
,e;J rka Nfhapy;fs;
2 rka rhu;gw;w fl;llq;fs; - murkhspif> Nfhl;il> kUj;Jtepiyak;>
ee;jtdk;
02 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l rpy tpfhiufisAk; mtw;iw mikg;gpj;j
kd;du;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
1 Njtek;gpajPrd; - J}guhk
2 Jl;lifKD - Utd;ntyprha> kpuprntl;ba> Nyhtkfhgha(Mapuk;
fhy; kz;lgk;)
3 kfhNrdd; - n[jtduhk
4 tyfk;ghF - mgafpuptpfhiu
03 Guhjdfhy fl;ll mikg;gpd; rpwg;G ahJ?
Nfj;jpu fzpj mwpitg;gad;gLj;jp cauj;jpw;Nfw;w mj;jpthuj;ij
mikj;jikahFk;. fPNoapUe;J nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nrd;W J}gpfis
mikj;Js;shu;fs;.
04 nghyeWitapy; fhzg;gLk; VoLf;F khspif vJ?
rj;k`y;gpurhja. ,q;F xt;nthU khbr;Rtu;fspYk; miutl;ltbtpy;
File;njLf;fg;gl;l Rtu;fspy; nja;t cUtq;fs; fhzg;Lfpd;wd.
77
05 rpiyfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l fl;llk; vJ?
rpiykid (kfh guhf;fpukghFthy; yq;fhjpyfrpiykid
mikf;fg;gl;lJ)
06 Gujhd fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,e;Jf; fl;llq;fs; vit?
jpUf;NfjPr;ruk;> jpUf;NfhNdr;ruk;> Kd;Ndr;ruk;> nghyeWit rptd;Nfhapy;
07 rka rhu;gw;w fl;llq;fSs; murkhspif> murrig vd;gd Kf;fpak;
ngw;wd. ,jw;F Mjhuq;fs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
1 1k; tp[aghFtpd; murkhspifapd; ,bghLfs; nghyeWitapy;
cs;sd.
2 1k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; mur khspifapd; ,bghLfs; gz;Lt];Etutpy;
cs;sJ.
3 ep]q;fky;ydpd; murkhspif nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
08 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; Mw;Wf;Ff; FWf;Nf ghyk; mikj;jdu; vd;gjw;fhd
Mjhuk; vJ?
ky;tj;JXahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;l fw;ghyk;

ghlNtis (32 – 12)

Utd;ntyprhatpd; mikg;G
01 Utd;ntyprhatpd; fl;ll mikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopDl;gg;
gpuNahfq;fs; vit?
1 mj;jpthuhk; mikf;f epyk; 10.5 mb Mokhf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 mf;Fopf;Fs; Rz;zhk;Gf;fw;ghiwfs; Nghlg;gl;L gyk; tha;e;j
kdpju;fshy; cilf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 gpd;du; ePu; Cw;wp ahidfspd; fhypy; fbd Njhypdhy; nra;ag;gl;l
ghjzpfs; mzptpf;fg;gl;L kpjpj;J kl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
4 gpd;du; ntz;nza;f;fspkz; ,lg;gl;L cWjpahf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 mLj;J mjd; Nky; fUq;fy; gilnahd;W ,lg;gl;lJ.
6 ,jd; Nky; ruisf;fy; gilnahd;W ,lg;gl;lJ
7 mjd;Nky; gbff;fy; gilnahd;W ,lg;gl;lJ
78
 8 gpd;du; mjd;Nky; etePjk; vd;dk; fspkz; G+rg;gl;lJ
9 gpd;G ,urhadj; jputnkhd;wpd; %yk; fiuf;fg;gl;l tpshk;gor;rhW
G+rpa cNyhftiynahd;W tpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
10 mjd;Nky; ey;nyz;nzapy; eidf;fg;gl;l ud;rpupay; vdg;gLk; fw;fs;
gug;gg;gl;ld.
02 ,b kpd;dy; jhf;fk; gw;wp vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhu;fs; vd;gjw;fhd
Mjhuk; vJ?
Utd;ntyprhaTf;F ,biaj; jhq;ff;$ba cgfuzk; nghUj;jg;gl;lJ.
mJ t[;uRk;gl;l vdg;gl;lJ. t[;u vd;gJ kpd;dy; my;yJ ,aw;ifahf
cUthFk; kpd;rhuk; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. Rk;gl;l vd;gJ fhe;jk;
vdg;nghUs;gLk;.

ghlNtis (32 – 13)

efu epu;khzk;
01 efu epu;khzj;jpYk; ee;jtd mikg;gpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa kd;du;fs; ahtu;>
gz;Lfhgad;> fhrpag;gd;
02 gz;Lfhgadhy; mikf;fg;gl;l efu epu;khzj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 efuj;jpd; vy;iyfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 efupd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Rw;wptu mfopfs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 efupd; ehd;F gf;fq;fspYk; thapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
4 ,t;thapy;fis ,izj;J efu tPjpfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
5 efiu moFgLj;j G+q;fhf;fSk;> jlhfq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld
6 efiu epu;tfpf;f efuFj;jpf vd;w gjtpia Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.
7 efupd; ePuj
; ;Njitiag; G+u;j;jpnra;a grtf;Fsj;ij mikj;jhd;
8 efupd; J}a;ikiag; NgZtjw;F njhopyhsu;fs; gyu; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
03 Guhjd ,yq;ifapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l rpwe;j efu epu;khzkhff;
fhzg;gLtJ vJ?
Rpfpupah

79
04 fhrpag;gdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l rpfpupa efu epu;khzj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
njhopDl;g Kiwikfs; vit?
1 kpfg;ngupa jdpf;Fd;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L efuk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 200 mb caukhd Fd;wpy; 3 n`f;nlau; mstpw;F murkhspif
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 rpfpupahf;Fd;iw mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l fpof;F kw;Wk; Nkw;Fg;ghijfs;
40> 90 n`f;nlau; gug;gpid ciladthf mike;jd.
4 efiur;Rw;wp ghJfhg;gpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l 10 fpNyhkPw;wu; ePskhd
kjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
5 rpfpupahf;Fd;iwr; Rw;wp 8 fpNyhkPw;wu; ePskhd mfop mikf;fg;gl;lJ
6 rpfupahtpd; cr;rpf;F Foha; %yk; ePu; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ
7 Nkw;Ff; Fifapy; cyfg;Gfo;ngw;w Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
8 Fiff;F fPNoAs;s fz;zhbr;Rtupy; fpWf;fy; ftpijfs; cs;sd.
9 rpfpupahtpd; cr;rpf;F nry;Yk; topapy; rpq;fj;jpd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
10 rpfpupahTf;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijapy; mofpa G+q;fhf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
05 rpfupahit cyf kuGupikahf gpufldg;gLj;jpa mikg;G vJ?
And];Nfh

ghlNtis (32 – 14)

Rfhjhu> itj;jpa Kiwfs;
01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; Rfhjhu> itj;jpa trjpfs; vt;thW fhzg;gl;ld?
1 gz;Lfhgadhy; mDuhjGuj;jpy; gpurt,y;yk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 Jl;lifKD 18 itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3 Gj;jjhr kd;dd; tyJ Fiwe;NjhUf;fhd itj;jparhiyia
mikj;jNjhL rhuzhu;j;jrq;fpu`a vd;Dk; itj;jpa E}iyAk;
vOjpdhd;.
4 4k; fhrpag;g kd;dd; fha;r;ryhy; ghjpf;fgl;ltu;fSf;nfd jdpahd
itj;jparhiyia mikj;jhd;.
80
 5 1k; cgjp];] kd;dd; fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khu;fspd; Njitf;fhf gpurt
tpLjpfis mikj;jhd;.
6 nghyeWitapy; guhf;fpukghFthy; itj;jparhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
02 Myh`zgpupntdh mike;jpUe;j ,lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
mfo;tuhr;rpapd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fs; vit?
1 ngupa itj;jparhiyapd; mbghLfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.(147.5 mb
ePskhdJk;> 109.2 mb mfykhdJkhd fl;llk;)
2 itj;jpa cgfuzq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (rj;jpurpfpr;irf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fj;jupf;Nfhy;fs;)
3 ghk;gpdhy; jPz;lg;gl;ltu;fSf;F rpfpr;iraspf;Fk; kUj;JtXlk;
4 itj;jpa E}y;fs;
5 itj;jpaj;Jiwia Nkk;gLj;j %ypifj;Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
03 vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; fopTePiu mfw;w gad;gLj;jpa njhopDl;gq;fs; vit?
1 muz;kidapd; kyry$lq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; fopTfs; Mokhd
Fopf;Fs; tplg;gl;Ls;sd.
2 mOf;F ePu; xLtjw;F rhf;filj;njhFjpfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
3 Fspf;Fk; njhl;bfspy; ,Ue;J fopT ePu; ntspNaw tpNrl Foha;fs;
nghUj;jg;gl;ld.
4 My`d gpuntd gw;wp #stk;rj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fspy;
fl;llj;jpd; gug;gsTf;Nfw;g kyry$lq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jik
gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghlNtis (32 – 15)

,Uk;igg; gpupj;njLj;jy;
01 Guhjd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,Uk;igg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; njhopDl;gk; ,lk;ngw;wJ
vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; vit?
1 fp.K 2400 fhyg;gFjpf;Fupa fy;yiw xd;wpy; ,Uk;ig
cUf;fg;gad;gLk; #isapd; xU gFjp Cth khfhzj;jpd; ngufy
vd;Dkplj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
81
 2 rg;ufKt khfhzj;jpy; gyhq;nfhil> rkdyntt gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uk;ig
cUf;Fk; #is fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
3 kj;jpa khfhzj;jpd; rpfpupahTf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s mynfhyntt
nj`pf` myfe;j vDkplj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G mLg;G.
01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,Ug;ig cUf;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopDl;gq;fs;
vit?
1 ,Uk;ig cUf;Ftjw;F 1538ghif nry;rpa]; ntg;gepiy Njit.
2 ,Ug;ig cUf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLk; mLg;ig vupjg;gjw;F ,aw;ifahf
tPRk; fhw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. rkdyntt ,Uk;Gr;#isahdJ
kiy cr;rpapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jd; %yk; kiyfSf;fpilNa
tPRk; Ntfkhd fhw;wpdhy; mr;#is 12 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; vupe;Js;sJ.
3 rkdyntt vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,Uk;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf ypkidl;>
n`kill; vDk; ,urhadg;ngau;nfhz;l fw;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
3 ,e;j mLg;ig vupg;gjw;F kuq; vdg;gLk; kuj;ij vupj;Jg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fupNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4 nj`pf` vDk; ,lj;jpy; mfog;gl;l ,Uk;Gr;#is vuptjw;F ,d;W
nfhy;yu;gl;liwapYs;sJ Nghd;W CJisNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
03 aflkuq; vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ?
,Uk;Gkuk;
ghlNtis (32 – 16)
rpW ifj;njhopy;fs;
01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rpWifj;njhopy;fs; vit?
Mguzf;ifj;njhopy;> kl;ghz;lf;ifj;njhopy;> gl;liwf;ifj;njhopy;>
khzpf;ff;ifj;njhopy;
02 Guhjdfhy Mguzf;ifj;njhopypd; Nkd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; Mjhuk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
n[jtduhk( xU ney;kzpastpyhd Mguzj;jpy; 21 G+f;fs;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
82
03 Guhjdfhy kl;ghz;lf; ifj;njhopypd; rpwg;igf; fhl;Lk; Mjhuq;fs; vit?
1 cluQ;rkhlk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l tu;zk; G+rg;gl;l
kl;ghj;jpuk;
2 mgafpupapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l tu;z XLfs;
04 gl;liwf;ifj;njhopy; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jikf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; vit?
tptrha cguzq;fs;> itj;jpa cgfuzq;fs;> Nghu; cgfuzq;fs;
05 ngWkjp kpf;f khzpf;fq;fs; fhzg;gl;likahy; ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;gl;l
ngau; ahJ? ,uj;jpdJtPgk;

ghlNtis (32 – 17)

cs;ehl;Lr; rk;gpujahk;
01 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w cs;ehl;Lr; rk;gpujhaq;fs; vit?
1 tptrhaj; Njitfspd; nghUl;L gy;NtW G+irfisr; nra;jdu;.
2 ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;e;jtu;fs; ntt;NtW nja;tq;fSf;F
G+irfisr; nra;jdu;.
3 nea; my;yJ ey;nyz;nza; Mfpa xd;iwf;nfhz;L tpsf;Ffis
Vw;wp topgl;ldu;
4 gapu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fisj; jPu;f;fTk;> khLfSf;F Vw;gLk;
Neha;fisj; jPu;f;fTk; rpy rka Mrhuq;fisr; nra;jdu;.
02 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ghJfhg;Gf;fUjp rhe;jp G+ir Nkw;nfhs;sg;gilikf;fhd
Mjhuq;fs; vit?
,uj;jpdGup khtl;lj;jpd; fy;ghd vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njthyak; xd;W
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,q;F nrt;tf tbtpyhd ghj;jpuq;fs; jiyfPohf ftpo;j;J
itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
mUfpy; neUg;Gf;Ftpaypd; milahsq;fSk; cs;sd.
neUg;Gf;Ftpaypd; mUfpy; fhisnahd;wpd; jhilAk; kl;ghj;jpunkhd;wpd;
gFjpAk; fhzg;gl;ld.

83
03 ghy;kLahfk; vd;why; vd;d?
khLfspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfTk;> tptrha eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;fhfTk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l G+irahFk;. ,J kq;fu vDk; cs;ehl;L nja;tj;ij
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpp nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;. ,J rg;ufKtg; gFjpf;FupajhFk;.

ghlNtis (33 – 18)

msit Kiwfs;
01 Guhjdfhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j msit Kiwfs; vit?
epymstPL> epiwmstPL> fhymstPL
epy mstPL
02 epyj;ij mstpl Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
tptrhaj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd epyj;ij msg;gjw;F
03 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j epy msit Kiwfs; vit?
fpupa> mKz(mtdk; - 1 mtdk; epyk; vd;gJ ,d;W ,uz;liu
Vf;fiuf; Fwpf;Fk;)> fuPir> Ngy;y
04 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; epy msit Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd
Mjhuq;fs; vit?
1 ghjpfhga kd;dd; fhy fy;ntl;by;(JDklyhfe;j) mg;gFjpapy;
mikf;fg;gl;l tpfhiu xd;wpw;F xt;nthU fuPir smtpy; toq;fg;gl;l
epyq;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; cs;sd.
2 Fl;lfz;zgha kd;dDf;fupa fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy;(mDuhjGuk;
n`hupnty) mg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l jp];] vDk; tpfhiuf;F
vl;Lf;fuPir epyk; toq;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePsj;ij msj;jy;
05 ePsj;ij msf;Fk; kpfr;rpwpa msT Guhjd fhyj;jpy; vt;thW
miof;fg;gl;lJ?
gukhZ
06 rpwpa J}uj;ij msg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l myFfs; vit?
mq;Fyk;> tpaj;j
84
07 ePz;lJ}uj;ij msg;gjw;Fg;gad;gl;l myFfs; vit?
ft;t> nahJd> crf
08 gpujhdtPjpfspy; ft;itapypUe;J ft;itf;F fw;W}z;fis eLkhW
Mizapl;l kd;dd; ahu;? mf;fw;W}z;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ld? mjw;F
Mjhuk; vJ?
ep]q;fky;yd; . fhTjfZ> njd;khfhzj;jpd; fl;Lf`fy;Nf> ntypfpj;j
gpuNjrq;fspy; ,uz;L fw;W}z;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ghlNtis (33 – 19)

epiwia msj;jy;
01 murhq;fj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;glhj juhR> gbf;fy; vd;gtw;why; epWg;gJ
jilnra;ag;gl;lJ vdf;$Wk; fy;ntl;L vJ?
nrhunghuthtp J}z;fy;ntl;L
02 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; epWg;gjw;Fg; gad;gl;l myFfs; vit?
tPir> FQ;rh> khrf;f> mf;f> juz> Rtu;z> gy
03 jw;NghJ gad;gLk; ,yf;fq;fs; vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
,e;J muhgpa ,yf;fq;fs;
04 msTfis Kiwahf vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtis (32 – 20)
fhyj;ij ,sj;jy;
01 Guhjdfhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fhy mstPLfs; vit?
tUlk;> khjk;> ehs;> K$u;j;jk;
02 fhyj;ij mstpLtjd; Njit Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
tptrhaj;jpy; gapu; tpijj;jy;> kw;Wk; mWtil nra;jy; vd;gd cupa
fhyj;jpy; eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf.
03 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; tUlj;ijf; Fwpg;jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fs; vit?
1 tr – tUlk; (gd;dpnuz;L khjq;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;F)
2 `t[u – Xuhz;Lg;g+u;j;jp (rpq;fsr; nrhy; mTUJ)

85
04 khjf;fzf;F vt;thW fzpg;gplg;gl;lJ?
re;jpuf;fzf;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L. khjj;jpd; ,U gFjpfSk;
tsu;gpiw(mkhthirapy; ,Ue;J ngsu;zkptiu)> Nja;gpiw
(ngsu;zkpapypUe;J mkhthir tiu) vd;gdthFk;.
05 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ehs; vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ? jPjpa
05 ve;j kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; ehs; xd;iwf; Fwpg;gjw;F
jj vd;w nrhy; gad;gl;Ls;sJ? Fl;lfz;zmgad;
06 nkh`j;j vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ? K$u;j;jk; (rpwpasT Neuk;)

ghlNtis (32 – 21)

njbfk ahid tpsf;F
01 kfh guhf;fpukghF gpwe;j Cu; vJ? Gq;ffhk(njbfk)
02 njbfk mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ? Nffhiy
03 guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpwg;ig epidT$u;tjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l tpfhiu vJ?
njbfk #jpfu irj;jpak;
04 mj;J}gp mike;jpUe;j ,lj;jpy; Ma;tpd; NghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghUs;
vJ? ntz;fy ahid tpsf;F
05 mt;tpsf;fpd; Njhw;wk; vj;jifaJ?
xU ahid cUtKk; mjd; Nky; mku;e;Js;s ,U kdpj cUtq;fSk;
cs;sd. ahid jdJ Jk;gpf;ifapy; fUk;ig itj;Js;sJ. tpsf;F
vuptjw;Fj; Njitahd vz;nza; ahidapd; tapw;wpy;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gLk;. tpsf;fpy; cs;s vz;nza; tw;wpg; nghFk;
re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; ahidapd; tapw;wpy; cs;s vz;nza; jd;dpr;irahf
tpsf;fpy; tbe;jJ.
06 ,jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopdl;gk; vJ? mirah ePu; tpQ;Qhd Kiw

ghlNtis (32 – 22)

rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
1 jz;zPu; tpsf;F 2 ghy;kL ahfk; 3 rpfpupah ePu;gG
; +q;fh

86
 myF 06
tuyhw;W mwpTk; mjd; eilKiwg;gujpaPLk;
ghlNtis (32 – 23)

Guhjd rKjha mikg;g

01 rKjha mikg;G vd;why; vd;d?
rKfj;jpy; thOk; jdpahs;fSf;Fk; FOf;fSf;fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;
njhlu;Gfspd; jd;ikahFk;. ,J rKf tpQ;Qhd vz;zf;fUthFk;.
02 rKf mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa ,ay;G ahJ?
jdpegu; njhlu;G Kiw
03 rKf mikg;nghd;wpy; gpujhd ,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 rKfj;jpy; Ml;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfspd; xOq;FKiw
2 epiyf;Fj;jhd mLf;fikg;Gf; fhzg;gly;

3 fpilahd mLf;fikg;G / rkhe;jukhd mjpfhuKila fl;likg;G

fhzg;gly;
04 epiyf;Fj;jhd fl;likg;G vd;why; vd;d?
NkypUe;J fPo;tiu mjpfhuKk; nghWg;Gk; gbg;gbahf gfpug;gLtNj
epiyf;Fj;Jf; fl;likg;G vdg;gLk;.
05 epiyf;Fj;J mLf;fikg;gpy; cs;slq;Fgtu;fs; ahu;?
gbtupir 1 :- murd;
gbtupir 2 :- mur mjpfhupfs; (ke;jpupfs;>Nrhdjpgjp)
cau;Fbapdu;(nry;te;j tu;j;jfu;fs;> itj;jpau;fs;>
Mrpupau;fs;)> gpf;Ffs;
gbtupir 3 :- tptrhapfs;> ,ilau;fs;> Fatu;fs;> nfhy;yu;fs;>
kPdtu;fs;.
gbtupir 4 :- mbikfs;(guk;giu mbikfs;> $ypf;Fg; ngwf;$ba
mbikfs;)

87
06 Kjyhk; gbepiyapy; cs;s murd; vj;jifatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ?
mur kuigr; Nru;e;jtdhfTk; ew;Fzq;fs; epuk;gpatdhfTk;>
Fbkf;fSf;F nja;khfTk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; fUjg;gl;lJ.
07 murd; Nkd;ikahdtd; mtd; Fbkf;fSf;F nja;tkhf tpsq;f
Ntz;batd; vdf;$Wk; fy;ntl;L vJ?
$lfz;zjPrdJ jk;Gs;s fy;ntl;L
08 mur mjpfhupfs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;?
uj;nfhy;rk;jU(mur mjpfhupfs;)
09 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
1 murDf;F MNyhridfis toq;fpdu;.
2 ehl;bd; epu;thfj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpdu;
3 fp.gp 1k;> 2k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Fsq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l tupia
mwtpLk; cupikiag; ngw;wik
4 Mj;kf
P <Nlw;wj;jpw;F cjtjy;
10 fpilahd fl;likg;G vd;why; vd;d?
xNu gbtupirapy; cs;s rkhe;jpu tifapdupilNa cs;s
,ilj;njhlu;G MFk;.
11 fpilahd fl;likg;gpy; mlq;FNthu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtu;fspd;
gzpfisAk; $Wf?
1 ,uz;lhtJ gbtupirapy; ke;jpupfs;> Nrdhjpgjp> jpuwNrupg;nghWg;ghsu;>
gpf;Ffs; KjypNahu; cs;sdu;. ,tu;fspilNa njhlu;Gfs; rpwg;ghf
,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk Ml;rp rpwg;ghf mikAk;. cjhuzkhf ntspehl;L
Mf;fpukpg;ig vt;thW jLf;fyhk; vd;w MNyhridia ke;jpup toq;f>
Mf;fpukpg;igj; jLf;Fk; gilia Nrdhjpgjp topelj;j> gilfSf;Fj;
Njitahd gzj;ijAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; jpiwNrupg;nghWg;ghsu;

toq;Ftjd; %yk; mg;gzpapy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wdu;.

88
 2 ,Nj Nghd;Nw %d;whtJ gbtupirapy; fhzg;gLk; tptrhapfSf;Fk;>
,ilau;fSf;Fk;> nfhy;yu;fSf;Fk;> kPdtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
neUq;fpa ,ilj;njhlu;G nfhs;tjd; %ykhfNt jj;jkJ Njitfis
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
12 Guhjdfhy rKff;fl;likg;ig tiue;J fhl;Lf.

murd;
cw;gj;jpfis
Efu;Nthu;
mur mjpfhupfs;>
ngsj;j rq;fj;jpdu;

rhjhuz mur mjpfhupfSk;

rhjhuz tpahghupfSk;
tptrhapfs;> ifj;jpwdhspfs;>
NtLtu;fs;> ,ilau;fs;> nfhy;yu;fs;>
cw;gj;jpapy; kPdtu;fs;> nerthspfs;
gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Nthu; mbikfs;

13 Guhjd rKf mikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; vit?

1 ehl;bd; jiytdhf murd; ,Ue;J kf;fs; eyDf;fhf jdJ

mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;.

2 NkypUe;J fPohf epu;thfk; ed;whf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ\

3 kf;fsJ NjitfSk;> FiwghLfSk; fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;

tifapy; mike;jJ.

4 rkaj;jpw;Fk;> xOf;fj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpakspj;jikahy; mur mjpfhupfs;

Neu;ikahfr; nraw;gl;ldu;.

5 kd;du;fspdJk;> kf;fspdJk; rpe;jidfs; cau;thf ,Ue;jJ. ,aw;if

tsq;fis ghJfhg;gtu;fshf mtu;fs; tpsq;fpdu;.

89
 6 xt;nthU kl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fSk; jkf;FNky; kl;lj;jpy;

cs;stu;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

14 rKf xUq;fpizg;G vd;why; vd;d?

epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd gu];gu cwtpidg; ghJfhg;gjd; %yk;

rKjhak; tPo;r;rpailahjpUf;Fk; KiwikNa MFk;.

ghlNtis (32 – 24)

rl;lq;fSk; ghuk;gupaq;fSk;
01 ehl;by; epytpa rl;lk;> rl;lk; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fspd; tpguq;fis

fy;ntl;by; nghwpg;gpj;j kd;dd; ahu;?

khdtu;kd;

02 khdtu;kdpd; fy;ntl;by; rl;lk; njhlu;ghf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,U

nrhw;gjq;fSk; vit?

tjhy- epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw - murrig

rght - ePjpkd;wk;

03 ehl;Lf;Fj;Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjw;Fg; Guhjdfhyj;jpy;

nghWg;ghf ,Ue;j mikg;G vJ?

murrig

04 kf;fspilNa rl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jgtu; ahu;?

ghJfhg;G mjpfhup

05 fp.gp 9k; E}w;whz;: fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mg;ghJfhg;G mjpfhupfs; vt;thW

Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;?

nka;f;fhg;ghsu;

06 nka;f;fhg;ghsiuf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; NtW nrhw;gjk; ahJ?

jz;lehaf
90
07 1k; tp[aghF Jd;gg;gl;lNtisapy; cjtp toq;fpa jz;lehaf ahu;?

rpj;jhUk;gp Gj;jehaf

08 rl;lk; vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ?

vOjg;gl;lJ

09 ghuk;gupak; vd;gjd; fUj;J ahJ?

rKfj;jpdhy; Vw;Wg;nfhs;sg;gl;lit

10 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; tupr;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mwtplg;gl;l tupfs; vit?

jf;fgjp – Fsq;fspy; ePiug; gad;gLj;JNthuplk; ngwg;gl;ltup

Ngh[f;fgjp - murDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspy; gapu; nra;tjw;F

tpjpf;fg;gl;l tup

kjukkQ;rf;f - tha;f;fhy;fspd; kPd; gpbj;jy; njhlu;ghd tup

khj;upf;f kj;ra ghfa – Fsq;fspypUe;J taiy Nehf;fp tUk;

rpWtha;f;fhypy; kPd;gpbj;jy; njhlu;ghd

tup(khj;upf;f – rpW tha;f;fhy;)

Rq;ftup - ntspehLfspypUe;J nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak;

nghJ JiwKfq;fspy; mwtplg;gl;l tup(nfhltha

fy;ntl;by; ,t;thW ngwg;gLk; tup tpfhiuff;F

nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wg;gl;bUe;jJ)

ghlNtis (32 – 25)

Guhjd fhy rl;lq;fs;

01 JiwKfq;fspy; tup mwtplg;gl;L mUfpy; cs;s tpfhiufSf;F

nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhff; $Wk; fy;ntl;L vJ?

nfhltha J}z; fy;ntl;L

91
02 rl;lq;fis kPWNthu; mg;gpuNjrq;fisr;Nru;e;j tpfhiug;gpf;FfSf;F jhdk;

toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;L vJ? mjidg; nghwpg;gpj;jtd;

ahu;? rpj;Jy;gt;t fy;nrl;L – 1k; f[ghF

03 Rw;whliyg;ghJfhf;f rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuk; vJ?

cupa fhyj;jpy; mWtil nra;aj;jtWk; egu;fSf;F Ie;J fyq;

mghuhjkhfr; nrYj;JkhW $wg;gl;l rl;lk; 9k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j

nfhz;ltl;lthd; fy;ntl;by; cs;sJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; kio fhyj;jpy;

mWtil nra;tjhy; kz;zupg;G Vw;gLk; vd;gjdhy;

04 tptrhaj;ij xOq;fikg;gjw;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;L

vJ? mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s rl;lk; ahJ?

mDuhjGu nt];]fpup fy;ntl;L (4k; kfpe;jd;)– Fsq;fspy; ,Ue;J ePu;

ngWk; tay;fspy; ney; jtpu;e;j ghrpg;gaW tpistpf;ff;$lhJ

05 murhq;f tu;j;jf epiyak; mike;jpUe;j ,lk; vJ?

N`hg;gpl;bfKt

06 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; rk;ge;jkhd rl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLk;

fy;ntl;L vJ? mjidg; nghwpg;gpj;j kd;dd; ahu;?

4k; cjad;

nrhunghunttf; fy;ntl;L / gJisj;J}z;fy;ntl;L / N`hg;gpl;bfKt

fy;ntl;L

07 mf;fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; vit?

1 tu;j;jf epiyaj;jpd; vy;iyapy; tpahghuk; nra;Nthuplk; khj;jpuk; tup

mwtplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. tu;j;jf epiyaj;ijf; fle;J nry;Nthuplk; mup

mwtplf;$lhJ.

92
 2 mjpfhupfsplk; fhz;gpf;fhJ tu;j;jf epiyaq;fspy; nghUs;fs;

tpw;NghuplkpUe;J ,U klq;F tup mwtpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

3 mur mjpfhupfshy; msT Fwpf;fg;glhj juhRfs; nfhz;L tpahghuk;

nra;jy; $lhJ

4 ntw;wpiy> ghf;F vd;gd mJf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; khj;jpuk;

tpw;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

5 Nghah jpdq;fspy; tpahghuk; nra;Nthuplk; vz;nza; tup mwptply;

Ntz;Lk;.

ghlNtis (32 – 26)

Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fs;
01 kpUfq;fis vtUk; nfhy;yf;$lhJ vd Kjd; Kjypy; rl;lk; ,aw;wpatd;

ahu;? mr;rl;lk; vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ?

Mkz;lfhkpdp – gLnfhiyr;rl;lk;

02 vUik> gR> ML vd;gtw;iwf; nfhy;NthUf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpf;Fk;

rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpatd; ahu;? mr;rl;lk; vf;fy;ntl;by; cs;sJ?

4k; kfpe;jd; - kpfpe;jiyf;fy;ntl;L

03 ePu; epiyfspy; thOk; capupdq;fisf; nfhy;yf;$lhJ vd;w rl;lj;ij

,aw;wpatd; ahu;?

ep]q;fky;yd;

04 Fw;wr; nray;fs; njhlu;ghf ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; vit?

1 4k; kfpe;j kd;ddhy; mikf;fg;gl;l Ntty;fl;ba fy;ntl;by; fsT

vLj;jy;> nfhiynra;jy; vd;gd njhlu;ghf nfhLf;f Ntz;ba

jz;lidfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2 nfhiyf;Fw;wj;jpw;F kuzjz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ

93
 3 khLfis fsthf gpbg;gtu;fSf;F kpUfq;fspd; cly;fspy; ,lg;gLk;

milahsq;fs; mtu;fsJ new;wpapy; ,lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;

4 jiykiwthfp ,Uf;Fk; Fw;wthspia xg;gilg;gJ fpuhkj;jtu;fsJ

nghWg;ghFk;. mf;Fw;wthsp xg;gilf;fg;gLk;tiu mtu;fs; cs;ehl;Lj;

jz;lg;gzk; vd;Dk; tupiar; nrYj;jpdu;.

05 jw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; rl;lk; vJ?

cNuhkd; lr;Rr; rl;lk;

ghlNtis (32 – 27)

gzKk; nryhtzpAk;

01 Guhjd fhy nghUshjhu Kiw vjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ?

gz;lkhw;W

02 nghUshjhu Nehf;fj;Jld; nra;ag;gLfpd;w khw;WKiw vt;thW

miof;fg;gLk;?

nryhtzp

03 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ehzakhf gad;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk; vd njhy;nghUs;

Ma;thsu;fs; vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;?

fspkz;zyhd tl;l tbtpyhd fyk;

04 ,yq;ifapy; gzg;Gof;fk; Muk;gkhd fhyg;gFjp vJ? fp.K 250Mk; Mz;L

05 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ghtidapy; ,Ue;j ehzak; vJ?

`];vG – (,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fshy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ)

04 `];vG ehazq;fs; Guhjd fhyj;jpy; vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;Ls;sd?

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; - f`gz

,yf;fpaq;fs; - f`tZ (rk];fpUjj;jpy; cs;s fu;~hgz vd;Dk;

nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ)

94
05 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l NtW ehzaq;fs; vit?

ahid cUtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ehzak;

Rt];jpfh milahsk; ,lg;gl;l ehzak;

06 ehzaj;ij ntspaPL nra;Ak; mjpfhupfs; Guhjd fhyj;jpy; vt;thW

miof;fg;gl;ldu;?

&g;gj;jf;f

07 ehzaq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf cNyhfj;Jz;LfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gjw;F

Mjhuk; fpilj;Js;s ,lk; vJ? mjpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l cNyhfj;Jz;by;

vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ?

mgafpup tpfhiu – ud; njtprp fye;j

08 fye;j vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

epiwia mwpAk; myF

09 mDuhjGu tPuhq;Fu tpfhiuapy; thoe;j gpf;FfSf;F 200 fye;jq;fis

toq;fpa kd;dd; ahu;? mjidf; Fwpg;gpLk; Mjhuk; vJ?

4k; fhrpag;gd; - nt];]fpup fy;ntl;L

10 ,yq;ifapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ntspehl;L ehzaq;fs; vit?

cNuhk;> rPdh> mNugpah> VOC ehzak;

11 ntspehl;L ehzaq;fspy; ehzag; ngWkjpf;Fg; gjpyhf ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vJ?

cNyhfj;jpd; epiw

ghlNtis (32 – 28)

ngz;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

01 nghyeWitapy; %d;W Kiw Ml;rp nra;j murp ahu;? yPyhtjp

95
02 #srPtypNjtp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;L vJ?

epy;fpupNra vd;Dk; J}gpf;F mUfpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L

03 ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rp nra;Js;s ngz; murpfs; ahtu;?

yPyhtjp> fy;ahdtjp> RfyhNjtp

04 tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf 3 tUlq;fshf fztd; ntspehL nrd;W ,Ue;j NghJ

jdpj;J ,Ue;j ngz; gw;wpf; $Wk; Mjhuk; vJ?

urth`pdp (jha; vd;w epiyapy; jkJ nghWg;Gf;fis

epiwNtw;wpajhNyNa mf;fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; kjpg;gpw;F cs;shfpdu;)

05 ngsj;j FUkhu; tpfhukfhNjtpaplk; ePq;fs; Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j

ew;nray;fspdhy; ,g;nghOJ nry;thf;Fld; ,Uf;ffPwPu;fs; vdf; $wpajw;F

gps;isfs; ,y;yhj tho;tpy; cs;s; Rfk; vd;d Rfk; vd;W Nfl;gjhff;

$Wk; E}y; vJ?

u]thfpdp

06 Jl;lifKDtpd; khspifapy; Ritahd czT jahupj;J ghuhl;Lg;ngw;w

rhypahtpd; kidtp ahu;? mt;thW $Wk; E}y; vJ?

mNrhfkhyh – rj;ju;kyq;fhu

06 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwg;Gf;fs; vit?

1 ngz;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdu;.

2 ngz;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.(mDyhNjtp

tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; gpf;Fzpahf khwpdhu;)

3 ngz;fs; jdpahf ghJfhg;Gld; tho;e;Js;sdu;.

4 ngz; xU jha; vd;w uPjpapy; cau;e;j me;j];J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,d;dhUila kidtp> ,d;dhUila rNfhjup vd;Nw mioj;Js;sdu;.

96
5 fztd; jd; kidtpia cau;thfg; Nghw;wpdhd;. (tyfk;ghF jdJ

kidtpapd; ngaupy; Nrhkuhk tpfhiuia mikj;jhd;)

6 ngz;fSf;F Njitahd fy;tpia toq;FtJ ngw;Nwhu;fspd; flik

vd rf];] tj;Jg;gfuz vd;Dk; E}y; $Wfpd;wJ.

7 ngz;fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;tpawptpy; rpwe;J

tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; kJghr;rpfh vd miof;fg;gl;ldu; vd jk;gpah

ml;Lt `l;lgjahtpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kJu`j;jurh vdTk;

miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jd; fUj;J ifuhrp vd;gjhFk;.

8 gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fshfTk; ngz;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fs; gUkfY

vd miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. (mDuhjGu gpuhkzahfk fy;ntl;by;

gUkf;fY Rkdh vd;w ngaiuAila ngz; xUtiug; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ)

9 tpfhiufSf;Fk; gpf;FfSf;Fk; jkJ nry;tq;fis jhdkhf toq;fpa

ngz;fs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. (ghjpajp];] kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;

tho;e;j jy;jhy~;kp vd;gts; jdJ epyj;ij tpfhiufSf;F

toq;fpajhf mDuhjgu nfhf;mng vd;Dkplj;jpYs;s ghiwf;Fwpg;gpy;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ)

10 ngz;fs; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ rKjhaj;jhy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epajpahf ,Ue;jJ. 16 taij mile;jJk;

jpUkzk; nra;a mts; jFjpAilats;. jpUkzk; nra;Ak; taij

milAk; tiu ngz;fs; jkJ ngw;Nwhupd; ghJfhg;gpNyNa ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

97
07 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; jq;fis myq;fupj;Jk; nfhz;ldu; vd;gjw;F

Mjhuq;fs; vit?

1 fp.K.1129 Mk; mz;by; ngz;fs; fz;fSf;F ikjPl;lg; gad;gLk;

cNyhff;fk;gpnahd;W cluQ;rhklj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2 fspkz; kzpfSk;> rptg;G kQ;rs; epwq;fSk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ngz;fs; epwq;fisg; G+rpAs;sikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

3 ,g;gd;fl;Lth(fp.K 700 – 450 fhyg;gFjpiar; Nru;e;j gioa kahdk;)

gFjpapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fOj;Jr; rq;fpapypapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

kzpfs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt

Mguzq;fisAk; mzpe;Js;sdu;.

ghlNtis (32 – 29)

czTg;gof;f tof;fk;
01 Guhjdfhy kf;fs; MNuhf;fpakhd RNjr czTfis cl;nfhz;Ls;sdu;
vd;gjid Mjuhj;Jld; Fwpg;gpLf?
1 10500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; fpj;Js;fy ngypnydtpy; tho;e;j
tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l kf;fs; jhtu czTfshd <ug;gyhtpij> thio
vd;gtw;iw czthf cl;nfhz;ldu; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuk;
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
2 tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; ney;> Fuf;fd; Mfpa jhdpaq;fs; czthfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J jtpu cOe;J> vs;S> rhik
vd;gtw;iwAk; cl;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mf;fhy kf;fs; cl;nfhz;l VO
jhdpaq;fs; gw;wp Guhjd E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fPu;j;jp =
Nkftz;z kd;ddJ Njhzpfy fy;ntl;by; cOe;J> gaW vd;gd
gapuplg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

98
3 cztpid RitA+l;Ltjw;F thridj;jputpaq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. Kf;fpa nghUl;fshf cg;G. rPufk;> kpsfha; vd;w
%d;iwAk; Vida nghUl;fshf fUq;rPufk;> rpWQ;rPufk;>
nfhj;jky;yp> fLF> nte;jak; vd;w Ie;jpidAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
NkYk; czTf;F RitA+l;Ltjw;F Gsp tiffSk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vYkpr;rk;gok;> Njhlk;gok;> nfhuf;fhGsp>
ehuj;ij Kjypa mt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fwpNtg;gpiyAk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fwpNtg;gpiyiaf; Fwpg;gjw;F fUNghXa vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3 fQ;rpia czthff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,J ,yFtpy; rkpghlilaf;$ba
czthFk;. fQ;rpiaf; Fwpg;gjw;F mG`k;Gfhb vd;Dk; nrhy;
Guhjd E}y;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. muprpia ePupy; Ntfitj;J
cg;gpl;lJk; mJ $o; vdg;gl;lJ. xU gq;F muprpAld; MW gq;F ePu;
Nru;j;J NehahsUf;F jahupf;fg;gLk; fQ;rp athF(cg;Gf;fQ;rp)
vdg;gl;lJ. kUj;Jtf; FzKila ,iyfisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;l
fQ;rp vk;Gy; `k;G(vk;Gy; nfe;j) vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Fwpj;J
rj;ju;kuj;dhtpypapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghy;> Njd;> nea;>
Njhlk;gor;rhW vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L RitkpFe;j fQ;rp
jahupf;fg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4 ghy; fpuhkq;fspy; Kf;fpa czthf ,Ue;Js;sJ. gRf;fisf;
Fwpg;gjw;F fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fpupnfup vd;w nrhy; gad;gl;Ls;sJ.
japUk; czthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jPfpup vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy;
japu; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdJ kfs; jpukzkhfp GFe;j tPL nry;Yk;
NghJ “vdJ kfSf;F japu; cz;gjw;F xUNrhb khL Nitg;gLNk”
vd;W je;ij xUtu; $Wtjhf G+[htypa vd;Dk; E}ypy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

99
 5 mf;fhy kf;fs; jiutho; capupdq;fis kl;Lkd;wp kPidAk; czthf

cl;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Fsq;fspy; ,Ue;J taiy Nehf;fp tUk;

rpWtha;f;fhypy; kPd; gpbj;Njhuplk; mwtplg;gl;l tup khj;upf;f kj;ra

ghfa vdg;gl;lJ. jpj;jah vd;Dk; kPd; mf;fhyj;jpy; ngupJk;

cz;zg;gl;lJ.

6 khkpr czTfSk; mf;fhy kf;fsJ cztpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. khd;>

khL> fhl;nlUik> kiu> fhl;Lf;Nfhop> Kay; vd;gtw;iw mf;fhy

kf;fs; cz;ldu;. nry;te;ju;fs; tpUk;gp cz;l czthf nea;ahy;

Rlg;gl;l khd; ,iwr;rpAk; jtpL ePf;fhj muprpr;NrhWk; fhzg;gl;lJ vd

rj;ju;kuj;dhtpypapy; $wg;gl;ls;sJ.

7 jhdpaq;fis tWj;J mjd;%yk; ngwg;gl;l czT mj;RZ

vdg;gl;lJ.

8 jk;gpah ml;Lth vd;w E}ypy; $wg;gLk; jpyrq;Fypfh vd;gJ

vs;SUz;ilia Fwpg;gjhf mikayhk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

9 fpoq;iff; Fwpg;gjw;F rj;ju;kuj;dhtypapy; nrhly vd;w nrhy;

gad;gl;Ls;sJ.

10 nfl;bahd fwp epahk;gyht vdg;gl;lJ. kuf;fwpfisAk;

cl;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. gPuf
; ;fq;fha;> Riuf;fha;> G+rzpf;fha;> Rz;ilf;fha;>

nts;supf;fha;> KUq;iff;fha;> fPiutiffs; vd;gtw;iw

cl;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,it nghupayhfTk;> Rz;lyhfTk;> Fok;ghfTk;

cz;zg;gl;Ls;sd.

11 mf;fhy Viofs; ngUk;ghYk; fPiu tiffs;> fhbg;Gspg;G> jPl;lhj

muprpr;NrhW vd;gtw;iw czthf cl;nfhz;ldu;.

ghlNtis (32 – 30)

100
#oy; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs;

01 Guhjdfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; #oy; ghJfhg;gpy; mjpf mf;fiw

nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gij Mjhuj;Jld; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 kuQ;nrbfis ntl;Ltjdhy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; vd;gijAzu;j;jpUe;jdu;

vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf 4k; kfpe;jdJ mDuhjGuf;fy;ntl;by; cau;

epyq;fspy; cs;s kuq;fis ntl;lf;$lhJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;.

cau; epyq;fspy; kuq;fis ntl;Ltjd; %yk; kz; rupT> kz; mupg;G

vd;gd Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. NkYk; ,aw;if ePu; epiyfs; tw;wpg;

Nghtjw;Fk; tha;g;G Vw;gLk;.

2 fhLfis mopg;gjdhy; gy NfLfs; Vw;gLk; vd;gijAzu;e;j 3k;

cjad; jdJ mDuhjGuk; - Gj;jd;dn`y fy;ntl;by; fhl;L

kuq;fis ntl;l Ntz;lhk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;.

3 #oy; Kfhikj;Jtk; rpwg;ghfg; NgZtjpy; mf;fiw fhl;bdu;

vd;gjw;F 5k; fhrpag;gdJ nfhz;ltl;Lthd; fy;ntl;by;
kuQ;nrbfisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; mur rl;;lq;fis gpd;gw;WkhW mur
mjpfhupfSf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4 cupa fhyj;jpw;F Kd; taypy; mWtil ele;jhy; kz;zupg;G Vw;gLk;.
,jidj; jLg;gjw;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk; gw;wp nt];]fpupf;
fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thW nra;gtu;fs; mguhjk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5 tha;f;fhypy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w Kiwapy; kPd; gpbj;jhy; kPd;tsk;
mw;Wg;NghFk; vd;gjdhy; ,jidj; jLg;gjw;fhf kPd; gpbg;gtu;fsplk;
kjukkQ;rf;f vd;Dk; tup mwtplg;gl;lJ.

ghlNtis (32 – 31)

101
Guhjd fhy r%fj;jplkpUe;J ngwf;$ba Kd;dkhjpupfs;

01 Guhjdfhy kf;fsplkpUe;J jw;fhyj;Jf;Fk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tplaq;fs; gy

cs;sd. ,jw;F Mjhukhd tplaq;fis gl;bay;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lf.

ghlNtis (32 – 32)

gpd;tUtd gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.

