Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
Schools Division Office I Pangasinan
ILOG-MALINO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Ilog-Malino, Bolinao, Pangasinan

G5s PolygON the Adventure

A Mathematical Investigation for Grade 5

JOHN RENZTER D. MOLINA

JOHN CHRISTIAN O. MUNOZ

KERWIN C. FABRIGAS

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES PAGE

Title Page………………………………………………………………………1

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………2

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………3

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………..3

CONJECTURES……………………………………………………………….3

VERIFYING CONJECTURES………………………………………………4

JUSTIFICATION……………………………………………………………...5

SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………7

POSSIBLE EXTENSIONS……………………………………………………7

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….8

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 INTRODUCTION
Polygons are fundamental shapes in geometry, found in various
contexts from simple figures to complex structures. One of the key
aspects of studying polygons is understanding the properties of their
angles. Specifically, the interior and exterior angles of polygons provide
critical insights into their geometric characteristics. While the
calculation of these angles may seem straightforward for regular
polygons, where all angles are equal, the situation becomes more
complex when dealing with irregular polygons, where angles can differ
from vertex to vertex.

The challenge lies in determining the mathematical relationships

between the number of sides (n) of a polygon and its corresponding
interior and exterior angles. How can we calculate the interior angles of
any polygon, and how can the exterior angles be derived based on the
number of sides? Furthermore, how do these angle properties differ for
regular and irregular polygons?

This investigation seeks to explore these questions by examining

the geometric principles and formulas that govern the determination of
interior and exterior angles. By understanding the formulas for regular
polygons, where all angles are identical, and irregular polygons, where
angles may vary, this study will provide a comprehensive framework
for solving problems related to the angles of polygons and their
applications in geometry. Through this investigation, we aim to deepen
our understanding of polygonal properties and their role in both
theoretical and practical geometry.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Determining the interior and exterior angles of polygons is
fundamental in geometry, as these angles provide critical information
about the shape and properties of polygons. The problem lies in
understanding the mathematical relationships between the number of
sides (n) of a regular polygon and its associated angles. Specifically,

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how can one calculate the interior angles of any polygon, and how can
the exterior angles be determined based on the given number of sides?
Addressing this problem requires an exploration of geometric principles
and formulas that allow for accurate calculations of both interior and
exterior angles for a wide range of polygons.

CONJECTURES

Conjectures about the Problem:

1. Conjecture 1: The Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon: For

any polygon with n sides, the sum of its interior angles is always
given by the formula (n−2)×180∘. This conjecture suggests that
as the number of sides increases, the sum of the interior angles
increases accordingly, following this predictable relationship.
2. Conjecture 2: Interior Angles of Regular Polygons: In a
regular polygon, where all interior angles are equal, the measure
of each interior angle can be determined by dividing the sum of
interior angles by the number of sides. Thus, each interior angle

of a regular polygon with n sides is given by the formula .

3. Conjecture 3: Exterior Angles of Any Polygon: The sum of
the exterior angles of any polygon, regardless of the number of
sides or whether it is regular or irregular, is always equal to 360∘.
This conjecture suggests that, regardless of the polygon’s
complexity, the exterior angles collectively add up to a constant
value.
4. Conjecture 4: Exterior Angles of Regular Polygons: In a
regular polygon, where all exterior angles are equal, the measure
of each exterior angle can be calculated by dividing 360∘ by the
number of sides n. Therefore, each exterior angle of a regular

polygon with n sides is given by .

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 5. Conjecture 5: Relationship Between Interior and Exterior
Angles: For any polygon, the interior and exterior angles at each
vertex are supplementary, meaning their sum is always 180∘.
This conjecture holds true for both regular and irregular
polygons.

VERIFYING CONJECTURES

To verify Conjecture 1 — "The Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon" — we can

approach it by using a mathematical proof and applying it to various
polygons. The conjecture suggests that the sum of the interior angles
of any polygon with n sides is given by the formula (n−2)×180∘.

Verification Process:

1. Base Case: Triangle (3 sides) A polygon with 3 sides is a

triangle. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always
180∘+180∘+180∘=180∘.

Using the formula for n=3:

(3−2)×180∘=1×180∘=180∘.

The formula gives the correct sum of the interior angles of a

triangle, so the conjecture holds for n=3.

2. Quadrilateral (4 sides) A quadrilateral has four sides. The sum

of the interior angles of any quadrilateral is always 360∘.

Using the formula for n=4:

(4−2)×180∘=2×180∘=360∘.(4 - 2) \times 180^\circ = 2 \times

180^\circ = 360^\circ.(4−2)×180∘=2×180∘=360∘.

