CENTRE FOR MEDICAL AND RADIATION

PHYSICS
NISER BHUBANESWAR

LABORATORY REPORT
Study of Integrator, Differentiator and Phase shift
Oscillator

Submitted By: Satya Prabodh Nayak

Roll No: 241126004
2nd Semester, Session: 2024-25

Date of Experiment:7th February 2024

Date of Submission:12th February 2024

1
Contents
1 Aim 3

2 Apparatus Required 3

3 Theory 3

4 Observation 7
4.1 Integrator Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Differentiator Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3 Phase Shift Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3.1 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Conclusion 11

2
1 Aim
To study OPAMP as an integrator, differentiator and Phase shift oscillator.

2 Apparatus Required
I. OPAMP IC 741

II. D.C. Power Supply

III. Resistors
IV. Digital Multi-meter
V. Connecting Wires

VI. Breadboard
VII. Function Generator
VIII. Digital Storage Oscilloscope

3 Theory
Op-Amp Based Differentiator
A differentiator is an electrical circuit designed to generate an output proportional to the rate of
change of its input signal. This section explores the working of an operational amplifier (op-amp)
based differentiator in detail.
An op-amp differentiator generates an output corresponding to the derivative of the input volt-
age applied at its inverting terminal. The schematic representation of an op-amp based differentiator
is illustrated in the following figure:

Diagram of OP-AMP as Differentiator

3
Circuit Explanation
In this circuit, the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp is directly grounded, implying that it is
maintained at zero volts.
Using the virtual short principle, the voltage at the inverting input terminal is also at zero volts
since it mirrors the voltage at the non-inverting terminal.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) at the inverting input node:

d(0 − Vi ) 0 − V0
C + =0 (1)
dt R
Rearranging the equation:
dVi V0
−C = (2)
dt R
dVi
V0 = −RC (3)
dt
For RC = 1 second,
dVi
V0 = − (4)
dt
Hence, the op-amp differentiator circuit presented above produces an output corresponding to
the derivative of the input voltage Vi when the resistance and capacitance values are chosen such
that their impedances are reciprocal.
It is important to note that the output voltage V0 has a negative sign, indicating a 180-degree
phase shift between the input and output signals.

Op-Amp Based Integrator

An integrator is an electrical circuit that generates an output proportional to the integral of its
input signal. This section explains the working principle of an operational amplifier (op-amp) based
integrator.
An op-amp integrator produces an output that corresponds to the integral of the input voltage
applied to its inverting terminal. The schematic diagram of an op-amp based integrator is illus-
trated in the following figure:

4
 Diagram of OP-AMP as Integrator

Circuit Explanation
In this configuration, the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp is connected to ground, meaning it
is maintained at zero volts.
Based on the virtual short concept, the voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to the voltage
at the non-inverting terminal. Therefore, the voltage at the inverting input is also zero volts.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) at the inverting input node:

0 − Vi d(0 − V0 )
+C =0 (5)
R dt
Rearranging the equation:
Vi dV0
− =C (6)
R dt
dV0 Vi
=− (7)
dt RC
 
Vi
dV0 = − dt (8)
RC
Integrating both sides:
Z Z  
Vi
dV0 = − dt (9)
RC
Z
1
V0 = − Vi dt (10)
RC
For RC = 1 second,
Z
V0 = − Vi dt (11)

Thus, the op-amp integrator circuit described above generates an output that represents the
integral of the input voltage Vi when the resistor and capacitor impedances are inversely propor-
tional.

5
Opamp as Phase shift Oscillator
An RC phase shift oscillator utilizing an operational amplifier operates with the op-amp in an
inverting configuration. This configuration inherently introduces a 180-degree phase shift between
its input and output. The feedback system consists of three resistor-capacitor (RC) stages, each
contributing a phase shift of 60 degrees. A schematic representation of this oscillator is illustrated
in Figure ??.

Figure 1: RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Op-Amp

Operation
The amplifier’s output is directed towards the feedback network, which in turn drives the amplifier
input. The overall phase shift in the circuit is the sum of 180 degrees from the amplifier and 180
degrees from the three RC sections, amounting to a complete cycle of 360 degrees. This ensures
that the circuit meets the necessary positive feedback condition for oscillation.

Frequency of Oscillations
The oscillation frequency is determined by the resistance and capacitance values in the feedback
network and can be expressed as:
1
f= √ (12)
2πRC 6
where:
• f is the oscillation frequency in Hertz,
• R is the resistance in ohms,

• C is the capacitance in farads.

6
Gain Requirement
For sustained oscillations, the gain of the operational amplifier must be at least 29, satisfying the
condition Aβ = 1. The gain of the inverting op-amp configuration is defined as:
Rf
Av = 1 + (13)
Rin
where:

• Av is the voltage gain,

• Rf is the feedback resistor,
• Rin is the input resistor.

4 Observation
4.1 Integrator Circuit
We make an integrator circuit is using an operational amplifier with the following component values:
• Feedback resistor: Rf = 93.3 kΩ
• Input resistors: R1 = R2 = 9.7 kΩ

This circuit is designed to integrate the input signal over time, resulting in a waveform transforma-
tion. The output waveforms are observed to analyze the circuit behavior.

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Triangular to Parabolic Waveform

Sin to Cos Waveform

Square to Triangular Waveform

8
4.2 Differentiator Circuit
We make an differentiator circuit is using an operational amplifier with the components.
This circuit is designed to differentiate the input signal over time, resulting in a waveform trans-
formation. The output waveforms are observed to analyze the circuit behavior.

Triangular to Square Waveform

Sin to Inv.Cos Waveform

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 Square to Spike Waveform

4.3 Phase Shift Oscillator

We choose RF = 72.2k, R1 = 1.22k, C = 36nF , and R = 1k to construct a phase shift oscillator.

Oscillation due to phase shift oscillator circuit

4.3.1 Calculation
The frequency of the phase shift oscillator is given by:
1
fC = √ (14)
2π 6RC
Substituting R = 1kΩ and C = 36nF :
1
fC = √ (15)
2π 6 × 1k × 36nF
1
fC = √ (16)
2π 6 × 103 × 36 × 10−9

fC ≈ 1.80kHz (17)

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 Thus, the calculated frequency of the phase shift oscillator is approximately 1.80 kHz. The
percentage error is calculated as follows:

Measured − Calculated
Error = × 100
Calculated
Substituting the values:

1.69 − 1.80
Error = × 100
1.80
−0.11
= × 100
1.80

= 6.11%
Thus, the percentage error is 6.11%.

5 Conclusion
In this experiment, we analyzed the operational amplifier (op-amp) as an integrator, differentia-
tor, and phase shift oscillator. The integrator circuit demonstrated the transformation of an input
signal into its integral, producing a phase-shifted output with amplitude variations. The differen-
tiator highlighted the rate of change of the input, emphasizing high-frequency signal amplification.
The phase shift oscillator successfully generated a sustained sinusoidal waveform due to the feed-
back network, confirming the theoretical phase shift condition for oscillation. Overall, the results
validated the expected op-amp behaviors, reinforcing their importance in signal processing and
waveform generation.

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