1 efukakhjy;

2 r%f tFg;G

myF 7
cyu; tya gz;ila ehfupfq;fspd; tPo;r;rp
(ghlNtis 10)
ghlNtis (30 – 01)
efuq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
01 ,yq;ifapy; KjyhtJ efukakhf;fYf;F cl;gLk; efuq;fs; vit?
mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWit> khfk
02 mDuhjGuj;jpd; KjyhtJ Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
gz;Lfhgad;
03 mDuhjGuj;jpd; ,Wjp Mlrpahsd; ahu;?
5k; kfpe;jd;
04 mDuhjguj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs;
ahu;?
1k; ,uh[,uh[Nrhod;> 1k; ,uhN[e;jpuNrhod;
05 Nrhou;fsplkpUe;J ehl;il kPl;ltd; ahu;?
1k; tp[aghF
06 nghyeWitapd; KjyhtJ Ml;rpahsd; ahu;? 1k; tp[aghF
07 nghyeWitapd; ,wjp Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

102
 guhf;fpuk ghz;bad;
08 khfk ,uhr;rpaj;ij cUthf;fpa kd;dd; ahu;?
kfhehfd; (Njtek;gpajPrdpd; rNfhjud;)
09 khfk ,uhr;rpaj;ij ikakhff; nfhzL Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fs; ahtu;?
khfehfd;> al;lhyjPrd;> Nfhjhghad;> fhte;jP]d;
10 xU efuj;jpw;Ff; Njtiahd mk;rq;fs; vit?

 efupd; epu;thfj;jpw;Ff; Njitahd fl;llq;fs; fhzg;gLjy;

 kf;fs; efuj;jpw;F te;J nry;y ghijfs; ,Uj;jy;
 ePu;trjpAk; Vida trjpfSk; ,Uj;jy;
11 cyu; tyaq;fspy; Guhjd efuq;fs; tsu;r;rpailtjw;F toptFj;j
fhuzpfisj; je;J tpsf;Ff?
1 epue;jukhf Xuplj;jpy; tho;e;jik
2 kpif cw;gj;jpapdhy; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilj;jik
3 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik 4 mur Kaw;rpfs;
1 epue;jukhf Xuplj;jpy; tho;e;jik
Guhjd kdpjd; Ntl;ilahLjiyf; iftpl;L tptrhaj;ij nkw;nfhz;l
gpd;du; fpuhkq;fs; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpd. fpuhkq;fs; gbg;gbahf
tsu;r;rpaile;J efuq;fs; Njhd;wpd. kf;fsJ tho;f;ifAk;
fpuhkj;jd;ikapypUe;J efuj;jd;ikf;F khwpaJ. ,jdhy; epue;jukhf
Xuplj;jpy; thoj; njhlq;fpdu;.
2 kpif cw;gj;jpapdhy; mjpf tUkhdk; fpilj;jik
tptrhak; nra;j epyj;jpd; jd;ik> tptrhaj;jpw;F gad;gLk;
El;gKiwfs;. ePu; trjpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
,it rpwg;ghff; fpilj;j ,lq;fspy; tptrhak nra;jtu;fs; ey;y
tpisr;riyg; ngw;wdu;. Vidatu;fSf;F NghjpasT tpisr;ry
fpilf;ftpy;iy. tpisr;ry; rpwg;ghf mike;j egu;fSf;F vQ;rpapUf;Fk;
jhdpaq;fs; ifapUg;gpy; ,Ue;jd. ,it kpif cw;gj;jp vdg;gl;lJ.

103
 [hjfml;lfjhtpy; xU Nghfj;jpy; NghjpasT mWtil fpilf;fhj
tptrhap xUtu; mf;fpuhkj;jpd; jiytid mZfp mLj;j Nghfj;jpy;
ney; jUtjhff; $wp ney; %l;il xd;iwg; ngw;wjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
3 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
cw;gj;jp kpifiaf; nfhz;l nry;te;ju;fs; tho;ifg; gpur;rpidapd;wp
efuq;fspy; kfpo;r;rpahf tho;e;jhu;fs;. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghf
,tu;fsJ tho;f;if NkYk; trjpahf khwpaJ. ,tu;fs; jkJ me;j];ij
ntspf;fhl;Ltjw;fhf ntspehl;L kl;ghz;lq;fisAk;> kzpfisAk;
gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,e;jpahtpd; jhkpuypg;jp> fhNtupg;gl;bdk; Mfpa
JiwKfq;fspy; ,Ue;J tu;j;jfu;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;Js;sdu;.
re;jKfrptd; fhyj;jpy; cNuhkpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gtsq;fs; %yk;
khfjhJNfhGuk; fl;lg;gl;ljhf khftk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifj;
JiwKfq;fspy; ghurPf> vjpNahg;gpa ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; vg;NghJk; jupj;J
epd;wjhf nfh];k]; $Wfpd;wdhu;.
12 mDuhjGuKk;> khfkTk; efuq;fshf tsu;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpa fhyg;gFjp
vJ? fp.K 450k; Mz;lstpy;
13 Guhjd fhyj;jpy; tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l
,ilA+Wfs; vit?
tul;rp> nts;sk;> fhy;eilfSf;F gutpa njhw;W Neha;fs;
14 mDuhjGuk; efukhf tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 mgathtp efukf;fspd; FbePu;j;Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;jik
2 gz;Lfhgadpd; eltbf;iffs;
3 ru;tNjr JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpa khNjhl;lk; mUfpy; ,Ue;jik
4 ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyakhf ,J ,Ue;jikahy;
rdj;njhifAk; fl;llq;fSk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jik
5 ky;tj;J Xah Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fk; kPd;gpbf;Fk; gad;gl;lik
15 nghyeWit jiyefukhf tsu;r;rpaila cjtpa fhuzpfs; vit?
104
 1 Nfhfu;z JiwKfj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpue;jik.
2 tu;j;jfj;jpy; njd;fpof;F MrpahTk; rPdhTk; ,ize;j nfhz;ljdhy;
,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuapy; cs;s Nfhfu;zk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
3 mj;JiwKfj;jpD}lhf tuf;$ba Mf;fpupg;Gf;fis jLf;ff;#ba
,lkhf nghyeWit tpsq;fpaik.
4 njd;gFjpapy; cs;s cUFizapypUe;J tUfpd;w gilnaLg;ig
jLj;J epWj;j mDuhjGuj;ijtpl nghyeWitNa rpwe;jjhff;
fhzg;gl;lik
5 kfhtypfq;iff;F mUfpy; tskhd gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;jik.
16 kfhk tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 fpupe;jpXahTf;F mUfpy; ,J mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jdhy; efukf;fSfl;F
Njitahd FbePu; fpilj;jJ.
2 ,e;efuj;jpw;F Nkw;Nf tsitfq;ifAk; fpof;Nf khzpf;ffq;ifAk;
,Ue;jd ,jdhy; ney;iy kpifahf cw;gj;jp nra;jtu;fs; Vuhskhf
,Ue;jdu;.
3 new;nra;iff;Fk;> nridr; nra;iff;Fk; nghUj;jkhd epyq;fs;
,Ue;jik
4 vy;yq;fht vd;w Fsj;njhfjpfs; mjpfkhf cUFizg; gFjpapy;
fhzg;gl;lik
17 1k; tp[aghFtpw;Fg; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j nghyeWit Ml;rpahsu;fs;
ve;j ehl;Lg; ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;jjhf #stk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ?
gu;kh> fk;Nghbah (njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs;)
18 njd;fpof;fhrpa fiykuig gpd;gw;wp nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;l
fl;llq;fs; vit? fy;tpfhiu> rj;k`y; gpurhja

ghlNtis (30 – 02)

cyu;tya gz;ila efuq;fs; tPo;r;rpaile;jikf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
01 cyu; tya Guhjd efhupfq;fs; tPor
; ;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
105
 1 gytPdkhd kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp
2 nksupa ,yk;gfu;z tk;rg; Nghuhl;lk;
3 me;epaupd; Mf;fpukpg;G
4 nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
02 nghyeWit ,uhrjhdp tPo;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 gytPdkhd kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp
2 fypq;f ghz;ba tk;rg; Nghuhl;lk;
3 khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G
4 nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
1 gytPdkhd kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp
1k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd 29 Mz;Lfspy;
eprq;ky;yidj;jtpu Vida Ml;rpahsu;fs; ahtUk;
gytPdkhdtu;fshfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;. eprq;fky;ydpd; Ml;rp 9
Mz;Lfs; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; 12 Ml;rpahsu;fs; Ml;rp
nra;jik> epue;jukw;w> Fog;g Ml;rpia vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
mt;thl;rpahsu;fshy; murpay; ];jpujd;ikiag; NgzKbatpy;iy
,jd; fhuzkhf nghyeWit tPor
; ;rpaile;jJ.
2 fypq;f ghz;ba tk;rg; Nghuhl;lk;
1k; tp[aghF jdJ rNfhjup kpj;jh ,stutpia ghz;b ehl;L
,sturDf;F jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jhd;. 1k; tp[aghF ,we;j
gpd;du; ghz;ba tk;rj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fypq;f tk;rj;jtu;fSf;FkpilNa
Ml;rp cupikf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. eprq;fky;ydpd;
kiwTf;Fg; gpd;G mtdJ rNfhjudpd; kfdhd rhfky;yDf;Fk;
eprq;fky;ydpd; kidtpahd fy;ahztjpf;FkpilNa Ml;rpAupik
njhlu;ghf Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; fhuzkhf nghyeWit
,uhrjhdp tPor
; ;rpaile;jJ.
3. khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G
nghyeWit ,uhrjhdpapd; tPo;r;rpfhd cldbf;fhuzkhf khfdpd;
106
 Mf;fpukpg;ghFk;. fypq;f ehl;bypUe;J fp.gp.1215k; Mz;L ghupa gilAld;
,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l gytPdkhd
murpay; epiy fhuzkhf khfdpd; gilnaLg;gpw;F Kfk; nfhLf;f
Kbatpy;iy. ,jdhy; nghyeWit cl;gl ,uhrul;ilapd;
ngUk;gFjpia Kw;Wifapl;ldu;. khfd; Vw;gLj;jpa mopTfs; Fwpj;J
kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. “Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fs; kf;fisf; fl;bitj;J
tijj;J mtu;fsJ nry;tq;fis #iwahb mk;kf;fis
Viofshf;fpdu;. Gj;ju; rpiyfis cilj;njwpe;jdu;. tpfhiur;
nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;isabj;jdu;. gf;ju;fis jhf;fpdu;. rpWtu;fisAk;
mbj;Jj; Jd;GWj;jpdu;. ,jdhy; ghJfhg;Gj;Njb njd;gFjpia Nehf;fp
kf;fSk; ngsj;j gpf;FfSk; ,lk;ngau;e;jdu;.
ghlrhiy (30 – 03)
jk;gnjdpah
01 ,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fypy; Njhd;wpa efuq;fisAk; mtw;iw
Ml;rpahsu;fshf njupT nra;jtu;fisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
jiyefuk; Kjy; Ml;rpahsd;
jk;gnjdpah 3k; tp[aghF
ahg;g$th 1k; GtNdfghF
FUehfy; 2k; GtNdfghF
fk;gis 4k; GdNdfghF
Nfhl;il 6k; guhf;fpukghF

02 ,uz;lthJ efukakhf;fypd; nghJthd ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 ,yq;ifapd; njd;nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;jik
2 murpay; mjpfhuk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik
3 epu;thf ikaq;fs; rkfhyj;jpy; nraw;gl;lik
4 Gjpa JiwKfq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
5 ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOr;rp ngw;W mwpT kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lik
03 fypq;fkhfdpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ njhd;wpa gpuhe;jpa muRfisAk; mtw;iwj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?

107
 ghJfhg;ghd ,lk; mikj;j gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;
ahg;g$th Rgjsgjp
kpdpg;Ng rq;fjsgjp
Nfhtpe;jkiy GtNdfghF Mjpghj
jk;gnjdpah 3k; tp[aghF

108
04 KjyhtJ efukakhf;fYf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ efukakhf;fYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
NtWghLfs; vit?

KjyhtJ efukakhf;fk;; ,uz;lhtJ efukakhf;fk;

cyu; tyaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ cyu; tyaj;jpw;F ntspNa
,lk;ngw;wJ
Nfj;jpufzpj nghwpKiwf;F Vw;g mt;thW mikf;fg;gltpy;iy.
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
kpfg;gue;j epyg;gug;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ gug;Gf; Fiwthf fhzg;gl;lJ
mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWit ePzl fhyk; ePz;lfhyk; jiyefukhf
jiyefuq;fshf tpsq;fpd ePbf;ftpy;iy.
ePu;trjpf;F Kf;fpakspf;fg;gl;lJ ghJfhg;Gf;F Kf;fpakspf;fg;gl;lJ

05 ,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fypd; mbg;gilfs; vit?

1 murpay; mjpfhuk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;likapdhy; gy epu;thf ikaq;fs;
nraw;gl;lik (Rgjsgjpapdhy; ahg;g$th tsur;rpaile;jJ)
2 ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. Gjpa JiwKfq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
fw;gpl;b> Gj;jsk; Kjypa JiwKfq;fspd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf
jk;gnjdpah> FUehfy; ,uhrjhdpfSk;> nfhOk;G> NgUtis JiwKf
tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf Nfhl;ilAk; Kd;Ndwpd.
3 ,yf;fpaq;fs; tsu;r;rpile;jik fhuzkhf E}y;fisf; fw;Fk; Mu;tKk;
mwpTk; tpUj;jpaile;jd.
4 fWth> kpsF> Vyk; vd;gd cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gl;ld.
06 jk;gnjdpahit jiyefukhf;fpatd; ahu;?
3k; tp[aghF (fp.gp.1232)
07 3k; tp[aghF NtW vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;?
td;dpuh[h

109
08 3k; tp[aghF Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
murpay; gzp
fypq;fkhfd; nghyeWitapy; murhl;rp Gupe;j nfhz;bUe;jNghJ
mtDf;Fr; rthyhf khaul;ilapd; vy;iyapy; Rje;jpukhd rpq;fs
munrhd;iw mikj;jik
rkag;gzp
1 nfhj;kiyapy; xspj;J tif;fg;gl;bue;j je;jjhJit ngypfiy
kiycr;rpf;F vLj;Jte;J jyjhkhspif mikj;jik.
2 jk;gnjdpahtpy; tp[aRe;juuhka tpfhiuia mikj;jik
3 fspdtpfhiu> mj;jdfytpfhiu> kfpaq;fis tpfhiu vd;gtw;iwg;
Gduikj;jik
4 ntspehLfSf;F ghJfhg;gpw;fhfr; nrd;w ngsj;j gpf;Ffis kPz;Lk;
miog;gpj;J ghJfhg;G toq;fpaik
5 cgrk;gjh rlq;if elhj;jp Gj;jrrhdj;ij J}a;ikg;gLj;jpaik
6 thrp];uNjuu;> rq;fpuf;fpj kfhNjuu; KjyhNdhupd; cjtpAld;
mope;jNghd ngsj;j rka E}y;fis vOJtpj;jik
09 3k; tp[aghFtpd; gps;isfs; ahtu;?
2k; guhf;fpukghF> GtNdfghF
10 3k; tp[aghFtpd; gpd;du; jk;gnjdpahtpd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
2k; guhf;fpukghF (fp.gp 1236 – 1270)
11 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpw;F ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tp fw;gpj;j jiyikg; gpf;F
ahu;?
rq;fpuf;fpj kfhNjuu;

110
12 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gzpfs; vit?
murpay; gzp
1 fp.gp 1247y; re;jpughD vd;w [hth ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsd;
ngUk;gilAld; ,yq;iff;F te;jhd;. ,td; kyha; Flhehl;bd;
jhkpuypq;f vd;w ,lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtd;. ,tdJ gilnaLg;ig 2k;
guhf;fpukghFtpd; kUkfdhd tPughF jiyikapyhd gil
Kwpabj;jJ. tPughF njTe;ju Nfhtpypy; jdJ Neu;j;jpf;flidr;
nrYj;jpdhd;
2 nghyeWitapy; 40 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rpnra;j fypq;fkhfidj;
Njhw;fbj;jik ,tdJ kfj;jhd rhjidahFk;. ghJfhg;ghd
Nfhl;ilfSld; mike;jpUe;j khfid jpl;lkpl;L Njhw;fbj;jhd;.
1255,y; ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd khfidj;
Njhw;fbj;jjd; %yk; ngUk;Gfo; ngw;whd;.
3 KjyhtJ gilnaLg;gpy; Njhy;tpile;j re;jpughD $ypg;gilAld;
1261,y; kPz;Lk; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. jk;gnjdpahit
Mf;fpukpj;J Gdpjje;jjhJit jd;dplk; xg;gilf;FkhW 2k;
guhf;fpukghFit mr;RWj;jpdhd;. ghz;ba kd;ddpd; cjtpAld; 2k;
guhf;fpukghF re;jpughDitf; nfhd;W Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J kPl;lhd;.
ghz;ba kd;dd;([htfd;) nra;j cjtpf;fhf mtdJ kfid
tl,yq;ifapd; gpujpepjpahf epakpj;jhd;.
rkag;gzp
1 gpf;Ffspd; xOf;f newpf;Nfhitahfpa jk;gnjdpa fjpfhtj;ija
vOJtpj;jhd;. rq;fuh[ kfhNjuu; jiyikapyhd mitapNyNa ,J
njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 tUle;NjhWk; cgrk;gjh rlq;fpid nra;tpj;jnjhL jhDk;
gq;Fnfhz;lhd;.
3 ngypfiyapypUe;j je;jjhJit vLj;j te;J jk;gnjdpahtpy;
jyjhkhspif mikj;jhd;.
4 ju;kfPu;j;jp kfhNjuiu tutioj;J mtuJ jiyikapy; ,yq;ifapy;
mltp klj;ij mikj;jhd;.
111
 5 ,tdJ fhyj;jpNyNa ,uj;jpdGupapy; rkd; Njthyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
6 Njtgjpuh[ vd;w mikr;rupd; cjtpNahL> ngsj;j rka fy;tp
tsu;r;rpf;Fk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ghLgl;lhd;.
,yf;fpag;gzp
1 rpwe;j fy;tpkhdhfTk; gz;bjdhfTk; tpsq;fpdhd; ,jdhy; fypfhy
rhfpj;jpa ru;tf;Q gz;bj vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
2 ftprpYkpd vd;w ftpij E}iyAk;> tdtpdpard;a>
tpRj;jpkhu;f;frd;da vd;Dk; ciuE}y;fisAk; vOjpdhd;.
3 muz;kidr; #oypy; ,yf;fpa mwpTkpf;f Gytu;fisg; nghw;wp
te;jJld; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyTk; cUthtjw;fhd #oiy
Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.
13 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gps;isfs; ahtu;?
Nghrj; tp[aghF(4k; tp[aghF)
14 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpd; jk;gnjdpahtpd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

Nghrj; tp[aghF – 4k; tp[aghF

15 Nghrj; tp[aghFit rjp %yk; nfiy nra;jtd; ahu;?
kpj;j vd;Dk; jsgjp
16 rjpfhuu;fis Kwpabj;J Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;?
1k; GtNdfghF

ghlNtis (30 – 04)

FUehfy;> ahg;g$th ,uhr;rpaq;fs;
01 1k; GtNdfghFthy; jiyefuhf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
ahg;g$th (,jd; gbtupirfs;> J}z;fspy; ghz;ba fk;Nghba kuGfs;
cs;sd)
02 ahg;g$th mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ? FUehfy;
03 ahg;g$th NtW vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
2tJ rpfpupah
112
04 1k; GtNdfghF vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fs; vit?
1 td;dpj; jiytu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l fpsu;r;rpia Kwpabj;jik
2 fhypq;fuhau; vd;Dk; njd;dpe;jpa jsgjpapd; gilnaLg;ig
Kwpabj;jik
3 Nrhlfq;fd; vd;Dk; njd;dpe;jpa jsgjpapd; gilnaLg;ig
Kwpabj;jik
05 1k; GtNdfghFtpd; ntspehl;L cwTfs; vit?
1 vfpg;J ehl;Lf;F tu;j;jfFOit mDg;gpaik
2 rPdhtpd; Fg;sha;fhDf;F fyhrhu ey;YwTj; J}Jf;FOit
mDg;gpaik
06 1k; GtNdfghF ,we;j gpd;du; Ml;rpAupikf;fhf gpur;rpidapy; <Lgl;ltu;fs;
ahu;?
1k; GtNdfghFtpd; kfd; 2k; GtNdfghFTf;Fk; 4k; tp[aghF kd;ddpd;
kfdhd guhf;fpukghGTf;Fk; ,ilapy;
07 1284,y; ahg;g$th Nfhl;iliaj; jhf;fp Gdpjje;j jhJit FyNrfu
ghz;ba kd;ddplk; xg;gilj;j FWepy kd;dd; ahu;? Mupar;rf;futu;j;jp
08 1287,y; ahg;g$thtpy; murdhf te;jtd; ahu;?
3k; guhf;fpukghF (4k; tp[aghFtpd; kfd;)
09 ghz;ba kd;ddplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l Gdpjje;jjhJit kPz;Lk; ,yq;iff;F
nfhz;L te;jtd; ahu;? 3k; guhf;fpukghF
10 3k; guhf;fpukghFit ntd;W Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;?
2k; GtNdfghF
11 2k; GtNdghF jiyefukhfj; njupT nra;j ,lk; vJ?
FUehfy;
12 2k; GtNdfghFtpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j mtdJ kfd; ahu;?
4k; guhf;fpukghF
13 4k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gzpfs; vit?
1 ghsp nkhopapy; ,Ue;j 550 [hjff; fijfis (gd;rpa gd]; [hjfa)
rpq;fs nkhopapy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lik
113
 2 fy;tp mwpTk;> ,yf;fpa Mu;tKk; nfhz;ltdhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;.
3 ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;F gq;fhw;wpdhdd;. ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; jyjhrpupj>
rpq;fsNghjptk;r> mdhfjtk;r> jyjh G+[htypa Nghd;w
,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
4 FUehfypy; je;jjhJtpw;F jyjh khspif mikj;jhd;.
5 fz;bf;F nrq;flyGua vdg;ngaupl;lhd;.
6 jyjhkhspifapd; epu;thf nryTf;fhf gy fpuhkq;fis xJf;fpdhd;.
14 4k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpd;du; FUehfypd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; ahu;?
3 k; GtNdfghF> 5k; tp[aghF(rTY tp[aghF)
15 FUehfy; Fsj;ij mikj;jjhff; $wg;gLk; kd;dd; ahu;? 3k; GtNdfghF
ghlNtis (30 – 05)
fk;gis> Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaq;fs;;
01 fk;gisiaj; jiyefukhf;fpatd; ahu;?
4k; GtNdfghF (1341) rTY tp[aghFtpd; kfdhthd;
02 fk;gis ,yq;ifapd; jiyefuhf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 FUehfy; jiyefukhf ,ue;j NghJ fk;gis cgefukhf ,Ue;jik
2 kiyfshy; #og;gl;l ghjfhg;ghd ,lkhf ,Ue;jik
3 rtndhspghjkiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; re;jpapy; mike;jpUe;jik
4 kfhtypfq;iff; fiuapy; mie;jpUe;jik
03 fk;gis ,uhrjhdpf; fhyj;jpd; rkfhyj;jpy; tpsq;fpa ,urjhdpfs; vit?
njbfk (Nfhfhiy khtl;lk;) – 5k; guhf;fpukghF (4k; GtNdfghFtpd;
rNfhjud;)
aho;g;ghzk; - Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs;
04 fk;gis ,uhrjhdp vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs; vit?
1 gpuGf;fspd; nry;thf;F cau;thf ,Ue;jJ
2 jsgjpfs; kd;dDf;F ,izahd mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.
3 njbfk> aho;gg
; hzk; ,U ,uhr;rpaq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik
05 fk;gis fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpak; ngw;wpUe;j Flk;gq;fs; vit?
Nrdhjpyq;fhu nrdtpuj; FLk;gk;> iwfk moNf];tuu; FLk;gk;
06 fk;gis fhyj;jpy; muRupik vt;thW khw;wkile;jJ
khkdhUf;Fg;gpd; kUkfd; Ml;rpf;F te;jik my;yJ murdpd;
114
 rNfhjupapd; kfDf;F(jha;top muRupik)
07 fk;gis fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if te;j
mNugpa Njr rQ;rhup - ,gd;gJ}jh
Mz;L - 1344
nraw;ghL - aho;gg
; hz Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfspd; cjtpAld;
rptndhspghjkiyiaj; juprpf;fr; nrd;whu;.
- fk;gisapy; nts;isahid itj;jpUe;j
my;Nfhzu; vd;w gpuNjr Ml;rpahsidg; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
08 4k; GtNdfghFtpd; gpd;du; fk;gisapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
5k; guhf;fpukghF
09 5k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpd; fk;gisapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
3k; tpf;fpukghF (Nrdhjpyq;fhu nrdtpuj;jpw;Fk; 5k; guhf;fpukghFtpd;
rNfhjupf;Fk; gpwe;jtd;)
10 ve;j kd;ddJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; aho;gg
; hzj;J Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; kd;dhu;
njhlf;fk; ghze;Jiw tiu tup mwtpl;ldu;?
3k; tpf;fpukghF
11 3k; tpf;fpukghFtpd; gpujk mikr;ru; ahu;?
ep]q;f moff;Nfhzu;
12 = n[atu;j;jdGutpy; ghJfhg;ghd Nfhl;ilia mikj;jtd; ahu;?
ep]q;f moff;Nfhzu;
13 kd;dhu; njhlf;fk; ghze;Jiw tiuahd gpuNjrq;fis aho;gg
; hzj;J
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfsplkpUe;J kPl;ltd; ahu;?
ep]q;f moff;Nfhzu;
14 3k; tpf;fpukghFtpd; gpd; fk;gisapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

5k; GtNdfghF (1374 – 1408)

15 5k; GtNdfghFtpd; gpd; fk;gisapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
tPughF

115
16 tPughFtpd; gpd; fk;gisapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
tPu moNf];tud;
17 tPu moNf];tud; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if te;j rPdj; jsgjp ahu;? mtu; tUif
je;e Mz;Lfs; vit> mtiu mDg;gpa rPdg; Nguurd; ahu;?

nrq;Nfh – 1405> 1409> 1411 Aq;Nyh

18 nrq;Nfh nfhz;L te;j fhzpf;ifg; nghUl;fis vt; Myaj;jpw;F
toq;fpdhd;> gpd;G Kk;nkhopf;fy;ntl;ilg; nghwpg;gpj;j ,lk; vJ?
mk;nkhopfs; vit?
NjNte;jpuKid Myaj;jpw;F. jkpo;> rPdnkhop> ghurPfnkhop Mfpa %d;W
nkhopfspyhd fy;ntl;il fhypapy; nghwpg;gpj;jhd;)
19 1411,y; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;J fk;gisapd; tPumoNf];tuidj;
rpiwg;gpbj;Jr; nrd;w rPdj;jsgjp ahu;? nrq;Nfh
20 4k; GtNdfghFthy; mikf;fg;gl;l fl;llq;fs; vit?
yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu> flyhnjdpa tpfhiu
21 3k; tpf;fpukghFthy; mikf;fg;gl;l fl;llk; vJ?
mk;gf;f Njthyak;
22 Nfhl;iliaj; jiyeuhf;fpa kd;dd; ahu;?
6k; guhf;fpukghF
23 6k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; jha; je;ijau; ahtu;?
je;ij - [ak`Ny
jha; - RNdj;uhNjtp
24 6k; guhf;fpukghF jiykiwthf ,Ue;j NghJ ghJfhg;G toq;fpa gpf;F
ahu;?
tPjhfk k`h ];jtPu
25 6k; guhf;fpukghF Kjypy; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpuNjrk; vJ?
iwfk (1412)
26 06k; guhf;fpukghF Nfhl;ilapd; Ml;rpahsdhf te;j Mz;L vJ?
116
 1415

27 6k; guhf;fpukghF Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?

1 ehL KOtijAk; xNu Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jik

 td;dpg;gpuNjrj;ij Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jik.

 rg;Gky;Fkhudpd; jiyikapy; gilaDg;gp aho;gg ; hzj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wpaik.
 kiyafj;jpy; fpsu;r;rp nra;j N[hjpa vd;gtid
mk;GYfyFkhuid mDg;gp mlf;fpaik.
 KO ehl;ilAk; xd;WgLj;jp Ml;rp nra;j ,Wjp kd;dd; Mthd;.
2 ntspehl;Lf;F gil mDg;gp ntw;wp ngw;wik
,yq;ifapypUe;J fWth Vw;wpr;nrd;w fg;giy tp[aefug;Nguurpd;
murdhd kytuhad; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,jw;Fg; gopjPu;f;f
tp[aefug;NguuRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd mjptPuuhkgl;lzj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. NkYk; Nrhou;fspd; 4 fpuhkq;fspypUe;Jk; tupiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;.
3 fy;tpg;gzpahw;wpaik
ngsj;j fy;tp epiyaq;fshd gpuntdhf;fs; gytw;iw mikj;jhd;.
jdJ jhapd; epidthf RNdj;uhNjtp gpupntdh> tPjhfk = rdhe;j
gpupntdh> FUehfy; gj;khtjp gpupntdh> njhl;lfKt tp[aghF
gpupntdh Nghd;w gpupntdhf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpy;
njhl;lfKt = uhFy Njuu;> tPjhfk ikj;jpup Njuu;> fhwfy
tduj;dNjuu; Nghd;Nwhu; ngsj;j fy;tpiag; Gfl;bdu;.
4 ,yf;fpa Nrit
,tdJ rpq;fs ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhyk; vdf; %wg;gLfpd;wJ.
gutpre;Njra> Nfhfpyre;Njra> `q;fre;Njra> Fj;jpfhtpak;>
GJFZmyq;fhua> Nyhtlrq;fuht> nguFk;ghrpupj;j Nghd;w
ftpij E}y;fs; vOr;rp ngw;wd.

117
28 6k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; gpd; Nfhl;ilapd; Ml;rpahs; ahu;?
6k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; kfshd cyFilaNjtpapd; kfdhd 2k; [aghF

29 [aghFitf; nfhiynra;J Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;? mtd; vg;ngaNuhL

Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;?
rg;Gky;Fkhud; - 6k; GtNdfghF
30 6k; GtNdfghF fhyj;jpy; murDf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rp eilngw;w
,lk; - g];Jd;Nfhwis
ngau; - rpq;fsrq;fa
mlf;fpatd; - mk;GYfyFkhud;
fpsu;r;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpatu; - nfFe;jy = tu;j;jd gjpuh[
31 6k; GtNdghFtpd; gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;j mtdJ kfd; ahu;?

gz;bjguhf;fpukghF – 7k; guhf;fpukghF

32 5k; guhf;fpukghFit mfw;wptl;L Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;? vg;ngaNuhL
Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;?
mk;GYfyFkhud; - 8k; tPuguhf;fpukghF (1490)
33 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F tUk;NghJ Nfhl;ilapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
8k; tPuguhf;fpukghF

ghlNtis (30 – 06)

aho;g;ghz> td;dp ,uhr;rpaq;fs;
01 aho;g;ghz tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; E}y;fs; vit?
aho;gg
; hz itgtkhiy> nrfuh[ Nrfukhiy
02 aho;g;ghzj;ij Mlrpnra;jtu;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldu;? vj;jid
Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,Ue;Js;shu;fs;? Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; - 12Ngu;
03 aho;g;ghzj;jpd; KjyhtJ Mupar;rf;futu;j;jp ahu;?
tp[a $oq;if Mupar;rf;futu;j;jp
04 aho;g;ghzj;ij Ml;rpnra;j Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; ahtu;?
118
 tp[a $oq;if> FyNrfu Mupad;> tpf;fpukrpq;f Mupad;> tNuhjad;>
khu;j;jhz;ld;> FzG+rzd;> [atPud;> FztPud;> fdf#upad;>
guuh[Nrfud;> rq;fpypad;
05 rpq;fstu;> jkpoupilNa ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;jpa aho;gg
; hz Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
tNuhjad;
06 aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;l NjrrQ;rhup ahu;?
,gd;ggJ}jh
07 aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jf;F fg;gk; nrYj;jpa njd;dpyq;if muR vJ?
fk;gis
08 rg;Gky;Fkhud; gilnaLj;jNghJ aho;g;ghzj;jpd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
fdf#upad;
09 jk;gnjdpahit jiyefukhf;fpa 3k; tp[aghF Muk;gj;jpy; td;dpj;
jiytdhf ,Ue;jtd; vdf;$Wk; E}y; vJ?
G+[htypa
10 6k; guhf;fpukghF Ml;rpf;F te;jNghJ vj;jid td;dp muRfs;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sd?
18
11 td;dpr; rpw;wuRfis m;lf;fp ,yq;if KOtijAk; Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs;
ahu;?
2k; guhf;fpukghF> 6k; guhf;fpukghF

ghlNtis (30 – 07)

tuyhw;W ,lq;fis ,yq;ifg; GWTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
mDuhjGuk;> nghyeWit> jk;gnjdpah> ahg;g$th> FUehfy;> fk;gis>
Nfhl;il> kpdpg;Ng> Nfhtpe;jkiy> aho;gg
; hzk;> khfk> njbfk

119
ghlNtis (30 – 08)
,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fy; fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
01 ,uz;lhk; eufkakhf;fypd; NghJ fhzg;gl;l nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;jpd;
,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 ,uz;lhk; efukahf;fy; gpuNjrq;fs; <utyaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ljhy;
mjpfkio tPo;r;rp ngw;wjd; fhuzkhf Fsq;fs; mikj;J ePug
; ;ghrd;
nra;aNtz;ba Njit Vw;gltpy;iy.
2 kf;fspd; rPtNdhghakhf tptrhaNk Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ. new;nra;ifNa
tptrhaj;jpy; Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ.
3 ePu; gw;whf;Fiwahd gFjpfspy; Nridg;gapu;r;nra;if
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
4 tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhukhf khwpaJ.
czTf;fhf gapuplg;gl;l gapu;r;nra;ifapd; Nkyjpf tpisr;ry;fis
tpw;gid nra;jdu;. ,jw;F ,yq;if ntspehLfSld;
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l tu;j;jfj;njhlu;Gfspd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhFk;.
5 <utyaf; fhLfspy; ,aw;ifahf tpise;j fWth ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;
ntspehl;L tu;j;jfg; gapuhf khwpaJ. ghf;F> kpsF> Vyk;> rhjpf;fha;>
Kjypa gapu;fspd; Nkyjpf tpisr;ry;fSk; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> ahid> ahide;je;jk; Kjypa nghUl;fSk;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
6 ,e;jpah> rPdh> mNugpah> ghurPfk;> vfpg;J Nghd;w ehLfsNhL tu;j;jfj;
njhlu;G fhzg;gl;lJ. ntsp ehl;L tu;j;jfk; KOikahf murdpd;
jdp mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; fhzg;gl;lJ.
7 rPdhtpypUe;J gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;likf;F njbfk
gpuNjrj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w njhy;nghUl;fs; rhd;whFk;.
8 cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila filtPjpfs; ,Ue;jjhf
FUehfypd; tpguk; vd;w Xiyr;Rtbapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

120
ghlNtis (30 – 09)
,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fy; fhy rka> fl;llf;fiyapd; ,ay;Gfs;
01 ,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fypd; rka epiyapd; ,ay;Gfis Fwpg;gpLf?
1 gpujhd rkakhf ngsj;jk; tpsq;fpaJ.
2 jk;gnjdpah Kjy; Nfhl;il tiu jyjhkhspif mikg;gjpy;
kd;du;fs; Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;.
jk;gnjdpah – 3k; tp[aghF> ahg;g$th – 1k; GtNdfghF
3 ,e;J Myaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik. (NjtpEtutpy; mikf;fg;gl;l
cGy;ytd; (tu;zd;)flTspd; jyk; 2k; guhf;fpukghFthy;
Gduikf;fg;gl;lJ. 4k; guhf;fpukghF ehd;F Nfhwis mSj;Etutpy;
cGy;ytDf;F Nfhapy; mikj;jik. fk;gis fhyj;jpy; 3k;
tpf;fpukghFthy; mikf;fg;gl;l mk;gf;f Njthyak; xU KUfd;
NfhapyhFk;.
4 tp];Z. tpgP]zd;> KUfd;> rkd; Kjypl;l nja;tq;fs;
topglg;gl;Ls;sd.
5 = [atu;j;jdGutpw;F mz;ikapy; rpthyak; ,Ue;jikf;fhd
Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.
6 rpyhgj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Kd;Nd];tuk; ,e;Jf;NfhtpyhFk;.
7 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;j K];ypk;fSf;F jhk; tho;e;j
fiuNahuj; JiwKf efuq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; gs;spthry;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
02 ,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fy;fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 ahg;g$th Kjy; Nfhl;iltiu mikf;fg;gl;l fl;llf;fiyapy;
njd;dpe;jpa nry;thf;F gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
2 ahg;g$th gbtupir> J}z;fspy; ghz;ba kw;Wk; fhgk;G+r;rpa fiy
kuGfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;d.
3 Gj;j Nfhapy;fSld; ,ize;jjhf ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
(flyhnjdpa rpiykidf;Fk;> yq;fhjpyf rpiykidf;Fk;
mz;ikapy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik)
4 fk;gis fhyj;jpy; 3k; tpf;fpukghFthy; mikf;fg;gl;l mk;gf;f
Njthyak; xU KUfd; Nfhapyhf ,Ug;gNjhL kur;nrJf;fy;
Ntiyg;ghl;bw;F ngau; ngw;wjhFk;.
121
ghlNtis (30 – 10)
,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fy; fhyj;jpd; ,yf;fpa jfty;fs;
01 ,uz;lhk; efukakhf;fy; fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpapidf;
Fwpg;gpLf?

,uhrjhdp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
 2k; guhf;fpukghF fypfhy rhfpj;jpa ru;tf;Q gz;bj
vdg;gl;lhd;.
 ftpprpYkpd vd;w E}y; mtdhy; vOjg;gl;lJ
 ju;kNrdNjuu; - rj;ju;kuj;dhtypa
 Gj;jGj;jpuNjuu; - G+[htypa (kAughj gpupntdh mjpgu;)
 rpq;fs ,yf;fzk; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l rpjj; rq;fuht> fhtpa
jk;gnjdpah ,yf;fpa tpjpfs; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l vOrj];yFz
 gpf;Ffspd; xOf;fnewpf;Nfhitahd jk;gnjdpa fjpfhtj
 2k; guhf;fpukghFtpd; jpdrup thof;if gw;wpf; $Wk;
fe;jTWrpupj;j
 Gj;jGj;jpuNjuu; - Nahfhj;jta vd;Dk; itj;jpa E}y;
 tpRf;jpkhu;f;frd;da> rke;j$l tu;zid> urth`pdp>
rhurq;fpu`a> vd;gd ghsp nkhop E}y;fshFk;.
 gd;rpa gd]; [hjfa rpq;fsj;jpy; nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ
FUehfy;  jyjhrupj;j> jyjh G+[htypa> rpq;fsNghjptk;rk;> epfha
rq;fpufa> mdhfjtk;rk;
 J}J ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOe;jd
 kAure;Njra> jprure;Njra> Nghd;w J}J ,yf;fpaq;fs;
fk;gis
 ghukP rjfa> [pdNghjhtyp> ghyhtjhu – ghsp E}y;fs;
 rj;ju;khyq;fhua> Ftprp tptuza – rpq;fs E}y;fs;
 6k; guhf;fpukghF rpwe;j fy;tpkhdhf tpsq;fpaik
 ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhyk; vd miof;fg;gly;
 nguFk;ghrpupj;j> fhtpa Nrfu> GJFzhyq;fhua> Nyhtl
rq;fuht> Fj;jpy fhtpak; - E}y;fs;
Nfhl;il  `q;r re;Njra> gutp re;Njra> nryyp`pdp re;Njra -
J}J fhtpaq;fs;
 ruNrhjpkhiy> gf;jprjfk; - jkpo;nkhop E}y;fs;
 gf;jp ,yf;fpak;> Nghu; ,yf;fpak;> Gfo; fhtpak;> Nghjdh
fhtpak;> tpsf;fTiu E}y;fs; vDk; mbg;gilapy;
,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
122
 myF 8
fz;b ,uhrjhdp
(ghlNtis 8)
ghlNtis (30 – 11)
fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Muk;gKk; gutYk;
01 ,yq;ifapd; ,Wjpr; RahjPd murhf tpsq;fpaJ vJ?
fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
02 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ,aw;if muz;fshy; #og;gl;l xU ghJfhg;ghd
,uhr;rpakhFk; cjhuzq;fs; je;J tpsf;Ff?
1 kfhtypfq;if fz;b efiu Koq;if tbtpy; brd;W ghJfhg;G
toq;FfpwJ. fz;bf;F fpof;fhd cltj;ij kiyj;njhlUk; njw;fpy;
`e;jhid kiyj;njhlUk; ghJfhg;ig toq;fpd.
2 gyd> cd;d];fpupa> gyf;fl;Lt> fLfz;zht Kjypa fbdkhd
ghijfspD}lhfNt fz;b efUf;Fs; nry;yyhk;.
3 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; mlu;ej
; fhLfshy; #og;gl;bUe;jJ.
4 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; FspUk;> mjpf kioAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fk;
Eiotjw;F vjpupfSf;F rpukq;fisf; nfhLj;jd.
03 Muk;gj;jpy; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; vt; ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; gpuhe;jpa murhf ,Ue;jJ?
Nfhl;il
03 6k; guhf;fpukghF fhyj;jpy; kiyafj;jpy; fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;ltd; ahu;?
N[hjpa
04 N[hjpa vd;gtdpd; fpsu;r;rpia mlf;f 6k; guhf;fpukghF ahiu
mDg;gpdhd;?
mk;GYfyFkhu
05 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij jdpauhrhfj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtd; ahu;? Nrdhrk;gj
tpf;fpukghF

123
06 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;glk; kWngau;fs; vit?
nrq;flfyefuk;> gQ;r kiyehL> k`hEtu> = tu;j;jdGu
07 Nrdhrk;gj tpf;fpukghFtpd; gpd; fz;bapy; Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;?
[atPugz;lhu
08 [atPugz;lhu Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; eilngw;w ve;epfo;r;rpNahL
njhlu;Gilatd;?
1521,y; ,lk;ngw;w tp[aghF nfhiy
09 [atPugz;lhutpd; gpd; fz;bapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
fuypaj;j gz;lhu
10 rPjhthf;if kd;ddhd 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w
tpise;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 fz;b kd;ddhd fuypaj;jgz;lhu Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F rhu;ghf
ele;Jnfhz;ljhy; fz;bg; gpujhdpfs; mjpUg;jpaile;jik
2 tPuRe;jugz;lhu vd;w Nguhjidg; gpujhdp 1k; ,uh[rpq;fDf;F
cjtpaik
11 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ruzile;j fz;b mur FLk;gj;jtu;fs; ahu;?
fuypaj;jgz;lhu> akrpq;fgz;lhu> FRkhrdNjtp
12 1k; ,u[hrpq;fdhy; nfhy;yg;gl;l gpujhdp ahu;? mtdJ kfd; ahu;?
tPuRe;jugz;lhu> Nfhzg;Ggz;lhu
13 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ruzile;j gpd;tUNthUf;F toq;fg;gl;l fpwp];jtg;
ngau;fs; vit?
1 FRkhrdNjtp - nlhdh fj;jupdh
2 akrpq;f gz;lhu - njhd;gpypg;
3 Nfhzg;G gz;lhu - nlhd;[_thd;

124
14 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; vt;thW Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhd;?
1 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd; Kd;Nfhgf;fhudhfTk;> ahiuAk; ek;ghjtdhfTk;
,Ue;jikahy; fz;bg; gpujhdpfs; mjpUg;jpaile;jdu;.
2 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; cupikahsu;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk;
jQ;rkile;jpUe;jikahy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdu;.
3 nlhd;[_thd; jiyikapyhd Nghu;j;JfNag; gilf;Fk; 1k;
,uh[rpq;fdpd; gilf;FkpilNa fNdjd;id vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghu;
eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghupy; Njhy;tpaileJ jpUk;Gk; toapy; ngjd;nfhl
G+q;fhtpy; %q;fpy; rpuha; Fw;wpa tprj;jpdhy; 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
,we;jhd;.

ghlNtis (30 – 12)

fz;b kd;du;fs;
1 1k; tpkyju;k#upad;
01 1k; ,uh[rpq;fidj; Njhw;fbj;j gpd;du; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ahiu fz;bapd;
kd;ddhf;fpdu;? akrpq;fgz;lhuit
02 akrpq;fghz;lutpd; gpd;du; fz;bf;F murdhf te;jtd; ahu;? vg;ngaUld;
fz;bf;F murdhf te;jhd;?
Nfhzg;G gz;lhu – 1k; tpkyju;k#upa
03 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs; vit?
1 rl;lG+u;t Ml;rp cupik ,y;yhik
2 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jik.
3 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij rPjhthf;ifapd; mr;RWj;jypypUe;J ghJfhf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jik.
4 tPor
; pAw;wpUe;j ngsj;j rkaj;ij kPsTk; vOr;rp ngwr;nra;a
Ntz;bapUe;jik.
5 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;bapUe;jik
125
04 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; kiyehl;by; jdJ Ml;rp cupikia
epiyehl;bf;nfhs;s Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; vit?
1 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; muRupikf;Fupatshd FRkhrdNjtpia jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhz;lik
2 Nwhkd;fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijf; iftpl;L ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F khwpaik.
3 tpkyju;k#upa vd;Dk; ngsj;j ehkj;ij #bf;nfhz;lik
4 rPjhthf;ifapd; njy;fKt tpfhiuapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j je;jjhJit
nfhz;Lte;J fz;bapy; jyjhkhspif mikj;jik.
05 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpapypUe;J fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; fhg;gjw;F
Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; vit?
1 NghNuhnyhg];b#rh jiyikapy; 1594,y; ,lk;ngw;w fz;b kPjhd
gilnaLg;ig je;JNu vd;Dkplj;jpy; itj;J Kwpabj;J
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu Njhy;tpailr; nra;jhd;.
2 1602,y; njhd; n[udpNkh b mrptpNlh jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa Mf;fpukpg;ig gyd vd;Dkplj;jpy; itj;J
Kwpabj;jhd;.
3 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhf jho;ehl;by; Vw;gLk; fyffq;fSf;F
Mjutspj;jhd;.
4 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu tpul;Ltjw;fhf xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpia ehbdhd;.
,jw;fhf 1602,y; xy;yhe;J J}ju;fshd ];gpy;Ngu;[d;> rPNghy;jthl;
MfpNahiur; re;jpj;jhd;.
06 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
1 gu;khtpypUe;J gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cgrk;gjh rlq;if epfo;j;jpdhd;.
2 njy;fKt tpfhiuapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j je;jjhJtpw;F fz;bapy;
jyjhkhspif mikj;jhd;.
3 1k; tpkyju;k#upa vd;w ngsj;j ekj;ijr; #bf;nfhz;lik.
4 gioa tpfhiufis Gduikg;Gr; nra;jhd;. cjhuzk;
yq;fhjpyftpfhiu> flyhnjdpatpfhiu> upjptpfhiu

126
 5 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij ngsj;j kf;fspd; kj;jpa epiyakhf;fpdhd;.
07 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; fz;bapd; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpfs; vit?
1 ney; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fr; nra;J tptrhaj;ij Kd;Ndw;wkilar;
nra;jhd;.
2 gUj;jp gapu;r;nra;iff;F cjtpaspj;jhd;.
3 nfhj;kiy> tyg;gid Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,Ug;GUf;F ifj;njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;s eltbf;ifnaLj;jhd;.
4 ntbkUe;jpw;Fj; Njitahd cg;G cw;gj;jpf;ifj;njhopiy tsu;j;jhd;.
2 nrduj;
08 1k; tpkyju;k#upadpd; gpd; fz;bapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
nrduj; (xd;Wtpl;l rNfhjud;)
09 nrduj; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs; vit?
1 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rpAupikia cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
Ntz;bapUe;jik
2 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F te;j mr;RWj;jiy
vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jik.
10 nrduj; muRupikia epiyehl;l vLj;j Kaw;rp vJ?
FRkhdrNjtpia jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lik
11 nrduj; fz;b ,uhr;rpa muRupikia ,sturu;fspilNa vt;thW
gpupj;jspj;jhd;?
Cth - Fkhurpq;fd;
khj;jis - tp[aghy
fz;b - ,uh[rpq;f (kfh m];lhdh)
12 nrduj; kd;ddJ fhyj;jpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;j
Mz;L - 1630
,lk;ngw;w ,lk; - ue;njdpnty
fz;bg;gilf;F jiyik jhq;fpatd; - kfhm];lhdh
127
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaj; jsgjp - nfhd;jhe;ijd; b #rh
ghlNtis (30 – 13)
2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
01 nrduj; kd;ddpd; gpd;du; fz;bf;F murdhf te;jtd; ahu;? mtd;
vg;ngaNuhL murdhf te;jhd;?
kfh m];jhdh > 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
02 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fs; vit?
1 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kPjhd Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; jhf;Fjy;
2 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;bypypUe;J ntspNaw;Wjy;.
3 fz;b ,uhr;rpag; gpujhdpfspd; vjpu;g;gpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
4 xy;yhe;jupd; Mf;fpukg;gpypUe;J fz;biaf; fhj;jy;
03 2k; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; gzpfs; vit?
1 Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fis Kwpabj;jik
,sturdhf ,Ue;j NghJ 1630 ,y; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ue;njdpnty
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kwpabj;jhd;. Ml;rpf;F te;j gpd;du; Mtzq;fspy; jpwP
rpq;fhshjP];tu> rf;futu;j;jp vd;w gl;lg;ngaiu Mtzq;fspy;
nghwpg;gpj;jhd;. 1638,y; jpNahNfh j nky fh];Nuh jiyikapyhd
gilia fd;ndhWth vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kwpabj;jhd;. ,JNt
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l ,Wjpg;NghuhFk;
2 Nghu;j;jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;bypypUe;J ntspNaw;wpaik
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F ,yq;ifapy; vt;tpj cupikAk; ,y;iy vdf;
$wpaNjhL mtu;fis ,yq;ifapypUe;J ntspNaw;WtijNa jdJ
gpujhd Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L nraw;gl;lhd;. ,jw;fhf flw;gil
typikAs;s xy;yhe;jNuhL njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. ,jd;gb
1638,y; 2k; ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; xy;yhe;Jj; J}jdhd
nt];lu;Nthy;Lf;fkpilapy; cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngw;wJ. mjd; gpufhuk;
xy;yhe;ju; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkpUe;j gpuNjrq;fis gbg;gbahff;
ifg;gw;wpdu;. ,Wjpahd 1658,y; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; KOikahf
ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldu;.