The formula correctly gives the sum of the interior angles of a

quadrilateral, so the conjecture holds for n=4n = 4n=4.
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 3. Pentagon (5 sides) A pentagon has five sides. The sum of the
interior angles of a pentagon is always 540∘540^\circ540∘.

Using the formula for n=5n = 5n=5:

(5−2)×180∘=3×180∘=540∘.(5 - 2) \times 180^\circ = 3 \times

180^\circ = 540^\circ.(5−2)×180∘=3×180∘=540∘.

The formula again correctly gives the sum of the interior angles
of a pentagon, so the conjecture holds for n=5n = 5n=5.

4. General Proof for Any nnn-sided Polygon To prove this

formula for any polygon with nnn sides, we can divide the
polygon into triangles. Any polygon with nnn sides can be divided
into (n−2)(n - 2)(n−2) triangles, as each triangle has a sum of
interior angles equal to 180∘180^\circ180∘.

Therefore, the sum of the interior angles of an nnn-sided polygon

is:

(n−2)×180∘.(n - 2) \times 180^\circ.(n−2)×180∘.

This confirms the conjecture for any nnn-sided polygon.

Conclusion:

Based on the verification through specific examples (triangle,

quadrilateral, pentagon) and the general proof, Conjecture 1 is
correct. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with nnn sides is
always given by the formula (n−2)×180∘(n - 2) \times 180^\
circ(n−2)×180∘. As the number of sides nnn increases, the sum of the
interior angles increases accordingly, following this predictable
relationship. Thus, the conjecture is verified.

Verify Conjecture 3

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 An exterior angle (outside angle) of any shape or regular
polygon is the angle formed by one side and the extension of the
adjacent side of that polygon. Observe the exterior angles shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3. Sum of exterior angles of a polygon.

The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is equal to 360°. This
can be proved with the following steps:
 We know that the sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon
with 'n' sides = 180 (n-2).
 The interior and exterior angle at each vertex form a linear pair.
Therefore, there will be 'n' linear pairs in the polygon. Now, since
each linear pair sums up to 180°, the sum of all linear pairs will be:
180n°.
 So, the sum of exterior angles = Sum of all linear pairs - Sum of
interior angles
 This means: Sum of exterior angles = 180n – 180(n-2) = 180n –
180n + 360. Hence, the sum of exterior angles of a pentagon
equals 360°.

JUSTIFICATION
Through experimentation and reasoning, students will gather
evidence to support or refute the conjectures. Measuring angles and
side lengths of polygons will confirm Conjectures 1, 2, and 3.
Additionally, students will develop their problem-solving skills and
strengthen their understanding of geometric concepts.

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Justification 1

By definition, we know that the polygon is made up of line

segments. Below are the shapes of some polygons that are enclosed
by the different number of line segments.

Figure 4. Polygons in different shapes.

Justification 2

Example:

What is the Sum of the Interior Angles in a Hexagon?

Solution:

A hexagon has 6 sides, therefore, n = 6

The sum of interior angles of a regular polygon, S = (n − 2)

× 180
S = (6-2) × 180°
S = 4 × 180
S=720°

Therefore, the sum of interior angles of a hexagon is 720°.

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Justification 3

Example:
The exterior angles of a regular pentagon are y, 2y, 3y, 4y, and
8y. What is the size of the smallest interior angle of this pentagon?

Solution:

The sum of the exterior angles of a regular polygon is 360°.

Therefore y + 2y + 3y + 4y + 8y = 360°

18y = 360°
y = 360°/18
y = 20°

The size of the largest exterior angle = 8 × y = 8 × 20° = 160°

We know that the sum of an exterior angle and its adjacent

interior angle = 180°.

Therefore, the size of the smallest interior angle = 180° − 160°

= 20°

SUMMARY
This investigation provides Grade 5 students with the opportunity
to explore the properties and characteristics of polygons. By engaging
in practical activities and explorations, students develop a deeper
understanding of geometric shapes and their relationships.

POSSIBLE EXTENSIONS
Potential extensions of this investigation include:
 Exploring the properties of specific types of polygons, such
as parallelograms, trapezoids, and rhombuses.
 Investigating the relationships between the sides, angles,
and diagonals of polygons.
 Introducing concepts of symmetry and tessellations using
polygons.

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  Applying the understanding of polygons to solve real-world
problems, such as calculating the area of irregular shapes
or designing geometric patterns.
REFERENCES
1. [Link]
2.[Link]
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3. 21st Century Math Grade 5

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