128
 3 xy;yhe;jhuplkpUe;J fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; ghJfhj;jik
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu tpul;Ltjw;fhf xy;yhe;jupd; vjtpia ehbanghOjpYk;
gpd;du; xy;yhe;jNuhLk; Kuz;gl Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. 1665 – 1668
tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; xy;yhe;ju; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; rpy
gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wpdu;. 1670 – 1675 tiu 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf gy jhf;fjy;fisj; njhLj;J mtu;fsplkpUe;j
gy gpuNjrq;fis kPl;nlLj;jhd;. ,jd; gpd;du; xy;yhe;ju; kd;dDld;
,zq;fpr; nraw;glj; njhlq;fpdu;. fw;gpl;b> rpyhgk;> jpUNfhzkiy>
kl;lf;fsg;G Kjypa JiwKfq;fs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F cupj;jhfpd.
3 2k; tpkyju;k#upad;
04 2k; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j mtdJ kfd; ahu;?
2k; tpkyju;k#upad;
05 2k; tpkyju;k#upadpd; gzpfs; vit?
1 xy;yhe;jUld; rkhjhdkhf ele;J nfhz;lhd;. ,jd; fhuzkhf 2k;
,uh[rpq;fd; fhyj;jpy; gutyile;jpUe;j fz;b ,uhr;rpag; gpuNjrq;fis
ghJfhj;jhd;.
2 kpahd;khupypUe;J ngsj;j gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cg;rk;gjh rlq;if
elj;jpdhd;.
3 jyjhkhspifia 3 khbfisf; nfhz;ljhf tp];jupj;jhd;.
4 = tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd;
06 2k; tpkyju;k#upadpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j mtdJ kfd; ahu;?
= tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd;
07 ,yq;ifapd; ,Wjpr;rpq;fs kd;dd; ahu;?
= tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd;(Ml;rpapy; Nghjpa mDgtk; ,y;iy>
gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsd;> njd;dpe;jpa ,sturpia jpUkzk; nra;jhd;>
Foe;ijfs; ,y;iy)
08 = tPu guhf;fpukrpq;fdpd; gpd;du; fz;bapy; Ml;rpf;f te;j tk;rk; vJ?
ehaf;f tk;rk;
129
ghlNtis (30 – 14)
ehaf;f tk;r kd;du;fs;
1 = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd;
01 fz;bapy; Ml;rpf;F te;j ehaf;f tk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ kd;dd; ahu;?
= tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd;
02 = tp[a,uh[rpq;fd; vjpu;nfhz;l rthy; vJ?
gpujhdpfspd; vjpu;g;G
03 ,r;rthiy Kwpabg;gjw;F = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if
vJ?
ehaf;f tk;rj;jtUf;F Kf;fpa gjtpfis toq;fpaik
04 = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd; Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
1 ngsj;j rkaj;ijj; jOtp ngsj;j gpf;FfSlNdNa tho;e;jhd;.
2 ntyptpl;l ruzq;fuNjuupd; MNyhridapd;gb gu;khtpypUe;J gpf;Ffis
tutioj;J cgrk;gjh rlq;if elj;jpdhd;.
3 gy tpfhiufs;> Nfhapy;fis Gduikj;jhd;.
2 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
05 = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fdpd; gpd;du; fz;bapy; Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;?
fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;(16 tajpy;)
06 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; je;ij ahu;?
eNudg;gh ehaf;fd;
07 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; Mw;wpa rkag;gzpfs; vit?
1 rPak; ehl;bypUe;J cghypNjuu; jiyikapy; gpf;Ffis 1753y
tutioj;J cgrk;gjh rlq;if epfo;j;jpdhd;. ,jd; fhuzkhf rPak;
epf;fha ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;lJ.
2 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; jho; ehl;bYk; fhzg;gl;l tpfhiufisg;
Gduikj;jhd;. mStpfhiu> jk;Gs;stpfhiu> nydfytpfhiu
3 ntyptpl;l ruzq;fuNjuUf;F rq;fuh[h gjtpia toq;fpdhd;.
08 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; fhyj;jpy; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;j xy;yhe;j MSeu;
130
 ahu;?
thd;vf;(1765)
09 1766,y; ,lk;ngw;w xg;ge;jj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,Ujug;gpdUk; ahtu;?
Xy;yhe;ju; - tpy;ypak; gy;f;
fz;b - fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
10 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fidj; 1762,y; re;jpj;j Mq;fpNyaj; J}Jtd; ahu;?
N[hd;igg];
3 ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd;
11 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; gpd;du; fz;bapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd;
12 ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w kf;fpa rk;gtk; vJ?
Mq;fpNyau; 1796,y; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik
4 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd;
13 ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; ,wf;f fz;bapy; Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;
,aw;ngau; - fz;Zrhkp
Ml;rpg;ngau; - = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd;
murdhf;fpatd; - gpypkj;jyht(kfh mjpfhuk;)
14 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fDf;F Muk;gj;jpy; kf;fs; Mjutspj;jikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 kpUfq;fisf; nfhy;yf;$lhJ vd;W fl;lisapl;lik
2 ahUk; kJ mUe;jf; $lhJ vd;W cj;juT gpwg;gpj;jik
3 mj;jpahtrpakhd nghUl;fSf;F tpiyf;fl;Lg;ghL tpjpj;jik
4 jyjhkhspiff;F mofpa gj;jpupg;ig mikj;jik
15 ,Wjpf;fhyg;gFjpapy; kd;dd; kPJ ntWg;G Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
vit?
1 jd;id murdhf;fpa gpypkj;jyhitf;f kuz jz;lid toq;fpaik
2 gpujk gpujhdpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l vfynghy Mq;fpNyaiu
Mjupj;jikf;fhf mtdJ kidtpiaAk; gps;isfisAk; ngsj;ju;fsJ
Gdpj G+kpahfpa Njtrq;fpe;j vDkplj;jpy; itj;J nfhiy nra;jik
3 khk;gpl;bajprhit> G];n]y;Nyjprhit> guzjyNjuu; MfpNahUf;F
131
 kuzjz;lid tpjpj;jik+

16 1803,y; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w gilnaLj;j Mq;fpNya MSeu; ahu;?

gpnul;upf;Nehj;
17 1815,y; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpa mq;fpy MSeu; ahu;?
nwhgl;gpwTz;wpf;
18 ,yq;ifapd; ,wjp kd;dd; ahu;?
= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd;
19 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiw itf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
,e;jpahtpd; NtY}u; (nfhd;Nthyp]; vd;w fg;gypy; mioj;Jr;
nry;yg;gl;lhd;)
ghlNtis (30 – 15)
fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; epu;thf xOq;fikg;G
01 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;gpy; Kjd;ik eguhf tpsq;fpatd; ahu;?
murd;
02 murDf;F mLj;J mjpfhuk; ngw;wtu;fs; ahu;?
k`hmjpfhuk; (gpujk gpujhdpfs;)
03 murpd; Kf;fpa tplaq;fisf; fijg;gjw;F ,Ue;j mikg;G vJ?
murrig
04 murrigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; ahtu;?
gpujhdpfs;> jprhitfs;> jiyikr; nrayhsu;> gpuNjr nrauhsu;fs;
05 fz;b ,urjhdpf;fhyj;jpy; epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd ehd;F
gpupTfSk; vit?
1 ul;ltrk
2 gj;Nj - tupNrfupj;jy; eltbf;iffs;
3 kfhthry – murdpd; muz;kid eltbf;iffs;
4 tpfhiur; nrhj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffs;
06 murdpd; mjpfhuq;fs; vit?
1 ehl;bd; cau; mjpfhuk; murDf;Nf cupaJ
2 ehl;bd; mikjpiag; NgZtjk; ghJfhg;ig toq;FtJk;
132
 3 rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd Kd;ida eltbf;iffSf;F fl;Lg;gly;
4 ehl;bd; cau; ePjpj;jpiw mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
07 murdpd; muz;kidr; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;fs; ahu;?
1 ahidfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd f[ehaf;fepyNk
2 gpujk nrayhsu; 3 fsQ;rpag;nghWg;ghsu;
4 je;jjhJTf;Fg; nghWg;ghd jpatjdepyNk
5 MilfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd rYtldepyNk
6 czTf;Fg; nghWg;ghd gj;tldepyNk
08 ,tu;fspd; flikfs; vit?
1 murkhspifapy; tho;gtu;fSf;F cztspj;jy;
2 cupa cilfs;> Mguzq;fis toq;Fjy;
3 ehse;jk; Njitg;gLk; nghUl;fis fsQ;rparhiyapypUe;J toq;Fjy;
4 ePuhLk; trjpfis Vw;gLj;jy;
5 murkhspifapy; cs;stu;fSf;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;J xOq;Ffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;
09 fz;bapy; mwtplg;gl;l tupfs; vit?
1 Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhd tup - kbNf gj;j
2 ahid gpbj;jYf;fhd tup - FUNt gj;j
3 tidjYf;fhd tup - gln`y gj;j
4 ryitf;fhd tup - uP gj;j
5 nerTf;fhd tup - n`e;j gj;j
10 tpfhiufspd; epu;thfj;jpw;Fg;nghWg;ghdtu;fs; ahu;?
k`hehaf;fh> mDehaf;fh
11 jyjhkhspiff;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu; ahu;?
jpatjdepyNk
12 ,tu;fspd; flikfs; vit?
1 tpfhiufisAk; Njthyaq;fisAk; gupghypj;jy;
2 mtw;wpy; md;whlr; nraw;ghlfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
3 ngu`uhf;fis elhj;Jjy;

133
ghlNtis (30 – 16)
fz;bapd; ePjp Kiw
01 murd; tprhupj;j tof;Ffs; vit?
1 Kf;fpa jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghdit
2 tpfhiug; gpf;Ffs; njhlu;ghdit
3 ,uh[JNuhfj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lit
4 fpsu;r;rpfs;> Fog;gq;fs; njhlu;ghdit
02 fz;b ,uhrjhdpf;fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; vit?
1 fd;dj;jpy; ifahy; miwjy;
2 tpyq;fpLjy;
3 Koe;jhoplr; nra;jy;
4 Kbiaf; fj;jupj;jy;
5 njd;id kl;ilahy; mbj;jy;
6 Ju;ehw;wj;jpd; kj;jpapy; tpLjy;
7 firahy; mbj;jy;
8 ePupy; %o;fbj;jy;
03 fz;bapy; toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; Fwpj;j vOjpa Mq;fpNya ehl;ltu;
ahu;?
nwhgl;nehf;];
04 gpujk gpujhdpfspd; tiffisAk; mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;j mjpfhug;
gpuNjrq;fisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
gpujhdpfspd; tif mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUe;j gpuNjrq;fs;
gpujk gpujhdp kfhNfhwis> Cth> khj;jis> tyg;gid>
gpe;njd;d> nty;y]> Etufyhtpa
(gy;Nyfk;gh gpujhdp)
,uz;lhtJ gpujk gpujhdp ehd;F Nfhwisfs;> %d;W Nfhwisfs;>
rg;ufkt> vLEtu> al;bEtu> nfhj;kiy>
clfk;gh gpujhdp
Gyj;fk

134
05 ,tu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; vit?
1 rkhjdj;ij epytr; rna;jy;
2 murDf;Fj; njitahd gilfis gupghypj;jYk; elhj;jpr; nry;yYk;
3 tup t#ypj;jy;
4 fPo;epiy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpj;jy;
5 tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> jPu;gG
; toq;fy;
06 gpujk gpujhdpfspd; nra;jpfis gpuhe;ejpa mjpfhupfSf;F nfhz;L
nrd;wtu;fs; ahu;?
fLGs;Ns (nts;sp G+z; ,lg;gl;l Kid tise;j gpuk;G ,tu;fspd; gjtp
milahsk;
07 fz;bapd; gpuhe;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 9 ul;ilfshfTk;> 12 jprhitfshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
2 ul;ilfs; - cLEtu> al;bEtu> Jk;gis. `up];gj;Jt> N`thn`l;l
3 jprhitfs; - %d;WNfhwis> ehd;F Nfhwis> Cth> rg;ufKt>
khj;jis
4 ul;ilfSf;F nghWg;ghdtu;fs; ul;Nluhy (ul;Nl k`hj;kah)
vdg;gl;ldu;.
5 jprhitfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;fs; jprhitkhu;fshthu;.
6 jprhitfs; NfhwisfshfTk;> Nfhwisfs; gw;Wf;fshfTk;
gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
ghlNtis (30 – 17)
fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; nghUshjhuf; Nfhyk;
01 fz;bapd; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?
tptrhak;
1 tptrhag; nghUshjhukhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
2 Efu;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nghUshjhukhFk;.
3 nghUshjhuk; RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ
4 kiyg;ghq;fhd gpuNjrkhifahy; new;nra;iff;fhd epyk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
5 gs;sj;jhf;Fspy; gbKiwfspYk;> rkntspfspy; tay; epyq;fspYk;

135
 new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
6 mjpfkhd epyk; Nridg;gapu;nra;iff;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
7 Fuf;fd;> Nrhsk;> jpid> rhik Nghd;w jhdpaq;fSk;> fpoq;FfSk;
Nridfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld.
8 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fspy; gyhf;fha;> <ug;gyhf;fha;> kpsF> rhjpf;fha;
kuf;fwpfs;> gotiffs; vd;gd gapuplg;gl;ld.
ifj;njhopy;
1 ,Uk;GUf;Fj; njhopy; ,lk;ngw;wJ (1k; tpkyju;k#upad; fhyj;jpy;
nfhj;kiy> tyg;gid mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,Uk;GUf;F Miyfs;
nraw;gl;ld). fj;jp> kz;ntl;b Kjypa cgfuzq;fs;
jahupf;fg;gl;ld.
2 guk;giuf; ifj;njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
3 ,Uk;G> kuk;> muf;F> fspkz; ifj;njhopy;fs; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jpUe;jd.
tu;j;jfk;
1 cau; Fbkf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Jzptiffs;> Mguzq;fs;> fUthL
Nghd;wd ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.
2 Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fs; murdpd; fsQ;rpa rhiyapypUe;J toq;fg;gl;ld.
(fWth> Vyk;> rhjpf;fha;)
3 cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; gaz;lkhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,lk;ngw;wJ.
4 gzg;Gof;fk; mupjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
ghlNtis (30 – 18)
fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; r%f xOq;fikg;G

01 fz;b ,uhrjhdpf;fhy epyj;jpd; gpupTfs; vit?

1 fghlfk; - mur khspiff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit
2 epe;jfk; - gpujhdpfspd; Nritf;fhf toq;fg;gl;lit
3 Njthyak; - Njthyaq;fSf;F jhdkspf;fg;gl;lit
tpfhufk; - tpfhiufSf;F jhdkspf;fg;gl;lit
4 guNtdpfk; - nghJf;fspdhy; guk;giuguk;giuahf mDgtpf;fg;gl;L

136
 tUk; epyk;

02 fz;br; r%fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 fpuhkpa r%f mikg;Ng fhzg;gl;lJ.
2 nghJkf;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nrit ,uh[fhupa Kiw vdg;gl;lJ
3 fpuhkq;fs; RaNjitia G+u;j;jp mile;jpUe;jd.
4 r%fk; Fyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ
5 jpUkzq;fs; jj;jkJ Fyj;jtupilNa eilngw;wJ
6 jPf (kzkfis kzkfd; jdJ tPl;Lf;F $l;br; nry;yy;)> gpd;d
(kzkfd; kzkfs; tPl;by; tho;jy;)> gy;GUr jpUkzk; vd;gd
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
7 fpuhkpa r%fj;jpy; midj;J eltbf;iffSk; ciog;Gf;Fk; gjpyhf
ciog;G (mj;jk;) vd;Dk; Kiwapy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
8 FLk;gk; gpujhd r%f myfhfFk;.
9 ew;gz;Gfisf; iff;nfhs;sy; r%fj;jpd; gpujhd ,yl;rzkhapUe;jJ/
10 fpuhkpa tho;f;ifapd; gpupf;f Kbahj mk;rkhf tpfhiufs;
fhzg;gl;ld.

137
 myF 9
kWkyu;r;rp
(ghlNtis 6)
ghlNtis (30 – 19)
kWkyu;r;rpAk; mJ Vw;gl;likf;Ff; fhuzq;fSk;
01 kWkyu;r;rp vd;why; vd;d?
 kPz;Lk; kyu;jy; vd;gJ nghUshFk;.
 INuhg;ghtpy; fiy> murpay;> rKfk;> nghUshjhuk;> tu;j;jfk; Mfpa rfy
JiwfspYk; Vw;gl;l Gj;Jzu;r;rpAk; tsu;r;rpANk kWkyu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
 INuhg;ghtpy; 14 – 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu fiy> tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpa
Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l ghupa khw;wkhFk;.
02 INuhg;gpa tuyhw;wpd; fhyg;gpupTfs; vit?
1 gioa Afk; - gioa fpNuf;f> gz;ghL epytpa Afk; gioa Afk;
vdg;gLk;. ,J fp.gp 1 – 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
epytpaJ.
2 kj;jpa Afk; - INuhg;ghtpy; khdpaKiw epytpa fhyg;gFjp kj;jpa
Afk; vdg;gLk;. ,J fp.gp 5 – 15Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
epytpaJ.
3 etPd Afk; - 15k; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd; INuhg;ghtpy; midj;J
JiwfspYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,J etPd Afj;jpd;
Muk;gkhFk;.
03 kWkyu;r;rp Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; je;J mtw;iw tpsf;Ff?
1 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik
2 nry;te;j tu;f;fj;jpdupd; Njhw;wk;;
3 mwpT tsu;r;rpaile;jik 4 mr;rpae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
nfhd;]j
; he;jpNehgps; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik
fPioj;Nja Nkiyj;Nja tu;j;jf kj;jpa tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyakhd
nfhd;]j
; he;jpNehgpis 1453,y; JUf;fpau;fshy; ifg;gw;wpdu;. ,jdhy;
mq;fpUe;j E}yfq;fspy; ,Ue;j mwptpay; E}y;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
138
 INuhg;ghTf;Fs; Eioe;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,e;E}y;fs; Muhag;gl;L Gjpa
rpe;jidfs; tpUj;jpaile;jNjhL jiutopg;ghij jilg;gl;ljhy;
ehLfhz; gazq;fs; Vw;glTk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
nry;te;j tu;f;fj;jpdupd; Njhw;wk;
INuhg;ghtpy; gy tu;j;jf efuq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;jd. ntdp];>
n[Ndhth> GNshud;];> kpyhd; Nghd;wd mt;thwhd efuq;fshFk;.
tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;ljdhy; gy nry;te;jf; FLk;gq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
,tu;fs; Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gl;L fiyfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpdu;.
GNshud;]py; - nkbrp FLk;gk;> kpyhdpy; - ];Ne]h FLk;gk;> G+uhtpy; -

v];Nl FLk;gk;> khz;Lthtpy; – nfhd;]hf FLk;gKk;

cjhuzq;fshFk;.
mr;rpae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
kWkyu;r;rp Ntfkhfg; guTtjw;F mr;rpae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
gpujhd fhuzpahFk;. Nkw;F fpof;F ehLfs; njhlu;gpdhy; mr;Rf;fiy
Vw;fdNt INuhg;ghtpy; mwpKfkhfpapUe;jJ. ,jidg;gad;gLj;jp
N[u;kdpapduhd N[h`d;d]; $l;ld;Ngu;f; vd;gtuhy; mr;rpae;jpuk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; Vuhskhd E}y;fSk; gj;jpupiffSk;
mr;rbf;fg;gl;ld.
04 kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;l Jiwfs; vit?
murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> rkak;> ,yf;fpak;> fiyfs;> tpQ;Qhdk;

ghlNtis (30 – 20)

kWkyu;r;rpapdhy; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
01 kWkyu;r;rpapdhy; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?
1 rkar;rPu;jpUj;jk;
2 fiyfs; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
3 khdplthjk; Njhd;wpaik

139
 4 tpQ;Qhdk; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
5 murpay; kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lik
6 nghUshjhu kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lik
7 ehLfhz; gazq;fs; Vw;gl;lik
01 rkar;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; vit
 kj;jpa fhyg;gFjpapy; jpUr;rigaplk; mjpfhuq;fs; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
 rkak; kdpj tho;f;ifNahL kpfTk; neUq;fpf; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mwpT tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf jpUr;rigapd; FiwghLfs;
tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rkar;rPu;jpUj;jk; Vw;glf; fhuzq;fs; tUkhW
o jpUr;rigapd; Coy;fs;
o ghg;ghz;ltupd; tuk;gpy;yhj mjpfhuq;fs;
o rpYit Aj;jk; Vw;gl;lik
 N[hd;itf;fpspg;(,q;fpyhe;J)> N[hd;`];(nghfpkpah);> ,uh];k];(gpuhd;];)>
khu;bd;Y}ju(N[u;kdp);> Rtpq;sp(Rtpl;]u;yhe;J) Nghd;Nwhu; jpUr;rigia
tpku;rpj;jdu;.
 ,jd; fhuzkhf Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fk; tsu;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
02 khdplthjk; Njhd;wpaik
 khdplthjk; vd;why; vd;d? flTis tpl kdpjd; Nkyhdtd;
 khdplthjg; ghlq;fs; vdg;gLgit vit?
,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> fiy> rl;lk;> xOf;ftpay;
03 fiyfs; tsu;r;rpaile;jikapd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfs;
 gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;bd; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> rpw;gk;>
rpj;jpuk;> fl;llf;fiy> Mfpa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;ij fy;tp
kWkyu;r;rp vd;gu;.
 fy;tp kWkyu;r;rp Kjypy; Vw;gl;l ehL ,j;jhypahFk;.
 nkhop> ,yf;fpak;
o kj;jpa fhyg;gFjpapy; INuhg;ghtpy; eilKiwapypUe;j nkhop Nfhj;jpu
nkhop
o jhe;Nj ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij vdg;gl;lhu;.(,j;jhyp - btpdhnfhkpbah)
o khdpltpaypd; je;ij vdg;gl;ltu; gpuhd;]p];ngl;uhf; (,j;jhyp –
NyhuhTf;F vOjg;gl;l ftpij)
o nghf;fh]pNah – Bnfkud; vd;Dk; Ey; (,j;jhyp)
o ,uh];k]; - %lu;fisg; ghuhl;Ljy;.
o gpuhd;rp];Ngfd; - Mq;fpy ,yf;fpa vOr;rpapd; jhuif
140
 o epf;Nfyha; khu;f;fpatyp - ,sturd;
o Njhk];%u; - ANlhg;gpah
 kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy fiyfspd; ,ay;Gfs;
o cs;sij cs;sthNw fhl;LtJ
o GyZzu;r;rp ,d;gq;fSf;F Kjd;ikaspf;fg;gl;lik
o nysfPf> cyfpay; fUj;Jf;fSf;F Kjd;ikaspf;fg;gl;lJ
o jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lik
 fiyfspd; kj;jpa epiyakhf GNsuhd;]; tpsq;fpaJ
 rpj;jpuf;fiy
o rpj;jpuf;fiyNa kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUk; khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfpaJ.
o ypadhNlhlhtpd;rp – nkhdyprh> ,Wjp ,uhg;Nghrdk;
o ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh - ,Wjpj;jPu;g;G> rp];ild;ghTifapy; iggspy; tUk;
fhl;rp
o uhghNay; - vnjd;rpd; ghlrhiy
 rpw;gf;fiy
o ikf;fy;mQ;rNyh – nkbrpapd; rpiy> gpnal;lhrpiy> Nkhrrpd; cUtk;>
Nltpl; rpiy
o nlhNdnlNyh – N[hu;[pd; cUtk;> Nltpl; rpiy
 fl;llf;fiy
o kj;jpafhyj;jpy; Edpf;NfhGuq;fs;> tpy;tisaf;$iu> gpukpl; tbtpyhd
J}z;fs; vdf;fhzg;gl;l ,ay;G kWkyu;r;rpf;fhyj;jpy; tl;ltbtpyhd
tpy;tisak;> cau;e;jJ}z;> miutl;l rpfuk; vd;gd Njhd;wpd.
o kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy fl;llf;fiyf;F cjhuzq;fshf GdpjNgJUtpd;
Myak;> GNsuhd;rpd; Nguhyak;> nkbrpapd; fy;yiw> GNsuhd;rpy;
cs;s E}yff; fl;llk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
o gpukd;Njapdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l GdpjNgJU Mya fl;ll Ntiyapid
ikf;fy;mQ;rNyhtpdhy; Kbj;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghlNtis (30 – 21)

03 kWkyu;r;rpf;fhyj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fg; gq;fhw;wpatu;fs; ahu;?

 epf;fy]; nfhg;gdpf;f];(Nghye;J) – Gtp Nfhs tbthdJ vdTk; Gtp

cl;gl Vida Nfhs;fs; ahTk; #upaidr;Rw;wp tUtjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.(#upa ikf;nfhs;ifia);. ,jdhy; thdpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
je;ij vdg;gl;lhu;.
 N[h`d;d];nfg;su;(N[u;kd;) – Nfhs;fs; ePs;tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wptUtjhff;
$wpdhu;. Nfhs;fs; #upaidr; Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyj;ijf; $wpdhu;.
 fypypNahfypyp(,j;jhyp) – njhiyNehf;fpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. tpahoidr;#o
cgNfhs;fs; cs;sd vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. nraw;ghl;L tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; je;ij
vdg;gl;lhu;.
 Nru;.Irhf; rpA+l;ld; (,q;fpyhe;J) – Gtp<u;g;G rf;jp
141
04 kWkyu;r;rpf;fhyj;jpy; itj;jpaj;Jiwf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpNahu;?

 tpy;ypak; `hu;Nt (gpupj;jhdpah) – kdpj clypd; FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lk;

 ngury;r]; (Rtpl;]u;yhe;J) – Neha; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;
mjw;fhd rpfpr;ir KiwfisAk; $wpdhu;.
 ikf;fy; ru;Ntl;]; - FUjpahdJ tyJ gf;fj;jpypUe;J Gwg;gl;L
Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; ,jaj;ij mile;J cly;
KOJk; guTfpd;wJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
05 mr;rpae;jpuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ahu;?
n[hN`d;]; $l;ld;Ngu;f;
06 mr;Rf;fiyia cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;fs; ahu;?
rPdu;fs;
07 kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy murpaypy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vit?
1 Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wk;
2 kj;jpaju tu;f;fk; Njhd;wpaik
3 cupikfs; tsu;r;rpaile;jik
08 Njrpa muR vd;why; vd;d?
rpwpa rpwpa gpuNjrq;fs; gytw;iwAk; xNu ,dk;> xNu nkhop NgRfpd;w
xNu fyhrhuj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w kf;fs; $l;lj;jpdiu xd;wpizj;J xNu
murdpd; fPo; Ml;rp GupAk; KiwahFk;.
09 Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp
2 tu;j;jf tpUj;jp
3 gzj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdupd; Njhw;wk;
4 Ml;rpahsu;fs; kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdupd; Mjuitg;ngw Kaw;rpj;jik
10 Kjypy; Njhd;wpa Njrpa muRfs; vit?
];ghdpah> ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];
11 kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdupy; cs;slq;fpapUe;jtu;fs; ahu;?
tu;j;jfu;fs;> tq;fpahsu;fs;> fg;gy; cupikahsu;fs;

142
12 kWkyu;r;rpapdhy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vit?
1 tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;jJ
2 RaNjitg; nghUshjhuk; rpijtile;jJ.
3 gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jik
RaNjitg; nghUshjhuk; rpijtile;jJ.
kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; epytpa epyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l khdpa
KiwNa epytpaJ. jkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw jhNk cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,e;epiy kWkyur;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
rpijtile;jJ. jkf;Fj; Njitahd gy nghUl;fis gpw ehLfspypUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;jJ
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpailtjw;Fj; Njitahd mur
mDruiz fpilj;jJ. Gjpa tuj;jff; nfhs;iffSk;>
tupf;nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. INuhg;gpau;fshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehLfhz; gazq;fs; tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpailf;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jik
tu;j;jf tpUj;jpapd; fhuzkhf gzg;Gof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. ehzaq;fs;>
ehzaf;Fw;wpfs; vd;gd Gof;fj;jpw;F te;jd. gzj;ij J}u ,lq;fSf;F
ghJfhg;ghf nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf fhNrhiy KiwAk;> tq;fp KiwAk;
Njhd;wpd.
13 Gjpa tu;j;jfg; ghijfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 1453,y; nfhd;]j
; he;jpNehgps; ifg;gw;wg;gljhy; jiutopg;ghij
jilg;gl;lik
2 fpof;fpypUe;J tUk; nghUl;fSf;F vfpg;jpa Ry;jhd; mjpf tup
tpjpj;jik
143
 3 Gtp NfhstbthdJ vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;lik
4 fg;gy;fs;> jpirawpfUtpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
5 Njrpa muRfspd; kd;du;fs; ehLfhz; gazpfSf;F cjtpaik
(Nghu;j;Jf;fy; kd;dd; flNyhb n`d;wp> ];ghdpa kd;dd; Ngu;bdhe;>
kidtp ,rngy;yh)
14 ehLfhz; gazpfisAk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fisAk;
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
ehLfhz; gazp fz;Lgpbj;j ,lk;
ghu;j;jNyhkpa];la]; Gay;Kid
th];nfhlfhkh fs;spf;Nfhl;il
fpwp];Njhgu; nfhyk;g]; fuPgpad; jPTfs; (Gjpa cyfk;)
mnkupf;f nt];G]p mnkupf;fh
Ngu;bdhe; kfyd; gpypg;igd;];jPT
fhNghl; rNfhju;fs; fdlh

ghlNtis (30 – 22)

kWkyu;r;rpahdJ cyfkakhf;fYf;F tpj;jpl;l Kiw
01 kWkyu;r;rp Kjypy; Vw;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
,j;jhypapd; GNshud;];
01 kWkyu;r;rpahdJ cyf kakhjYf;F tpj;jpl;l Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gpLf?
1 INuhg;gpauhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehLfhz; gazq;fs; fhuzkhf
INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
neUq;fpa njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;ehLfSf;fpilNa
tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
2 Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;f fz;lq;fspy; INuhg;gpau; nrd;W
FbNawpanjhL ,it FbNaw;w ehLfhsfTk; khw;wkile;jd ,jdhy;
murpay;> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;Lj; njhlu;GfSk; Vw;gl;ld.
(Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; igyh> xy;yhe;jupd; Nuhkd;lr;Rr;rl;lk; Nghd;wd)
3 mr;Rj;njhopy; cynfq;Fk; gutpaik fhuzkhf INuhg;gpauJ
rpe;jidfs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;gd Vida ehLfisAk; nrd;wile;jd.
144
 (N]f;];gpaupd; ehlfq;fs;> btpdhnfhkpbah> b nfkud; Nghd;wd)
4 FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l nry;te;ju;fspd; gps;isfs; Nkw;
gbg;gpw;fhf INuhg;ghTf;F nry;yf;$ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
5 INuhg;gpau; jkJ FbNaw;w ehLfspy; jkJ rkaj;ijg; gug;g
Kide;jdu;. mj;NjhL Myaq;fs;> fl;blq;fs; vd;gd
mikf;fg;gl;lNghJ mg;NghJ INuhg;ghtpypUe;j fl;llKiw> fiyfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld.
6 fPioj;Nja ehLfspy; INuhg;gpauJ tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g mwpT
gutyile;jik.

ghlNtis (30 – 23)

INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rpahdJ ,yq;if kPJ Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;F
01 ,yq;ifapy; kWkyu;r;rpapd; jhf;fk; Vw;glf; fhuzkhdtu;fs; ahu;?
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju;> Mq;fpNyau;
02 INuhg;ghtpy; rpe;jid khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd kWkyu;r;rpapd;
gq;fspg;Gf;fs; vit?
1 kjr; rPu;jpUj;jk; 2 mr;Rf;fiyapd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
3 Kjyhspj;Jt vOr;rp 4 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp
03 kWkyu;r;rpahdJ ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; vit?
1 murpay; khw;wq;fs; 2 nghUshjhu khw;wk;
3 rKf gz;ghl;Lj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;
murpay; khw;wk;

 Mq;fpNyauhy; fz;b ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJk; Kbahl;rp Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

 murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp
Kiw Njhd;w toptFj;jJ. (Nju;jy; Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glikahy;
[dehaf mk;rq;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhfpaJ)
 gpuNjr Ml;rp Kiwfs; khw;wkile;jd. kuG uPjpahd mYtu;fSf;Fg;
gjpyhf Gjpa Ml;rp Kiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mYtu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
(mikr;ru;> mikr;rpd; nrayhsu;> rl;lkh mjpgu;> fzf;fhsu; ehafk;
Nghd;w gjtpfs;)
145
  gioa rl;ljpl;lq;fs; ePf;fg;gl;ld. xy;yhe;juhy; Nuhkd;lr;Rr;rl;lk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; rkfhy INuhg;gpar;rl;lq;fSk;
ePjpkd;wj; njhFjpfSk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
nghUshjhu khw;wk;

 kj;jpa fhyg;gFjpapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j kj;jpajiuf;fly;

gpuNjrq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf(ntdp];> n[Ndhth> nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;>
mnyf;rhe;jpupah) mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij mz;ba gpuNjrq;fs;
Kf;fpak; ngw;wd.(Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> gpuhd;];)
 INuhg;gpau; ,yq;iff;F te;jjdhy; neUq;fpa tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G
Vw;gl;lJ.
 tu;j;jf Nehf;Fld; xy;yhe;juhy; fWthTk;> gpupj;jhdpauhy; Nfhg;gp>
Njapiy> nfhf;Nfh> ,wg;gu; Nghd;w tu;j;jfg; gapu;fs; gapupl
Muk;gpj;jdu;.
 ,yq;ifapy; Kd;du; epytpa RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhukhdJ
INuhg;gpauhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;fs; fhuzkhf
rpijtile;J czit ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Ntz;ba Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
nghUshjhukhf khwpaJ.
 gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jJ
 Gifapujg;ghijfs;> ngUe;njUf;fs;> JiwKf tpUj;jp vd;gd
ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 nfhOk;G> fhyp> jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w Kf;fpa tu;j;jf efuq;fs;
Njhd;wpd.
 kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
rKf gz;ghl;Lj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;

 xy;yhe;juhy; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mr;Rf;fiyahdJ

gpupj;jdpau; fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpak; ngw;wikapdhy; gj;jpupiffs;> E}y;fs;>
rQ;rpiffs; vd;gd ntspaplg;gl;ljdhy; rKfk; mwpTj;Jiwapy;
tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
 INuhg;ghtpw;F Nkw;gbg;gpw;F nrd;W te;jtu;fshy; Nkw;fj;Nja rpe;jidfs;
gutyilaf; fhuzkhfpaJ.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fKk;> xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy;
Gul;;l];jhe;J kjKk; gutpaJ.
 Xy;yhe;ju;> Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tpr;
nra;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp Kiw ,e;ehl;by; gutpaJ.
 INuhg;gpauJ Ml;rpapd; fhuzkhf Mil mikg;gpYk; khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;lJ.

146
  INuhg;gpa fl;llf;fiy> INuhg;gpa nkhopr;nrhw;fs; RNjr nkhopfspy;
fyj;jy; Nghd;wdTk; Vw;gl;lJ.

ghlNtis (30 – 24)

kWkyu;r;rpapdhy; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l ghjfkhd khw;wq;fs;
01 kWkyu;r;rp fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs; vit?
murpay;
1 ,yq;if jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jik.
2 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fhuzkhf ,dq;fSf;fpilNa
Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhfpaJ.
nghUshjhuk;
1 ney; cw;gj;jp tPo;r;rpaile;J muprpia ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; epiyf;F
js;sg;gl;lJ.
2 ifj;njhopy;fs; tsu;r;rpailahik
3 ,yq;ifapd; tsq;fs; Ruz;lg;gl;lik
4 RaNjitg; nghUshjhuk; rpijtile;J Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
nghUshjhukhf khwpaJ.
r%f gz;ghL
1 Mq;fpynkhopg; ghtidahy; RNjr nkhopfs; ghjpg;gile;jik
2 fpwp];jt kjg;guk;gy; fhuzkhf RNjr kjq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lik
3 kJghtid> Nghijg;nghUs; ghtid mjpfupj;jik
4 INuhg;gpauJ gz;ghNl cau;e;jJ vd;w jtwhd kdepiy Vw;gl;lJ.

147
 myF 10
,yq;ifAk; Nkw;FyfKk;
(ghlNtis 6)
ghlNtis (30 – 25)
INuhg;gpau; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F te;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
01 ,yq;ifia Ml;rpnra;j INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu;fis
ml;ltizg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lf.
fPioj;Nja jiyik
,dj;jtu; ehL fhyg;gFjp
mYtyfk;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Nghu;j;Jf;fy; Nfhth 1505 – 1658
Xy;yhe;ju; Xy;yhe;J gj;Njtpah 1658 – 1796
Mq;fpNyau; gpupj;jhdpah nrd;id> gk;gha;>fy;fj;jh 1796 – 1948

02 INuhg;gpau; fly;khu;f;fkhf MrpahTf;F tUtjw;F Kd;G fhzg;gl;l

tu;j;jfg; ghijfs; vit?

1 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;ghurPfk;kj;jpa MrpahrPdh tiuapyhd

gl;Lg;ghij

2 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;kj;jpajiuf;fly;vfpg;Jnrq;fly;
,e;JrKj;jpg;ghij
3 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;  ghf;jhj;ghuPrff;Flh ,e;jpahtpd;
Nkw;Ff;fiug;ghij
03 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JUf;fpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?
fp.gp 1453
04 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;(,];jhd;Gy;) ifg;gw;wg;gljhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;
vit?
1 jiutopg;ghij jilg;gl;lik
2 INuhg;ghtpy; tu;j;jfg;nghUl;fSf;F jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gl;lik
3 Gjpa flw;ghijfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

148
 4 INuhg;ghtpy; mwptpay; kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ
05 Kjd;Kjypy; fly;topg;ghijfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;fs; ahu;?
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;
06 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fly;topg;ghijiaf; fz;Lgpbf;fKbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
vit?
1 miktplk;
2 mur MjuT
3 Mw;wYs;s khYkpfs; ,Ue;jik
miktplk;
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; njd;Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpy; mike;Js;s ehlhFk;. mJ
mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp ,Ug;gjdhy; gy ,aw;ifj;
JiwKfq;fisf; nfhz;l ehlhFk;. ,jdhy; fly; gazq;fSf;fhd
mjpf tha;g;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;lJ.
mur MjuT
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; murdhd 4k; n`d;wp(flNyhbn`d;wp) flw;gazq;fis
Cf;Ftpf;f eltbf;iffis vLj;jhd;. yp];gdpy; fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;
njhlu;ghf ghlrhiy xd;iw elj;jpaJld; mq;F Njrg;glk;> el;rj;jpuk;
njhlu;ghd ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. flw;gzaj;jhy; jdJ ehl;bd;
nry;tKk;> mjpfhuKk; caUk; vd;W ek;gpdhdd;.
Mw;wYs;s khYkpfs; ,Ue;jik
Gjpa flw;gazq;fSf;fhd ghijfisf; fz;lwpa Mu;tKs;s gy
khYkpfs; Nghu;j;Jf;fy;ypy; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ghu;j;jNyhkpa];la];
(njd;Mgpupf;fhtpd; Gay;Kidia mile;jtu;)> th];nfhlfhkh(1498,y;
,e;jpahtpd; fs;spf;Nfhl;ilf;F te;j KjyhtJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;).
Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs; Mtu;.
07 INuhg;gpau; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif je;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; ,yhgk; ngWjy; 2 rkaj;ijg; gug;Gjy;
149
 3 murpay; uPjpahf ru;tNjr Gfiog;ngWjy;
08 ehk; fpwp];jtu;fisAk; thridj;jputpaq;fisAk; NjbNa ,q;F te;Njhk;
vdf;$wpatu; ahu;?
th];nfhlfhkh
09 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; gug;gpa kjk; vJ?
fj;Njhypf;fk;
10 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUk;NghJ fPioj;Njaj;jpd;
tu;j;jf cupikaepiyehl;bf; nfhz;bUe;jtu;fs; ahu;?
K];ypk;fs;
ghlNtis (30 – 26)
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G
01 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;iff;F toq;fpa ngau; ahJ?
nrapyhd;
02 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;if tUtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd tu;j;jfg; gapu; vJ?
fWth
03 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa kd;ddhy; fpof;F ehLfspd; ,uhrg;gpujpepjpahf
epakpf;fg;gl;ltd; ahu;?
gpuhd;rp];Nfh b my;Nklh
04 ,yq;iff;F te;j KjyhtJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfad; ahu;?
Nyhwd;];Nrhj my;Nklh
05 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;if te;jile;j Mz;L> te;jpwq;fpa ,lk; vJ?

1505 – fhypj;JiwKfk;
06 gwq;fp Nfhl;ilf;Fg; NghdJNghy vd;Dk; $w;NwhL njhlu;gila INuhg;gpa
,dj;jtu; ahu;?
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;

150
07 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;if tUk;NghJ ,Ue;j gpujhd ,uhrjhdpfisAk;
Ml;rpahsu;fisAk; jUf?
,uhrjhdpfs; Ml;rpashu;fs;
Nfhl;il 8k; tPuguhf;fpukghF
fz;b Nrdhrk;kjtpf;fpukghF
aho;gg
; hzk; guuh[Nrfud;

08 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;if tUk;NghJ ,Ue;j murpay; epiyikfs; vit?

1 Nfhl;il> fz;b> aho;gg
; hzk; vd %d;W ,uhr;rpaq;fshfg; gpupe;J
fhzg;gl;lik
2 td;dpapy; rpw;wuRfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
3 3 ,uhr;rpaq;fspYk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaNk mjpfhuKk; nry;tKk;
nfhz;l ,uhr;rpakhf tpsq;fpaJ. Vida ,U ,uhr;rpaq;fSk;
Nfhl;il kd;ddpd; Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wr; nraw;gl;ld.
09 tp[aghFnfhiy ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ? mjd; gpd; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;
vt;thW gpupe;jJ vd;gijAk; mjd; Ml;rpahsu;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf? 1521
gpupTfs; Ml;rpahsu;fs;
Nfhl;il 7 k; GtNdfghF
iwfk kj;Jkgz;lhu / iwfk;gz;lhu
rPjhthf;if khahJd;id

10 tp[aghFnfhiyf;F cjtpa Nghu;j;Jf;Nfad;> fz;b Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

rykhd;> [atPugz;lhu
11 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w cjtpa fhuzpfs; vit?
1 Nfhl;il Ml;rpahsu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l xw;Wikapd;ik
2 ju;kghydpd; nraw;ghLfs;
3 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; giltypik

151
 Nfhl;il Ml;rpahsu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l xw;Wikapd;ik
Nfhl;il kd;ddhd 6k; tp[aghF Gjy;tu;fshd GtNdfghF>
khahJd;id> kj;Jkgz;lhu MfpNahuhy; nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhd;. mjd;
gpd;du; gps;isfs; %tUk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ij KiwNa Nfhl;il>
rPjhthf;if> iwfk vd %d;whfg; ghFgLj;jpdu;. ,k;%tUf;fpilNa
xw;Wik epythjJld; ntspehl;ltu; cjtpiaAk; ehl Kw;gl;ldu;.
Nfhl;il Ml;rpahsdhd 7k; GtNdfghF khahJd;idf;Fg; gae;J
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; cjtpia ehbdhd;.
ju;kghydpd; nraw;ghLfs;
Nfhl;il kd;ddhd GtNdfghF jdf;Fg; gpd; jdJ Ngudhd
ju;kghyDf;F Ml;rpia toq;fpdhd;. ju;kghyd; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd;
ifg;nghk;ikahf tpsq;fpaJld; 1557,y; fj;njhypf;f kjj;Jf;F
khwpaNjhL mk;kjj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;Fk; MjuT toq;fpdhd;. 1580,y;
jdJ kuzj;jpd; gpd;G Nfhl;ilapd; kd;ddhf Nghu;j;Jf;fy; kd;dNd
mikthd; vd;W kuzrhrdk; vOjpdhd;. 1597,y; ,wf;f Nfhl;il
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkhapw;W.
12 khahJd;idf;F flw;gil cjtp toq;fpa fs;spf;Nfhl;il Ml;rpahsd;
ahu;?
rNkhupd;
13 Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd Nfhl;il
Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
ju;kghyd;
14 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ fpwp];jt murd; ahu;?
ju;kghyd;
15 ju;kghyd; ,we;j gpd;du; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gLtjw;fhf ,lk;ngw;w xg;ge;jk; vJ?
ky;thid cld;gbf;if
152
16 Nfhl;il kd;ddhd GtNdfghFtpd; kfshd rKj;jpuhNjtpia jpUkzk;
nra;jtd; ahu;?
tpjpagz;lhu
17 tpjpagz;lhud; rpwe;j tPud; vdf; $wg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff?
01 jdJ kfd; ju;kghydpd; Ml;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;
Nfhl;ilapd; murkhspifiar; Riwahbaik> nghJkf;fSf;Fg;
gy;NtW td;nray;fs; tpistpj;jik Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhf fpsu;en
; jOe;jhd;.
02 ,jdhy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L nfhOk;Gf; Nfhl;ilapy;
rpiwitf;fg;gl;lhd;. mtid mtdJ kidtp ,ufrpa Ruq;fg;ghij
topahf jg;gitj;jhs;.
03 jg;gpr;nrd;w tpjpagz;lhud; g];Jd;Nfhwisapy; ngye;j vDkplj;jpy;
Nfhl;il mikj;J Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghu; gupe;jhd;.
04 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F gy el;lq;fSk;> rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F
rpf;fy;fSk; Vw;gl;ljdhy; ,U gFjpapdUk; ,ize;J ngye;j
Nfhl;iliaj; jhf;fpdu;. mq;fpUe;J jg;gpa tpjpagz;lhud;
aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Nkhjypy; capupoe;jhd;.
18 Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gjpa gw;rpd;dj;ij rPjhthf;if njy;fKt
tpfhiuf;F vLj;Jr;nrd;wtu; ahu;?
`upg;gpl;baepyNk
19 Nfhl;il kd;ddhd 7k; GtNdfghFtpw;Fk; khahJd;idf;Fk; Kuz;ghLfs;
Vw;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?
1 Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vjpu;fhy Ml;rpAupik njhlu;ghf
2 khahJd;id Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fupa rpy gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;w
Kad;wik

153
ghlNtis (30 – 27)
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;
01 rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Mz;L vJ> mjidj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtd; ahu;?

1521 – khahJd;id
02 khahJd;idapd; kfd; ahu;?
bf;fpupgz;lhu(1k; ,uh[rpq;fd; vd;w ngaupy; Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;)
03 rPjhthf;if vOr;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 khahJd;idapdJk; mtd; kfd; bf;fpupgz;lhutpdJk; tPuk;.
Bf;fpupgz;lhu 1555Mk; Mz;by; rPjhthf;ifg;gilapd;
jiyikg;gjtpia Vw;whd;.
2 fpwp];jt rkag;gpurhuj;jpw;f GtNdfghF Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F mDkjp
toq;fpdhd;. ,jdhy; mjpgUg;jpaile;j gpf;Ffs; rPjhthf;iff;Fr;
nrd;wdu;. ngsj;j rhrdj;jpd; fhtydhf rPjhthf;if kd;didf;
fUjpdu;.
3 1538,y; iwfk ,wf;f mg;gpuNjrk; rPjhtf;ifg; gpuNjrj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
4 1562,y; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag;gilf;Fk; rPjhthf;ifg;gilf;Fk;l ,ilNa
Ky;nyupah vDkplj;jpy; Nghu; ,lk;ngw;wJ. xU ehs; KOtJk;
,lk;ngw;w ,g;Nghupy; my;Nghd;]h jsru;jh jiyikapyhd
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag; gilia bf;fpupgz;lhu jiyikapyhd
rPjhthf;ifg;gil Njhw;fbj;jJ. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fPioj;Njaj;jpy;
mile;j gLNjhy;tp ,JthFk;.
5 1582,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

154
04 rPjhthf;if tPo;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; Jg;ghf;fp> gPuq;fp Kjypa etPd MAjq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
rPjhthf;if kd;du;fshy; mtu;fis KOikahf Njhw;fbf;f
Kbatpy;iy.
2 rPjhthf;if kd;du;fsplk; flw;gil ,y;yhik.
3 rPjhthf;if kd;dd; 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd; jdJ ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;J
rkaj;jpw;F khwpaNjhL ngsj;j vjpu;gG
; f; nfhs;ifiaf;
filg;gpbj;jhd;. ,jdhy; rpq;fs kf;fspd; mjpUg;jpf;F cs;sdhd;.
4 fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w cjtpa tPuRe;jugz;lhu vd;gtid re;Njfj;jpd;
Ngupy; nfhiy nra;jhd;. ,jdhy; fz;b kf;fsJ MjuT
Fiwe;JNghdik.
5 tPuRe;jugz;lhutpd; kfd; Nfhzg;Ggz;lhu Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk;
ruzile;j gpd;du; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; vd;w
ngaupy; Ml;rpf;F te;jik.;
6 1k; ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fg; gpd;du; Ml;rpAupikiaf; Nfhu rupahd
cupikahsd; ,d;ik
05 rPjhthf;ifapd; vOr;rpf;Fk; tPo;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhd kd;dd; ahu;?
1k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
06 aho;g;ghzj;ij Ml;rp nra;j guk;giuapdu; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;ldu;?
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs;
07 aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jiyefu; vJ?
ey;Y}u;
08 aho;g;ghzj;ij Mz;l KjyhtJ Mupar;rf;futu;j;jp ahu;?
tp[a$oq;if Mupar;rf;futu;j;jp
09 Muk;gj;jpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; aho;gg
; hz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;jikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
155
 fWth> kpsF Kjypa thrdg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;glhik
10 1519,y; guuh[Nrfuidf;nfhiy nra;J Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpatd; ahu;?
rq;fpypad;
11 1543,y; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; aho;gg
; hz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 nfhy;yg;gl;l guuh[Nrfudpd; kfd; jd;id murdhf;FkhW
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu Ntz;bf;nfhz;lik.
2 aho;gg
; hz kd;dd; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa tu;j;jf fg;gYf;F jil
Vw;gLj;jpaik
3 fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijg;gug;Gtjw;F rq;fpypa;d jilahf ,Ue;jik
12 1560 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaNuhL ,lk;ngw;w xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?
1 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaNuhL xg;ge;jk; ,lk;ngw;wik. ,jd;gb fj;Njhypf;f rka
gpurhuj;jpw;F jil tpjpg;gjpy;iy vd;Wk;> kd;dhupy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;
Nfhl;il fl;lTk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 ,jdhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT epyj;ij aho;gg
; hz ,uhr;rpak; ,oe;jJ.
3 Kj;Jf;Fspj;jy; %yk; kd;dhupy; ,Ue;J fpilj;j tUkhdk;
,of;fg;gl;lJ.
4 kd;dhupy; ,Ue;lJ aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; jiyapl
tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ.
13 rq;fpyp vd;gtid mfw;wptpl;L Ml;rpf;F te;jtd; ahu;?
Gtpuh[gz;lhud;
14 1591,y; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; aho;gg
; hz murdhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltd; ahu;?
vjpu;kd;drpq;fd;
15 vjpu;kd;drpq;fdpd; mDkjpAld; aho;gg
; hzf; fly; vy;iyAlhf
njd;dpe;jpahTld; tu;j;jf njhlu;ig Nkw;nfhz;ltd; fz;b Ml;rpahsd;
ahu;?
nrduj;
156
16 1619,y; ,lk;ngw;w Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ aho;g;ghzg; gilnaLg;gpw;f jiyik
jhq;fpad; ahu;?
gpypg;jxypNtuh
17 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; aho;gg
; hz ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa Mz;L vJ?
1621
18 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; aho;gg
; hz ,uhr;rpaj;ij ifg;gw;w Kbe;jikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 muRupik njhlu;ghd Nkhjy;fshy; kf;fs; gpsTgl;lik
2 rpwe;j gilgyk; ,d;ik
3 ,aw;ifauz;fs; ,y;yhik
4 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F Nfhthtpy; ,Ue;J njhlu;e;J cjtp fpilj;jik

ghlNtis (30 – 28)

Nghu;j;Jf;NaUf;F vjpuhf ,yq;ifau; Nkw;nfhz;l vjpu;gG
; f;fs;
01 fiuNahug;gpuNjrk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkhdjhy; ehl;bd; RahjPdj;ijg;
ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;igf; nfhz;bUe;j ,uhrjhdp vJ?
fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
02 Nfhzg;Ggz;lhuDf;F fz;b muRupikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f cjtpats;?
FRkhrdNjtp
03 1617,y; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUld; xg;ge;jk; nra; fz;bapd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?
nrduj;
04 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;Gf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L
tpsf;Ff?
1 je;JNu Nghu;
2 gydg;Nghu;
3 ue;njdpntyNghu;
4 fd;ndhWtg;Nghu;
157
je;JNu Nghu;
 ,g;Nghu; 1594,y; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
 Nfhzg;Ggz;lhud; 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; vd;w ngaUld; Ml;rpf;F
te;jikia Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; tpUk;ghik.
 jk;kplk; ruzile;jpUe;j FRkhrdNjtpia fz;b rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;j
gilnaLg;gpid Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. fz;b kf;fs;
ntspehl;ltuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l murpia Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ 1k;
tpkyju;k#upaid Mjupj;jdu;.
 NgNuhnyhNg];b #rh jiyikapy; 1594Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgupy;
gilnaLj;jdu;. ,g;gilnaLg;G Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ. FRkhrdNjtp
rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJld; mtis 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhz;lhd;.
 tpkyju;k#upadpd; Nghu;j;je;jpuq;fSk;> fz;b ,uhr;rpa kf;fspd; Mjutk;>
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; cjtpf;F fiuNahug;gfjpapypUe;J nrd;w gil fz;b
,uhr;rpag; gilfSld; Nru;e;J nfhz;lik vd;gd tpkyju;k#upadpd;
ntw;wpf;f fhuzkhfpd.
gydg;Nghu;
 je;JNu Nghupy; Vw;gl;l Njhy;tpiaj; njhlu;e;J vjpupy;Nyuhy vd;gtdpd;
jiyikapy; fiuNahug;gpuNjrj;jpy; fpsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
 ,f;fyutj;jpw;F tpkyju;k#upadpd; MjuT fpilj;jJ. vdpDk;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fpuhkq;fSf;F jP%l;b fLikahf mlf;fpaNjhL fpsu;r;rp
jiytidAk; nfhd;wdu;.
 Njhd;n[udpNgh b mrNtJ jiyikapy; 1602,y; ,g;Nghu; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
 NfhthtpypUe;J te;j Nkyjpfg;gilfSld; nrd;w Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; gyd
fztha; tiu kl;LNk nrd;wdu;.
 tpkyju;k#upadpd; Nghu;j;je;jpuj;jhy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa;gilapy; gyu;
nfhy;yg;gl;lJld; mtu;fsJ MAjq;fsk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.
 ,g;Nghupd; gpd;du; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ghupa gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhs;shJ
rpwpa mstpyhd gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jp te;jdu;.
ue;njdpntyNghu;
 nfhd;];jhe;jpD j #rh jiyikapy; Cthg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Clhf
ue;njdpntyg;Nghu; 1630 ,y; Muk;gkhdJ.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; gJisiaf; ifg;gw;wp mjid ehrkhf;fpdu;. fz;b
kd;ddhd nrduj;jpd; kfdhd M];jhdFkhud; jiyikapy;
fz;bag;gilfs; gJisf;Fs; #ioe;jd.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag;gilAld; nrd;w fiuNahu Kjypkhu; fz;b kd;dDld;
Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;.
158
  Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; nts;sthatpw;f mUfpy; cs;s ue;njdpntytpw;F
gpd;thq;fpdu;. mq;f ,lk;ngw;w jhf;Fjypy; 350 Ngu;tiu ,we;jdu;.
 ,g;gilnaLg;G Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; 2 tUl jpl;lkplYld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
jhf;Fjy; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fd;ndhWtg;Nghu;
 1638,y; jpNahNfh j nky;Nyh vd;gtd; jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;wJ.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag;gilfs; fz;b efUf;Fs; Eioe;j NghJ 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
jdJ gilfSld; jdJ gilfSld; ntspNawpdhd;.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpag;gil Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag;gilia Rw;wptisj;J fLikahf
jhf;fpdu;.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w nkw;nfhz;l ,wjpg;Nghu;
,JthFk;.
05 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;w Kbahky; Nghdikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 fz;b muru;fspd; Nghu;j; je;jpuq;fs;
2 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUld; te;j $ypg;gilapdu; fz;bg; gilfSld; ,ize;J
nfhz;lik
3 kf;fspd; MjuT fz;b kd;dDf;F ,Ue;jik
4 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ,aw;ifaikg;G
fz;b muru;fspd; Nghu;j; je;jpuq;fs;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; je;JNu> gyd> ue;njdpnty> fd;ndhWt Mfpa
,lq;fspy; fz;bag;gilfsplk; Njhy;tpaile;jdu;. ,jw;F
fz;bg;gilfspd; Nghu;j;je;jpuNk fhuzkhFk;. mtu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa
nfhupy;yhg; Nghu; Kiw mtu;fSf;F ntw;wpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jJ.
NkYk; 1k; tpkyju;k#upad; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ruzile;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nau; gad;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fs;> mtu;fsj Nghu; cj;jpfs;
gw;wpAk; mwpe;jpUe;jikAk; fz;bg;gilfspd; ntw;wpf;F cjtpaNjhL
kl;Lkd;wp Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; fz;b ifw;wg;glTk; Kbahky; ,Ue;jJ.

159
 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUld; te;j $ypg;gilapdu; fz;bg; gilfSld; ,ize;J
nfhz;lik
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; jkJ gilapy; ,yq;ifg;gilfisAk; $ypg;gilfshf
Nru;j;jpUe;jdu; ,tu;fs; y];fupd; fupd; gilapdu; vdg;gl;ldu;.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gilnaLg;Gf;fSf;F
,tu;fisAk; mioj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. Mdhy; ,tu;fs; fz;bg;gilfSld;
Nru;e;J nfhz;L Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiuj; jhf;fpdu;. ,jdhy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag;
gilnaLg;Gf;fs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.
kf;fspd; MjuT fz;b kd;dDf;F ,Ue;jik
fz;b kf;fs; jkJ ,uhr;rpak; INuhg;gpau; trkhFtij tpUk;gtpy;iy.
,jdhy; fz;b kd;dDf;Fk;> fz;bag;gilfSf;Fk; gy cjtpfisr;
nra;jdu;. kf;fisg; NghyNt gpujhdpfSk;> gpf;FfSk; murDf;F
Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. ,t;thW midtuJ MjuTk; fz;b kd;dDf;F
,Ue;jikahy; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;WtJ Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F ,ayhJ
Nghapw;W

ghlNtis (30 – 29)

xy;yhe;ju; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik
01 xy;yhe;ju; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;f tUtjw;fhf cUthf;fpa mikg;G vJ?
Xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fk; (1602)
02 fz;b murdhd 1k; tpkyju;k#upaidr; re;jpj;j xy;yhe;Jj; J}ju;fs; ahu;?
];gpy;Ngu;[d;> rPNghy;jthl;
03 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu tpul;Ltij jdJ Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;j
kd;dd; ahu;?
2k; ,u[hrpq;fd;

160
04 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJ cjtpia ehbaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
vit?
1 xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpAld; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,yq;ifapypUe;J
ntspNaw;wy;
2 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; Ml;rpnra;j fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisAk; fz;biaAk;
,izj;J ,yq;ifia xU Rje;jpu ehlhf;Fjy;.
05 2k; ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; nt];lu;Nthy;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; xg;ge;jk; ,lk;ngw;w
Mz;L vJ? 1638
06 ,t; xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?
1 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F fz;b murDf;F
xy;yhe;ju; cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2 xy;yhe;jUf;F Vw;gLk; nryitg; nghUs;(fWth> kpsF> Njd;> nkOF)>
gzk; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; nrYj;j murd; cld;gly;.
3 ahid jtpu;e;j fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Vida tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghd VfNghf cupik xy;yhe;jUf;Ff;
fpilj;jy;.
4 Nghu;j;Jf;NfauplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;ilfspy; murd; tpUk;gpdhy;
xy;yhe;Jg; gilfs; jq;fyhk;.
07 1638,y; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Nfhl;il vJ?
kl;lf;fsg;G
08 Nghu;j;Jf;NfauplkpUe;J xy;yhe;Jg;gilfshYk;> fz;bag;gilfshYk;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Nfhl;ilfs; vit?
jpUNfhzkiy> ePun
; fhOk;G> fhyp> fSj;Jiw> nfhOk;G
09 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1658
10 xy;yhe;jUf;F cOjpa fbjq;fspy; jd;id jpuprpq;fshjP]t
; u vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;ltd; ahu;?
2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
161
11 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ntspNaw;wp xy;yhe;jiu tutioj;jikahy; Vw;gl;l
thrfk; vJ? mjNdhL njhlu;gila kd;dd; ahu;?

,Q;rp nfhLj;J kpsfha; thq;fpaJ Nghy – 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;

12 2k; ,uh[rpq;fNdhL rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; tifapy; xy;yhe;juhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;l MSeu; ahu;? Nyhud;];gPy;
13 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlu;ghf xy;yhe;jupd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
vit?
1 Nghu; nra;tJ nryit Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld;
,ad;wsT rkhjhdkhfr; nraw;gl;ldu;.
2 fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;ddpd; ey;nyz;zj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sk; nghul;L
kd;dDf;F guprpy;fis toq;fpaik.
3 fz;b kd;dDld; fbjj;njhlu;ig Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,jd;%yk;
fz;bapy; tpisAk; fWthitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; mtu;fsJ
Nehf;fkhFk;.
4 cgrk;gjh rlq;fpid epfo;j;Jtjw;F gpf;Ffis mioj;Jtu
fg;gy;fis nfhLj;J cjtpdu;. (2k; tpkyju;k#upad;> tp[a
,uh[rpq;fd;> fPuj
; ;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;)
14 cr;r ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf xy;yhe;ju; Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs; vit?
1 fz;b murd; NtW ntspehl;ltUld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gnfhs;tij
$basT jilnra;jdu;.
2 kd;dDld; Kuz;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fk;
fiuNahuj;jpw;Fkpilapydh flitia Kb tpLjy;.
3 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; rpytw;wpy; new;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s
eltbf;if vLj;jy;. ,jd; %yk; ney;iy ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Vw;gLk;
nryitf; Fiwj;jy;.
4 fWth gapuplTk; mjidg; ghJfhf;fTk; eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;
5 jkf;F yhgk; jUk; fUk;G> Nfhg;gp> gUj;jp vd;gtw;iw gapu;nra;a

162
 eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;.
ghlNtis (30 – 30)
xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf ,yq;ifau; Nkw;nfhz;l vjpu;gG
; f;fs;
01 xy;yhe;ju;fNshL njhlu;Gila fz;ba Ml;rpahsu;fs; ahu;?
2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;> 2k; tpkyju;k#upad;> = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd;> =
tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd;> fPuj
; ;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;> ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd;
02 xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf fytuq;fs; Vw;gl;l ,lq;fs; vit?
ePu;nfhOk;G> khj;jiw
03 fyff;fhuu;fSf;F cjTtjw;F mDg;gg;gl;l gilapd; jiytd; ahu;?
fynfhl mjpfhuk;
04 mg;gilahy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Nfhl;ilfs; vit?
fl;LtNfhl;il> khj;jiwf;Nfhl;il
05 1764.1765 ,y; ,lk;ngw;w fz;b kPjhd xy;yhe;jg;gilnaLg;gpw;F
jiyikjhq;fpatd; ahu;? ngud; thd;vf;
06 1765,y; xy;yhe;jNuhL rkhjhdk; nra;Jnfhs;s tpUk;gpa fz;b murd;
ahu;?
fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
07 xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; ,ilapy; xg;ge;jk; ,lk;ngw;w
Mz;L vJ? mt; cld;gbf;if vJ?

1766 – tpnyk;ngy;f; cld;gbf;if (fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk;

tpnyk;ngy;fpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngw;w)
08 1766 cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?\
1 nfhOk;G> khj;jiw> fhyp> aho;gg
; hzk;> kd;dhu;> jpUNfhzkiy>
kl;lf;fsg;G Kjypa ,lq;fs; xy;yhe;jUf;Fr; nrhe;jk;.
2 flw;fiuapypUe;J 4 iky; J}uk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fr; nrhe;jk;
3 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fWth tu;j;jfk; xy;yhe;jUf;F nrhe;jkhf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
163
 4 fiuNahu cg;gsq;fs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhdit
09 ,t; cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisTfs; vit?
1 fz;b ,uhr;rpakk; fiuNahug; gFjpfis ,oe;jJ.
2 fz;bapy; ,lk;ngw;w kuGuPjpahd tu;j;jfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 xy;yhe;Jg; gFjpfSf;fpilNa fz;b ,uhr;rpak; rpf;Fz;lJ.
4 ,yq;ifapy; xy;yhe;jupd; fPopUe;j gfjpfspd; cupik
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
10 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; jdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd JiwKfq;fis ,of;ff; fhuzkhd
cld;gbf;if vJ?
tpnyk;ngy;f; cld;gbf;if
11 xy;yhe;jiu ,yq;ifapypUe;J Juj;j Mq;fpNyaupd; cjtpia ehba
,yq;if kd;dd; ahu;?
fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
12 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fid 1762,y; re;jpj;j Mq;fpyj; J}jd; ahu;? N[hd;igg];
13 tpnyk;ngy;f; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; fz;b kd;dd; ngw;w cupik vJ?
fiuNahu cg;gsq;fspy; cg;igg; ngWk; yhth cupik

164
 fw;wy; ifNaL
tuyhW
juk; 11
 2015 Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthdJ.
 ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;b vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;g
jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 myFfspd; ghlNtisfisAk;
mjw;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ.

Mf;fk; :- eh.nry;tr;re;jpud;

Mrpupau; ah/muhyp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up.

1
 myF – 01
ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp (ghlNtis 08)
ghlNtis 01

01 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vd;why; vd;d?

kdpjd; jdJ ifj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;L nra;j gz;l cw;gj;jpapd;

tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ,ae;jpuq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J> FWfpa

fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa

fhj;jpukhd khw;wNk ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

02 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l fhyg;gFjp vJ? 18k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug;gFjp

03 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Muk;gkhd ehL vJ? gpupj;jhdpah

04 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l fz;lKk; mjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzKk; ahJ?

INuhg;gh

tu;j;jf tpUj;jp (FbNaw;w ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wp gutyhd ntspehl;L

tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;lik|)

05 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G

2 ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd Copau;fs; ,yFthff; fpilj;jik

3 gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; cWjp epiy

4 epykhdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp

5 tpUj;jpaile;j tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;

6 %yg;nghUl;fis ,yFthfg; ngwKbe;jik

7 FbNaw;w ehLfs; mjpfupj;jikAk; tpahghuk; tsu;r;rpaile;jikAk;

2
rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G

Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfis tpl gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy;

KjyPL nra;af;$ba nry;te;ju;fs; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cUthfpapUe;j

mNjNeuk; rdj;njhifAk; mjpfupj;jikahy; gz;lq;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpAk;

mjpfupj;jJ. mjw;Nfw;g nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba rthyhd

xU epiyAk; mq;F cUthdik.

ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd Copau;fs; ,yFthff; fpilj;jik

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ngupa epy clikahsu;fshy; tptrhapfspd; rpwpa

epyq;fs; xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;L ngupa tptrhag; gz;izfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J Ntypailg;G ,af;fk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;

fhzpfis ,oe;j tptrhapfs; NtiyNjb efuq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wdu;.

rpYit Aj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;du; epykhdpa mbikfs; jkJ

gz;izfSf;Fr; nry;yhky; efuq;fspy; Fbaku;e;jdu;. ,jdhy;

Copau;fs; ,yFthff; fpilj;jik.

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; cWjp epiy

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; epytpa murpay; cwjpg;ghLk; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpf;F

cjtpahf mike;jJ. nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j

tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;> cjtp kw;Wk;

tupr;rYif vd;gd ghuhSkd;wk; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.

3
ghlNtis 02

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Jiwfs;

01 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Jiwfs; vit?

1 nerTf; ifj;njhopy; 2 ,uk;GUf;F 3 epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;

nerTf; ifj;njhopy;

02 nerTf;ifj;njhopy; ,ae;jpukakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 gpupj;jhdpaj; JzpfSf;Ff; FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l cau;e;j

Nfs;tp

2 E}y; E}w;gij Ntfg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit

03 nerTf;ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;ghsu; fz;Lgpbg;G

1733 N[hd;Nf gwf;Fk; E}dhop (gwf;Fk; jwp Xlk;)
N[k;]; E}y; E}w;Fk; n[dp
1764 `hfpupt;];
tYtpdhy; ,aq;Fk; E}y; E}w;Fk;
,ae;jpuk;
mstpy; ngupaJ
tPLfspy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ
1769 upr;rl; Mf;iul;
Ntfkhd ePNuhl;lk; Njitg;gl;lJ.
ePNuhl;l trjpAs;s ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

E}y; E}w;Fk; kpA+y; ,ae;jpuk;

1776 rhKNty;
FNwhk;ld; nkd;ikahd rf;jp tha;e;j E}iy
cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbe;jik
1785 vl;kd; fhl;iul; ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; kpA+y; ,ae;jpuk;
1846 vypa];NfhNt ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
4
 gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- nerTf;ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy; Vw;gl;l
tpisTfs; vit?

,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopy;

04 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; ,Uk;igg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

nghUl;fs; vit?

1 Nghu; MAjq;fs; 2 tptrha cgfuzq;fs;

3 tPl;Lj; jsghlq;fs;

05 ,Ug;GUf;Fj; njhopy; ifj;njhopy; kakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 ghupa ,ae;jpuq;fis jahupg;gjw;fhfg; ghupastpy; ,Uk;Gk; cUf;Fk;

Njitg;gl;lik

2 tpwif vupnghUshff; nfhz;L ghupastpy; ,Uk;ig cUf;f Kbahik

06 ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf

Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;ghsu; fz;Lgpbg;G

1730 Mgpufhk;lhu;gp epyf;fup %yk; ,Uk;gj;jhij cUf;Fk; Kiw.
thu;g;G ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbe;jJ.

1784 n`d;wpNfhl; Nuhyu; ,ae;jpuk; %yk; gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,Uk;G

1856 n`d;wpNg~;ku; ,Uk;gpYs;s fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiw

1878 tpy;ypak;rPkd; ,Uk;ig cUf;f kpd;rhu #is

];
cau; juj;jpyhd cUf;if cw;gj;jp nra;a
Kbe;jik.
,yhgfukhdjhfTk; NtfkhfTk; cUf;F
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

5
gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;
Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

ghlNtis 03

epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;
01 gpupj;jhdpah epyf;fupg; gbTfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; vit?

njd;Nty;];> Nahf;rau;> yq;fhrau;

02 epyf;fup mfo;tpd; NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; vit?

1 epyf;fupr; Ruq;fj;jpDs; xd;WNrUk; ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy; fbdkhf

mike;jik.

2 epyf;fupr;Ruq;fq;fspd; mbg;gFjpapy; er;R thAf;fspd; msTk;

ntg;gepiyak; mjpfupj;jy;

3 Ruq;fj;jpDs; ntspr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kbahik

03 epyf;fupj;njhopy; ifj;njhopy; kakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ,Uk;ig cUf;Fjy;> ,ae;jpuq;fis ,af;Fjy;> tPl;Lg; ghtidf;Fk;

,yhgfukhd vupnghUshf epyf;fup tpsq;fpaik.

2 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; epyf;fupf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik

3 epyf;fupj;njhopypy; fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhz

Ntz;bapUe;jik

6
04 epyf;fupj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;ghsu; fz;Lgpbg;G

1735 epA+nfhkd; Ruq;fj;jpDs; NrUk; ePiu ntspNaw;wTk;>
Foha;fs; %yk; Fspuhd tspia Ruq;fj;jpDs;
nrYj;jp Fsp&l;Lk; Kiw.

tpidj;jpwd; FiwT.

Vida ifj;njhopYf;F gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

1736 N[k;];thl; nfhjpePuhtp ,ae;jpuk;

epA+nfhkdpd; ,ae;jpuj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jhu;.

vy;yhf; ifj;njhopYf;Fk; gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf

,Ue;jik.
1812 `k;gpwpNltp ghJfhg;G tpsf;F

Ruq;fq;fs; ntspr;rj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ld.

1839 ,Uk;Gf; Nfgps; fk;gpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

Ruq;fj;jpypUe;J epyf;fup ,yFthff; nfhz;Ltu

Kbe;jJ.

05 epyf;fup ifj;njhopNyhL njhlu;Gila Vida ifj;njhopy;fs;

1 ghijfs; mikg;gjw;F epyf;fupj;jhu; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik

2 Gilitr; rhatiffs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik

3 moFrhjdg; nghUl;fs;> vz;nza;> gris tiffs; ngwg;gl;lik

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;

Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

7
ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;

06 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; guk;gypd; ,U gFjpfSk; vit?

1 NtW ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspyhd guk;gy;

2 NtW ehLfspy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;

NtW ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspyhd guk;gy;

07 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp gutpa Vida Jiwfs; vit?

1 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

2 njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

3 tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

08 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpapdhy; njhopw;rhiyf;Fj;

Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nry;yTk; KbTg;nghUl;fis

re;ijfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yTk; tPjpfis Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;b

Vw;gl;lik.

2 ,jw;fhf Gjpa ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fSk; ghijj; njhFjpfSk;

Njitg;gl;lik

3 mjw;fika gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ghijfSk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhy;tha;fSk;

Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

8
09 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; vit?

fz;L
Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;G
gpbg;ghsu;
1814 N[hu;[; ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; Gifapujk;
];Btd;;rd;
epyf;fup> %yg;nghUlfisf; nfhz;L nry;y
Kbe;jik.

KbTg; nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;j Kbe;jik.

Fiwe;jsT Neuj;jpy; mjpfsthd

nghUl;fisf; xNu jlitapy; nfhz;L nry;y
Kbe;jik.
1807 nuhgl;Gy;ld; Gifg;glF
1811 n`d;wpngy; Giff;fg;gy;
1885 nlk;su; Nkhl;lhu; tz;b
1903 iwl;rNfhjuu; Mfha tpkhdk;
N[hd;kf;flk; tYthd mj;jpghukpl;L ngupa fw;fisAk;
kz;izAk; gug;gp mjd; Nky; rpwpa
fUq;fw;fisg; gug;gp mtw;iwj;jl;b
kl;lg;gLj;jp ngUe;njUf;fis mikf;Fk;
Kiw

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;

Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

9
ghlNtis 4
njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

01 njhlu;ghly; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; vit?

1 1840,y; Fiwe;j nrytpy; fbjq;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; ngdP jghy;

Nrit Vw;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ve;jnthU gFjpf;Fk; xU

ngdP my;yJ xU ngd;]; nrytpy; fbjk; mDg;g Kbe;jik.

2 1876,y; Nfgps; fk;gpA+lhf fUj;ijg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk;

njhiyNgrpapid mnyf;rhz;lu; fpu`k;ngy; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.

3 ,uz;L ,lq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpiuthd njhlu;ghly; trjpf;fhf

1844,y; rhKNty; Nkhu;~; vd;gtuhy; je;jp Kiw

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

4 1895 thdiyfisg; gad;gLj;jp nra;jpfisg; gupkhw;w cjTk;

thndhypapid khu;f;Nfhdp fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.

5 n[hd;nyhfp ngahu;l;bdhy; njhiyf;fhl;rp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- njhlu;ghly; Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;

Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

10
 tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

02 tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vit / fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ghupa tptrhag; gz;izfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf mjpfsthd kf;fs; efu;g;Gwk;

Nehf;fpr;nrd;wikahYk;> fpuhkg;Gw rpW tptrhapfs; jkJ epyq;fisf;

iftpl;likapdhYk; rpW epyq;fis xd;wpizj;J ghupa gz;izfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it epy milg;G ,af;fk; vdg;gl;lJ.

2 Row;rpKiw> epykhw;W Kiwg; gapu;r;nra;if

gapu;r;nra;if eltbf;iffSf;fhf epykhw;W Kiwapd; mwpKfj;ijj;
njhlu;e;J Neha;gg
; uk;gy; Fiwe;Jk;> tpidj;jpwd; mjpfupj;Jk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. n[d;Nuhl;ly; vd;gtuhy; Vu; G+l;lg;gl;l Fjpiufs; %yk;
tupirahf tpijf;Fk; Kiw Muk;gkhdJ. ,jd; tpijf;Fk; tpijfspd;
msitf;Fiwj;J tpisr;ry; mjpfupf;fTk; Kbe;jJ.

3 tpyq;Ftsu;g;gpy; Gjpa njhopy;El;gKiw

,jw;F cjhuzkhf nuhgl;ngf;nty; vd;gtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

nrk;kwpahLfs; ,dg;ngUf;fk; njhlu;ghd fz;Lgpbg;igf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

4 Gjpa tptrha KiwfSk; etPd cgfuzq;fspd; gad;gLk;

fhLfis mopg;gjw;Fk; epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tpijfis cw;gj;jp

nra;tjw;Fk; etPd fUtpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. tpisr;riy mjpfupf;f
cuk; jahupg;gpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. 1800,y; FthNdh cuk;
njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L mnkupf;fhtpYk; gad;gl;lJ.
,urhad cuq;fs;> fpUkp ehrpdpfs; gpd;du; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy; Vw;gl;l

tpisTfs; vit?

11
ghlNtis 5
Vida ehLfspy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; guty;

01 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp gutpa INuhg;gpa ehLfs; vit?

gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp> ngy;[pak;> `q;Nfup> M];jpupah

02 INuhg;ghtpw;F ntspNa ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l ehL
mnkupf;fh
03 19k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk;> 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapYk; ifj;njhopy;
Jiwapy; mjpfsT tsu;r;rp fz;l Mrpa ehL
[g;ghd;( ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp gutpa Mrpa ehL)
04 20k; E}w;whz;by; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;Fg; gutpa Mrpa ehLfs;
,e;jpah> rPdh> ,yq;if
05 NtW ehLfspy; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp gutpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 cyfk; KOtJk; rdj;njhif Jupj tsu;r;rpia mile;jik

2 nghUs;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik.

3 INuhg;ghtpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

4 gpuhd;rpYk; N[u;kdpapYk; epyf;fup fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik.

06 30000 iky;fs; ePskhd ghijfis mikj;j ehL vJ?

M];jpupah
07 %yg;nghUl;fSk; re;ij trjpfSk; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ifj;njhopy;fs;
Muk;gkhfpd vd;gjw;F cjhuzq;fs;

ngy;[paj;jpd; nthNydpah> N[u;kdpapd; iryprpah – ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp

Rtpw;ru;yhe;J> N[u;kdpapd; njd; gFjp - gUj;jpg; Glit cw;gj;jp

08 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp gutpa ehLfis cyfg; GwcUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lf.
,q;fpyhe;J> N[u;kdp> gpuhd;R> Rtpl;ru;yhe;J> ngy;[pak;> M];jpupah> `q;Nfup>
u~pah> mnkupf;fh> [g;ghd;

12
ghlNtis 6

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; / khw;wq;fs;

01 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpahy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;

1 murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tpisT
1 cr;r ,yhgj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; gzj;ij KjyPL nra;Ak;
gzf;fhu tFg;gpdUk;> ciog;ig tpw;W tho;f;if elj;Jk; Vio
tFg;gpdUk; cUthfpdu;.
2 njhopyhspfSf;F Fiwe;j $ypia toq;fp mtu;fsJ ciog;igr;
Ruz;baik fhuzkhf mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifj;juk; kpfTk; fPo;
kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; Kjyhsp> njhopyhsp Kuz;ghLfs;
Vw;gl;L> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> NtiyepWj;jq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,jd;
fhuzkhf nghJTlikthjk;> jhuhz;ikthjk; Mfpa murpay;
nfhs;iffs; Njhd;wpd.
3 nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; murpd; jiyaPlhf; nfhs;ifia
mlk;rpkpj; vd;gtu; Kd;itj;jhu;.
4 Fiwe;j tpiyf;F %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk; $ba tpiyf;F
KbTg;nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;jTk; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; jkJ
FbNaw;w ehLfspy; KOikahd murpay; Mjpf;fg;Nghl;bapy;
<Lgl;ld.
5 FbNaw;wq;fis tp];jupf;Fk; Nghl;b fhuzkhf Kjyhk; cyf
kfhAj;jk; Vw;glf; fhuzkhfpaJ.
2 nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tpisT
1 ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;G> tu;j;jf eltbf;if nghUshjhuj;jpy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jy; vd;gd Vw;gl;ld.
2 rpW tptrhapfs; jkJ njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ
ifj;njhopw;rhiyfspy; njhopyhsu;fshfr; nrd;wikahy; jd;dpiwTg;
nghUshjhuk; kiwe;J rk;gsj;jpw;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tFg;G
Njhd;wpaJ.
13
 3 tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; itplg;gl;L Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp
mbg;gilapyhd tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhuk; Njhd;wpaJ.
4 cynfq;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuk; Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ.
5 Kaw;rpahsu;fs; xd;wpize;J jdpj;jdp $l;L tu;j;jff; fk;gdpfis
mikj;jdu;. ,it jkJ ehLfspd; mDruizAld; Mrpa> Mgpupf;fh>
,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; jkJ tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ld.
6 tq;fpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

ghlNtis 7
01 rKfj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wk;
1 ed;ikfs;
1 Vuhskhd Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilj;jd.
2 kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; cau;e;jik 3 efuq;fs; Njhd;wpaik
4 njhopyhsu; euNdhk;gy; Kiw tpUj;jpaile;jik
5 nfhs;tdTr; rf;jp mjpfupj;jJ.
2 jPikfs;
1 efuq;fspy; rdneUf;fb fhuzkhf mbg;gil trjpfs;
kpff;Fiwe;j
Ntfj;jpy; tsu;r;raile;jik.
2 nry;te;ju;> Vio vd;w tFg;G uPjpahd rKf mikg;G Njhd;wpaJ.
3 nry;te;ju; Mlk;gukhd tho;f;if elj;j ciog;gtu;fspd;
tho;f;if ftiyf;fplkhf khwpaJ.
4 njhopw;rhiyfSf;F mUfpNyNa tho;e;jikahy; Nrupg;Gwq;fspy;
tho;e;j mtu;fspd; Rfhjhu trjpfs; rupahf fpl;ltpy;iy.
5 xNu miwapy; xU Flk;gk; tho;e;jikahy; kJfhtidapd;
gad;ghL> jtwhd nray;fspy; <Lgly; Nghd;w fyhrhu
rPuopTfSk; Vw;gl;ld.
6 #oy; khriljy; Vw;gl;lJ.
7 ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs; trjp> ghJfhg;gw;w njhopw;rhiyfspy;
Ntiy nra;jdu;.

14
02 nry;te;j tFg;gpdupd; ,U gpupTfSk; vit?
1 epy clikg; gpuGf;fs;
2 kj;jpaju tu;jf;fj;jpduhd tu;j;jfu;fs;> njhopw;rhiy cupikahsu;fs;>
tq;fpahsu;fs;> nghwpapyhsu;fs;> rl;lj;juzpfs;> xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fs;
03 njhopyhsu; mikg;gpduhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nfhupf;iffs;
1 njhopyhsupd; rk;gsj;ij mjpfupj;jy;
2 Ntiy Neuj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
3 mbg;gilr; Rfhjhu trjpfisg; ngWjy;
04 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ik jPikfisj; njhFj;Jj; jUf.

ghlNtis 8
,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F
01 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?
,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;jik
02 ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fs; vit?
Njapiy> njd;id> ,wg;gu;
03 ,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gf;fs;
1 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw
1 1885,y; ngUe;njUf;fis mikf;Fk; Kiw Njhd;wpaJ.
2 ghijfSk; Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lik
3 nghUl;fis nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf ngUe;njUf;fSk;> Gifapuj
tPjpfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
4 MWfSf;F FWf;fhf kug;ghyk; mikg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
,Uk;Gg;ghyk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ

6 MSeu; vl;Ntl;ghz;]; fhyj;jpy; nfhOk;G – fz;b gpujhd tPjp

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
7 MSehu; n`d;wpNthl; Gifapuj tPjpfis mikf;Fk;
15
 eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;llhu;.
8 gpd;tUk; Gifapujg;ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;Lfs;

1863 – fz;b – nfhOk;G

1871 – Nguhjid – ehtyg;gpl;b

1899 – Nguhjid – gz;lhutis

2 njhlu;ghly; Jiw
1 1815,y; nfhOk;G> fhyp> jpUNfhzkiy> aho;gg
; hzk; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; murhq;f jghy; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 Mrpahtpy; Fjpiu tz;bfisg; gad;gLj;jp jghy; Nrit
,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 1857,y; jghy; Kj;jpiu ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
4 1858,y; je;jp %yk; nra;jp gupkhWk; Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw
1 1804,y; gpnul;upf;Nehj;jpdhy; Nfhg;gp tpijfisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;
njhopw;rhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 Njapiyf; nfhOe;ij cyu;j;Jjy; njhlf;fk; Vw;Wkjpf;fhfj;
jug;gLj;jy;
tiu ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
3 ,wg;giu Vw;Wkjpf;F jahu;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
02 ,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;fhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?
1 ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tFg;G Njhd;wpaJ.
2 ngUe;Njhl;l cupikahsUk; njhopw;rhiy cupikahsUk; gzf;fhu
tFg;gpduhf khwpdu;.
3 Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAld; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tu;j;jfk;
Kd;dpiy ngw;wJ.
4 tq;fpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. 6 mQ;ry; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik
03 ,yq;ifapy; tsu;r;rpaile;j efuq;fs; vit?
nfhOk;G> fhyp> fz;b> fk;gis> gJis> khj;jis> ,uj;jpdGup

16
 myF – 02

,yq;ifapy; gpupjj
; hdpa mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gly;

ghlNtis (12)

ghlNtis 01

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mrpa tUif

01 gpupj;jhdpau; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;fhf cUthf;fpa

mikg;G :- Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdp

Mz;L :- 1600

mDkjp toq;fpatu; :- 1k; vyprngj;

02 KjyhtJ fg;gy; FO tu;j;jf eltbf;ififa Muk;gpj;j ,lk; vJ?

Rkhj;jpuh jPT

03 ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;j fg;gy; FOtpd; jiytu; ahu;? mtu; ahUld;

tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfis elhj;jpdu;

tpy;ypak; n`hfpd;];

nkhfyha kd;dd; [`hq;fPu;

04 1623k; Mz;L xy;yhe;juhy; jhf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpNyau; jq;fpapUe;j Nfhl;il

mike;jpUe;j ,lk; vJ?

mk;ngha;dh(,e;NjhNdrpah)

05 gpupj;jhdpau; Mrpah kPJ ftdk; nryj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Mrpahtpy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk;> xy;yhe;jUk; ngw;w tu;j;jf ,yhgj;ij

jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;

2 Mrpahtpy; FbNaw;w ehLfisg; ngWjy;

3 jkJ Gfiog;gug;Gjy;

17
06 gpupj;jhdpau; ,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyaq;fis mikj;j ,lq;fs;

vit?

nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh> #uj;> k#ypg;gl;bdk;

07 ,e;jpahtpy; gpuhd;rpau; tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyaq;fis mikj;j ,lq;fs; vit?

ghz;br;Nrup> fhiuf;fhy;> re;jpefu;

08 gpupj;jhdpau; ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw Kw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk;

nkhfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;

09 gpupj;jhdpauJ ftdk; ,yq;if kPJ jpUk;gpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 miktpl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :-

,e;J rKj;jpuf; fg;gy; ghijapd; kj;jpapy; ,yq;if mike;jpUej;jik.

,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rpia mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; gpuhd;rpaUldhd

Nghl;baypUe;J ,e;J rKj;jpuf; flyhjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;F jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk; mtrpakhf ,Ue;jik.

,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Ff;fiu> fpof;Ff;fiufspy; flw;gil> tpahghu

eltbf;iffis ,yq;ifapypUe;j ,yFthf epu;tfpf;ff; $bajhf

,Ue;jik.

2 tu;j;jf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :-

INuhg;ghTf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l fWthtpy; ,yq;iff; fWthTf;F

,Ue;j kjpg;G. Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; fWth tpahghuk; %yk;
ngw;w yhgj;ij Mq;fpNyau; jkJ trkhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;. kpsF> Vyk;>
fuhk;G> Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> ahidj;je;jk; Nghd;w tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs;
,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.

18
 3 jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1 ,aw;ifj; JiwKfkhff; fhzg;gl;lik. xNu Neuj;jpy; Vuhskhd

fg;gy;fis epWj;jp itf;f Kbfpd;wik.

2 gUtf;fhw;W fhyq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf fg;gy;fis epWj;jp itf;f

Kbfpd;wik.

3 ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F> fpof;F fiuNahu fg;gw;Jiw> tu;j;jfj;Jiw

eltbf;ifia epu;tfpf;f gaDila epiyakhf ,Ue;jik.

4 jpUNfhzkiyj;JiwKfk; tq;fhs tpupFlhit Nehf;fpa

mike;jpUe;jik.

5 tq;fsh tpupFlhg;gFjpapy; gpuhd;rpaUld; Nkhjy; Vw;gLk;

Ntisfspy; gOjile;j fg;gy;fis jpUj;jp mikg;gjw;F
JiwKfk; xd;W Njitg;gl;lik
ghlNtis 02
J}Jg; gazq;fs;
01 ,yq;iff;F Mq;fpNyau; tUtjw;fhd gpd;dzpia Vw;gLj;jpa kd;dd; ahu;?
fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
02 ,yq;iff;F tUifje;J fz;b muru;fisj; re;jpj;j Mq;fpNyaj;

J}ju;fisAk; Mz;LfisAk;> re;jpj;j fz;b muru;fisAk;

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

19
 Mq;fpNya fz;b gazj;jpd;
Mz;L tpisT
J}jd; kd;dd; Nehf;fk;
1762 N[hd;igg fPu;j;jp = ,yq;ifAld; xy;yhe;jiu
]; ,uh[rpq;fd; tu;j;jfj; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F cjtp
njhlu;Gfis nra;ahj Mq;fpNyaUld;
Vw;gLj;jpf; tu;j;jfj;ij nkw;nfhs;s
nfhs;sy; fz;b kd;du;fs;
tpUk;ghik.

1782 `pAnghap ,uh[hjp tu;j;jf xy;yhe;jiu

l; ,uh[rpq;fd; njhlu;Gis ntspNaw;Wtjw;F cjtp
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs; nra;ahj Mq;fpNyaUld;
sy; tu;j;jfj;ij nkw;nfhs;s
fz;b kd;du;fs;
tpUk;ghik.
1795 nwhgl; ,uh[hjp xy;yhe;jupd; xy;yhe;jupd; Nfhl;ilfis
mdl;W}]; ,uh[rpq;fd; Nfhl;ilfisf; jkjhf;fp nfhs;tjpy;
ifg;gw;wpf; Vw;gLk; gyhgyd;fis
nfhs;tjw;F kd;dUld; gfpu
fz;b kd;dupd; mq;fpNyau; tpUk;gtpy;iy
cjtpfisg; fz;b kd;ddpd;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s epge;jidfis Vw;W
y; ePz;lfhy elGwT
xg;ge;jk; xd;iw
nra;Jnfhs;s
Mq;fpNyau;
Kd;tutpy;iy.

20
fpA+ fbjk;

03 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1789

04 1794,y; xy;yhe;ij gpuhd;]; Mf;fpukpj;jNghJ ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F jg;gpNahba

,sturd; ahu;?

];lhl;N`hy;lu; (5k; xNwQ; tpy;ypak;)

05 fpA+ fbjk; vd;why; vd;d?

,q;fpyhe;jpd; fpa+ khspifapy; itj;J 5k; xNwQ;tpy;ypaj;jpdhy;

xy;yhe;juplk; ,Uf;Fk; ,yq;if gpuhd;rpau; trkhtijj;

jLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf jw;fhypfkhf mjid Mq;fpNyauplk; xg;gilf;fTk;

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l fbjkhFk;.

06 fpa+f; fbjj;ij Vw;f kWj;j xy;yhe;J MSeu; ahu;?

gd;vq;fs;Ngu;f;

ghlNtis 03

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;

01 gpupj;jhdpauhy; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1795

02 jpUNfhzkiyf; Nfhl;iliaj; njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l

Nfhl;ilfs; vit?

kl;lf;fsg;G> Ky;iyj;jPT> gUj;jpj;Jiw> aho;gg

; hzk;> kd;dhu;

03 xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fkpilapy; cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L

1796 ngg;gputup 16

21
04 ,yq;ifiag; gpupj;jhdpaupd; FbNaw;w ehlhf;Ftjpy; Kidg;ghfj; njupAk;

%d;W re;ju;g;gq;fSk; vit?

1 1796,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; KOtijAk; Mq;fpy

fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapduhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

2 1802,y; Kbf;Fupa FbNaw;w elhf;fg;gl;lik

3 1815k; Mz;L fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik

nrd;id Ml;rp

05 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdupd; Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;Lfs;

1796 – 1798.

06 ,J nrd;id Ml;rp vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpy tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdu; fiuNahuj;jpy; nrd;idapypUe;J mioj;J

te;J epu;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;likahy;

07 nrd;id Ml;rpKiwapd; epu;thf eltbf;iffs;

1 fiuNahug;gpuNjrj;ij epu;tfpf;f tjptplg;gpujpepjp xUtu;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

2 tup mwtpLtjw;fhf cjtpg; gupNrhjfu;fs;(fnyf;lu;) epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

3 fnyf;lu;fspd; epu;thf ikak; fr;Nrup vdg;gl;lJ

4 fnyf;lu;fSf;F cjtpahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; mTkpy;jhu;fs;

vdg;gl;ldu;

22
1797 fpsu;r;rp

08 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpf;F vjpuhf fiuNaug;gFjpapy; fpsu;r;rp

,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1797

09 epu;thf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,ilntsp

mjpfupj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Kjypahu; vdg;gl;l RNjr cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ftdpg;ghuw;W tplg;gl;lik.

mg;gjtpfSf;Fj; NjitahNdhu; nrd;idapypUe;J tutiof;fg;gl;lik.

2 mtu;fSf;F ,e;j ehl;bd; nkhop> fyhrhuk;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

mDgtkpd;ik. rptpy; epu;thf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; NghJ kf;fSld;

Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gl;lik.

10 Mq;fpy tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; Ml;rpapd; ntspg;gilahd ,ay;Gfs; vit?

fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;w ngUe;Njhifahd gzk;

nrytplg;gl;ljhy; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpf ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

11 1797 fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 tup mwtpLtjw;F mTkpy;jhu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;lik (,e;ehl;bd;

fyhrhuk;>

nkhop> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw mtu;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fhik)

2 mTkpy;jhu;fs; kf;fis f\;ug;gLj;jp tup mwtpl;lik

3 gzg;Gof;fk; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy; gzkhf tup mwtplg;gl;likahy;

kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l mnrsfupak;.

4 Gjpa tupfs; mwtplg;gl;lik (njd;id tup(10 njd;id kuq;fSf;F

Nky; cs;s fhzpfspy; xU njd;idkuj;jpw;F xU nts;spf;fhR)>

fs;tup> kPd;tup> rhuhatup> cg;Gtup)

23
12 ,f;fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpa epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

Nfzy;b.kpA+wd;

13 kpA+wd; FOtpd; rpghupRfs; vit?

1 tupVy tpw;gidKiwia ePf;Fjy;

2 tup mwtpLtjw;Fr; nrd;id mjpfhupfSf;Fg; gjpyhf cs;ehl;ltiu

epakpj;jy;

3 Gjpa tupfs; ePf;fg;gl;lik

4 xy;yhe;jupd; ePjpkd;w Kiwia kPz;Lk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

5 tupt#ypg;gjw;Fk; ePjptoq;Ftjw;Fk; ntt;Ntwhd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

epakpf;fg;gly;

,ul;il Ml;rp

14 KjyhtJ gpupj;jhdpa MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

gpnul;upf;Nehj;

15 ,ul;il Ml;rp vd;why; vd;d?

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; murpay; eltbf;iffis gpupj;jhdpa

murhq;fKk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis tu;j;jff; fk;gdpAk; ,ize;J

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ml;rp KiwahFk;.

16 ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ivt?

1 nrd;id epu;thfj;jpd; gytPdq;fisg; gpupj;jhdpa Kb Gupe;J

nfhz;lik.

2 1797,y; fiuNahu kf;fspd; fpsu;r;rp

3 gpuhd;rpy; neg;Nghypad; ,e;j rKj;jpuj;ij mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy;

Mjpf;fk; ngWtij; jLf;f gpupj;jhdpa Kb vz;zpaik.

24
17 ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw Njhy;tpaile;jikf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

1 fk;gdpapd; mYtu;fs; KbAkhdstpy; ,yhgj;jpid <l;bf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf fglkhd Kiwfisf; ifahz;lik.

2 ,e;ehl;L kf;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fkw;wpUe;j murhq;f mYtu;fs;

jpwikaw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jik.

3 gpupj;jhdpa KbapDila MSeupd; mYtyu;fSf;Fk; fpof;fpe;jpa

tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; mYtyu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ey;YwT fhzg;glhik.

18 ,yq;if FbNaw;w ehlhf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1802

ghlNtis 04

01 gpnul;upf; Nehj; nfhz;L te;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

1 ,uh[fhupa Kiwia ePf;fpaik.
2 gy mur jpizf;fsq;fis cUthf;fpdhu; - jghy; jpizf;fsk;> epy
msitj; jpizf;fsk;> nghJNtiyfs; jpizf;fsk;
3 Rfhjhu trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpdhu; - itj;jparhiy mikj;jy;> mk;ikj;
jLg;G kUe;J toq;fy;
4 ePjp gupghyj;jpid tpUj;jp nra;jy; - rl;lj;Jiwapy; jpUj;jq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;> ,yq;ifapd; rl;lj;njhFg;ig ntspapl;lhu;> fpupkpdy;
ePjpkd;wk;> cau; ePjpkd;wk; vd;gtw;iw epWtpdhu;.
02 1798,y; ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; ,we;j NghJ fz;b Ml;rp cupikapy;
,lk;ngw;w rk;gtq;fs; vit?
1 fz;b rpk;khrdj;Jf;Fupa ,U ,sturu;fs; fhzg;gl;lik
2 xUtu; fz;Zrhkp> kw;iwatu; Kj;Jrhkp vd;gtu;fs; Mthu;.
3 fz;bapd; gpujk gpujhdpahd gpypkj;jyhit jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp fz;Zrhkp = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; vd;w ngaNuhL
Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;
4 Kj;Jrhkp ghJfhg;Gf;Nfhup Mq;fpNyauplk; jQ;rkile;jhd;

25
03 1800,y; fz;bf;Fr; nrd;w J}Jf;FOtpd; jiytd; ahu;? mjd; Nehf;fk;

ahJ?

nkf;Nlhty;

,j;J}Jf;Fotpy; 1164 ,uhZtj;jpdUk;> 8 gPuq;fpfSk; mjpy;

,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. jkJ gilgyj;ijf;fhl;b jkf;Fr; rhu;ghd xg;ge;jk;
xd;wpw;F = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fid ,zq;fr; nra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhf
,Ue;jJ.

04 gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; ivt?

1 1803,y; gpnul;upf;Nehj;jpdJ Mf;fpukpg;G

2 1815,y; nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;fpd; Mf;fpukpg;G

1803,y; fz;b kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;G

05 Nehj; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 fiuNahukhfTk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa vy;iyapYkhf ,U gilazpfis

Nritapy; mku;j;j Ntz;bapUe;jik.

2 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; flitfspy; tup nrYj;j

Ntz;bapUe;jik.

3 fiuNahu kf;fSk; fz;b kd;didj; jkJ jiytdhff; fUjpaik.

4 gpypkj;jyhit kfh mjpfhuk; fz;b murdhtjw;F Mq;fpNyaupd;

cjtpia ehbaik.

5 fiuNahug;gFjpfspy; Vw;gLk; fpsu;r;rpfSf;F fz;b kd;dd;

Mjutspj;jik.

6 fz;b kd;dd; gpuhd;rpaupd; cjtpia ehLf;$Lk; vd;w mr;rk;.

7 epu;thfj; jiyikakhd nfhOk;Gf;Fk; flw;gilj; jiyikafkhd

jpUNfhzkiyf;FkpilNa jiug;ghij mikf;f fz;b kd;dd;

,zq;fhik.

26
06 gpnul;upf;Nehj; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;j Mz;L vJ?

1803

07 1803,y; ,lk;ngw;w fz;b kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F jiyik jhq;fpatu; ahu;?

nkf;Nlhty;

08 1803 gilnaLg;gpw;F jiyik jhq;fpatu;fs;

nfhOk;G - kf;Nlhty; - fynfju fztha;

jpUNfhzkiy - ghgl; - khj;jisf; fztha;

09 Mq;fpyg; gilfs; fz;bf;Fs; Eioe;j NghJ fz;b kd;dd; gpd;thq;fpa ,lk;

mq;Fuhq;nfj;j

10 gpupj;jhdpauhy; fz;bapd; gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltd; ahu;?

Kj;Jrhkp

11 Nehj;jpd; fz;b kPjhd gilnaLg;G Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 fz;b ,aw;if muz;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jik

2 kiyafj;jpw;Fs; EioAk; ghijfs; xw;iwabg;ghijfshf ,Ue;jik

3 fz;b kd;ddpd; Aj;j je;jpuk; mjhtJ nfupy;yh jhf;Fjy; fhuzkhf

Mq;fpNyaUf;F mjpf ,og;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;lik

4 kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fstupd; xw;WikAk; mur tpRthrKk;

5 kiof;fhyk; Muk;gkhdjhy; Mq;fpNyag;gilfspilNa Neha;fs;

Vw;gl;lik

6 fiuNahug;gFjpfSldhd njhlu;Gfs; Jz;bf;fg;gl;ljhy; czT>

Fbghdq;fSf;F jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gl;lik

7 nfhOk;Gldhd jfty;njhlu;Gfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lik

27
ghlNtis 05

01 Nehj;jpw;Fg; gpwF gjtp Vw;w MSeu; ahu;?

Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l;

02 Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l; nfhz;Lte;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

1 ,uh[fhupa Kiwia kPz;Lk; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

2 [_uprig %yk; tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jik

3 jprhitfs;> Kjypahu;fs;> tpjhidkhu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fgl;lik

gjtp cau;Tf;F rptpy; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jkpo; my;yJ rpq;fsj;jpy;

Nju;r;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;.

03 fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd gpd;dzpia Vw;gLj;j Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bdhy;

epakpf;fg;gl;ltd; ahu;?

N[hd;nlhapyp

04 fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd je;jpukhd nfhs;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpa

MSeu; ahu;? Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l;

05 N[hd;nlhapypf;F rpq;fs nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jtu; ahu;?

funjhl;l ju;kuhkNjuu;

06 N[hd;nlhapyp vg;ngz; ftpQUf;F ,izahfg; ftpghLk; jpwik

ngw;wpUe;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ? f[kd;Nehdh

07 fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F N[hd;nlhapyp vLj;j eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 Njrpa fyhrhuj;ij ,opTgLj;jhky; mtw;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

2 fz;bg; gpujhdpfSld; ,ufrpaj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp mtu;fis

Mq;fpNyaUf;F rhu;ghdtu;fsha; khw;wpaik

3 tpahghupfs;> mwpQu;fs;> rka FUkhu; Nghd;W N5lk; G+z;l xw;wu;fis

fz;bf;F mDg;gp ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; cs;ehl;L tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jhu;.
28
08 Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; gpd;du; MSeuhf epakpf;fgl;ltu; nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;s Kbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; gpujk gpujhdp

gpypkj;jyhitf;Fkpilapyhd fUj;J ntWghLfs;.

2 gpujhdpfspilNa fhzg;gl;l Ngjq;fs;

3 kd;dDf;Fk; gpf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd ey;YwT ghjpf;fg;gl;lik

4 kd;dd; kPJ kf;fs; nfhz;l ntWg;G

5 N[hd;nlhapypapd; nraw;ghLfs;

nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;fpd; fz;b kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;G

09 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Mq;fpNyau; trkhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd = tpf;fpuk

,uh[rpq;fdpd; nraw;ghLfs; vit?

1 mDgtk; Fiwe;j thypgdhf ,Ue;jikahy; ehaf;f cwtpdu;fspd;

thu;j;ijf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L ele;jik

2 jd;id kd;ddhf;fpa gpypkj;jyhitAld; Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;L jd;idf;

nfhy;y Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rjp mk;gykhdjhy; gpypkj;jhyitiaf;

nfhiy nra;jik

3 fz;bapd; ,Wjpg; gpujhdpfshf epakpf;fg;gl;l ,UtUlDk;

Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gl;lik

4 fz;bg; gpujhdpfSf;fpilNaAk; Ngjq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik. Mjdhy;

ngUk;ghyd gpujhdpfs; murDf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLk; epiy

Vw;gl;lik

5 murdhy; gpf;Ffs; gyu; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;likahy; murDf;Fk;

gpf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd ey;YwT ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

29
10 murDf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwT rPu;Fiye;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

vit?

1 Nghfk;giuthtpia tp];jupj;jy;> jyjhkhspiff;F gj;jpupg;G mikj;jy;

Nghd;w gzpfspy; <Lg;l;bUe;j rg;ufKt> VONfhwis> ehd;FNfhuis

kf;fs; ,uT Ntisapy; fz;b efUf;Fs; jq;Ftjw;F jil

tpjpf;fg;gl;lik

2 v`ynghytpd; kidtpiaAk; gps;isfisAk; nfh^ukhff; nfhiy

nra;jik

11 nwhgl;gpwTz;wpf; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;j Mz;L vJ? 1815

12 ,g;gilnaLg;G ,lk;ngw;wikf;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; ahJ?

fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J fz;b ,uhr;rparj;ij Nehf;fpr; nrd;w tzpff;

FOnthd;Wf;F kd;du; fLk; jz;lid tpjpj;jikahy;

13 ,g;gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; kiwe;jpUe;j ,lk; vJ?

nkjkfEtu

14 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; rpiwitf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?

,e;jpahtpd; NtY}u;

ghlNtis 06

fz;b cld;gbf;if

15 fz;b cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngwf; fhuzk; ahJ?

Mq;fpNyau; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w Kbe;jikf;F fz;bg; gpujhdpfs; toq;fpa

xj;Jiog;Ng fhuzkhFk;. Mifahy; mtu;fSld; xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr;

nra;Jnfhs;tjd; %yk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa ntw;wpia KOikg;gLj;Jtjw;F

30
16 fz;b cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1815 – khu;r; 2k; jpfjp murrig(kFy;kLt) kz;lgj;jpy; itj;J

ianaOj;jplg;gl;lJ. fz;b ,uhr;rpak; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F mbikg;gl;likia

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Mtzk; Mfk;.

17 fz;b cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngWtjw;F Kd;du; Vw;wg;gl;l gpupj;jhdpaf;nfhbia

,wf;fptpl;L kPz;Lk; rpq;ff;nfhbia Vw;wpatu; ahu;?

thupanghy = Rkq;fyNjju;

18 fz;b cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;l kiyafj; jiytu;fs; ahtu;

v`yg;nghy> nkhy;ypnfhl> fynfhl> fy`k

19 fz;b cld;gbf;ifia tiue;jtu; ahu;?

N[hd;nlhapyp

20 gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; rhu;ghf ifnaOj;jpl;ltu; ahu;?

nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;

21 fz;b cld;gbf;ifapy; vj;jid thrfq;fs; cs;sd

12

22 fz;b cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa thrfq;fs; vit?

1 1 – 3 thrfq;fs; - ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDf;Fk; mtudJ cwtpdu;fSf;Fk;

fz;b rpk;khrdj;jpd; kPjpUe;j efy cupikfisAk; ePf;fpaJ.

2 4tJ thrfk; - fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;lnjd;Wk;>

gpujhdpfspd; cupikfSk; rYiffSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tz;zk; Ml;rp

eilngWk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. Gj;jrhrdKk; fpwp];jtKk;

ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

3 Vida thrfq;fs; - fz;b ,uhr;rpa ePjpKiwfs;

23 fz;bapy; tjptplg; gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;? N[hd;nlhapyp

31
ghlNtis 07

1818 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

01 KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ ahJ?
1817 nrg;nlk;gu; khjj;jpypUe;J 1818k; xf;Nlhgu; khjk; tiu fz;bapy;
epytpa Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; MAjghzpfshff;
fpsu;en
; jOe;jikahFk;.
02 KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 Rjj;jpuj;ij ,oe;jikAk; murd; ,y;yhikAk; gw;wpa kdNtjid
2 rka> fyhrhu ghJfhg;Gj; njh;ug
; hf gpur;rpidfs;
3 kiyehl;Lg; gpujhdpfSf;F Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;
4 kbNf Kfhe;jpuk; gjtpf;F `[;[p kupf;fhu; epakpf;fg;gl;lik (cldbf;

fhuzk;)
1 Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jikAk; murd; ,y;yhikAk; gw;wpa kdNtjid
ehL mbikg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpa murNu fz;bf;Fk; muru; vdg;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; kf;fs; xUNghJk; mtiuf; fz;ljpy;iy.
kf;fSf;F Njitg;gl;lJ Mapuk; iky;fSf;Fg;ghy; fz;fhzj ,lj;jpy;
cs;s xU kd;diuay;y. jkJ jiyefupy; jkJ ,d;g Jd;gq;fis
Kd;itj;J cjtp ngwj;jf;f kd;diuNaahFk;. ,t;thW
,y;yhikapdhy; jhq;fs; mdhjuthdtu;fs; vd;w czu;T kf;fSf;F
Vw;gl;lJ. kiyafj;jpy; tho;e;j gpf;F xUtu; muru; ,y;yhik gw;wp
“INah vWk;GfNs! …” vd;w ghliyg; ghbAs;shu;.

32
 2 rka> fyhrhu ghJfhg;Gj; njh;ug
; hf gpur;rpidfs;
fz;b cld;gbf;ifapd; 5tJ thrfj;jpy; ngsj;jj;jpw;F cupa ,lk;
toq;fg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; mk;kjj;ijr; rhujtu;fshy; cupa
,lk; toq;fg;gLk; vdf; fUjtpy;iy.
ntspehl;ltupd; Ml;rpapy; jkJ fyhrhuKk;> rk;gpujhaq;fSk;
mope;JNghFk; vd;w gak; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;lJ. gioa
rk;gpujhaq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; murdpd; flikahFk;. gioa Ml;rpapy;
jkJ gjtpf;Fj; jFe;j Mil> Mguzq;fis mzpe;jik ntw;wpd;
nfsutj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhFk;. Mdhy; Mq;fpNyau; mt;thwhdtu;fs;
my;y. vdNt Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; fz;baUf;FkpilNa ,ilntntsp
Vw;gl;lJ.

3 kiyehl;Lg; gpujhdpfSf;F Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;

fz;bapy; ghuk;gupa gjtpfis njhlue;J Ngzpte;jhYk;. gpujhdpfspd;

mjpfhuKk; r%f epiyikAk; ghJfhg;gw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ.

gpupj;jhdpag; gpilapdu; jkf;F kupahij jUtjpy;iy vd nlhapypaplk;

Kiwg;ghL nra;jdu;.

4 gpujhdpfspd; rk;gpujha tUkhd topfSk; jilg;gl;lik

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; flikfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;j

kbNf Kfhe;jpuk; gjtpf;F ,Jtiu rpq;fstNu epakpf;fg;gl;lNghJk;

Mq;fpNyau; `[;[p kupf;fhu; vd;gtiu mg;gjtpf;F epakpj;jik.

,jdhy; gpujhdpfspilNa rQ;ryk; Vw;gl;lJ.

03 KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhd ,lk; vJ?

Cth nty;y]

33
ghlNtis 08

KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ik

01 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; cupikahsd; vdf;$wp Cth nty;y] gpuNjrj;jpy;

elkhbatu; ahu;?
Jiurhkp
02 Jiurhkpf;F cjtp toq;fpa gpuNjrj;jiytu; ahu;?
nfhFFk;gNu ul;Nluhy
03 Jiurhkpapd; elkhl;lj;ij mwpe;J eltbf;ifnaLj;j gJisapd; mur mjpgu;
lf;s]; tpy;rd;
04 Jiurhkpia ifJnra;a lf;s]; tpy;rdhy; mDg;gg;gl;ltu; ahu;?
`[;[p kupf;fhu;

05 nty;y] gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w fytuj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf gilfSld;

mDg;gg;gl;L gpd;du; NghuhspfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;ltu; ahu;?
nfg;gl;bg;nghy jprhit
06 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;;whj gpujhdpfs; ahtu;
nkhy;ypnfhl> vf;ndypnfhl
07 ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhfg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l rl;lk; vJ?

khu;]y;Nyh (,uhZtr; rl;lk;)

08 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;f Mq;fpNyau; gpd;gw;wpa topKiwfs; vit?
1 ,uhZtr;rl;lj;ij tpjpj;jik
2 fiuNahug;gFjpapypUe;j ,uhZtk; fz;bf;F mDg;gg;gl;lik
3 epyj;ijg; ghoilar;nra;Ak; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik
4 fpuhkq;fSf;Fj; jPaply;> kf;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fis mopj;jy;> ,ad;wsT

kf;fis ifJnra;J ,uhZr;rl;lj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fjy;

5 nkhy;ypnfhl epyNk mjpfhuj;jpd; epu;thfg; gpuNjrkhd ehd;FNfhwis
Clhf nfhOk;Gld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpaik
34
09 gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifJnra;ag;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jiytu;fs; ahtu;
fynfju nkhfl;lyh> fjpu;fhk grehaf;f epyNk> G+l;lhNt ul;Nluhy>
v`ynghy
10 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Fw;wthspfshfff; fUjg;gl;L kuzjz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ahtu;
nfg;gl;bg;nghy jprhit> kLfy;yjprhit> vy;nynghy
ghlNtis 09

KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpailjy;

01 1818k; Mz;L Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 Mq;fpNyau; ifahz;l fLikahd mlf;FKiwf;nfhs;if
2 ePz;lfhyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Njitg;gl;l MAjq;fNsh tsq;fNsh

fz;bauplk; fhzg;glhik
3 Nghuhl;lk; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhik
4 murdhfj; Njhd;wpa egu; muRupikaw;w Nghypahdtd; vd;W
njupate;jik
5 Gdpjje;jjhJ Mq;fpNyau; trkhdik
6 cau;Fb tu;f;fj;jpdUf;F ,ilapyhd jdpg;gl;l FNuhjq;fs;

02 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

1 vy;nynghy> nfg;gl;bg;ngh> kLfy;y Nghd;w jiytu;fs; jkJ capiuj;
jpahfk; nra;jik
2 gy gpujhdpfspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; muRlikahf;fg;gl;ld.
3 Nghuhl;lj;ij Mjupj;j jiytu;fs; gyu; ehL flj;jg;gl;ldu;
4 Mq;fpNyaUf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;j nkhy;ypnfhl> vd;ndypnfhl Nghd;w

gpujhdpfSf;F gy;NtW rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;lik

35
03 Mq;fpNyau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j fz;bg;
gpufldj;ij ntspapl;l Mz;L vJ?
1818 etk;gu; 21
04 fz;bg;gpufldj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l mk;rq;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid
56

05 1818,y; ntspaplg;gl;l nfhs;ifg; gpufldj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

1 fz;bag; gpujhdpfs; Mq;fpNyauplk; rk;gsk; ngWk;

Copau;fshf;fg;gl;ldu;.

2 fz;bag; gpujhdpfSf;F nghJkf;fs; ntFkjpfs; toq;FtJ

jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.

3 Mq;fpy ePjpkd;w KiwAk; kiyafg; gFjpfspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

4 fpuhkj;jiytu; gjtpf;F Ml;fis mku;j;Jtjw;Fg; gpujhdpfSf;fpUe;j

mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghlNtis 10

,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

01 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1848

02 2tJ Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; nry;thf;F

2 murpd; Gjpa tupf;nfhs;if

03 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhd Nfhy;GWf; rpghupRfs; vit?

1 murpd; epyf;nfhs;if
2 fpuhkrigfs; nrayw;Wg;Nghdik
3 Gjpa ePjpkd;w Kiwfs;
4 muRf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G tpyfpr;nrd;wik
36
1 murpd; epyf;nfhs;if
Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; epyq;ifs tpw;Fk; nfhs;if nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1840,y; ];Ltl;nkf;fd;]p MSeuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jpupRepyr;rl;lk;

%yk; 30 tUlq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf mDgtpj;jikf;fhd
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba rhd;Wfis rku;gg
; pf;fhj gapu;r;nra;iff;F cl;glhj
epyk; muRlikahf;fg;gl;lJ. fz;b kf;fs; guk;giu guk;giuahf
mDgtpj;J te;j ngUk;ghydh epyq;fSf;F rl;lG+u;t Mtzq;fs;
,y;iy. ,jdhy; mtu;fsJ Nrid epyq;fs; muRlikahfpd. ,e;epyq;fs;
ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;
murpd; kPjhd nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifaw;Wg;NghdJ.

2 fpuhkrigfs; nrayw;Wg;Nghdik
Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; fl;lha murNrit Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

fpuhkrigapd; nraw;ghLfspy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mg;gpuNjr

Fsq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs;> fhy;tha;fis mikj;jYk; guhkupj;jYk;

fpuhkrigfshNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ. ,f;fpuhkrigf;F

ciog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; top fl;lha murNit KiwahFk;.
,k;Kiw ePf;fg;gl;ljhy; ciog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,ayhky; NghdJ.
NkYk; ,f;fpuhkrigfs; rpwpa gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; jPu;tpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jd. Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jk; %yk; ,jd; mjpfhuq;fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; fpuhkkf;fs; Jd;gj;jpw;F
cs;shfpaik

37
 3 Gjpa ePjpkd;w Kiwfs;
Nfhgy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jjj;jpd;gb rpwpa gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; ePjpkd;wj;ij

ehlNtz;b Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpynkhop mwpNth> rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa

mwpNth kf;fsplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,e;jPjpkd;wq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ

tof;fwpQu;fSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfSk;> Kj;jpiuf;fl;lzq;fSf;Fk; gzk;

nrytpl Ntz;b Vw;gl;lik. NkYk; gy ehl;fs; nrytpl Ntz;bAk;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; fpuhkkf;fs; Jd;gg;gl;lnjhL mtu;fsJ tptrha
eltbf;iffSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

04 muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G tpyfpr;nrd;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 rptpy; Nritahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jik

2 mtu;fs; ngUe;Njhl;l nra;ifapy; <Lgl mDkjpaspj;jik

3 gpuNjrq;fspd; epu;thfNrit nraw;wpwd; mw;Wg;Nghdik

4 mjpfhupfs; kf;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;ghf Nghjpa ftdk;

nrYj;jtpy;iy

05 murpd; Gjpa tupf;nfhs;iffs; vt;thW Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ

MSeu; nuhwpq;ldhy; Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik cldbf; fhuzkhf

mike;jJ. Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r;nra;if %yk; fpilj;j tUkhdk;

tPo;r;rpaile;jik Kj;jpiutup> tz;btup> glFtup> filtup> Jg;ghf;fptup>

cly;tup vdg;gy tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. Jg;ghf;fptup> eha;tup> Ms;tup

vd;gd fLikahd vjpu;gG

; g;G cs;shdJ. ePyg; Gj;jfj;jpw;fhd jfty;fisg;

ngw Fbkf;fs; njhlu;ghd Gs;sp tpguq;fis Nrfupj;jNghJ ,d;DnkhU

Gjpa tupf;fhd Kaw;rp vd nghJkf;fs; re;Njfg;gl;lik Mstu; vd;gJ

taJ te;j Mz;fs; tUlj;jpy; 6 ehl;fs; ghijfs; ntl;Lk; Ntiy nra;a

Ntz;Lk; mt;thW nra;ahtpl;lhy; 3 rpypd; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

38
ghlNtis 11

,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ik

01 2tJ Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; gutpa ,lq;fs; vit?

khj;jis> jk;Gs;is> FUehfy;> thupanghy

02 jkJ Jg;ghf;fpfis mur mjpgUf;F Kd;dhb Nghl;Lilj;J Nghuba ,lk;

gJis

03 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs; ahtu;

nfhq;fhnynfhlgz;lh>

tPuGud; mg;G>

FlhnghyNjuu;>

mq;Fuhq;nfj;j bq;fpuhy

04 jk;Gs;isapy; Kb#bf;nfhz;ltu; ahu;

nfhq;fhnynfhlgz;lh

05 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyak; vJ?

khj;jis

06 ,g;Nghuhl;ljpy; gq;Fgw;wpaikf;fhf kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

tPuGud; mg;G

07 ,g;Nghuhl;ljpy; gq;Fgw;wpNahUf;F toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; vit?

1 tPuGud; mg;G - kuzjz;lid

2 FlhnghyNjuu;(fl`nghyNjuu;) – Jg;ghf;pahy; Rlg;gl;Lf;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;

3 nfhq;fhNynfhlgz;lh - firabAld; ehL flj;jg;gly;

39
08 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 Nghuhl;lk; ed;F KOikahf xOq;FgLj;jg;glhik

2 ,jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngUe;njhifahNdhu; nghJkf;fshtu; ,tu;fSf;F

Nghjpa gapw;rpNah MAjq;fNsh fhzg;glhik

3 kiyehL KOtJk; rpwe;j ghij trjpfs; fhzg;gl;lik

4 Mq;fpNyaupd; gil> MAjk;. ifahSk; KiwfSf;F vjpuhf kf;fshy;

Nghuhl Kbahky; Nghdik

5 kiyehl;bd; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;Lk; Vw;gl;likahy; ,yFthf

mlf;fptplf;$bajhf ,Ue;jik

09 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 nlhupq;ld;> FbNaw;w nrayhsu; vku;rd; nldd;w; vd;Nghu;

,q;fpyhe;jpw;F

kPs miof;fg;gl;lik

; f;F cs;shfpa rpy tupfs; ePf;fg;gl;lik –

2 nghJkf;fspd; vjpu;gG

filtup> eha;tup

3 rpy tupfs; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lik – Kj;jpiutup> Jg;ghf;fptup> tz;btup

4 tptrhaj;ijAk; ePug
; ;ghrdj;ijak; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F murpd;

mDruiz toq;fg;gl;lik

5 Fw;wthspfs; vd epUgpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F jz;lid toq;fg;gl;likAk;>

nrhj;Jf;fis muRlikahf;f eltbf;if vLj;jikAk;

6 gpuNjr kw;Wk; khfhz epu;thf eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;JkhW 1852Mk;

Mz;bd; gpd;du; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lik

40
ghlNtis 12
RNjr vjpu;gG
; f;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; tpisTfisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f

Nghuhl;lf; Nghuhl;lj; Njhy;tpf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

Mz;L
fhuzpfs; jiytu;fs; fhuzq;fs; tpisTfs;

1818

1848

41
 myF – 03

,yq;ifapy; rka> gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rp

ghlNtis (7)

ghlNtis 01
Njrpa ,zf;fj;jpd; gpd;dzp
01 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;du; Rje;jpug; ngw Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffis fhyg;gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L tiffSk; vit?

1 rkak; kw;Wk; Njrpa kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk; - 1850 – 1915 tiu

2 murpay; Nghuhl;lk; epytpa fhyk; - 1915 – 1948 tiu

02 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpf;fhyq;fspy; mtu;fspd; rka> fyhrhu

eltbf;iffs; ,yq;if KOtJk; guthikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
fz;bapy; RNjr muR fhzg;gl;lik
03 kp~dup ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
fpwp];jt rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffis
kp~dup ,af;fk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
04 gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; nraw;gl;l kp~dupfisAk; ,yq;iff;F te;j
Mz;LfSk;

kp~dupfs; tUif je;j nraw;gl;l gpuNjrk;

Mz;L
,yz;ld; kp~dup 1804 fiuNahug; gFjpfs;
gg;b];w; kp~dup 1812 nfhOk;G
nt];ypad; kp~dup 1814 - 1815 tlf;F> fpof;F gFjpfs;
mnkupf;fd; kp~dup 1816 aho;gg
; hzk; cl;gl tlgFjp
Nru;r; kp~dup 1818 nfhOk;G> fhyp> fw;gpl;b>
kd;dhu;

42
05 kp~dupfs; jkJ rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F ifahz;l Kiwfs;
1 vOj;J topahf
2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf
3 fy;tp topahf
1 vOj;J topahf

kp~dupfsplk; mr;rfq;fis mikg;gjw;Fk;> E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffis

ntspapLtjw;Fk; Njitahd gzKk; xOq;Fk; fhzg;gl;ld.

mtu;fSf;F ,Ue;j gpur;rpid nkhopahFk;.

,jdhy; kp~dup kjFUkhi; rpq;fsj;ijAk;> jkpioAk; fw;wdu;.

gpd;du; iggpis rpq;fsj;jpYk; jkpopYk; nkhopngau;j;jdu;.

gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs; vd;gtw;iw mr;rpl;L

ntspapl;ldu;. mt;thwhd nra;jpj;jhs;fs; tUkhW

Mz;L ntspaPl;bd; ngau; ntspapl;l jhgdk;

1832 khrpf;f Njf;f Nru;r; kp~dup
1840 yq;fh epjhda rka G+];jpfh rq;fk;
1842 cufy gg;b];w; kp~dup

2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf
kp~dup FUkhu; gd;riyfSf;F mz;ikapYk;> nghJ kf;fs; elkhLk;

,lq;fspYk; nrhw;nghopTfis elj;jpdu;.

3 fy;tp topahf
rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F gad;kpf;fjhf mike;j top fy;tpahFk;. vdNt
gy ghlrhiyfis mikj;jdu;. mtu;fspd; nraw;ghl;bw;F mur MjuTk;

fpilj;jJ. gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; murhq;fg;gjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Mq;fpynkhopawpT Njitg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; rpq;fs jkpo; gps;isfs;

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag; ngWtjw;F kp~dupg; ghlrhiyfSf;F nry;y
Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ.

43
 ghlNtis 02
ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
01 ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 kp~dupfshy; rpiy tzf;fk; fz;bf;fg;gl;lik
2 ngsj;j gof;f tof;fq;fs; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;gl;lik
3 Rankhopf;fy;tpf;F mur muDruiz fpilf;fhik
4 Njrpa nkhopfspyhd fy;tpia vOr;rp milar; nra;tjw;fhd njit
02 ngsj;j fy;tp eltbf;ifapy; Kf;fpakhf mike;j Kjy; rk;gtk;
1 tyhNd rpj;jhu;j;j Njuu; ,uj;kyhid gukjk;k irj;jpa gpupntdhit
Muk;gpj;jik
2 1873,y; khspfhfe;j tpj;jpNahja gpupntdhitj; `pf;fLt = Rkq;fy
Njuu; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
3 1875,y; Ngyanfhl tpj;jpayq;fhu gpupntdhit ,uj;kyhid ju;kNyhf
Njuu; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
03 ngsj;j rka kWkyu;;r;rpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;
1 vOj;J topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf rkak; gug;Gjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
3 fy;tp topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;if Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
1 vOj;J topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
1 mr;rfk; xd;iw mikg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; Gyj;fk jk;khyq;fhu =
Rkz jp];] Njuu; <Lgl;lhu;.
2 ,jw;fhf ,yq;ifapy; cs;s nry;te;ju;fsplk; ngw;w epjp
Nghjhikahy; rPa ehl;L murupd; cjtpiag; ngw Kad;whu;.
3 ,jd; gadhf 1862,y; fhypapy; yq;Nfhgfhu mr;rfk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
4 ,jd; gpd;du; gy mr;rfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd yq;fh
gpet tp~;uj mr;rfk;> ftlfjpf mr;rfk;> Rju;~z mr;rfk;> rurtp
re;jnu] mr;rfk; Nghd;wd rpythFk;.
5 ,jdhy; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws;
yf;kpdpg`d> yq;fhNyhfa> rurtp re;jnu]> rpq;fs [hjpa>
rpq;fs ngshj;jah Nghd;wd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

44
ghlNtis 03
2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf rkak; gug;Gjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F ngsj;ju;fSk; nrhw;nghopT Kiwiaf;

ifahz;ldu;. ,jid gfpuq;f tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wjd; %yk;

mwpayhk;. ,t;tpthjq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wtu;fSs; nfhl;lhQ;Nrid

jPgJj;jhuhkatpy; trpj;j kPnfl;Ltj;j Fzhde;j Njuu; Kf;fpak;

ngw;wtuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. ,tUld; `pf;fLt = Rkq;fs Njuu;> t];fLNt

RGjp Njuu;> nghj;Jtpy ,e;jpuN[hjp Njuu;> ,uj;kyhid ju;kNyhf Njuu;

Nghd;Nwhu; gw;Fgw;wpdu;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; Mz;Lfspy;

Ik;ngUk; tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd.

1865 - gj;Njfk

1865 - tuhnfhl

1866 - cjk;kpl;l

1871 - fk;gis

1873 - ghze;Jiw

,t;tpthjq;fSs; ghze;Jiw tpthjk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,jw;F kPnfl;Ltj;j

Fzhde;jNjuu; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

,t;tpthjk; mlq;fpa E}iy thrpj;jjd; %yk; mnkupf;fuhd n`d;wp];By;

xy;nfhl; mtu;fs; ,yq;if te;jhu;.

45
 3 fy;tp topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;if Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
vOj;J> Ngr;Rj; Jiwfspy; ngsj;ju;fs; Kd;dzpf;F te;jhYk; ngsj;j

ghlrhiyfis mikf;f ,ayhj epiyNa fhzg;gl;lJ. ghlrhiyfis

mikg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iwf; nfhz;L elhj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitahd mikg;G

uPjpahd gyk; ,y;yhJ fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fjtpidj; jpwe;J itj;jtu;

n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl; Mthu;. ngsj;j ghlrhiyfs; mikg;gjw;fhd

epjpiag; ngWtjw;fhf xy;nfhl;Lk; ngsj;j gpf;FfSk; ehnlq;fpYk;

nrd;wdu;. n`d;wp ]upy;xy;Nfhl;NlhL `pf;fLt = Rkq;fyNjuu;>

kpnfl;Ltj;j Fzhde;jNjuu;> mefhupf ju;kghy> Nghd;Nwhu; gzphaw;wpdu;.

,jd; gadhf nfhOk;G Mdhe;jf;fy;Y}up> khj;jis tp[a fy;Y}up> fhyp

kfpe;j fy;Y}up> fz;b ju;kuh[ fy;Y}up> khj;jis tp[a fy;Y}up vd;gd

mikf;fg;gl;ld.

ghlNtis 04
ngsj;j kwkyu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpNahu;
01 n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;bd; topfhl;lypd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;l
mikg;G ngsj;j gpuk;kQhd rq;fk; (1880 )
mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk; ngsj;j khztu;fSf;fhd ngsj;j
ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpg;gJ.
JwtpfisAk; ,y;ywj;jhiuAk;
xd;WgLj;Jjy;.
fpisfs; mikf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs; nfhOk;G> fhyp> fz;b> ,uj;jpdGup
02 ntrhf; ngsu;zkp jpdj;ij tpLKiw jpdkhfg; ngw;Wj; je;jtu;
n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;
03 ngsj;j nfhbia cUthf;f Kd;dpd;W cioj;jtu;
n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;

46
04 Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; kfpikia vLj;Jf;fhl;lj; Njhd;wpa Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;
mefhupf ju;kghyh> typrpq;f `upr;re;jpu> gpajh] rpwpnrd>
N[hd; j rpy;th
ghlNtis 05
Njrg;gw;iw tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fk;
01 Njrg;gw;iw tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ
Njrpa fyhrhuj;ij kjpf;f kf;fisj; J}z;Ltjd; %yk; Njrj;jpd; kPJ
gw;Wf;nfhz;l kf;fis cUthf;FtJ
02 Njrg;gw;iw tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fj;Jf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jtu;fSk; mtu;fsJ
gq;fspg;Gf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
1 mefhupf ju;kghy
1 ,e;ehl;bd; goikahd fyhrhuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> ngsj;j
rf tho;tpd; Nkd;ikiaAk; tpsf;fpdhu;.
2 gfpuq;f nrhw;nghopTfis epfo;j;jpdhu;.
3 rpq;fs ngsj;jah> k`Nghjp Nghd;w rQ;rpiffspy; fl;LiufisAk;
vOjpdhu;.
4 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Gj;jfhah Nghd;w Gdpj ,lq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;F Kd;te;jhu;.
2 gpajhr rpwpnrd
1 jkJ ehty;fs; %yKk;> rpq;fs [hjpa vd;Dk; gj;jpupif %yKk;
,yq;ifau;fs; Muhahky; Nkw;fj;jpa ehfupfj;ij jOTtij
tpku;rpj;jhu;.
2 ngsj;j gpf;FfSk;> fy;tpkhd;fSk; ngsj;j fyhrhuj;jpd;
Nkd;ikia Kd;itj;J nghJkf;fis topg;G+l;Lk; eltbf;ifia
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

47
 3 typrpq;f `upr;re;jpu
1 mDuhjGuj;jpy; cs;s Gdpj ,lq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ,af;fj;ij
Muk;gpj;jhu;.
2 Guhjd fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghd Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs;
N[hu;[; lu;du;> up]; Nltp];> vr;.rP.gpy ngy;> n`d;wp ghf;fu;
03 kJ xopg;G ,af;fk; Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kJg;ghtid mjpfupj;jikahy; r%fj;jpy;
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpd. kJghtidapypUe;J tpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;jp kf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;.
04 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;Jf;fhf ghLgl;l jiytu;fs; ahtu;?

1 mefhupf ju;kghy – gj;jpuif %yKk;> nrhw;nghopT %yKk; ,jid

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

2 gpajhr rpwpnrd – jkJ Gidfijfspy; gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis

cUthf;fp kJghdk; mUe;Jtjd; jPatpisTfisf;

$wpdhu;.

3 N[hd; j rpy;th – ehlfq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;. guhgt vd;w

rpq;fs ehlfj;jpd; %yk; ,jid ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.

48
 ghlNtis 06
,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rp
01 ,e;J kj fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpr; nraw;gl;ltu;
=y= MWKfehtyu;
02 =y= MWKf ehtyu; Mw;wpa gzpfs;
1 jkpo;> rk];fpUjk;> Mqpfpyk; Mfa nkhopfspy; jhk; ngw;wpUe;j
cau;kl;l mwpitj; jkJ NritfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
2 ,e;J rkag; gps;isfSf;fhf jkJ tPl;by; tFg;Gf;fs; elj;jpaik
3 irtgupghydrig> ,e;Jf;fy;tpr;rig Mfpatw;iw mikj;jik
4 1872,y; aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; ,e;J Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyia mikj;jik
5 ,e;Jg; gps;isfSf;fhf E}y;fis vOjpaik> jkpo; nkhopayp;
vOjg;gl;l ciueilfs;> nra;As;fs;> ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhopngau;j;jik
6 mr;rk; xd;iw mikj;jnjhL cjaghD vd;Dk; gj;jpupifiaAk;
ntspapl;lhu;.
7 ngupaGuhzk;> fe;j Guhzk;> jpUf;ifyha Guhzk; vd;gtw;iw
vOjpdhu;.
8 1849,y; tz;zhu;gz;izapy; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyia
Muk;gpj;jhu;
03 ehtyupd; kiwtpd; gpd;du; ,e;J fhyhrhu kWkyu;r;rpf;fhfg; ghLgl;ltu;fs;
ahtu;?
1 Nru;.nghd;.,uhkehjd; - 1915,y; ,lk;ngw;w rpq;fs K];ypk; fytuj;jpd;
NghJ gpupj;jhdpaupd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhff;
Fuy; nfhLj;jhu;. aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; ,uhkehjd;
fy;Y}up> guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}up vd;gtw;iw
mikj;jhu;.
2 Nru;.nghd;.mUzhr;ryk; - rpq;fsj; jiytu;fNshL xd;W Nru;e;J
murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
1919,y; ,yq;if Njrpa rq;fj;ij cUthf;fp
mjw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

49
ghlNtis 07
01 ,];yhkpa fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rpf;fhfg; ghLgl;ltu; ahu;?
vk;.rp;vk;.rpj;jpnyg;ig
02 1883,y; vfpg;jpypUe;J ehL flj;jg;gl;L ,q;F te;J ,];yhkpa kWkyu;r;rpf;Fg;
ghLgl;ltu; ahu;?
Xuhgp gh~h
03 rpj;jpnyg;ig Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
1 muG nkhopia kl;Lkd;wp Mq;fpy nkhopiaAk; fw;FkhW
K];ypk;fisj;
J}z;baik
2 nfhOk;G K];ypk; fy;tpr; rq;fj;ij epWtpaik
3 nfhOk;G rh`puhf; fy;Y}upia mikj;jik
4 K];ypk; kfspu; ghlrhiyfis epWtpaik
5 K];ypk;Nred; vd;Dk; gj;jpupifia ntspapl;lhu;.
6 K];ypk; fy;tpr;rigia Muk;gpj;jhu;
7 kjuh] vd;Dk; rkag;ghlrhiyfisg; Gduikg;Gr; nra;jhu;
04 b.gp.[hah Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
rpj;jpnyg;igapd; kiwtpd; gpd;du; ,];yhkpa kWkyu;r;rpia Kd;ndLj;jhu;.
murpaypy; <Lgl;L ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ mikr;ruitapYk; <Lgl;ltu;

50
 myF – 04

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapy; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; khw;wq;fs;

ghlNtisfs; (10)

ghlNtis - 01

Nfhg;GWf; rPu;jpUj;j mwpKfj;jpd; gpd;dzp

01 ,yq;if KOtJk; gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1815(fz;b ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik)

02 ,yq;if KOtijAk; gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp nra;j fhyg;gFjp vt;tsT?

133 Mz;Lfs;(1948 – 1815)

03 Nfhy;GWf; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

,yq;ifapypUe;J fpilj;j tUkhdj;jpYk; ghu;f;f epu;thfr; nryTfs;

mjpfkhf ,Ue;jikahy;

04 Nfhy;GWf; Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtu;?

lgps;A+.vr;.[p.Nfhy;GWf;

rhs;]; vr;.fkud;

05 Nfhy;GWf; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Mz;L vJ?

1829

06 Nfhy;GWf; Ma;T nra;J MNyhrid toq;fpa tplaq;fs; vit?

1 ,yq;ifapd; epu;thfk;

2 tuTk; nryTk; 3 mur jhgdq;fs;

07 rhs;]; fkud; ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ?

1830

08 rhs;]; fkud; Ma;T nra;jk tplak; vJ? ePjpj;Jiw

51
09 ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l KjyhtJ murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

Nfhy;GWf; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; - 1833

10 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

murpay; rpgupRfs;

1 rl;lthf;ff;fofk;> rl;l epu;thff; fofk; vd;gd mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

2 kiyehLk;> fiuNahug;gpuNjrKk; ,izf;fg;gl;L xNu Ml;rpapd; fPo;

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

3 ehL Ie;J khfhzq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lik

4 Mq;fpyk; Nghjdh nkhopahf;fg;gl;lik

nghUshjhu rpghupRfs;

5 fl;lha ,uh[fhupa Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lik

6 murpd; tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ePf;fg;gl;lJ

7 fhzp tpw;gidr; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lik

11 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l khfhzq;fs; vit?

tlkhfhzk;> fpof;F khfhzk;> njd; khfhzk;> Nky; khfhzk;> kj;jpa

khfhzk;

12 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; rl;lthf;ff;fofj;ij tFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

52
ghlNtis (02)

INuhg;gpau; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lq;fs;

01 ,yq;ifapy; ,dq;fSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;glf; fhuzkhd ahg;G

vJ?

Nfhy;GWf; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; (,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw fhuzkhf)

02 1833,y; mikf;fg;gl;l epu;thff; fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtu;?

FbNaw;wr; nrayhsu;> fzf;fhsu;> nghUshsu;> msitahsu;> nfhOk;G

Rq;f mwtPl;lhsu;

03 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; FiwghLfs; vit?

1 ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fhzg;gl;lik

2 cj;jpNahf rhu;Gs;Nshupd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;lik

3 cj;jpNahf rhu;gw;Nwhu;fs; MSeu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;lik

4 MSeuplk; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; ,Ue;jik

04 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; mk;rq;fis khw;wpaikf;f Kjypy; Nghuhbatu;fs; ahu;?

INuhg;gpa tzpfu;

05 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;bUe;j INuhg;gpa tzpfu;fSf;F ,Ue;j

Njitfs; vit?

Njhl;lj;Jiwf;fhd ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapujg; ghijfs;> cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

06 INuhg;gpa tzpfu; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lglf; fhuzk; ahJ?

1 rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;Nwhu; rpWghd;ikapduhf

,Ue;jik

2 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd epjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; rpukk;

3 cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;Nwhu; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lik

53
07 INuhg;gpau; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; Nfs;tp Nfl;gJ

2 MNyhrifisr; rku;gg
; pg;gJ

3 gj;jpupiffspy; ftdaPug
; ;G fl;Liufis vOJtJ

4 Nghuhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mikg;Gf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ

08 1865,y; INuhg;gpa tzpfu; Njhw;Wtpj;j mikg;G vJ? ,yq;ifau; rq;fk;

09 ,yq;ifau; rq;fj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;? N[hu;[N

; thy;

10 ,tu;fsJ Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 1889,y; cj;jpNahf rhu;gw;Nwhupd; njhif 8 Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ

2 K];ypk;fSf;Fk;> kiyehl;L rpq;fstUf;Fk; ,U gpuepjpfs; epakdk;

ngw;wdu;.

3 ,yq;ifau;fs; Kd;khjpupfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbe;jik.

ghlNtis (03)

FWkf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk;

01 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthf miktJ vJ?

1 rKf> nghUshjhu khw;wk;

2 gioa gpuGj;Jtk; kiwe;J Gjpa kj;jpaju tu;f;fk; Njhd;wpaik

02 1908,y; rPu;jpUj;jf; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?

N[k;];gPup];

03 rPu;jpUj;jf; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;j mikg;Gf;fs; vit?

fiuehl;L cw;gj;jpahsu; rq;fk;> rpyhgr; rq;fk;> aho;gg

; hzr;rq;fk;

54
04 ,tu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;Nwhupd; mq;fj;Jtj;ij

mjpfupj;jy;

2 ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia ePf;Fjy;

3 gpuNjrthupg;gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;Nfw;g thf;Fupik %yk; cWg;gpdu; njupT

nra;ag;gly;

4 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis mjpfupj;jy;

05 ,f;Nfhupf;iffSf;F vjpu;gG
; j; njuptpj;jtu; ahu;?

n`d;wp kf;fyk;

06 1910 ky; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ> mjw;F MNyhrid toq;fpNahu;

ahtu;?

FW} – kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk;

MSeu; n`d;wp kf;fyk;

FbNaw;w ehl;L fhupajuprp – FW} gpuG

07 ,t; ahg;G eilKiwf;F te;j Mz;L vJ?

1912

08 ,t; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpw;F Kjd; Kiwahf thf;Fupik %yk; gpujpepjpfs;

njupT nra;ag;gl;lik (tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fupik)

2 ,yq;ifaUf;F fy;tp fw;w gpujpepjp xUtu; njupT nra;ag;gl;lik

(Nru;.nghd;.,uhkehjd;)

3 cj;jpNahfr; rhu;Gs;Nshu; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jik

55
09 FW} kf;fyk; ahg;gpd; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis tFj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

ghlNtis (04)

kJxopg;G ,af;fKk; ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;

fw;ww;NgW :- kJnthopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpia tpgupg;ghu;

01 kJtupr;rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1912

02 kJ xopg;G ,af;fk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1912

03 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

kJtpdhy; tpisAk; jPikfis tpsf;fp kf;fis mjpypUe;J kPl;gJ

04 kJ xopg;G ,af;fk; murpay; jd;ikAld; $ba ,af;fkhf khwf; fhuzk;

ahJ?

1910 Mk; Mz;L rPu;jpUj;jj;jpdhy; jkJ Nfhupf;iffisg; ngw KbahJ

Nghd kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdNu ,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F jiyik

jhq;fpaikahy;.

05 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs; vit?

1 murhq;fj;jpd; kJtupf;nfhs;iff;F vjpuhfg; nghJ kf;fspd;

mgpg;gpuhaj;ij cUthf;f Kaw;rpj;jik

2 kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpduhd Mq;fpyk; fw;wtu;fSk;> rka> fyhrhu

kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpdUk; xNu nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl;lik

3 kJ xopg;G ,af;f Nkilfspy; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;

tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lik

06 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpD}lhf Njrpaj; jiytu;fshf cUthfpatu;fs; ahtu;?

v/g;.Mu;. Nrdhehaf;fh> B.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh> Nru;.B.gp.n[ajpyf

56
07 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ghLgl;ltu;fs; ahtu;?

RNue;jpuehj;ghdu;[p> ghyfq;fhjujpyfu;> kfhj;khfhe;jp> [tfu;yhy;NeU

08 kfhj;khfhe;jp ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ? 1927

09 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghupd; jhf;fk; vt;thW ,yq;ifapy; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpaJ?

gpupj;jhdpahTf;F Kiwg;gb kDf;fis Kd;itj;jy;> FbNaw;w ehl;Lr;

nrayhsUld; Ngr;R thu;j;ij elhj;Jjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs;

Kf;fpakhd murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis miltjw;F Nghjpajha;

,d;ikia ,e;ehl;L jiytu;fs; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L kpfTk;

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l murpay; ,af;fq;fs;

%ykhfj; jkJ Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F Kw;gl;ldu;.

10 rpq;fs – K];ypk; fytuk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1915

11 epu;thf eltbf;ifapy; $Ljyhd mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

vd;w Njitia czu;j;jpa rk;gtk; vJ?

rpq;fs – K];ypk; fytuj;jpd;NghJ ,uhZtr; rl;lijg; gad;gLj;jp

kf;fis mlf;fpaik

12 ,yq;if Njrpa rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1919

13 ,yq;if Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; KjyhtJ jiytu; ahu;?

Nru;.nghd;. mUzhr;ryk;

57
ghlNtis (05)

kdpq;> kdpq;nltd;rau; rPu;jpUj;jk;

01 1920,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l ePu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

kdpq; rPu;jpUj;jk;

02 kdpq; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahf rhu;gw;Nwhu; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wik

2 gpuNjrthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw mwpKfkhdik

3 khfhz uPjpahd Nju;jy; Kiw mwpKfk;

03 kdpq; ahg;gpd; rl;lthf;ff;fof cWg;gpdu;fis tFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

04 1924,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

kdpq; nltd;~au; rPu;jpUj;jk;

05 kdpq; nltd;~au; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

2 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; jiyikg;gjtp MSeiuNa rhUk;.

3 Nky;khfhzj;jpy; jkpoUf;nfd;W Gjpa mq;fj;Jtk; xd;W

toq;fg;gl;lJ

06 kdpq; nltd;~au; ahg;gpd; rl;lthf;ff;fof cWg;gpdu;fis tFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

58
ghlNtis (06)

nlhd%u; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;lik

01 nlhd%u; Mizf;FO ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ? 1927

02 nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;G eilKiwf;F te;j Mz;L vJ?

1931

03 ,yq;ifauplk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f murpay; nghWg;Gf;fis ifaspj;j murpau;

rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

nlhd%u;(Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd gazg; ghijapy; Kf;fpa jpUg;G Kidahf

mike;jJ)

04 nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 muRf;fofk; mikf;fg;gl;lik

2 epu;thff;FOKiw

3 ru;trd thf;Fupik

4 MSeUk; mur mjpfhupfSk;

05 muRf;fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if ahJ? 61

06 muRf;fof mq;fj;jtu;fis tFj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

07 1912,y; thf;Fupikag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F jifikfshf ,Ue;jit vit?

fy;tp> nrhj;J

08 ru;trd thf;Fupik vd;why; vd;d?

21 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l midtUk; Mz;> ngz; NtWghL> nkhop NtWghL>

rka NtWghL> tu;f;f NtWghL ,d;wp thf;fspf;Fk; cupik

toq;fg;gl;likNa ru;trd thf;FupikahFk;.

09 gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fs; Kjypy; ru;t[d thf;Fupik

toq;fg;gl;l ehL vJ? ,yq;if

59
ghlNtis (7)

01 nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l epu;thff; FOf;fs; vit?

1 cs;ehl;L mYty;fs; - b.gp.n[ajpyf

2 fhzp tptrhak; - v.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh

3 cs;Suhl;rp - rP.gl;Ltd;Jlht

4 Rfhjhuk; - b.gp.ghdnghf;if

5 njhopy;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; - gp.Re;juk;

6 fy;tp - rP.lspg;A+.lgps;A+.fd;dq;fuh

7 Nghf;Ftuj;J> nghJNtiyfs; - vk;.vd;.khf;fhd; kuf;fhu;

02 MSeUk; mur mjpfhupfSk;

1 mSeu; muRf;fofj;JlDk; mikr;ru;fSlDk; xj;Jiog;Gld;

nraw;glNtz;bapUe;jik

2 Njrpa ghJfhg;G. epjp> rl;l eltbf;iffs; Mfpa Kf;fpakhd

Jiwfs; mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jik ,t;

ahg;gpd; FiwghlhFk;.

ghlNtis (8)

,yq;ifj; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp

01 1931,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;l Nehf;fk; ahJ?

1 MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

2 mur mjpfhupfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;j mikr;Rf;fis ,yq;if

mikr;ru;fsplk; ifaspj;jy;

02 ,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jtu;fs; ahu;?

vd;.vk;.ngNuuh nfhy;tpd;.Mu.b.rpy;th (1935)

60
03 ,lJrhupj; jiytu;fs; Rje;jpuk; Nfhup Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F gpurhu

Kiwahf gad;gLj;jpa ,af;fk; vJ?

#upaky; ,af;fk;

04 #upakyu; ,af;fk; vjw;F khw;whf mikf;fg;gl;lJ?

nghg;gp kyu; ,af;fk;

05 nghg;gp kyu; ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; mq;ftPdKw;w gpupj;jhdpa ,uhZt

tPu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fsJ FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; cjtp Guptjw;fhf.

06 rkhjhd jpdkhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpfjp vJ?

etk;gu; 11(,j;jpdj;jpy; nghg;gp kyu;fis tpw;gid nra;jy;> Cu;tyk;>

nfhz;lhl;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;J gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRf;F ,yq;ifaupd;

Mjuitj; njuptpg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld)

07 #upafhe;jp kyiu tpw;Fk; ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L?

1926

08 #upafhe;jp kyiu tpw;Wg;ngw;w gzk; vjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

,e;ehl;L Vio kf;fspd; eyd;fSf;F

09 ,lJrhupfs; vt;thW gpurhuk; nra;jdu;?

nghg;gp kyu; tpw;fg;gl;l gzk; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;f mDg;gg;gl;lgbahy;

mk;kyiu thq;FtJ gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRf;F Mjuitj; njuptpg;gjhFk;

NkYk; #upahfe;jp kyiu mzpe;Jnfhs;tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F

MjuT ey;FtjhFk; vdTk; $wpdu;. nghg;gpkyu; mikapd; rpd;dk;

vdTk; #upafhe;jp kyu; Rje;jpuj;jpd; rpd;dk; vdTk; $wpdu;.

61
ghlNtis (9)

Nrhy;gup rPu;jpUj;j mwpKfk;

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf aj;jf fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l tpNrl ghJfhg;Gr;

rigapd; mq;fj;jtuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahuu;?

b.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh

02 1942,ypUe;J ehl;bw;F Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij gpujhd Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;L nraw;gl;l mikg;G vJ?

,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;

03 Nrhy;gup Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1944

04 ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwia gupe;Jiuj;j Mizf;FO vJ?

Nrhy;gup Mizf;FO

ghlNtis (10)

gpupj;jhdpauhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fspid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ml;ltiznahd;iw jahupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

mq;fj;jtu;
Mz;L rPu;jpUj;jk; Kf;fpa rpghupRfs;
vz;zpf;if

62
 myF – 05

gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

ghlNtis (10)

ghlNtis (36 – 11)

INuhg;gpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; r%f nghUshjhu mbg;gil

01 ve;j kd;ddJ fhyj;jpypUe;J ngsj;j rkaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

r%f> nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ?
Njtek;gpajP]d;
02 Njtek;gpajP] kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpypUe;jhd fl;likg;G khw;wkilaf;
fhuzkhf mike;jtu;fs; ahu;? Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;
03 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu khw;wk; ahJ?
tu;j;jfj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikahy; mtu;fspd; Ml;rpg;gFjpapy;
tptrhak; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,oe;jJ.
04 xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; vit?
1 Vw;Wkjpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L fWth> kpsF Kjypa
gapu;r;nra;iffspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
2 rpW ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;J nra;J Kbf;fg;gl;l ntiyapd;
mstpw;F $yp toq;fpajhy; rk;gsj;jpw;F Ntiy nra;Ak;
njhopyhsu;fs; rpwpjsT Muk;gkhapdu;.
05 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpfhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; kuG topte;j
r%fg; nghUshjhu Kiwapy; ghupa khw;wk; Vw;glhikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ
fz;bapy; RNjr muR fhzg;gl;likahy;

63
06 ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehlhf khwpaNghJ fhzg;gl;l r%fj;jpd;
,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 cau;e;j gpuGj;Jt tFg;nghd;W fhzg;gl;lJ. mtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; ehl;bd; epu;thf eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;ldu;.
2 ehl;bd; ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; rhjhuz Fbkf;fshff;
fhzg;gl;lJld; mtu;fs; tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
tho;it Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
3 kf;fsJ tho;f;if fpuhkj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;jJ.
mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czTg; nghUl;fs; fpuhkj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk; RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUsjhukhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
4 gu];guk; cjtp GupAk; rkhjhd rf tho;T fhzg;gl;lJ. tptrha
Ntiyfspd; NghJ ciog;Gf;Fg; gjpy; ciog;G gupkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ mJ mj;jk; Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.
5 fpuhkrigfshy; kf;fspd; rpwpa gpur;rpidfs; tprhupj;J jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhkq; Fsq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs; guhkupg;G kw;wk; tPjpfs;> tpfhiufs;
mikf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,uh[fhupa Kiw %yk; ciog;G
ngwg;gl;lJ.
07 ,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; tiffs; vit?
1 fl;lhaNrit ,uh[fhupa Kiw
2 epyj;ij mDgtpg;gJ njhlu;ghd ,uh[fhupa Kiw
08 muru;fSf;F Nritahw;wpa gpuGf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyk; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLk;?
NrthguNtzp

64
09 epyj;ij mDgtpg;gJ njhlu;ghd ,uh[fhupa Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
muru;fSf;F Nritahw;wpa mjpfhupfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;
NrthguNtzp vdg;gl;ld.mur mjpfhupfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fspy;
tptrhak; nra;tjw;fhf kf;fSf;F mit gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld.,e;j
epyq;fspy; gapupLtjw;fhd tupahfj; jkJ ciog;ig toq;FtJ
epyj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;fhd ,uh[fhupa Kiw vdg;gLk;.
10 fl;lhaNrit ,uh[fhupa Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
ehl;bYs;s taJ te;j Mz;fs; midtUk; Mz;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;l
rpyehl;fspy; vt;tpj nfhLg;gdTkpd;wp murDf;F ,ytrkhf Nrit
toq;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,JNt fl;lha mur Nrit Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.
,jidg; gad;gLj;jp tPjpfs; mikj;jy;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; mikj;jy;>
fhy;tha; mikj;jy; vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
ghlNtis (12)

Nfhg;GWf; Mizf;FOtpd; nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

01 Nfhy;GWf; Mizf;FO tUif je;jikf;fhd fhuzk;?

murpd; tUkhdj;ij tpl epu;thfr; nryTfs; mjpfupj;jik
02 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?
1 fhzp tpw;gidf; nfhs;if mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lik
2 Copau;fis jlq;fypd;wp ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f top Vw;gLj;jpaik
3 murpd; tpahghu Vfhjpgj;jpak; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik
4 tup mwptPlL khw;wk;
5 Nrkpg;G tq;fpia Muk;gpj;jy;
1 fhzp tpw;gidf; nfhs;if mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lik
INuhg;gpaUf;F fhzpfis cupj;jhf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; fhzg;gl;l
jilfis ePf;fpaik. muR ,ytrkhf fhzpfis toq;fpa Kiw
,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;L mjw;Fg;gjpyhf fhzp tps;gidf; nfhs;if
mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lik. ,jd; %yk; cs;ehl;bdUf;fk;
ntspehl;bdUf;Fk; ,yq;ifapy; jkf;Fj; Njitahd epyj;ij tpiy
nfhLj;J thq;Ftjw;F re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jJ.

65
 2 Copau;fis jlq;fypd;wp ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f top Vw;gLj;jpaik
,Jtiu fhyKk; murpd; NjitfSf;fhd ciog;G fl;lha Nrit
,uh[fhupa Kiw %yk; vt;tpj nfhLg;gdTfSk; ,d;wp
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,J jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F jilahf
,Ue;jijg;NghyNt jdpahu; Jiw Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wJ
vd Nfhy;GWf; rpghupR nra;jhu;. ,jdhy; ciog;G vd;gJ gzk;
nfhLj;Jg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ikiag; ngw;wJld; rk;gsj;jpw;F
Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; cUthFk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ.
3 murpd; tpahghu Vfhjpgj;jpak; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik
Nfhy;GWf; ,yq;if tUk;NghJ epytpa nghUshjhu Kiwf;Nfw;g
fWth kw;Wk; cg;G tu;j;jfk; murpd; VfNghd cupikahff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhd murpd; VfNghf cupik jdpahu; Jiwapd;
tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt fWth> cg;G tu;j;jfj;jpd;
mur VfNghf cupikia ePf;fp jdpahu; JiwapdUf;Fk;
mt;tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLtjw;F ,lkwpf;FkhW Nfhy;GWf; rpghupR nra;jhu;.
ghlNtis (13)
ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp
Nfhg;gp
01 ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r;nra;iff;F mj;jpthukpl;ltu;fs; ahu;?
Xy;yhe;ju;
02 ,yq;ifapy; Kjd; Kjyhf gapuplg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu; vJ? Nfhg;gp
03 Nfhg;gpr; nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;
1 ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fs; mjpfstpy; Nfhg;gpj; njhl;lq;fspy; KjyPL
nra;jik
2 INuhg;gpa re;ijapy; Nfhg;gpf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik
3 Nfhg;gprnra;if %yk; mjpf ,yhgk; fpilj;jik
4 njd;dpe;jpa Copau;fs; %yk; Fiwe;j $ypf;F ciog;G
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lik

66
04 Nfhg;gpf;fhd Vw;Wkjp tupiaf; Fiwj;jtu; ahu;? vl;Ntl;ghz;];
05 Nfhg;gp gapuplg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; vit?
Jk;giw> fk;gis> Nguhjid> khj;jis> gJis
06 Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r;nra;if tPo;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 gpupj;jhdpa re;ijapy; ,yq;iff; Nfhg;gpf;F ,Ue;j fLk; Nghl;b
2 1848,y; Vw;gl;l cyfg; nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
3 1869,y; Nfhg;gpg; gapUf;F Vw;gl;l n`kpypah nt];lhf;];
vd;Dk;,iy ntspwy; Neha;
07 Nfhg;gpa; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; gpd;du; gapuplg;gl;l gapu; vJ?
rpq;Nfhdh
08 rpq;Nfhdhtpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;l kUe;J vJ?
Fapidd;
09 Nfhg;gpg; gapu;nra;ifapd; gpd;du; mur MjuTld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gapu;r;nra;if vJ?
nfhf;Nfh
10 nfhf;Nfh ntw;wpfukhf gapuplg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
khj;jis
ghlNtis (14)

Njapiy

01 nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Njapiyiag; gapupl;ltu; ahu;?

N[k;]; nuapyu; (Y}y; fe;Ju vd;Dkplj;jpy;)

02 Njapiy gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; vit?
khj;jis> fz;b> EtNuypah> gJis
03 Njapiy Muha;r;rp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
jythf;nfhy;iy (EtNuypah)

67
04 Njapiyapd; tpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhuzpfs; vit?
1 ,yq;ifj; Njapiyf;F cyf re;ijapy; rpwe;j Nfs;tp epytpaik
2 cyu; tyak; jtpu ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjrq;fs; Njapiyg;
gapu;r;nra;iff;F cfe;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lik
3 ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapuj tPjpfs; fhuzkhf Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;
NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jik
4 Fiwe;j $ypf;F ciog;G ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lik
njd;id
05 Muk;gj;jpy; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lg; gapuhfgg; gapuplg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu; vJ?
njd;id
06 njd;idg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngw;w ,lq;fs; vit?
FUehfy;> rpyhgk;> fk;g`h
07 njd;id Muha;r;rp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
YZtpy
,wg;gu;
08 ,yq;ifapy; ,wg;gu; gapiu Kjd; Kjypy; el;ltu; ahu;?
n`d;wp tpf;nfk;gp
09 ,wg;gu; gapu;r;nra;if tpUj;jpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 ,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,wg;gu; ,dj;ij mwpe;J mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpaik
2 Njapiy tpiy jw;fhypakhf tPo;r;rp fz;lik
3 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ ,wg;gupd; tpiy mjpfupj;jik
10 ,wg;gu; gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; vit?
Nffhiy> ,uj;jpdGup> nfhOk;G> fSj;Jiw
11 ,wg;gu; Muha;r;rp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
mfytj;ij

68
ghlNtis (15)

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;ifahy; Vw;gl;l rhjf> ghjf khw;wq;fs;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;ifahy; Vw;gl;l

rhjhf ghjf tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rhjf tpisTfs;
1 nghUshjhu KiwahdJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUshjhukhf khwpaJ.
2 ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r;nra;if fhuzkhf fz;b> gJis cl;gl ehl;bd;
Vida gpuNjrq;fisj; njhLf;Fk; ngUe;njUf;fSk;> Gifapujg;
ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lik
3 nra;jpg; gupkhw;w eltbf;iffs;> njhlu;ghly; Jiwfs;
tpUj;jpaile;jik cjhuzkhf mQ;rw; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik
4 Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;lJld; Gjpa efuq;fs; Njhd;wpd
5 murpdJ gpujhd tUkhd khu;f;fkhfg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw tpsq;fpaJ.
ghjf tpisTfs;
1 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf ,e;ehl;bd; jd;dpiwTg;
nghUshjhuk; rPu;Fiye;J Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nghUshjhuk; Vw;gl;lJ.
2 fz;b kf;fs; tptrha epyq;fis ,oe;jdu;.
3 kiyafj; jkpou; gpur;rpid Njhd;wpaJ.
4 muprpf;Ff;$l ntspehl;by; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lik
5 ifj;njhopw;Jiw ftdpahJ tplg;gl;lik

nraw;ghL :- “vkJ ehL Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;Jf;F

cs;shfpa tpjk;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu tiuf.
,yq;ifg;glj;jpy; Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fis
Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

69
ghlNtis (16)

gpupj;jhdpau; fhy r%f khw;wk;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rKf khw;wq;fs; vit?

1 gz;ila cau;Fb tFg;G Nja;Tw;wikAk; Gjpa kj;jpaju tFg;G

cUthfpaikAk;

2 Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fhuzkhf INuhg;gpag; gz;ghl;il kjpf;Fk;> Nky;

ehl;ltUf;Fr; rhu;ghd xU njhFjpr; RNjrpfs; cUthfpaik.

3 njhopyhsu; tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

1 gz;ila cau;Fb tFg;G Nja;Tw;wikAk; Gjpa kj;jpaju tFg;G

cUthfpaikAk;

 gz;ila gpuG tFg;gpdu; nghUshjhu epiy> rKf epiy> murpay;

epiy vd;gtw;why; cau;e;J tpsq;fpdu;.
 epy clikahsu;fshf ,Ue;jikahy; mjpf tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;wJld;
Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fg; gf;fr;rhu;ghdtu;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;.
 guk;giur; epyr;Rthe;ju;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fshd ,tu;fs; ujy
gpujhdpfs; vdg;gl;ldu;.
 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthfg; gzk; rk;ghjpf;ff;$ba gy
topfs; jpwe;J tplg;gl;ld.
 ,jdhy; nry;te;ju; tFg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,tu;fs; jkJ
gps;isfis cs;ehl;bYk;> ntspehl;bYk; fy;tp ngWtjw;F jkJ
gzj;ijr; nrytpl;ldu;.
 ,jdhy; Gjpa kj;jpaju tu;f;f;fj;jpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.
 fy;tp> nry;tk; vd;Dk; ,U fhuzpfs; kj;jpaju tu;f;fk; Njhd;wf;
fhuzq;fshFk;

70
 2 Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fhuzkhf INuhg;gpag; gz;ghl;il kjpf;Fk;> Nky;

ehl;ltUf;Fr; rhu;ghd xU njhFjpr; RNjrpfs; cUthfpaik.

 Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fw;w murhq;fj; njhopy;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l kj;jpa

tFg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ
 ,tu;fs; murpay; uPjpahfj; jpfo;gtu;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;.
 ,tu;fs; Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp %yk; rKf me;j];ijg; ngw;wtu;fshtu;.
 vdNt mtu;fs; Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhuj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; efuq;fspy;
trpf;Fk; nry;te;j tFg;gpduhfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.
 20k; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,tu;fshNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

3 njhopyhsu; tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

 kuG uPjpahd Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; murpd; nghJ Ntiyfs; fl;lha mur

Nrit %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tFg;G
Njhw;wk; ngwtpy;iy.
 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwf;nfd Fiwe;j $ypf;F njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J
njhopyhsu;fis jUtpj;Jf;nfhs;tJ ,yhgfukhjhf ,Ue;jjhy;.
ngUe;Njhl;l cupikahsu;fs; Mapuf;fzf;fhd njhopyhsu;fis
tutioj;jikahy; kiyafg; gFjpfspy; njhopyhsu; tFg;nghd;W
cUthfpaJ.
 Gjpa nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf ehl;by; cUthd fz;b>
fhyp> nfhOk;G Kjypa khefuq;fspy; nghUl;fis Vw;wpapwf;Fjy;>
Jzpfis ryir nra;jy;> iftz;bfs; %yk; nghUl;fis nfhz;L
nry;yy;> ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapuj tPjpfs; mikj;jy; Kjypa
NtiyfSf;Fk; njhopyhsu;fs; Njitg;gl;ljdhy; efu;g;Gwq;fspy;
RNjr njhopyhsu; tFg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
02 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Gjpa njhopy;
tha;g;Gf;fs; vit?
1 rhuha cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; rhuha Fj;jif cupikfisg;
ngWjy;
2 ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Nrit toq;Fk; xg;ge;jf;fhuhfr;
nraw;gly;
3 fhuPak; mfo;jy; 4 rpy;yiw tpahghuk;
71
03 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; vOr;rp ngw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu; ahtu;

1 rl;lj;juzpfs; 2 itj;jpau;fs;

3 nghwpapyhsu;fs; 4 epy msitahsu;fs;

5 vOJtpidQu;fs;

04 njhopw;rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 kpff; Fiwe;j rk;gsNk toq;fg;gl;lik

2 Ntiy nra;Ak; Neuk; tiuaWf;fg;glhik

3 njhopyhsu; fhg;GWjp> el;L<L toq;Fk; Kiwfs; fhzg;glhik

4 jkJ cupikfis ntd;nwLg;gjw;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;lJiw njhopyhsupilNa

xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jTk;

05 20k; Ehw;whz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ntiy epWj;jq;fs; vit?

1 nfhOk;g mr;rfj; njhopyhsu; Ntiy epWj;jk;

2 ryitj; njhopyhsu; Ntiy epWj;jk;

3 iftz;bj; njhopyhsu; Ntiy epWj;jk;

06 efu;gG
; wj; njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;F jiyik jhq;fpatu; ahu;?

1922 – 1935 tiu rpwg;ghfj; nraw;gl;l njhopyhsu; jiytu; ahu;?

V.<.Fzrpq;f

07 Njhl;lj;njhopyhsu; njhopw;rq;fj;ij mikj;jtu; ahu;?

Nfh.eNlrIau;

72
ghlNtis (17)

gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

01 ,yq;ifapy; Nkiyj;Njaf; fyhrhuk; gutf; fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd nkitj;Njaf; fy;tp Kiw

Ntfkhfg; gutpaik

2 kprdupg; ghlrhiyfspYk; mur mDruiz ngw;w ghlrhiyfspYk;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;if %ykhf Nkiyj;njrf;

fyhrhuk; gutpaJ.

3 cau; fy;tpf;fhf ntspehL nrd;W te;jtu;fshYk; Nkiyj;njaf;

fyhrhuk; gutpaJ.

4 INuhg;gpaupd; mjpfupj;j tUiff;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpLKiwf;fhy

tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; ,uTf; fspahl;l tpLjpfs; %ykhf

02 19k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpau; ,yq;iff;F mjpfstpy; te;jikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?

ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; guk;gy;> tu;j;jf tsu;r;rp> Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwapd;

tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

03 ,yq;ifapd; fyhrhuj;NjhL ,ize;J nfhz;l Nkiyj;Njaf; fyhrhu

mk;rq;fs; vit?

Milazpfs;> gof;ftof;fk;> tho;j;J tzf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwfs;>

fl;ll fiyak;rq;fs;> czT> ghd tiffs;.

73
ghlNtis (18)

gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd mk;rq;fs;

01 ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ruz;lYf;F cl;gl;l Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if? 133

02 gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; %ykhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gad;kpf;f mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 Mq;fpynkhop> mq;fpyf;fy;tp ngw tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilj;jik

2 Nghf;Ftuj;J> nra;jpg; gupkhw;wk; vd;gd tpUj;jpaile;jik
3 gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F
,yq;ifapYk; gutpaJ. (cgfuzq;fs;> nghwpfs; mit njhlu;ghd
njhopDl;gk;> ghijfs; Nghd;wit)
4 rpW ifj;njhopy;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
5 Vw;Wkjpf;fhd ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;fs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik.
6 ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp kiw cUthdik.
ghlNtis (19)
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpahy; Vw;gl;l ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 Nkiyj;Njaf; fyhrhuj;jpd; guty; fhuzkhf cs;ehl;Lf; fyhrhuk;
ghuk;gupak; rPu;Fiye;jik.
2 kJghdg; ghtid ehnlq;Fk; gutpaik
3 fhzp cupikaw;w kf;fs; $l;lk; cUthdik
4 kuG uPjpahd jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJld; Njrpa
uPjpahd mwpTk; Mw;wYk; kOq;fbf;fg;gl;lik
5 fpuhkrig Nghd;w gaDs;s mikg;Gf;fs; mopTw;wik
ghlNtis (20)

tpthjk; :- “gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifr; rKfj;jpw;F ed;ikfNs

fpilj;jd my;yJ jPikfNs fpilj;jd”

74
 myF – 06

,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jy;

(ghlNtisfs; 16)

ghlNtis (21)

Nrhy;gup murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk;

01 ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; mile;j Mz;L vJ?

1948.02.04

02 ,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j murpay; ahg;G

vJ?

Nrhygup ahg;G

03 Nrhy;gup Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1944

04 ,yq;ifapy; Kjy; jlitahf murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; Nju;jy;

,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ? 1947

05 1947 nghJj;Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs; Ie;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf?

If;fpaNjrpaf;fl;rp> ,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp> jkpo; fhq;fpu];> ,yq;if

fk;A+dprf; fl;rp> njhopyhsu; fl;rp

06 mj;Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rp vJ?

If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp (42)

07 If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpia Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;? b.v];.Nrdehaf;fh

08 ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;gl;l nghJeythaj;jpw;F cl;gl;l Rje;jpu ehnlhd;wpd;

me;j];J vd;gJ vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk;?

nlhkpdpad; me;j];J

75
09 gpupj;jhdpah ,yq;ifapd; ntsptptfhuq;fis jd;trk; itj;jpUg;gjw;F

Vw;ghL nra;jikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

,yq;ifapd; Gtpapy; mikg;G ghJfhg;G> Aj;j eltbf;iffSf;F

Kf;fpakhd gbahy;

10 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ gpujku; ahu;?

b.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh

11 b.v];.Nrdehaf;fhTf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngw;w

xg;ge;jq;fs; vit?

1 ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; - NjitNaw;gl;lhy; gpupj;jhdpah fg;gy;> tpkhdk;

cl;gl Vida gil eltbf;iffSf;F ,yq;ifia

cgNahfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.

2 ntsptptfhu xg;ge;jk; - Rje;jpu ehL xd;whf ntspehLfSld; Gjpjhf

cwTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gpupj;jhdpaupd; cjtpiag;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

12 ,yq;ifr; Rje;jpur; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1947.12.19

13 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 MSeu; ehafk;

2 ,Urigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;

3 gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit

4 ePjpr; nraw;ghLfs;

76
1 MSeu; ehafk;

,Jtiu ,Ue;j MSeu; gjtp ePf;fg;gl;L MSeu; ehafk; vd;Dk; gjtp

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpa kfuhzpNa ,yq;ifapd; jiytpahf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljdhy; mtupd; ,e;ehl;L gpujpepjpahf MSeu; ehafk;

nraw;gl;lhu;. ,J ngausT epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwg; gjtpahFk;. gpujkuupd;

MNyhridfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

2 ,Urigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;

,Urigfshf gpujpepjpfs; rig> nrdl;rig(%jit) vd;gd

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. gpujepjpfs; rigapy; 101 Ngu; ,lk;ngw;wdu;. ,jpy; 95

Ngu; kf;fshy; Nju;jy; %yk; kf;fshy; njupTnra;ag;gLtu;. vQ;rpa

MWNgUk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhf gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb MSeu;

ehafj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J

Mz;LfshFk;. nrdl;rigf;F 30 Ngu; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jpy; 15 Ngu;

gpujpepjpfs; rigahy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Vida 15 NgUk; gpujkupd;

MNyhridg;gb MSeu; ehafj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fspd;

gjtpf;fhyk; MW Mz;LfshFk;.

3 gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit

gpujku; mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhthu;. gpujpepjpfs; eigapy; ngUk;ghd;ik

mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngWk; xUtu; MSeu; ehafj;jhy; gpujkuhf
epakpf;fg;gLthu;. mikr;ru;fs; gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb MSeu; ehafj;jhy;
epakpf;fg;gLtu;. gpujku; ghJfhg;G> ntsptptfhu mikr;Rf;fspd;
nghWg;Gf;fis tfpg;ghu;. ePjp mikr;rUk; ,d;ndhU mikr;rUk;
Nky;rigapypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.

77
ghlNtis (22)

murpay; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wk;

01 murpay; fl;rp vd;why; vd;d?

murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ ehl;bd; Ml;rpf;fhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffspd;
mbg;gilapy; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; xd;wpize;j
kf;fs; FOthFk;
02 murpay; fl;rpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; vit?
1 ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; fhzg;gLk; vy;yh ehLfspYk; fhzg;gl
Ntz;ba gz;ghFk;.
2 mt;tt; fl;rpfspd; nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; kf;fis xd;W
jpul;Ltjw;F
3 murpay; thjpfSf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwitf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F
4 fl;rpapd; nfhs;iffis kf;fs; Kd; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F
03 ,yq;ifapy; ve;j INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu; fhyj;jpy; fl;rp Kiwfs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd?
Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy;
04 ,yq;ifapy; fl;rp Kiwfs; mbg;gilapy; KjyhtJ Nju;jy; eilngw;w
Mz;L vJ?
1947
05 1947,y; ,lk;ngw;w Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs; vit?
,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp> ,yq;if fk;Adp];l;
fl;rp> jkpo;f; fhq;fpu];
06 ,yq;ifapd; gioa murpay; fl;rp vJ? mJ vj;jidahk; Mz;L Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ? mf;fl;rpapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd jiytu;fs; ahu;?

,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp – 1935

vd;.vk;. ngNuuh> nfhy;tpd; Mu.b.rpy;th> gpypg; Fztu;j;jdh

78
07 ,f;fl;rpapypUe;J 1943,y; gpupe;j fl;rp vJ? mjidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?

,yq;if fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp – v];.V.tpf;fpukrpq;f

08 If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? mjidj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?

1946 – b.v];.Nrdehaf;fh

09 If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; ,ize;J nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs; vit?

,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;> rpq;fs kfhrig>
10 =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? mjidj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?

1951 – v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;;lhuehaf;fh

11 ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;l Vida murpay; fl;rpfs; vit?

1 njhopyhsu; fl;rp - V.<.Fzrpq;f
2 jkpo; fhq;fpu] ; - [P.[P. nghd;dk;gyk;

3 jkpouRf;fl;rp my;yJ rk];bf; fl;rp – v[;.N[.tp. nry;tehafk;

ghlNtis (23)

1956 nghJj; Nju;jy;

01 1956 nghJj; Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rp vJ? gpujkuhf njupT

nra;ag;gl;ltu; ahu;?
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp> v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;;lhuehaf;fh
02 =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 Gjpa rf;jpfs; gy Nru;e;J Nghl;bapl;lik
2 RNjr fyhrhuj;ij kjpf;Fk; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik
3 mJtiu jPu;f;fg;glhjpUe;j r%f> nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs;
gytw;wpw;Fk; jPu;T toq;f Kaw;rpj;jik
03 1952,y; gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?
ll;yp Nrdehaf;fh

79
04 ll;yp Nrdehaf;fh 1953,y; gjtp tpyfpaikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
muprp kw;Wk; czTg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfupj;jikahy; ,lJrhupfs;
Nkw;nfhz;l `u;j;jhy; fhuzkhf
05 ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fh gjtp tpyfpaikiaj; njhlu;e;J gpujkuhfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;ltu; ahu;? Nru;.N[hd;.nfhj;jyhty
06 1956 nghJj;Nju;jypy; Rje;jpuf; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs;
vit?
gpypg; Fztu;j;jd jiyikapyhd Gul;rpfu rkrkh[f;fl;rp> tp[ahde;j
j`ehaf;fh mtu;fspd; gh~h nguKz
07 1956,y; ,lk;ngw;w Nju;jypd; Kf;fpa njhdpg;nghUshf mike;j tplak;
vJ?
rpq;fsj;ij mur fUk nkhopahf khw;Wjy;
08 =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp jiyikapyhd kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzpf;F Mjut
toq;fpa Ik;ngUk; rf;jpfSk; vit?
gpf;Ffs;> RNjr itj;jpau;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs;
09 1956 Nju;jypd; KbTfs; vit?
kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp - 51 Mrdq;fs;
,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp - 14
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp - 8
jkpouRf;fl;rp - 10
10 gpujku; v];.lgps;A+.Mu.b.gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w
Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs; vit?
1 rpq;fsj;ij mur rUk nkhopahf;fpaik
2 gpupj;jhdpahTld; 1947,y; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l ghJfhg;G> ntsptptfhu
xg;ge;jj;ij ,uj;Jr; nra;jik
3 ty;yuRfspd; mzpfspypUe;J tpyfp eLepiyikahd ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik
80
 4 Njrpakag;gLj;Jk; jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf JiwKfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J
vd;git muRlikahf;fg;gl;ld.
5 cau; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; tpUj;jpf;fhf tpj;jpNahja> tpj;jpayq;fhu
gpupntdf;fs; gy;fiyf;fofq;fshf juKau;j;jg;gl;lik
11 gz;lhuehaf;fh Rl;lf;nfhy;yg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?
1959
12 cyfpd; KjyhtJ ngz; gpujku; ahu;?
=khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh

ghlNtis (36 – 24)

Kjyhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G

01 1947 – 1972 tiu ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwapypUe;j ahg;G vJ? Nrhy;gup

02 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd;gb ,e;ehl;bd; ngausT Ml;rpj;jiytu; ahu;?

gpupj;jhdpa kfuhzp

03 1970 nghJj; Nju;jypy; ,ize;J Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs; vit?

=yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp > rkrkh[f;fl;rp> fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp

04 1970 nghJj; Nju;jypd; gpur;rhukhf mike;jJ vJ?

Gjpa murpay; ahg;ig cUthf;Fjy;

05 1970 nghJj;Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W gpujkuhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu; ahu;?

=khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh

06 ,yq;ifapy; 1972 Nk khjk; 22k; jpfjp eilKiwf;F te;j ahg;G vJ?

\ Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G

07 ,t; ahg;gpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; vit?
1 yq;fh vdg;gl;l ,e;ehL =yq;fh vd miof;fg;gLk;
2 gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRld; nfhz;bUe;j murpay; ahg;G uPjpahd
njhlu;Gfis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuy;
3 ,yq;ifia xd;Wgl;l Fbaurhf;Fjy;
4 kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
81
08 ,t; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

1 ngausT [dhjpgjpg; gjtp 2 Njrpa muRg;Nguit

3 mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;

4 gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit

5 ePjpkd;wq;fs;

1 ngausT [dhjpgjpg; gjtp

Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; MSeu; ehafj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpd;

gb ngausT [dhjpgjpg; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tiu epakpf;Fk;

mjpfhuk; gpujkUf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,Jtiu fhzg;gl;l MSeu; ehafj;jpd;

mjpfhuq;fs; ,tUf;F toq;fg;gl;ld. KjyhtJ ngausT [dhjpgjpahf

tpy;ypak; Nfhgy;yht njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

2 Njrpa muRg;Nguit

1972f;F Kd;du; ghuhSkd;wk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l rl;lrigf;Fg; gjpyhf

Njrpa muRg; Nguit cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nghJkf;fshy; njupT

nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,yq;if njhlu;ghd

rl;lkpaw;Wk; G+uz mjpfhuk; ,jw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gjtpf;fhyk;
MW Mz;LfshFk;.
3 mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
,t;ahg;gpd; 18tJ tpjpapy; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1 rl;lj;ij mDgtpj;jy;> nraw;gLj;jy;> ghJfhg;Gg; ngwy;
midtUf;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;.
2 rl;lj;jpd; %ykhftd;wp egu; xUtupd; capupw;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk;
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; ,ilQ;ry; Gupaf;$lhJ
3 midj;J Fbkf;fSf;fk; rpe;jpf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; kdrhl;rpg;gb
elf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; cupikAz;L.
4 Fbkf;fSf;F mikjpahf xd;W $Ltjw;Fk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
ntspapLtjw;Fk; Rje;jpuKz;L.
82
09 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; ahu;?
gpujku;
10 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;l epjpkd;wq;fs; vit?
cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> Nky; ePjpkd;wk;> khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;> ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk;
11 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G vJ?
ePjpr;Nrit Mizr;rig> ePjpkd;w xOf;fhw;W rig
ghlNtis (25)

,uz;lhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G

01 1977 nghJj; Nju;jypy; fl;rpfs; ngw;w Mrdq;fs; vj;jid?

If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp - 140
jkpou; tpLjiyf; $l;lzp - 18
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp - 8
njhopyhsu; rq;fk; - 1
RNal;ir - 1 (nkhj;jk; 168)
02 1978,y; eilKiwf;F te;j murpay; ahg;G vJ?
,uz;lhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G
03 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; vit?
1 ,yq;if [dehaf Nrhryprf; FbauR vd miof;fg;gLk;
2 mJ xw;iwahl;rp ehlhff; fhzg;gLk;
3 kf;fsplk; cs;s rl;lj;jiw mjpfhuk;> ru;t[d thf;Fupik %yk;
njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfshYk;> nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;gpd;
%yk; nghJkf;fspdhYk; kf;fspd; ,iwik ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
4 nghJkf;fspd; epiwNtw;wjpfhuk; kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk;
[dhjpgjpahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;.
5 nghJkf;fspd; ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; ahg;gpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ePjpkd;wj; njhFjpahy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
83
04 ,uz;lhk; FbuaR ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?
1 epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp 2 ghuhSkd;wk;
3 ePjpkd;wk; 4 gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;
5 mbg;gil cupikfs;
05 epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs; vit?
1 murpd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;

1 ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifia gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;.

2 ru;tNjr cld;gbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;

3 mur itgtq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;

4 ntspehl;Lj; J}Jtu;fis epakpj;jYk; mq;fpfupj;jYk;

5 mur Kj;jpiuiag; ghJfhj;jy;

2 rl;lj;JiwAld; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

1 ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;ly;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;>

,ilepWj;jy;.

2 mur nfhs;if tpsf;fj;ij Kd;itj;jy;

3 ghuhSkd;ej;jpd; rlq;F uPjpahd ,Uf;iffSf;F jiyik

jhq;Fjy;

3 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;

1 mur nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

2 mur nfhs;ifia fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

3 mur Nrit cau; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;

4 Kg;gilfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;

5 NghiuAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; gpufldg;gLj;jy;

84
 4 ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

1 Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;

2 cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp cl;gl Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;

06 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; vj;jidahtJ cWg;Giuapy; [dhjpgjp

murhq;fj;jpd; jiytUk;> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytUk;>

Kg;gilfspdJk; gpujk jsgjp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ?

30tJ cWg;Giu

07 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; ahu;?

[dhjpgjp

08 gpujkiu epakpg;gtu; ahu;? [dhjpgjp

09 mikr;ruitapd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vit?

1 ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy;

2 xt;nthU mikr;Rf;Fk; tuT – nryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gl

P ;ilj; jahupj;jy;

3 mikr;ru;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfisg; nghWg;Ngw;W

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

ghuhSkd;wk;

10 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; rl;lkd;wk; vt;thw miof;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd;

cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ> mtu;fs; vt;thW njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
ghuhSkd;wk; 225 cWg;gpdu; (tpfpjhrhuj; Nju;jy; %yk; 196NgUk;>
Njrpag;gl;bay; %yk; 29 NgUk; mlq;Ftu;)
11 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; vit?
1 rl;lj;ijg; gpwg;gpj;jy; 2 epjpiaf; ifahSjy;
3 tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij mDkjpj;jy;
4 mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;
85
ghlNtis (26)

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

01 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;

mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?

ePjpkd;wq;fs; mjpfhuq;fs;

 ,yq;ifapd; ,WjpahdJk; mjpcau; Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;w mjpfhuKila ePjpkd;wkhFk;.
 ,jd; jiytu; gpujk ePjpauruhthu;.
 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fs;
 murpay; ahg;Gf;F tpahf;fpahdk; $Wjy;
cr;r  mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghf tprhuiz nra;jy;
ePjpkd;wk;
 Nju;jy; Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;jy;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; tug;gpurhjq;fs; kPwg;gly; njhlulghd
Fw;wq;fis tprhupj;jy;
 [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhfg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;gg; pf;fg;gLk;
Fw;wg; gpNuuizfs; njhlu;ghfg; guprPypj;jy;
 ,Wjp Nkd;KiwaPl;il tprhupj;jy;
 ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghLfis
tprhupj;jy;
Nkd;KiwaPl;L  gy;NtW fl;lisfisg; gpwg;gpj;jy;(Nghgpa];Nfhg];>
ePjpkd;wk; ru;rpNauhup> nkz;bK];)
 Nky; ePjpkd;wk; kw;wk; Ntw ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;Gfis vjpu;j;J
njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;Ffis tprhupj;jy;
 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mwpf;iffis jpwdha;T nra;tjw;Fk;
guprPypg;gjw;Fkhd mjpfhuk;
Nky; 1 ghupa Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlu;ghd ePjp mjpfhuk;
ePjpkd;wk; nfhiy> fw;gopg;G> mur tpNuhj #o;r;rpfs;> ghupa nfhs;is
2 flw;gug;G Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlu;ghd ePjp mjpfhuk;
3 ,yq;if thd;gug;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Fw;wk; njhlu;ghd
ePjp
mjpfhuk;
4 ,yq;ifau; xUtu; ntspehl;by; Gupe;j Fw;wr;nray;fs;

86
 khtl;l  tpthfk; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;
ePjpkd;wk;  nj];jnkd;J(tpUg;ghtz tof;F)
 fhzp tof;Ffs;
 gps;isfisj; jj;njLg;gjw;fhd tpz;zg;gk;
 gpuptpid tof;Ffs;
ePjthd;  nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd Fw;wr; nray;fs;
ePjpkd;wk;  Nghu;> tpkhdg;gil> flw;gil> ,uhZtk; njhlu;ghd
Fw;wq;fs;
 mur Copau; njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fs;
 Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fs;

02 ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G

vJ?

ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO

03 ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;Fotpd; jiytu; ahu;?

gpujkePjpauru;

04 ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; gzpfs; vit?

1 Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; ,lkhw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

2 ePjpj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; gapw;rp 3 mtu;fspd; gjtp cau;T

4 xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs;

05 ,uz;lhk; fbauR ahg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil cupikfs; vit?

1 rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtiuAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;

2 Ngr;R> fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jy; njhlu;ghd Rje;jpuk;

3 nfh^u jz;lidapypUe;J tpLgLk; rje;jpuk;

4 tpUk;Gk; rkaj;ij> nfhs;iffis> ek;gpf;iffis gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;

06 murhq;f> $l;Lj;jhgd Nritfspy; gzpahw;Wk; xUtuJ cupikfs;

87
 kPwg;gl;lhy; tprhupg;gtu; ahu;?

xk;Gl;];kd; (FiwNfs; mjpfhup)

ghlNtis (27)

07 1978,y; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s thf;fspg;G Kiwfs; vit?

1 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;

2 tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jtj; Nju;jy;

3 nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj; Nju;jy;

1 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;

,jd; NghJ ehL KOtJk; xU Nju;jy; njhFjpahff; fUjg;gLk;.

mspf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; 50tPjj;jpYk; $Ljyhfg; ngw;wtu;

[dhjpgjpahthu;. KjyhtJ epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp N[.Mu;.n[atu;j;jdh

Mthu;. [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 6 Mz;Lfs;.(jw;NghJ 5 Mz;Lfshff;

Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) 4 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J Nju;jy; elj;jg;glyhk;.

Mu;.gpNukjh]h> re;jpupfh FkhuJq;fh> kfpe;j uh[gf;r> ikj;jpupghy

rpwpNrdh MfpNahu; epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpg; gjtpia tfpj;Js;sdu;.

2 tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jtj; Nju;jy;

ghuhSkd;wk;> khfhzrig> cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F

mq;fj;jtu;fs; ,j;Nju;jypd;gbNa njupTnra;ag;gLtu;. ,jd;gb

mq;fj;jtu;fs; FOthfg; Nghl;bapLtu;. thf;fhsu;fs; thf;fspf;Fk; NghJ

FOTf;F xU thf;fpidAk;> mq;fj;jtu;fs; %tUf;F tpUg;G

thf;FfisAk; toq;fyhk;. FOf;fs; ngw;w nkhj;j thf;FfSf;F

mika mq;fj;jtu;fs; njupTnra;ag;gLtu;.

88
 3 nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj; Nju;jy;

Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU tplaj;jpy; Neubahf kf;fs;

Miziaf; Nfhupg; ngWtjw;fhd xU Kiwahf ,jidf; nfhs;syhk;.

,jd;gb Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlu;ghf jkJ tpUg;ig Mk; my;yJ

,y;iy vdj; jPu;khdpf;fyhk;. 1982,y; ,j;Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyj;ij ,d;ndhU gUtj;jpw;F

mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ,j;Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. 50tPjj;jpYk; $Ljyhd

thf;fhsu;fs; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l tplak; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

ghlNtis (28)

gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l mgptpUj;j epiyik

01 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j ,U gpujhd fl;rpfSk; vit?

If;fpaNjrpaf; fl;rp> =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp

02 gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; ney; cw;gj;jpapy; ftdk;

nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ czTg; nghUs;fspd; ,wf;Fkjp

ghjpg;Gw;wik
2 1929,y; Vw;gl;l cyfg; nghUshjhu rPuoptpdhy; czTg; nghUl;fspd;
tpiyfs; Ntfkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;wd.
03 vt; ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; tptrha mikr;R ,yq;ifaUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ?

nlhd%u;

04 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ tptrha mikr;ru; ahu;?

B.v];.Nrdehaf;fh

89
05 new;nra;iff;F mtrpakhf cyu; tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ngsjpf mk;rq;fs;

vit?

1 nghUj;jkhd tskhd kz; 2 rkjiuahd G+kp

ghlNtis (36 – 29)

cyu; tya FbNaw;wq;fs;

01 cyu; tyaj;jpy; tptrhaf; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

Nehf;fq;fs; / fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 <utyaj;jpy; ngUfpr; nry;Yk; rdj;njhif neUf;fbf;Fj; jPuT

; fhzy;

2 czT cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;fjy;

3 Ntiy tha;gG
; f;fis cUthf;Fjy;

4 cyu; tyaj;jpy; cs;s Guhjd Fsq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs; vd;gtw;iwg;

Gduikj;J mq;Fs;s epyj;ij mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;sy;

5 <utyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epyg;gw;whf;Fiwf;F gupfhuk; fhZjy;.

02 cyu; tyaj;jpy; tho;e;j ngUk;ghyNdhu; <utyaj;jpw;F ,lk;ngauf;

fhuzkhd gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ltd; ahu;? fypq;fkhfd;

03 Gjpa tptrhaf; FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;Fk; NghJ murhq;fk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa

rthy;fs; vit?
1 <utyaj;jpypUe;J njupTnra;j kf;fSf;F cyu; tyaj;jpy; epyq;fis
toq;fp tPlikj;Jf; FbNaw;Wjy;.
2 ePz;l fhykhff; fhlhfpf; fple;j epyj;ij tptrhaj;jpw;F cfe;jjhf
khw;wpaikj;jy;
3 mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; ePu;gg
; hrd trjpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;
4 KjyhtJ mWtiliag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiu vjtp ejpia

90
 toq;Fjy;
5 nghJ kf;fSila Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp cl;gl Vifa trjpfis
Nkk;ghlilar; nra;jy;.
04 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;du; mikf;fg;gl;l tptrhaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; vit?

kpd;Ndupah> ehr;rJth> ngufk> kpdpg;Ng> guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk;>fzjwth

05 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;du; mikf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs; vit?

gj;nkby;y> fpupj;jiy> ghdpad;flty> ,uizkL> fy;Nyah> fe;jsha;

06 ,yq;ifapy; KjyhtJ gyNehf;Fj; jpl;lk; vJ? fy;Nyhah

07 fy;Nyhah ejpapy; mikf;fg;gl;l ePu;gg

; hrd mikg;G vJ?

Nrdehaf;f rKj;jpuk;

ghlNtis (30)

kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk;

01 kfhtypfq;if flypy; fyf;Fk; ,lk; vJ?

nfhl;bahuf;Flh

02 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fs; vit?

1 cyu; tyaf; fhzpfisf; $ba gad;ghl;Lld; gapu;r;nra;if

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd epue;ju ePu;trjpia

toq;Fjy;

2 mjpfupj;Jr;nry;Yk; Njitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; kpd;

cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;sy;

3 ePu; tsj;jpd; %yk; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp epykw;w

tptrhapfSf;Ff; fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J gapu;r;nra;ifiag;

gutyilar; nra;jy;

4 tptrhaj;Jiwj; njhopy; tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;

5 nts;sg;ngUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

6 ed;dPu; kPd; tsu;g;ig tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;

91
 7 N[.Mu;.n[atu;j;jdthy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

03 kfhtypfq;ifapd; Kjw;fl;lg; gzpfs; vit?

1 nghy;nfhy;iyapy; ejpia kwpj;J ngupa miziaf;fl;b

RJfq;iff;F ePiu toq;Fjy;

2 fyhthtp> jp[hthtp> Etuthtp> her;rJththtp Nghd;w gy

Fsq;fSf;F ePiu toq;Fjy;

3 1970k; Mz;L ,j;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ

04 Jupjkfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1977

05 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;? fhkpdpjpehrhaf;fh

06 ,jw;fhf 1979,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G mJ? kfhtypmjpfhurig

07 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePuj

; ;Njf;fq;fs;

vit?

nfhj;kiy> tpf;Nlhupah> ue;njdpfy> ud;jk;Ng> Jd;fpe;j> khJWXah

ghlNtis (31)

kfhtyp jpl;l ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;

01 nfhj;kiy ePuj
; ;Njf;fk; vt;thW cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?

kfhtypfq;ifapd; fpisejpfSs; xd;whd nfhj;kiy Xahtpy; flnjhu

vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mizfl;b mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

02 nfhj;kiy ePuj
; ;Njf;fj;Jf;Ff;F cjtp toq;fpa ehL vJ? RtPld;

03 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fk; vq;Nf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?

kfhtypfq;ifapy; nghy;nfhy;iy ePuj

; ;Njf;fj;jpw;F mUfpy;

04 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; vJ? kpd; cw;gj;jp

05 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpw;F cjtp toq;fpa ehL vJ? gpupj;jhdpah

06 ue;njdpnty ePu;j;Njf;fk; vq;Nf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?

92
 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpd; fPo;g; gFjpapy; kpdpg;Ng mizf;fl;Lf;F

Nkw;Fw;Gwkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

07 ue;njdpnty ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; vit?

ePu;gg
; hrdk; > kpd;Dw;gj;jp

08 ,jDld; ,ize;j ePuj

; ;Njf;fk; vJ? ud;jk;Ng

09 ,tw;Wf;F cjtp toq;fpa ehL vJ? Nkw;F N[u;kdp

10 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghLfs; vit?

1 kpd;Dw;gj;jp

2 ePu;gg
; hrdk;

3 FbNaw;wq;fisAk; efuq;fisAk; mikj;jy;

4 ghijfis mikj;jy;

11 ney; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Ftjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Vida eltbf;iffs;

1 1948,y; ney;Yf;F cj;juthj tpiy mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly;.

2 Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> Gjpa ney; ,dq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;jjy;

3 tptrha Nrit kj;jpa epiyaq;fis Muk;gpj;jy;

4 murhq;f tq;fpfs; %yk; tprhapfSf;f fld; trjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

ghlNtis (32)

Jupj kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l ePu;gg

; hrdj; jpl;lq;fis
,yq;ifg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtis 33)

tu;j;jf tptrhak;

01 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd %d;W jrhg;j fhyj;jpy; Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fshf

tpsq;fpa gapu;fs; vit?

Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id (ghuk;gupag; gapu;)

93
02 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; tu;j;jf tptrhaj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;f vLf;fg;gl;l

eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 1972k; Mz;bd; epyr;rPu;jpUj;jr;rl;lk; - egu; xUtu; itj;jpUf;ff;$ba

epyj;jpd; msT tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fika 25 Vf;fu; tay;

epyKk;> 50 Vf;fu; fhzp epyKk; cr;r vy;iyahf tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.

2 1975k; Mz;bd; epyr;rPu;jpUj;jk; - tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

<Lgl;bUe;j fk;gdpfSf;F clikahf ,Ue;j fhzpfs; nghJ

clikahf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; nra;ifapy;

<LgLj;jg;gl;bUe;j fhzpfspy; 62tPjk; muRlikahdJk; mtw;Ws;

10tPjk; rpwpa gug;G fhzpfis tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;J mspj;jjd;

%yk; rpW Njhl;lr; nrhe;jf;fhuu; tu;f;fk; xd;W cUthdJ.

3 1952 ,y; rPd - ,yq;if ,Ujug;G tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk; %yk;

,yq;ifapd; ,wg;gUf;F epue;ejukhd re;ij xd;W fpilj;jik

4 1977Mk; ,wg;gu; kPs;eLiff;Fk; Gjpa eLiff;Fk; fhzpr;

nrhe;jf;fhuu;fSf;F cjtp GupAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,it Njapiyr; nra;iff;Fk;

tp];jupf;fg;gl;lJ.

03 jdpahuplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhzpfis epu;tfpf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l

jhgdq;fs; vit?

1 1975 – murhq;f ngUe;Njhl;lf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

2 1976 – kiyehl;L Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr;rig

3 1976 – kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr;rig

04 rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fs; vit?

94
 Nfhg;gp> nghf;Nfh. fWth> fuhk;G> rhjpf;fha;> kpsF

05 rpWVw;Wkjpg; gapu;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 1968k; Mz;L Njapiyg; gapu; nra;Ak; epyq;fspt; rpWVw;Wkjpg;

gapu;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

2 1972k; Mz;L khj;jisapy; rpWVw;wkjpg; gapu;fSf;fhd Muha;r;rp

epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; Fz;lrhiy> njy;gpl;b> ehuk;kiy

Nghd;w ,lq;fSf;Fk; tp];jupf;fg;gl;ld.

ghlNtis (34)

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ifj;njhopy; nraw;ghLfs;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;glhikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; re;ijahf

tpsq;fpaik

02 2k; cyf kfhAj;j fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy;

nghUl;fs; vit?

gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs;> fljhrp> rthu;f;fhuk;> thridg;nghUl;fs;

03 cyf tq;fpf;FO ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ> mjd; rpghupR vJ?

1952 – mur jiyaPl;Lld; eLj;ju> rpW itj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjd;

mtrpak;

04 nts;is mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1955

05 ifj;njhopy; Ngl;il Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ? vf;fiy

06 ,uhj;jyhidapy; ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1960

95
07 1960Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; gz;Gfs; vit?

1 1961k; Mz;L kf;fs; tq;fp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJld; rpW

ifj;njhopyhsUf;Ff; fld; trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

2 1966,y; cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfspd; juj;ij

epu;zapg;gjw;fhfj; juepu;za rig Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

3 murpd; ifj;njhopy; nfhs;ifahy; 1960,d; gpd;du; ,e;ehl;bw;Fj;

Njitahd Efu;Tg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpapy; tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.

4 1970 – 1977 fhyfl;lj;jpy; muR filg;gpbj;j gjpyPl;Lf; ifj;njhopy;

nfhs;ifapy; Fbir> myF ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspy; tsu;r;rp

Vw;gl;ld.

08 mur jiyaPl;Lld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l njhopw;rhiyfs; vit?

1 cUf;Fj; njhopw;rhiy

2 nerTj;njhopw;rhiyfs; - nfhFtis> Ngrhiy> Jy;fpupah

3 xl;Lg;gyiff; $l;Lj;jhgdk; - fpe;Njhl;il> nfh];fk

4 fdpakzy; - `pq;Fuhid 5 fdpakzy; - Gy;Nkhl;il
09 ,wf;Fkjpg;gp gpujpaPl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; vd;why; vd;d?
ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
mtw;iw ,e;ehl;bNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tNj ,wf;Fkjpg;
gjpyPl;Lf;ifj;njhopy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
10 1977fspd; gpd;du; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy;fs; vit?
1 ntspehl;L KjyPLfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
2 jdpahu; KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpj;jy;
11 nfhOk;G nghUshjhu Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1978
12 Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fs; ( Vw;Wkjp gjdply; tyaq;fs;) cUthf;fg;gl;l
,lq;fs; vit?
96
 fl;Lehaf;fh> gpafk> nfhf;fy

fy;tp

13 ghyu; tFg;G Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiu ,ytrf;fy;tpia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;

rP.lgps;A+.lgps;A+.fd;dq;fuh

14 1948k; Mz;bd; gpd;du; fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vit?

1 murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfis mikj;jy;> fy;tpf;F mjpf gzk; xJf;Fjy;

2 ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jpailar; nra;J Mrpupa gapw;rp eltbf;iffs;

etPd kag;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

3 tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$l> E}y; epiya trjpfs; tpupthf;fg;gl;ld.

4 ,ytr gfYzT> itj;jpak;> gy;itj;jpak;> rYif mbg;gilapyhd

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzq;fs;> ,ytrg;ghlE}y;> ,ytr rPUil

vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

5 njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik

15 cau; fy;tpf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 1942,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij nfhOk;gpy; Muk;gpj;jik

2 1952,y; mjidg; Nguhjidf;F ,lkhw;wpaik

3 tpj;jpNahjagpupntdhTk;> tpj;jpayq;fhu gpupntdhTk; = [atu;j;jdGu>

fsdp gy;fiyf;fofq;fshfj; juKau;jg;gl;lik

4 1972,y; nkhul;Lt – fl;Lg;ngj;j fy;fiyf;fofk; c&thf;fg;gl;lik

5 1974,y; aho;gg
; hzg;gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

97
ghlNtis (35)

r%f eyNdhk;gy;

01 nghJkf;fspd; kPJ murpay;thjpfspd; ftdk; jpUk;gpaikf;fhd fhuzk;

ahJ?

1931,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ru;trd thf;Fupik

02 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; te;j murhq;fq;fspd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghL vJ?

FbNaw;w Ml;rpahy; Vw;gl;bUe;j ghjfkhd murpay;> nghUspay;> r%fg;

gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;itf; fhZjy;.

03 ,g;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fy;tp eltbf;iffis tsu;r;rpailar; nra;jy;

2 njhopy;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jpwikf;F Kd;dplk; toq;Fjy;>

Nghl;bg; guPl;irfs; %yk; njupTfs; ,lk;ngw;wik

3 Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;gd murpay; ahg;gpy;

,lk;ngw;wik

4 tptrha> kPd;gpb eltbf;iffSf;F fld; trjpfsk; khdpaq;fSk;

toq;fg;gLjy;

04 RfhjhuNritia Nkk;gLj;j vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jy;

2 jha; - Nra; eltbf;iffs; Nkk;ghlilar; nra;jy;

3 Nehaj; jLg;G kUe;Jfis toq;Fjy;

4 itj;jpa Kfhk;gis elhj;Jjy;

5 RNjr itj;jpaKiwia Nkk;ghlilar;nra;jy;

05 Rfhjhuj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Neha;fs; vit?

ahidf;fhy;> kNyupah. raNuhfk;> ,dk;gps;is thjk;

98
ghlNtis (36)

01 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Vida eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs;

vit?

1 Nghf;Ftuj;J 2 ePu; tpepNahfk; 3 kpd;rhuk; 4 nra;jpj;njhlu;G

02 Rje;jpuj;jpd; Kd;du; czT khdpag; toq;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

2k; cyf kfhAj;j fhyj;jpy; czTg; nghUl;fspd; ,wf;Fkjpiaf;

fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;b Vw;gl;lik

03 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; czT khdpak; toq;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

vit?

1 Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F czT khdpaj;jpw;F kf;fs; gof;fg;gl;lik

2 Fiwe;j tUkhdj;ij kf;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik

3 fhzpg;gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gl;lik

4 Fiwe;j mWtil fpilj;jik

04 muprp khdpak; vt;thW toq;fg;gl;lJ?

khdpaj;Jld; $ba $g;gd; Gj;jfq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lik

05 muprpf; $g;gd;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf 1977 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpd;du;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiw vJ?

czT Kj;jpiu

99
 myF – 07
cyfpy; ,lk;ngw;w gpujhd Gul;rpfs;
ghlNtis (10)
ghlNtis (01)

mnkupf;fhtpy; INuhg;gpau; mikj;j FbNaw;wq;fs;

01 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu; vd;why; vd;d?
mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; gpupj;jhdpag; NguurpypUe;J tpLjiy ngw
Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
02 Gjpa cyfk; vsg;gLk; mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ahu;?
fpwp];Njhgu; nfhyk;g];
03 fpwp];Njhgu; nfhyk;g]; fuPgpad; flypy; gfhk jPTfspy; ,wq;fpa Mz;L
vJ? 1492
04 mnkupf;f fz;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngUk; epyg;gpuNjrj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;
ahu;? mnkupf;f nt];Grp
05 mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;j INuhg;gpa ehLfs; vit?
Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J> gpuhd;];> ,q;fpyhe;J
06 INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l fj;Njhypf;f> Gul;l];jhe;J
Nkhjypdhy; rka Rje;jpuj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;J kf;fs; gjpa
,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;gpaik.
2 tu;j;jfj;jpd; nghUl;L gjpa gpunjrq;fspy; epyq;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; tho;it rpwg;ghdjhf;fpf; nfhs;s kf;fs;
tpUk;gpaik
3 GfioAk; nry;tj;ijAk; mjpfupf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;> INuhg;ap ehLfspd;
Ml;rpahsu;fs; Gjpa ,lq;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F toq;fpa
xj;Jiog;G

100
07 gpupj;jhdpauhy; mnkupf;fhtpy; epWtg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs; vit?

Ntu;[pdpah> epANahu;f;. N[hu;[pah> tl fNuhypdh (13

08 1607,y; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Kjypy; mikf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wk; vJ?

Ntu;[pdpah
09 tl mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Wjpahfj; Njhd;wpa gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;wk; vJ?
N[hu;[pah
ghlNtis (02)
mnkupf;fg; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
01 mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;j gpupj;jhdpau; kPJ
tpjpf;fg;gl;lepge;jidfs; vit?
1 gpupj;jhdpa Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2 jha; ehl;Lr; rl;lq;fis Gjpa FbNaw;wq;fspy; nraw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
02 1763,y; mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfs; vit?
1 gpuhd;rpaupd; mr;RWj;jy;
2 mnkupf;f G+u;tPff; FbNaw;wthrpfshd nrt;tpe;jpaupd; vjpu;gG
;

03 gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk;> gpuhd;rpw;Fk; ,ilNa 1756 – 1763 tiu ,lk;ngw;w

Nghu; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;? Vohz;Lg;Nghu;

04 gpupj;jhdpauhy; mnkupf;fhtpy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;l nghUsjhuf;

nfhs;iffs; vit?

1 gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; FbNaw;wq;fspy;

cw;gj;jp nra;tJ jilnra;ag;gl;lJ

2 Gifapiy> rPdp> gUj;jp> Njd;> nkOF> NfhJik> ntz;fyk; Nghd;w

101
 nghUl;fs; gpupj;jhdpahTf;F khj;jpuNk nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

3 ,it jtpu;e;j Vida nghUl;fis gpupj;jhdpahTf;F mDg;gpNa

Vida ehLfSf;F mDg;gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

4 FbNaw;w ehLfs; cw;gj;jp my;yJ tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghf jha;

ehl;Lld; Nghl;bapl KbahJ

05 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J mwtplg;gl;l Rq;ftup Kiwahf

mwtplg;gLtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpag; gpujku;

ahu;? N[hd; fpud;tpy;

06 ,ufrpa tu;j;jf;ij jilnra;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; vit?

1 rPdpr;rl;lk; - (fUk;Gr; rl;lk;)

2 ehzar;rl;lk;

3 Kj;jpir;rl;lk;

07 gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; Kj;jpiur;rl;lk; nfhzLtug;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1765

08 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;fhz fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 gpupjhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gjpa tupfs;

(Kj;jpiu tup> Njapiy tup> fz;zhb tup> > fljhrp tup)

2 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfs; ePz;l fhykhfg; gpupj;jhdpa

jiyaPl;bw;F khwhf Ra epu;thfj;jpw;Fg; gof;fg;gl;bUe;jik

3 gpupj;jhdpau; gpd;gw;wpa jha;ehl;bw;Fr; rhjfkhd nghUshjhuf;

nfhs;if

4 FbNaw;wrhtpfspd; ePjpahd Nghuhl;lq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

102
 gpupj;jhdpah eltbf;if vLj;jik

ghlNtis (03)

mnkupf;fg; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

01 gpupj;jhdpauhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tupfSs; mjpf vjpu;gG

; Tf;Fs;shd

tup vJ?

Kj;jpiutup

02 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; RNyhfk; vJ?

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,d;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy

03 1767,y; ,wf;Fkjp tup tpjpf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; vit?

fz;zhb> <ak;> fljhrp> Njapiy

04 Ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1773 (mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; Muk;g epfo;thf mike;j rk;gtk;)

05 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; njhlu;ghf Kjyhtjhf ,lk;ngw;w khehL vJ?

mJ vj;jidahk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;wJ?

1774 – gpynly;gpah (12 FbNaw;wq;fs; fye;J nfhz;ld)

06 gpynly;gpa khehl;bd; KbTfs; vit?

1 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf rl;lq;fis mKy; nra;aNth

tup mwtplNth gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.

2 gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fis gfp~;fupj;jy;

3 ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;L FbNaw;wthrpfs; MAjk; jupj;jy;

07 1775k; Mz;L ,Ujug;gpdUf;FkpilNa MAjg; Nghu; eilngw;w ,lk; vJ?

nyf;rpd;ld;

08 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfspd; gilf;Fj; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

103
 N[hu;[; nth~pq;ld;

09 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1776 – [_iy 04

10 Nghupy; gpupj;jhdpag;gil Njhy;tapile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 gy;yhapuk; iky;fs; J}uj;jpy; gof;fkpy;yhj gpuNjrj;jpy;

gpupj;jhdpag; gilfs; Nghupl Ntz;bapUe;jik

2 gpuhd;]; mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F cjtpaspj;jik

11 ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; ,ilNa rkhjhd xg;ge;jk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1783 – ghup]; cld;gbf;if

12 mnkupf;fh Rje;jpu ehlhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w mz;L vJ?

1783

13 cyfpy; Kjd; Kjypy; murpay; ahg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? ve;j

ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?

1787 – mnkupf;fh

14 mnkupf;fhtpd; KjyhtJ [dhjpgjp ahu;?

N[hu;[; nth~pq;ld;

15 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghupd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 If;fpa mnkupf;f ehLfs; vd;w Rje;jpu muR Njhd;wpaJ

2 KO kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;ba

re;ju;g;gkhf mJ mike;jJ

3 mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa czu;T cyfk; KOtJk;

Vw;gl;lJ

4 midj;J ,dj;jtUk; rkkhdtu; vd;w gjk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpy;

,lk;ngw;w Gul;rpfspd; jiyg;ghf mike;jJ.

104
 5 KjyhtJ vOj;J %y $l;L murpay; ahg;Gj; Njhd;wpaJ.

ghlNtis (04)

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F Kd;duhd epiyikfs;

01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp vd;why; vd;d?

jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rp elj;jpa 16k; Yhap

kd;Df;F vjpuhf me;ehl;L kf;fs; jkJ kdpj cupikfis

ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf Kd;ndLj;j Nghuhl;lNk gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

vdg;gLfpwJ.

02 kdpj cupikfis ntd;nwLj;j Kf;fpakhd xU re;ju;g;gkhf mikAk;

rk;gtk; vJ?

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

03 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w NghJ gpuhd;rpd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

16k; Y}ap

04 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; RNyhfk; vJ?

Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;

05 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; NghJ fhzg;gl;l epiyikfs; vit?

1 gpuhd;]; INuhg;gpa ehlfspy; nry;te;j ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ
2 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;> ifj;njhopy; vd;gtw;wpy; Kd;dpiyapy;
,Ue;jJ
3 Vida ehLfis tpl tptrhapfs; ey;y epiyayp ,Ue;jdu;.
4 mwptpYk;> rKfg;gof;f tof;fq;fspYk; gpuhd;]; Kd;dzpapy;
,Ue;jJ
5 Ml;rpahsu;fspd; gytPdk; fhuzkhf murapy;> r%f>
nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; tPo;r;rpaile;jpUe;jJ.
105
ghlNtis (05)
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd murpay; fhuzq;fs;
01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd murpay; fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 kd;du;fs; jkJ muRupikia flTs; je;j xU tukhff; fUjpaik
2 kd;dd; nfhz;bUe;j tiuaiwaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;
3 kd;dd; mDgtpj;j RfNghf tho;T
4 vjpupfis klf;Ftjw;F mur mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;
5 Coy; epiwe;j Kbahl;rp
1 kd;dd; nfhz;bUe;j tiuaiwaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;
rl;lk;> epu;thfk;> ePjp Mfpa midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; mjpfhuq;fs;
murdplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;ld. vz;zpylq;fhj mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;bUe;j 14k; Y}ap ehNd muR vdf; $wpdhd;. ehd; tpUk;Gk;
vJTk; eilngWk; vdTk; mtd; $wpdhd;. vJtpj tprhuizAkpd;wp
vtiuAk; ifJnra;J tho;ehs; KOtJk; rpiwapy; itf;f
murDf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thW kd;dDf;F ,Ue;j
mjpfhuq;fis kf;fs; ntWj;jdu;.
2 vjpupfis klf;Ftjw;F mur mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;

murd; jdf;fpUe;j mjpfhuq;fis jdpg;gl;l murpay;> vjpupfisg;

gopthq;fg; gad;gLj;jpaJld; mtu;fs; g];By; rpiwr;rhiyapy; rpiw

itf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; gpuhd;rpd; Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rpapd;

milahskhf tpsq;fpa g];By; rpiwr;rhiyNa Gul;rpapd; NghJ

Kjypy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ.

106
 3 kd;dd; mDgtpj;j RfNghf tho;T

kd;ddpd; vy;iyaw;w RfNghf tho;T kf;fspd; vjpu;gG

; f;F cs;shdJ.

kd;dd; tho;e;j Ntu;nrapy;]; khspif gy Vf;fu; epyg;gug;gpy;

gutyile;J tpsq;fpaJ. mq;F ePu;tPo;r;rp> ePug

; ;G+q;fh> kyu;gG
; +q;fh

Nghd;wd fhzg;gl;ld. mt;thwhd RfNghf khspifapy;

tho;e;jikahy; kd;dDf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpy; tpupry;

tpOe;jJ. khspiff;Fs; Eiotjw;F rhjhz kf;fSf;F

mDkjpapy;iy. FUkhUk; gpuGf;fSNk mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs;

ehl;ilg;; gw;wpAk; kf;fisg; gw;wpak; jtwhd fUj;Jf;fisNa

Kd;itj;jdu;.

02 Gul;rpapd; NghJ gpuhd;rpy; Ml;rp nra;j tk;rk; vJ?

G+u;gd; mur tk;rk;

03 16k; Y}ap kd;ddpd; kidtp ahu;?

Nkup md;nlhapdl;

04 murd; gpuNjr epu;thfj;jpd; nghUl;L epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhupfs; ahtu;?

,d;nld;ld;

05 gpuhd;rpd; Kbahl;rp vdg;gl;lJ vtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ?

murid Kjd;ikahff; MNyhridr;rig> MNyhridr;rigapd;

MNyhridapd;gb nraw;gl;l mikr;ruit

06 gpuhd;rpd; ghuhSkd;wk; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ> mJ vj;jid Mz;Lfs;

$l;lg;glhjpUe;jJ?

107
 ];nll;n[duy; 175 Mz;Lfs;

07 Gul;rpapd; NghJ fhzg;gl;l r%f mikg;G vJ?

epykhdpaKiw

08 gpuhd;rpd; r%fg; gpupTfs; vit?

FUkhu;> gpuGf;fs;> rhjhuz kf;fs;

09 rhjhuz kf;fs; vdg;gl;ltu;fs; ahu;?

kj;jpa tFg;gpdu;> tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs;

10 gpuhd;rpy; gpuGf;fSk;> FUkhu;fSk; mDgtpj;j rYiffs; vit?

1 ehl;bd; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; kPd; gpbf;fTk; Ntl;ilahlTk; cupik

2 gpuGf;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd jhdpa Miyfs;> itd;> tbrhiyfs; >

ntJg;gfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; tptrhapfs; jkJ Njitia epiwT

nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJld; ,jd; nghUl;L mjpf gzk; nrYj;j

Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

3 tptrhapfspd; epyq;fspypUe;J tup mwtpLk; cupik

4 murhq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupfspypypUe;J tpyf;Fg;ngwy;

ghlNtis (06)

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd r%ff; fhuzpfs;

01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd r%ff;; fhuzpfs; vit?

1 Gul;rpapd; NghJ fhzg;gl;l khdpaKiw. Gue;j epyg;gug;igf;

cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j gpuGf;fspd; jiyikaspy;

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;l Kbahl;rp KiwahFk;.

2 FUkhu;fSk;> gpuGf;fSk; mDgtpj;j rYiffs;

108
 3 nkhj;jr; rdj;njhifapy; rpWghd;ikapduhf ,Ue;jhYk; gpuGf;fSk;>

FUkhu;fSk; nry;te;ju;fshff; fhzg;gl;lik

4 kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lg;gl;L nry;te;ju;fshf tpsq;fpDk;

murpay; uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwhik

5 fy;tpapy; Kd;dpd;w kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F cupa ,lk;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy. fy;tpapy; gpd;dpd;w gpuGf;fSf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

toq;fg;gl;lik. xUtupd; epiyapid gpwg;gpidf; nfhz;ly;yhJ>

jpwikiaAk; nry;tj;ijAk; nfhz;Nl kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w

fUj;J Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jpypUe;Nj rkj;Jtk; vd;w vz;zf;fU

Njhd;wpaJ. 6 92 tPjkhNdhuhff; fhzg;gl;l tptrhapfNs ngUk;

,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shfpdu;. fbdkhf ciof;Fk; mtu;fSf;F

epyq;fspy; cupik ,Ue;j NghjpYk; gpuGf;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

tupr;Rikahy; mtu;fsJ tho;f;if fbdkhdJ.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd nghUshjhuf;; fhuzpfs;

02 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd nghUsjhuf; fhuzpfs; vit?

1 gpuhd;rpd; jpiwNrup ntWik epiyia mile;jik

2 nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUe;j mjpf tupr;Rik

1 gpuhd;rpd; jpiwNrup ntWik epiyia mile;jik

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; NghJ gpuhd;rpd; rpiwr;rhiy Kw;wpYk;

ntWikahfp ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;fhuz fhuzq;fshf murdJk; mur

FLk;gj;jpduJk; Mlk;gu tho;f;ifapdhy; Vw;gl;l mjpf nryT>

Njitaw;w Aj;jr; nryT vd;gd fhuzq;fshFk;.

109
 gpupj;jhdpaTldhd Vohz;Lg;Nghu;> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;NghUf;F
cjtpaik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; gpuhd;rpd; nghUshjhuk;
tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
2 nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUe;j mjpf tupr;Rik
gpuhd;rpy; epytpa mjpf tup fhuzkhfTk; Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. rhjhuz
Fbkf;fs; jkJ tUkhdj;jpy; 60 tPjj;ij tupahfr; nrYj;jpdu;.

nlyp – nghJkf;fspd; tPLfs;> epyq;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l

tupfshFk;.
nfngy; - ,J cg;gpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l tupahFk;. tsu;e;j midtUk;

Mz;nlhd;wp;F VO ,whj;jy; cg;ig tpiy nfhLj;J thq;f

Ntz;Lk;.
nfg;gpnl~d; - midtuplkpUe;Jk; mwtpl Ntz;ba tupahf 1695,y;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ vdpDk; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ me;j
tupr;RikAk; nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.

03 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F gq;fspj;j jj;JtQhdpfisAk; mtu;fsJ

gq;fspg;Gf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 nkhd;nl];fpA – rl;lj;jpd; rhuk; vDk; E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,jpy;

jdpg;gl;l xUtuplk; mjpfhuq;fs; Ftpe;jpUg;gJ

nghUj;jkw;wnjdTk;> ,J ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp fl;bnaOg;gg;gl

topNaw;gLk; vdTk; $wpdhu;. ,jidj; jLf;f rl;lk;>

epu;thfk;> ePjp Mfpa %d;W JiwfSf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs;

gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpdhu;.

2 Nlhy;lau; - Rje;jpukhff; fUj;J ntspapLk; cupik gw;wpf; fUj;J

110
 ntspapl;lhu;. Kbahl;rpapdJk;> jpUr;rigapdJk; ru;thjpfhu

Ml;rpia fLikahf tpku;rpj;jhu;.

3 &Nrh – r%f xg;ge;jk; vd;Dk; E}ypd; %yk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;

njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit Kd;itj;jhu;. kd;dd; kf;fspd;

eyd; fUjpr; nraw;gl ntz;LnkdTk; mt;thW nra;ahj

Ml;rpahsid kf;fs; Juj;j Ntz;LnkdTk; $wpdhu;. mtuJ

,f;fUj;J rkj;Jtk;> kf;fs; Mjpf;fk; vd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspd;

mbg;gilahdJ.

ghlNtis (07)

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ? 1789

02 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd cldbf;fhuzk; vJ?

murpd; epjp epyik rPuw;Wf; fhzg;gl;likahFk;.

03 175 Mz;Lfspd; gpd;du; n];nll;n[duy; ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;ba

Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

16k; Y}ap

04 nldp];ikjhd cWjpnkhop vd;why; vd;d?

];nll;n[duy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;j gpuGf;fs;> FUkhu;fs;.

nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; MfpNahu; mq;fk; tfpj;jdu;. ,tu;fspy;

nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; jdpahf $baNghJ mtu;fs; $ba

kz;lgj;ij %btpl eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lNghJ mtu;fs; mq;fpUe;J

111
 ntspNawp nld;dp];ikjhdj;jpy; xd;W$b gpuhd;rpq;F Gjpa murpay;

ahg;igj; jahupf;fhJ ntspNaWtjpy;iy vd cWjpnkhop

vLj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;.

05 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Muk;g epfo;T vJ? mJ vg;NghJ ,lk;ngw;wJ?

g];By; rpir;rhiy cilg;G – 1789 [_iy 14

06 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 1791k; Mz;L mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghf rhrdk;

ntspaplg;gl;lik

1 vy;yh kdpjUk; Rje;jpukhfg; gpwg;gjhy; mtu;fs;

midtUf;Fk; rkcupik cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;.

2 midj;Jg; gupirfSk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; nraw;ghl;by;

gq;Fnfhs;s cupikAz;L.

3 midj;Jf; Fbkf;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpukhff; fUj;J ntspaplTk;

jhk; tpUk;Gk; kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wTk; cupikAz;L.

2 gpuhd;rpd; Kbahl;rp tPo;r;rpAw;wik

3 gpuhd;rpd; tptrrhaj; njhopyhs kf;fSf;Fr; rYif fpilj;jik

4 gpuhd;rpy; cWjpaw;w murpay; Kiw Njhd;wpaik

07 gpuhd;dpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; cWjpapd;ikag; gad;gLj;jp 1799k; Mz;L

mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa ,uhZt mjpfhu ahu;?

neg;Nghypad;

112
ghlNtis (08)

u];ag; Gul;rpapd; mwpKfk; kw;Wk; fhuzq;fs;

01 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Mwpy; xU gq;fpidf; nfhz;l ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ

vJ? u~;ah

02 u~;ahtpd; gue;j Nguuir epu;tfpf;f cjtpNahu; ahtu;?

,uhDtk;> fhty;gil> ,ufrpa nghyp];

03 u];ag;Gul;rp vd;why; vd;d?

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ u];ahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Coy; epiwe;j

ru;thjpfhu kd;duhl;rpf;F vjpuhf nghjkf;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l

Gul;rpNa u];ag;Gul;rp vdg;gLk;.

04 u[;ag;Gul;rpapd; jhuf ke;jpuk; vJ?

czT> epyk;> rkhjhdk;

05 u];ag;Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1917 – khu;r;> xf;Nlhgu;

06 u];ag;Gul;rpapd; ,wjp ,yf;fhf mike;jJ vJ? tFg;Gfsw;w r%fk;

07 u];ag;Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 u];ahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Coy; epiwe;j ru;thjpfhu Kbahl;rp –

u];ahit Ml;rp nra;j rhu; kd;du;fs; mur gjtpahdJ flTs;

nfhLj;j tuk; vdf;fUjp nraw;gl;ldu;. jkJ ed;ikia kl;LNk

fUj;jpw; nfhz;L kpfTk; Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rpia elj;jpdu;.

murhq;f tUkhdj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;L kf;fis

nfhLikg;gLj;jp tup mwtpl;ldu;.

113
 2 Coy; epiwe;j epykhdpa r%f Kiw

u];ahtpd; nghUshjhu r%f mikg;ghdJ khdpa Kiwia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tptrhag; nghUshjhukhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.

ghuk;gupa epyTlik gpuGf;fSilajhf ,Ue;jJ. ehl;bd; rhjhuz

kf;fshd tptrhapfs; epy mbikfshf tptrhaj;jpy; <lgl;ldu;.

gpuGf;fs; nry;te;ju;fshf ,Ue;jJld; epymbikfs; mtu;fsJ

nrhj;jhff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. jkJ tpisr;rypd; xU gFjpia tupahf

murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> jpUr;rigf;Fk;> gpuGf;fSf;fk; nfhLf;f

Ntz;bapUe;jikahy; ngupJk; ,d;dYw;wdu;.

3 [g;ghDldhd Aj;jj;jpy; Njhy;tpaile;jik

1904 – 1905 fhyg;gGjpapy; [g;ghDld; eilngw;w Aj;jj;jpy; u];ah

Njhy;tpaile;jJ. 1905,y; vjpu;g;G eltbf;if ,lk;ngw cldbf;

fhuzkhf mike;jJ. tptrhapfspd; fpsu;r;rp> njhopyhsu; Ntiy

epWj;jk;> mur tpNuhj nraw;ghlfs;> flw;gilf; fpsu;r;rpfSk;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lq;fs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jhYk; mur tpNthj

Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;jJ

4 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ tptrhapfisg; Nghu;tPuu;fshfr;

Nru;j;jikahy; Vw;gl;l neUf;fbfs;

08 u];ag;Gul;rpia 1917,y; elj;jp Kbj;jtu; ahu;? mtuJ fl;rp vJ?

nydpd; - Nghy;n]tpf;fl;rp

114
ghlNtis (09)

u];ag; Gul;rpapd; Nghjhd epiyikfs;

fw;ww;NgW :- u~;ag;; Gul;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

01 1917Mk; khu;r; khjk; Gul;rp Vw;glf; fhuzkhf mike;j epfo;T vJ?

Gilitj; njhopw;rhiynahd;wpy; Vw;gl;l Ntiy epWj;jk;

02 ,jd; NghJ kd;dd; gjtp Jwf;f Ml;rpg; nghWg;igNaw;wtu; ahu;?

nfnud;];fp

03 mg;Nghija Njtifshf ,Ue;jit vit?

tptrhapfSf;F - epyk;

giltPuu;fSf;F - rkhjhdk;

midtUf;Fk; - czT

04 nydpd; jiyikapyhd Nghy;n]tpf; fl;rpapdu; cUthf;fpa mikg;G

vJ?

Nrhtpal;kz;lyk;

05 Nrhtpaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ,U murpay; FOtpdUk; ahtu;?

nky;~tpf; - rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f

KbAk; vd;W fUjpatu;fs;

Nghy;n]tpf; - Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij jfu;j;njwpe;J nghJTlikf;

fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l rKjhaj;ij Njhw;Wtpg;gJ

06 Nghy;n]tpw;fpw;F jiyik jhq;fpatu;fs; ahu;? nydpd;> l;nwh];fp

07 ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehk; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;whtpl;lhy; tuyhW vkf;F

115
 ,uf;fk; fhl;l khl;lhJ vdf; $wpatd; ahu;? nydpd;

ghlNtis (10)

u];ag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

01 u];ag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 nfud;];fp jiyikapyhd muirf; ftpo;j;J nydpd; jiyikapyhd

Nghy;n]tpf;Ffs; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

2 ehl;by; rkhjhdk; cUthdJ

3 jdpahu; fhzp cupik ePf;fg;gl;L $l;Lg;gz;iz Kiw

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

4 rhu; kd;dupfspd; Ml;rpia Kw;wpYk; xopj;J mjw;Fg; gjpyhf

njhopyhsu;fspdJk; tptrhapfspdJk; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l
Nrhtpaw;rigapd; mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l Gjpa
mYtyu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
5 Nrhtpaj; rkTlikf; FbauR vd miof;fg;gl;lJ

6 nghJTlikj; jj;Jtk; cynfq;Fk; gutpaik

7 ghl;lhsp tFg;gpdupd; Gul;rpfs; cynfq;Fk; gutpaik

8 u];ahit ikakhff; nfhz;l rkTlikthj mzp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

02 rkTlikf; nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d?

rKjhaj;jpd; nry;tk; njhlu;ghdd nghJ cupik midj;Jg;

gpuirfSf;Fk; cupajhFk;. jkJ jpwikiar; Nkk;glr; nra;Ak;

nghUl;L rkkhd re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;> cw;gj;jpapd; gaid

midtUf;Fk; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy; vd;gd cl;gl

murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;l xU murpay;

116
 jj;JtkhFk;.

03 rkTlikf; nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 jdpegu; Njitia tpl r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;

NjitfSf;Fk; Kd;Dupik toq;Fjy;.

2 rKjhaj;jpy; mePjpfisak; Vw;wj;jho;tpidAk; mfw;Wjy;

3 rKjhaj;jpy; tFg;Gg; ghFghLfis mfw;wp midtiuAk;

rNfhjuu;fshf vz;Zk; cau; khdpl rKjhaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

04 rkTlikf; nfhs;iff;Nfw;g jkJ ehl;bd; murpay; ahg;gpid cUthf;fpf;

nfhz;l ehLfs; vit?

rPdh> fpof;F N[u;kdp> tlnfhupah> fpA+gh

117
 myF – 08
cyf kfh Aj;jq;fSk; ,zf;fg;ghLfSk;
ghlNtis (12)
ghlNtis (11)

cyf kfh Aj;jk; mwpKfk;

01 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; mfpy cyfj;jpw;Fk; nguk;

ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ vJ? cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs;

02 ,U cyf kfh aj;jq;fs; ,uz;Lk; Muk;gkhd fz;lk; vJ? INuhg;ghf;

03 cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

cyfpy; gyk; nghUe;jpa ehLfs; gyTk; ,e;j Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;L KO

cyfpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaikahy; ,it cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs;

vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;

04 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; eilngw;w fhyg;gFjp vJ?

1914 A+iy 28 – 1918 etk;gu; 11

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

05 Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; ,lk;ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs;
1 N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; eltbf;ifapd; NghJ gpuhd;Rk;
N[u;kdpAk; gifik ehLfshf cUntLj;jik
2 N[u;kd; Nguurdhfpa ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;
3 FbNaw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j Nghl;b
4 MAjg; Nghl;bfSk; ,dthjk; tsu;r;rpailjYk;
5 gpuhd;ir jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gp];khu;f; gpd;gw;wpa
ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if
118
cldbf;fhuzk;

1 M];jpupa Kbf;Fupa ,sturdpd; nfhiy

1 N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; eltbf;ifapd; NghJ gpuhd;Rk;

N[u;kdpAk; gifik ehLfshf cUntLj;jik 350 rpwpa ehLfshf

,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fis xd;wpizj;J N[u;kdp vd;Dk; ehlhf;fpatu;

Xl;Nlhkhd; gp];khu;f; Mthu;. ,jw;fhf 1870,y; N[u;kdpia

cUthf;fp mjidg; gyk; tha;e;j ehlhf;Ftjw;fhf gpuhd;Rld;

Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;lhd;. me;j Aj;jj;jpy; gpuhd;]; ngUk;

Njhy;tpaile;jJ. gpuhd;rpd; tsk; epiwe;j my;Nr];>

nyhiud;]; gpuNjrq;fis N[u;kdp ifg;gw;wpaJ. md;W Kjy; ,U

ehLfSk; gu];guk; gif ehlfshf khspd.

2 N[u;kd; Nguurdhfpa ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;

N[u;kdpapd; If;fpaj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd gp];khu;f; N[u;kdpf;F ntspNa

FbNaw;w ehLfis cUthf;Ftjpy; mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy. Mdhy;

1887,y; N[u;kdpapy; Nguurdhf te;j ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; (nfa;ru;

tpy;ypak;) N[u;kdpf;F FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;J N[u;kdpia

Nguurhf;FtNj Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mtdJ ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if

Vida ehLfSf;F re;Njfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

119
 3 gpuhd;ir jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gp];khu;f; gpd;gw;wpa
ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if
1870,y; ,lk;ngw;w gpuhd;Rldhd Nghupy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l my;nr];>
nyhiud;]; gpuNjrq;fis gpuhd;]; kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;Wk; vd;w mr;rk;
N[u;kdpf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfSld; N[u;kdp
el;GwTfis Vw;gLj;jtJk;> gpuhd;Rf;F el;Gf;nfhs;s VJk; ,y;yhky;
nra;tJk; N[u;kdpapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. jdpikg;glj;jg;gl;l
gpuhd;]; INuhg;ghtpy; el;G ehLfis Njbr;nrd;wikahy; N[u;kdp
kw;Wk; guhd;]; jiyikapy; ,U Kfhk;fs; Njhd;wpd. N[u;kdp>
,j;jhyp> M];jpupah cs;spl;l ehLfs; xU KfhkhfTk;> gpuhd;];>
gpupj;jhdpah> u];ah cs;spl;l ehLfs; ,d;ndhU KfhkhfTk; gpupe;J
epd;wd.
M];jpupa Kbf;Fupa ,sturdpd; nfhiy
M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,strud; Ngu;bdhe;Jk; mtdJ kidtpAk;
Nru;gpahtpd; jiyefu; ru[pNthtpy; itj;J Rl;lf;nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. ,J
jdf;fhd #o;r;rp vdj; jPu;khdpj;j M];jpupah epge;jidfs; rpytw;iw
tpjpj;J el;l<L Nfl;lJ. Nru;gpah mjid epufhupj;jikahy; 1914
[_iy 20k; jpfjp nru;gpahTf;F vjpuhf M];jpupah Aj;j gpufldk;
nra;jJ. ,e;epfo;Nt ru[pNth rk;gtk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
03 FbNaw;w ehLfis mikj;Jf;nfhz;l INuhg;gpa ehlfs; vit?

gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;> Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;

04 mjpf FbNaw;w ehLfis itj;jpUe;j ehL vJ?(#upad; m];jkpf;fhj

rhk;uh[;aj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;j ehL vJ?

gpupj;jhdpah

120
05 N[u;kdp FbNaw;w ehLfifs cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs; vit?

N[u;kdpapy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpahy;

%yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk; KbTg;nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;jTk;

FbNaw;w ehLfs; Njitg;gl;lik

06 MAj gyj;jhy; Ie;J tulq;fsp; ngw;witfisg; ghJfhf;f NkYk; 50

tUlq;fs; MAjk; jupj;j epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;b tUk; vdf;$wpa

N[u;kdpd; Nrdhjpgjp ahu;?

nthd; Nthy; Nf

07 INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l Njrpathjj;jpd; ,yl;rzkhf miktJ vJ?

jkJ ehl;bd; kPJ gw;Wf;nfhs;tjk; Vida ehLfis xopg;gJkhFk;.

ghlNtis (12)

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; gutpa Kiw

01 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupy; gq;Nfw;w mzpfisAk; ehLfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 el;G ehLfs; (Ner ehLfs;) - gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> u];ah> If;fpa

mnkupf;fh

2 kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuR (mr;R ehLfs;) - N[u;kdp> M];jpupah>

,j;jhyp> JUf;fp> gy;Nfupah> `q;Nfup

121
02 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j Kiwfs; vit?

 ru[pNth rk;gtk; fhuzkhf M];jpupah nru;gpah kPJ Aj;j gpufldk;

nra;jJ
 M];jpupahtpd; ,r;nraiy mjd; el;G ehlhfpa N[u;kdp Mjupj;jJ
 Nru;gpahtpw;F cjt u];ah Kd;te;jJ.
 M];jpupahtpw;F rhu;ghf Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpa N[u;kdp Mtzp Kjyhk; jpfjp
u];ahtpw;F vjpuhf Aj;j gpufldk; nra;jJ
 u];ahtpd; el;G ehlhf gpuhd;]; ,Ue;jikahy; gpuhd;Rf;F vjpuhf N[u;kdp
Aj;j gpufldk; nra;jJ
 N[u;kdp ngy;[paj;jpd; topahf gpuhd;ir Mf;fpukpj;jikahy; ngy;[paj;jpd;
ghJfhg;G cjtpahf ,Ue;jik> el;G ehlhf gpuhd;]; tpsq;fpaik Mfpa
fhuzq;fshy; gpupj;jhdpah Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpaJ.
 gpupj;jhdpah jdJ Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpaikahy; mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfis
Nehf;fpAk; Aj;jk; tpuptile;jJ.
 If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; gazpfs; fg;gyhd YRj;jhdpah jhf;fg;gl;likahy;
If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghupy; ,wq;fpaJ

03 kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfs; mzpapypUe;J tpyfp ,ufrpa xg;ge;jk;

%yk; el;G ehLfNshL ,ize;j ehL vJ? ,j;jhyp

04 Gul;rp fhuzkhf Nghupd; ,ileLtpy; tpyfpa ehL vJ? u];ah

05 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupy; N[u;kdp jiyikapyhd kj;jpa INuhg;gpa

ty;yuRfs; mzp Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 If;fpa mnkupf;fh el;G ehLfs; mzpf;F rhu;ghf Nghupy;

,ize;jik

2 If;fpa mnkupf;fhtplk; fhzg;gl;l ngUe;njhifahd

czTf;ifapUg;G> ,U kpy;ypaidf;nfhz;l fhyhl;gil> kw;Wk;

flw;gil> Gj;jk; Gjpa etPd Nghu; MAjq;fs; vd;gtw;why; Vw;gl;l

neUf;fb

122
 3 ,ufrpa xg;ge;jk; %yk; ,j;jhyp el;G ehLfs; gf;fk; Nru;e;jikahy;

Nghu; ,ufrpaq;fs; vjpupapd; iffSf;Fr; nrd;wik

4 N[u;kdpapd; NghupLk; rf;jp gytPdkile;jik> czT neUf;fb
Vw;gl;lik> ,uhZtj;jpd; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l mikjpapd;ik
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5 N[u;kdpapy; kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp Vw;gl;L fytuq;fs; ehL KOtJk;
gutpaik.
ghlNtis (13)

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

01 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 Aj;jj;jpy; mr;R ehLfs; mzp Njhy;tpaile;jik

2 Aj;jj;jpy; el;G ehLfs; mzp ntw;wp ngw;wik

3 MAjg;ghtid fhuzkhf ngUe;njhifahd kdpj capu;fs;

nfhy;yg;gl;lNjhL gj;J ,yl;rk; kf;fs; CdKw;wdu;.

4 ngUksthd nrhj;Jf;fs; moptile;jd.

5 Nghupd; Kbtpy; Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfSld; ntw;wpaile;j ehLfs;

cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.

(cjhuzk; N[u;kdpNahL Ntu;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;if)

6 cyfpd; tpyik kpf;f ehLfshf gpupj;jhdpahTk;> If;fpa
mnkupf;fhTk; vOr;rp ngw;wik
7 ru;tNjr rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lik
02 Ntu;nrapy; khspifapy; ,lk;ngw;w Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; gq;Nfw;wtu;fs;
ahtu;?
If;fpa mnkupf;fh - Tl;Nwhtpy;rd;
gpupj;jhdpah - nyhapl;N[hu;[;
gpuhd;]; - fpsnkd;N~h
,j;jhyp - tpl;NlhupNah xnyz;Nlh

123
03 Ntu;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;if %yk; N[u;kdpf;F toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs;

vit?

1 ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfSf;F ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ij el;l <lhf

nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;

2 ,uhZtj;ij itj;Jf;nfhs;sy;> nghu;j; jsghlq;fis jahupf;f

tplaj;jpy; tiuaiwfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.

3 gpuhd;rplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fshd my;Nr];> nyhiud;];

gpuNjrq;fs; kPz;Lk; gpuhd;rplk; xg;gilf;fg;gly;

4 N[u;kdpf;F ntspNa mike;jpUe;j mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfs; ntw;wp

ngw;w ehLfspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld.

04 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpdhy; tPo;r;rpaile;j ru;thjpfhu kd;duhl;rp

muRfs; vit?

N[u;kd; NguuR> M];jpupa `q;Nfupg; nguuR> JUf;fpg; NguuR

05 ,dq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpa Rje;jpu muRfs; vit?

gpd;yhe;J> Nghye;J> nrf;nfh];Nyhthf;fpah> `q;Nfup

ghlNtis (14)

ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> gzpfs;

01 kPz;Lk; Aj;jk; Vw;gLtijj; jLf;fTk; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;fTk;

cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G vJ?

ru;tNjr rq;fk;

02 ru;tNjr rq;fk; cUthf Kd;dpd;W cioj;j mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp ahu;?

T+l;nwhtpy;rd;

03 ru;tNjr rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1920.01.10
124
04 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; muk;gj;jpy; vj;jid ehLfs; mq;fk; tfpj;jd?

42

05 ru;tNjr rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ehLfspilNa Vw;gLk; fUj;J NtWghLfis rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;j;jy;

2 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Aj;jk; xd;W Vw;gLtijj; jLj;jy;

3 ru;tNjr Gupe;Jzu;itak; xj;Jiog;igAk; flbnaog;Gjy;
4 rpwpa ehLfspd; Rje;jpuk;> RahjPdk; vd;gtw;iwg; ghjfhj;jy;
5 kdpj Fy xw;Wik %yk; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;
06 ru;tNjr rq;fk; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;f vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; vit?
1 RtPlDf;Fk; gpd;yhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilapYk;> N[u;kdpf;Fk; Nghye;jpw;Fk;
,ilapYk;> fpNuf;fj;jpw;Fk; gy;NfupahTw;Fk; ,ilapYk; > <uhDf;Fk;
JUf;fpf;Fk; ,ilapYk; Vw;gl;l Aj;j Kuz;ghLfis jtpu;j;jik

2 mfjpfs; Gdu;tho;tpw;fhf eltbf;ifnaLj;jik

3 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;j

FbNaw;wq;fspd; Ml;rp eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;ghu;it

nra;jik

4 rl;l tpNuhkhd mbik tpahghuk;> Nghijg; nghUs; tpahghuj;ijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

07 ru;tNjr rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 cyfpd; nry;te;j ehlhfTk;> nghu;gg

; ykpf;f ehlhfTk;> ru;tNjr

rq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhd If;fpa mnkupf;fh mq;fk;

tfpf;fhik.

2 cyfpd; kw;iwa ty;yurhd u];ahit ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J

xJf;fp itj;jik

125
 3 jdJ jPu;khdq;fis epu;gg
; e;jk; %yk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;
Njitahd epue;jug;gilNah my;yJ VjhtnjhU rkhjkhdg;
gilia gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghJ ,zf;fg;ghNlh fhzg;glhik
4 cyf rkhjhdk; rPu;Fiyf;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; me;ehLfSf;F

vjpuhf eltbf;if vLf;f KbakhypUe;jik. cjhuzkhf ,j;jhyp

mgprPdpahit Mf;fpukpj;j NghJk;> [g;ghd; kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;j

NghJk; eltbf;ifnaLf;f Kbatpy;iy.

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;NjhL njhlugila ehLfis

cyfg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;jf;fhl;Lf.

ghlNtis (15)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 `pl;yupd; vOr;rp

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; ,lk;ngw;w fhyg;gFjp vJ?

1939 nrg;nlk;gu; - 1945 Mtzp tiu

02 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfs; vit?

1 N[u;kdpapy; `pl;yupd; vOr;rpAk; mtupd; eltbf;iffSk;

2 ,j;jhypapy; KNrhypdpapd; eltbf;if

3 [g;ghdpd; eltbf;iffs;

4 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; gytPdk;

126
03 N[u;kdpapy; `pl;yupd; vOr;rpAk; mtupd; eltbf;iffSk; vt;thW cyf

kfh Aj;jj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff?

 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; N[u;kdpapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Gjpa

muR itku; $l;lhl;rp vdg;gl;lJ.
 itku; murpd; gytPdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp `pl;yu; Ml;rpf;F te;jik
 ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ij el;l <lhf nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik
fhuzkhf N[u;kdpapd; tUkhdk; KOtijak; nrytopf;f Ntz;b
Vw;gl;lJ. itku; muR gzj;ij mr;rbf;f Kw;gl;ljhy; gzj;jpd;
ngWkhdk; tPo;r;rpaile;J ehl;by; tWikAk;> nghUl;fspd; tpiu
mjpfupg;G> Ntiyapd;ik Mfpad Vw;gl;ld
 1929,y; Vw;gl;l cyfg; nghUshjhu neUf;fbapdhy; N[u;kdp ngupJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. itku; muRf;F ,g;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;gg
; jw;F ,ayhJ
vd `pl;yupd; Mjuthsu;fs; $wpdu;
 M];jpupauhd `pl;yu; itku; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfr; #o;r;rp nra;jik
fhuzkhf rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;lhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; vdJ Nghuhl;lk;
vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,jpy; ehrprthjk; Fwpj;Jf; $wpAs;shu;
 rpiwapypUe;J ntspte;j `pl;yu; ,dthjj;ijg; gug;gp 1933,y;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp (up~;lhf;) rhd;ryuhdhu;.
 ,tupd; fl;rp Njrpa Nrhryprf; fl;rp vdg;gl;lJ. ,jpypUe;Nj ehrp vd;w
nrhy; cUthdJ.
 `pl;yu; rhd;ryhfg; gjptpNaw;w NghJ N[u;kdpapd; [dhjpgjpahf
nthd;`pld;ghu;f; vd;gtu; ,Ue;jhu;
 `pld; ghu;f; ,wf;f mtuJ mjpfhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; `pl;yu;
jdjhf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.
 Nju;jy; neUq;Fk; NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;f jPitj;Jtpl;L mjd; gopia
fk;Adp];Lfs; kPj Rkj;jpdhu;
 rfy murpay; fl;rpfSk;> rkTlikthjpfSk; jilnra;ag;gl;ldu;
 A+ju;fis $z;NlhL nfhiy nra;a Muk;gpj;jhu;.
 v];.v];. ,uhZtk;> nf];lNgh vd;Dk; ,ufrpa nghyprhUk; nfhiyfspy;
<Lgl;ldu;
 Clfq;fs; midj;ijAk; jdf;Fr; rhjhfkhdg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,jw;F
Clfj;Jiw mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j nfhangy;]; vjtpdhu;.

127
  gj;jpupifr; Rje;jpuk;> $l;lk; RLk; Rje;jpuk;> fUj;J ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk;
Mfpa midj;Jk; jilnra;ag;gl;ld.
 `pl;yupd; fk;A+dpr vjpu;gi
; gf; fz;l Nkw;Fyf ehLfs; `pl;yUf;F
vjpuhf eltbf;if vLf;fhikapdhy; NkYk; gpbthj FzKs;stuhf
khwpdhu;.
 1934,y; N[u;kdp ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfp Aj;jj;ij Nehf;fpr;
nry;yj; njhlq;fpaJ.
 `pl;yupd; Mf;fpukpg;G Kaw;rpfs;
o 1938,y; M];jjpupahit Mf;fpukpj;J N[u;kdpald;
,izj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.
o nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpa kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jp mtu;fis
nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpau;> N[u;kdpapdu; vd ,duPjpahfg; gpupj;J
RNll;yhe;J vd;Dk; ngaupy; jdpehL cd;iw mikj;jhu;
o gpd;du; RNll;yhe;ijAk;> nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpahitAk;
Mf;fpukpj;jhu;
o Nghye;ij Mf;fpukpf;Fk; NghJ gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;]; ehLfs;
`pl;yUf;F vjpuhf Aj;jj;ij Muk;gpj;jd.

04 ehrprthjk; vd;why; vd;d?

ru;thjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay; KiwahFk;.

[dehafthjk;> rkTlikthjk;> Kjyhspj;Jthjk; vd;gtw;wpw;F

vjpuhdJ. ,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; N[u;kd; ,dkhdJ khrw;w

Mupau;fisf;nfhz;l cyfpd; cd;djkhd ,dk; vd;gjhFk;.

05 `pl;yuhy; mikf;fg;gl;l tij Kfhk;fs; vit?

mTl;tpl;];> gu;fu; ngy;~d;> ngy;n~f;> nrhk;Nghu;

128
ghlNtis (16)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

2 KNrhypdp Ml;rpf;F tUjy;

01 ,j;jhypapy; KNthypdpapd; nraw;ghLfs; vt;thW ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh

Aj;jj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff?

 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;j Kbtpy; ,j;jhyp ntw;wp ngw;w mzpapy; ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffs; %yk; ngupJk; ed;ikfs; fpl;ltpy;iy.
 Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Ntiyapd;ik> czTj;jl;Lg;ghL> NtiyepWj;jk; vd;gd
Vw;gl;ld.
 ,jidg;ggad;gLj;jp 1922,y; ghrprthj murpay; fl;rp Clhf murpay;
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
 fUQ;rl;il tPuu;fs; vd;Dk; ,uhZtj;ij cUthf;fp ghrprj;ij
vjpu;j;jtu;fis mopj;jhd;.
 ,j;jhypapy; ru;thjpfhu Vl;rpia Vw;gLj;j KNrhypdp Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs; vit

1 ghrpr mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffis gbg;gbahf epiyepWj;jpaik

2 mur gjtpfis jdf;F rhu;ghdtu;fSf;F toq;fp jd;id

vjpu;j;jtu;fs; kPJ mlf;F Kiwiaf; ifahz;lik

3 gj;jpupif Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpj;jik

4 thf;fhsu;fis fWg;Gr;rl;il gilapdu; %yk; gyte;jg;gLj;jpaik

 Aj;j uPjpapy; ,j;jhypia tYg;gLj;j KNrhypdp vLj;j eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 ghrpr thjk;> ,dthjk;> Nghu; vd;gd cau;thff; fUjg;gl;lJ

2 ,isQu;fSf;F Aj;j Nrit fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ

3 vj;jpNahg;gpahitf; jhf;fp ,j;jhypAld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

4 n[duy; gpuhd;rp];Nfhtpd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; ,j;jhypag;

gilnahd;iw ];ghdpahTf;F mDg;gpaik

129
02 ghrprthjk; vd;why; vd;d?

Nfhl;ghLfNsh> jj;Jtq;fNsh> Ngr;Nrh my;yhkw; fl;Lg;ghLfSld;

$ba nraw;ghL kl;LNk Njit vd;w rpe;jidiaf; nfhz;l

thjkhFk;. gzp> ek;G> NghupL> jiytd; ey;yijNa nra;thd; vd;gj

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ru;thjpfhu Ml;rpahFk;.

[g;ghdpd; vOr;rp

03 [g;ghdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffs; vt;thW ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh

Aj;jj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff?

1 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,wjp miug;gFjpapy; Mrpa ehLfspy; [g;ghd;

Kd;Ndw;wfukhd ehlhf tpsq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ

2 cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd r%yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk; >

KbTg;nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;aTk; re;ijfs; Njitg;gl;ld.

3 Mrpahtpy; ngUk;ghyd FbNaw;wq;fs; INuhg;gpau;fshy;

mikf;fgl;;bUe;jik fhuzkhf mtu;fNshL Nkhj Ntz;ba #oy;

Vw;gl;lJ.

4 1934y; tlrPdhtpd; kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;J mjid jd;Dld;

,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

5 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfp rPdhtpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fisAk;>

efuq;fs; rpytw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

6 Mrpahtpy; Aj;jk; guTtjw;F [g;ghd; fhuzkhf mike;jJ

130
ghlNtis (17)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; gutyile;j Kiw

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Nfw;w mzpfs; vit?

1 Ner ehLfs; mzp :- If;fpa mnkupf;fh> gpuhd;];> gpupj;jhdpah>

u];ah

2 mr;R ehlfs; mzp :- N[u;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd;

02 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; vJ?

1939 nrg;nlk;gu; Kjyhk; jpfjp N[u;kdp nghye;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik

03 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; gutyile;j Kiwfs; vit?

1 Nghye;ijg; ghjfhf;f xg;ge;jk; nra;jpUe;j gpupj;jhdpahTk;> gpuhd;Rk;

N[u;kdpf;F vjpuhf Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpd.

2 ehd;F thuq;fSf;Fs; nghye;J Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ

3 Nehu;Nt> nld;khu;f;> xy;yhe;J> ngy;[pak; Mfpa ehLfs; N[u;kdpahy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

4 1940,y; gpuhd;irj; jhf;fp ghup]; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

5 KNrhypdpAk; ,j;jhypapd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J gpuhd;Rf;Fs;

gpuNtrpj;jhd;.

6 1941,y; [g;ghd; mnkupf;fhtpd; Ngu;s; jiwKfj;jpd; kPJ

Fz;LtPrpajhy; mnkupf;fh NerehLfs; rhu;ghf Aj;jj;jpy;

,ize;jJ.

04 gpupj;jhdpa kf;fis ehrpfSf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; <LgLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp

ngw;w gpujku; ahu;?

tpd;rd;l;Nru;r;rpy;

131
05 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; mnkupf;fh <Lgl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

[g;ghd; mnkupf;fhtpd; Ngu;s; JiwKfj;ij jhf;fpaik

06 [g;ghDf;F vjpuhf Aj;j gpufldk; nra;j mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp ahu;?

gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l;

07 INuhg;ghtpw;Fs; kl;lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j Aj;jk; cyf Aj;jkhf

khw;wkile;j Mz;L

1941

08 ruzilAq;fs; ,y;yhJtpl;lhy; mbNahL mopj;JtpLNtd; vd 2k;

cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F miw$ty; tpLj;jtd;

`pl;yu;

09 gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; N[u;kdpf;Fk; ,ilNa fLk; thd;Nghu; eilngw;w

Mz;L vJ? 1940 nrg;nlk;gu; 14

10 `pl;yu; u\;ah kPJ gilnaLj;jikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

cf;Nudpd; jhdpa tpisepyq;fisAk;> fhfr]; vy;iyapy; fhzg;gLk;

vz;nza; tay;fisAk; ifg;gw;Wjy;. nfhkpA+dprf; nfhs;iffis

,y;yhnjhopj;jy;

11 u];ah kPJ gilnaLj;J gLNjhy;tpaile;j gpuhd;rpd; rf;futu;j;jp ahu;?

neg;Nghypad;

12 u\;ahtpy; N[u;kdp Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 u\;ag;gilapdupd; je;jpuq;fs;

2 fLk; Fspuhy; jfty; gupkhw;wk; nraypoe;jik

3 gdp tPo;r;rp fhuzkhf Aj;j jhq;fpfs; nraypoe;jik

4 Fspuhy; Nghu; tPuu;fs; ,we;jik

5 czTj;jl;Lg;ghL> Neha;fs; gutpaik

132
13 N[u;kdp epge;jpidapd;wp ruzile;j Mz;L vJ?

1945

14 N[u;kdp vt;thW ruzile;jJ?

1 Nrhtpaj;jpd; nrk;gilfs; N[u;kdpag; gilfis njhlu;e;J jhf;fp

jkJ gpuNjrq;fis kPl;Lf;nfhz;L N[u;kdpia Nehf;fp fpof;Fj;

jpirapy; Kd;Ndwpd.

2 gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; mnkupf;fg;gilfs; Nehu;khz;bapy; jiuapwq;fp

gpuhd;ir kPl;Lf;nfhz;L Nkw;Fj; jpirahf N[u;kdpia Nehf;fp

tpiue;jd.

3 1945 khu;r;rpy; jiyefu; ngu;ypDf;Fs; ,uz;L gilfSk; Eioe;jd. 4

`pl;yu; cs;spl;l mtdJ fl;lisj; jsgjpfs; jw;nfhiy nra;J

nfhz;ldu;.

15 [g;ghdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpupj;jhdpah FbNaw;w ehlfs; vit?

rpq;fg;G+u;> kNyrpah> gu;kh> n`hq;n`hq;

16 [g;ghd; 1942,y; ifg;gw;whj Mrpa ehLfs; vit?

,yq;if> ,e;jpah

17 ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;j fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; nfhOk;G> jpUNfhzkiy

JiwKfq;fs; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpa ehL vJ?

[g;ghd;

18 [g;ghdpy; mZFz;L tPrg;gl;l efuq;fs; vit?

`pNuhrpNkh – 1945 Mtzp 06

ehfrhrp - 1945 Mtzp 09

19 [g;ghdpy; mZFz;L tPr mDkjpaspj;j mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp ahu;?

`upl;&kd;

133
20 epge;jidaw;w tpjj;jpy; ruzila ,zq;fpa [g;ghdpag; Nguurd; ahu;

`pNjh`pj;Njh

21 [g;ghdpd; ruzhfjp xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;ltu;fs; ahu;?

kprTup fg;gypy; itj;J

[g;ghd; rhu;ghf - khnkhU rpnfkpR> narpl;]uP h cnkl;]_

Ner ehLfs; rhu;ghf - nkf; Mj;ju;

ghlNtis (22 – 18)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;> NguopTfs;

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa mr;R ehLfs; Njhy;tpaile;jd.

2 ,e;j Aj;jj;jpy; 50 kpy;ypaDf;fk; mjpfkhd kdpj capu;fs;

nfhy;yg;gl;lNjhL nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nry;tq;fspd; mopT

fzf;fplKbahjitahf ,Ue;jd.

3 `pl;yupd; A+ju;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhs;if fhuzkhf N[u;kdp>

Nghye;J> `q;Nfup Nghd;w ehLfspy; tho;e;j kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd

A+ju;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

4 mZFz;L Nghuhajkhf Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xU

,yl;rj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu; nfhy;yg;gl;Lk;> mjid tplg;

ngUe;njhifahNdhu; fhag;gl;Lk;> mZf;fjpu; tPr;rpdhy;

ngUe;njhifahNdhu; Neha;tha;gl;lNjhL vjpu;fhy re;jjpak;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 ,Jtiu ty;yurhf ,Ue;j gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; ,e;j ,lj;ij
,oe;Jtpl mnkupf;fhTk;> u];ahTk; ,e;j ,lj;ijg;
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;ld.

134
 6 ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Nghd; FbNaw;w ehLfs; Rje;jpukile;jd.

7 Nghupy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l INuhg;gpa ehLfisf; fl;bnaOg;g mnkupf;f

mur nrayhsu; N[hd;khu;ry; vd;gtuhy; eltbf;ifnaLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J khu;ry; jpl;lk; vdg;gl;lJ
8 mnkupf;fh [dehafj;jpd; ghJfhtydhfTk;> u];ah rktilikapd;
ghJfhtydhfTk; khwpaNjhL ,U ehLfs; jiyikapy; ,U
mzpfs; Njhd;wpd. Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapduhy; Nel;Nlh mikg;Gk;>
rkTlikthj mzpapduhy; thu;Nrh mikg;Gk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
02 gdpg;Nghu; vd;why; vd;d?
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Njhd;wpa ,e;j ,uz;L
Kfhk;fSk; Nghu; MAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jhJ jkJ Kfhik ntw;wp

ngwr; nra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Kd;ndLj;j

Nghuhl;lNk gdpg;Nghu; vdg;gLk;.
03 gdpg;Nghupd; NghJ ,U ehLfSk; gad;glj;jpa cj;jpfs; vit?

1 ,ufrpa csTr;Nrit (mnkupf;fh – CIA> u];ah – KGB)

2 mikg;Gf;fis mikj;jy; (mnkupf;fh – Nel;Nlh> u];ah – thu;Nrh)

3 cjTk; nray;jpl;lq;fis tpupTgLj;Jjy; ( FbNaw;w ehL vd;w
epiyapypUe;J ePq;fp RahjPd ehLfshf khwpa ehLfspd;
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; ,e;ehLfs; cjtp nra;tjd; %ykhf jkJ
Kfhk;fSf;Fs; cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;s Kad;wdu;)
04 ,U Kfhk;fSf;Fs;Sk; Nruhj ehLfs; cUthf;fpa mikg;G vJ?
mjw;F topfhl;bahf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;? Muk;gpj;j Mz;L vJ?
mzpNruh ,af;fk;> 1961 ,e;jpag; gpujku; [tfu;yhy; NeU
05 mzpNruh ehLfspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;fs; ahu;?
,e;jpah - [tfu;yhy; NeU
A+Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpah - khu;ry; bl;Nlh
vfpg;J - mg;Jy; fkhy; ehru;

135
ghlNtis (19)

If;fpa ehLfs; rig

01 el;G ehLfs; Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpa

Mtzk; vJ? mJ vj;jidahk; Mz;L ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ> mjpy;
ifnaOj;jpl;ltu;fs; ahtu;?
mj;jpyhe;jpf; gpufldk; (ml;yhz;bf; rhrdk;)
1941

mnkupf;fh – gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l;

gpupj;jhdpah - tpd;rd;Nru;r;rpy;
me;j ehLfis miog;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa nrhy; - If;fpa ehLfs;
02 1943,y; nkh];Nfhtpy; ve;j ehLfspd; ntspehl;likru;fs; gq;Fnfhz;L
ru;tNjr ehLfspd; mikg;nghd;iw mikg;gJ njhlu;ghff;
fye;Jiuahbdu;?
mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> u];ah> rPdh

03 If;fpa ehLfs; rig cUthtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdtu;fs; ahu;?

mnkupf;fh - gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l;

gpupj;jhdpah - tpd;rd; Nru;r;rpy;

u];ah - N[hrg; ];lhypd;

04 If;fpa ehLfs; rig mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ> KjyhtJ $l;lk;

eilngw;w ,lk; vJ> mjpy; vj;jid ehlfs; gq;Fnfhz;ld?

1945> rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh> 50

05 ,k;kfhehl;by; gq;Fgw;whJ cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;l ehL vJ?

Nghye;J

06 If;fpa ehLfspd; jpdk; vg;NghJ nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ?

Xf;Nlhgu; 24
136
07 If;fpa ehLfs; rig mikf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; NgzptUjy;

2 ehLfSf;fpilNa el;Gwit tsu;j;jy;

3 kdpj kw;Wk; mbg;gil Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpnra;J ru;tNjr

xj;Jiog;ig tpupTgLj;Jjy;

08 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fl;likg;G ?

1 nghJr;rig 2 ghJfhg;Gr;rig 3 nrayfk;

4 ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; 5 r%f nghushjhu rig

6 ek;gpf;if nghWg;ghz;ikr; rig

nghJr;rig

09 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rigapidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; midj;J ehLfisAk;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; mikg;ghFk;. (mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; 193)

2 xt;nthU mq;fj;Jt ehl;bw;Fk; xU thf;Fupikf;F cupj;JilaJ

3 tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw $Lk; (nrg;nlk;gu; khjk;)
4 mjpfkhd mq;fj;jtu;fsJ Ntz;LNfhspd;gb tpNrl $l;lq;fs;
elhj;Jtjw;F mDkjpAz;L
10 nghJr;rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?
1 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nfhs;iffSf;F mikthf
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ve;jnthU tplak; Fwpj;Jk; fye;Jiuahly;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L jPu;khdnkLj;jy;.
2 MAj tpsf;fk;> MAjf; fl;Lg;ghL njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs;> tu;rNjr
rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;J cupa nfhs;iffis
mtjhdj;jpw; nfhs;sy;

137
 3 ghJfhg;Gr;rig kw;Wk; Vida epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk;

mwpf;iffis kPsha;T nra;jy;

4 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; tuT nryTj;jpl;l mwpf;iffisg;

guprpypj;jy;

5 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; MNyhridapd;gb nghJr;nrayhsiu njupT

nra;jy;

ghJfhg;Gr;rig

11 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; cWg;G ehLfs; vj;jid? 15

12 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; epue;ju cWg;G ehLfs; vj;jid> mit vit?

5 rPdh> gpuhd;];> u];ah> gpupj;jhdpah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh

13 epue;jukw;w 10 ehLfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; vt;tsT? 2 tUlk;

14 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapy; jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl vj;jid thf;Ffs;

Ntz;Lk;? 9

15 ,uj;jjpfhuk; nfhz;l ehLfs; vit? epue;ju cWg;G ehLfs; Ie;Jk;

16 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; xw;WikiaAk; Ngzy;

2 ru;tNjrg; gpur;rpidfSf;F VJthf mikAk; rfy fhuzpfisAk;

Muha;jy;

3 Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fSf;F vjpuhf eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;

(nghUshjhuj;jil> Nghu;gg
; yj;ij gad;gLj;jy;

4 MAjg;ghtidfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L jpl;lq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;

138
ghlNtis (20)
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rig

01 nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rigapd; cWg;G ehlfs; vj;jid> mit

vt;thW njupT nra;ag;gLk;?

54 .gjtpf;fhyk; 3 tUlk;. 3 tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw 18 mq;fj;jtu;fs;

gjtp tpyf Gjpa 18 mq;fj;jtu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
02 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?
1 kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
2 ru;tNjr khehLfis elhj;Jjy;
3 If;fpa ehLfspd; tpNrl jhgdq;fSld; cld;gbf;iffis
xOq;FgLj;jy;
4 rig eltbf;iffs; njh;u;ghf mur rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fsplk;
MNyhrid Nfl;ly;
03 r%f nghUshjhu rig cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
,izepWtdq;fs; vit?

1 czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;G (FAO)

2 ru;tNjrj; njhopyhsu; mikg;G (ILO)

3 If;fpa ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lk; (UNDP)

4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; ru;tNjr rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF)

5 If;fpa ehLfsJ fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fyhrhu jhgdk;
(UNESCO)

6 ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF)

7 cyf czT Ntiyj;jpl;lk; (WFP)

8 cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G (WHO)

9 If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd Mizahsu; ehafk; (UNHCR)

139
ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig

04 ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtu;?

1 ek;gpf;if Ms;Gyd;fis epu;tfpf;fpd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;

2 ek;gpf;if Ms;Gyd;fis epu;tfpf;fhj epue;ju cWg;Gila

ghJfhg;Gr;rig cWg;Gupik

3 nghWg;ghz;ikr; rigapdhy; 3 tUl fhyg;gFjpf;nfd njupT

nra;ag;gLk; cWg;gpdu;fs;

05 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 epu;tfpf;fpd;w mjpfhurigapdhy; rku;gg

; pf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fis

fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;

2 kDf;fisNaw;W epu;tfpf;fpd;w mjpfhu rigAldhd

fye;jhNyhridAld; guPl;rpj;jy;

3 me;j Ms;;Gyd;fSf;Fr; nry;Yjy;

06 rfy ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fSk; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij epiyehl;bf;

nfhz;l Mz;L vJ?

1994 (,Wjpahf ghypj;jPT)

ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

07 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd ePjpj;Jiw epWtdk; vJ?

ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

08 ru;tNjr ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid? Mtu;fspd;

gjtpf;fhyk; vt;tsT?

9 Ngu;. 15 tUlq;fs;

140
09 ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?

neju;yhe;jpd; N`f; efupy;

10 mjd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 If;fpa ehLfs; rig mjd; Vida epWtdq;fSf;F ePjp MNyhrid

toq;fy;

2 mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis

tprhuiz nra;jy;

3 mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; Kd;itf;Fk; Kiwg;ghLfSf;Fupa

tprhuizfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjhapd; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; toq;fk;

jPu;g;igNaw;wy;

nrayfk;

11 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd epu;thff; fhupahyak; vJ?

nrayfk;

12 nrayfj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu; ahu;? mtupd; gjtpf;fhyk; vt;tsT?

nghJr; nrayhsu;. 05 tUlk;. xUtu; ,uz;L jlit gjtpapy;

,Uf;fyhk;

13 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 mikg;gpd; Mz;lwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;J Kd;itj;jy;

2 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; mikjpg;gilia epu;tfpj;jy;

3 gpur;rpidj;jPuptpd; NghJ rkhjhdj; J}Jtdhfj; jiyapLjy;

4 If;fpa ehLfspd; tplaq;fSf;Nfw;w tifapyhd ru;tNjr

khehLfisf; $l;Ljy;

141
ghlNtis (21)

If;fpa ehLfs; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs;

01 cyf ehLfspilNa rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rig

vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; vit?
1 Ra]; neUf;fb
2 tisFlh neUf;fb
3 fpA+gh neUf;fb

1 Rna]; neUf;fb

1956y; vfpg;jpa [dhjpgjp mg;Jy; fkhy; ehru; nghJTlikthj

Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb Rna]; fhy;thia Njrpa clikahf;fpa NghJ

vOe;j neUf;fb epiyia If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ghJfhg;Gg;

gilapdu; mg;gFjpapypUe;j gpupj;jhdpa> gpuhd;]; ,];Nuy; gilapdiu

mfw;wp rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik

2 tisFlh neUf;fb

<uhf;fpd; vy;iyapy; fhzg;gl;l Ungapyh fdpa vz;iz

taypypUe;J Fitj; vz;izia cwpQ;Rtjhf Fw;wk; rhl;b

Fitj;ij <uhf; Mf;fpukpj;j NghJ If;fpa ehLfs; rig gilfis
mDg;gpj; jLj;jJ.
3 fpA+gh neUf;fb
1962y; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpdhy; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;F vjpuhf
fpA+ghtpy; VTfizfs; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjw;Fg; gjpybahf
If;fpa mnkupf;fh u\;ahTf;F vjpuhf VTfizfis JUf;fpapy;
epiyg;gLj;jpaJ. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nrayhsu; mnkupf;f
[dhjpgjp N[hd;nfd;dbAlDk; u\;aj; jiytuhd FUNrTlDk;
fye;Jiuahbg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jhu;.

142
02 jw;fhy cyfpy; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; rig

vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 nghUshjhuj;jil tpjpj;jy;

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jPu;khdj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLk;

ehLfSf;F nghUhjhuj;jil tpjpg;gjd; %yk; me;jj; jPu;khdj;ij

nraw;gLj;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehLfis ,zf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;j

KbAk;.
2 mZ MAjq;fisf; Fiwf;fTk; mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;
eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;
Fwpg;gpl;l ehLfspy; Gjpjhf mZ MAjq;fis jahupg;gjhff; jfty;
fpilj;jJk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Mizf;FOit mDg;gp
epiyikiag; gurPypf;fpd;wJ. tlnfhupah> <uhd; Mfpa ehlfs;
mZ MAjq;fs; jahupj;jNghJ ,t;thwhd Mizf;FOf;fs;
epakpf;fg;gl;ld.
3 rkhjhdg;gilia <LgLj;jy;
,U gpuptpdupilNa fLk; Nghu; Vw;glf;$ba re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
epiyikiaf; fl;lg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;
rkhjhdg;gil <gLgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
03 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
epA+Nahu;f;
ghlNtis (22)
gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis cyfg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

neju;yhe;J> N`f; efuk;> epA+Nahu;f;> Ngu;s; JiwKfk;> `pNuhrpkh> ehfrhfp>

N[u;kd;> gpuhd;];> M];jpupah> gpupj;jhdpah> ,j;jhyp. M];jpupah> Nghye;J> If;fpa
mnkupf;fh> [g;ghd;> nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpah> Ngu;ypd;> ghup];> lhd;rpf; JiwKfk;

143