Chapter 1 The Self From Various Perspectives 1.

1.n Paul Churchland “the self is the brain” – advocates the idea of
eliminative materialism or the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain
1.a Socrates philosophy “know thyself” – questions “who am I?” and “what and the physiology of the body.
am I?”
1.o Maurice Merleau-Ponty “the self is embodied subjectivity” – argues
1.b Self – referred to as the soul, ego, psyche, identity, I, me, am or being that all knowledge about the self is based on the phenomena of experience

1.c Many Views of Self Chapter 2

- Psychological Perspective
- An anthropological Conceptualization of Self: The Self as Embedded in 2.a Jiddu Krishnamurti – “understanding the self only arises in realtionship
Culture in wathing yourself……”
- Philosophical Perspective
- Sociological Perspective: The Self as a Product of Society 2.b Charles Horton Cooley “the looking-glass self” – describes the
- The Self in Western and Eastern Thought development of one’s sef and identity through interactions with others.

1.d Socrates “An Unexamined Life is Not Worth Living” – self is 2.c Geroge Herbert Mead “social self” – suggests the self has 2 divisions
synonymous with the soul. He believes that every human possess an the I and the me. I subjective and active side. Me is the objective element
immortal soul that survives the physical body of the self.
Three-stage process: (noself) preparatory (0-3), (development) play stage
1.e Plato “The Self is an Immortal Soul” - He believes that the self is (3-5), game (8-9)
synonymous with the soul. His philo can be explained as a process of self-
knowledge and purification of the soul 2.d The self as a product of modern and postmodern societies. Gerry
Three-part Soul/self: Reason, Physical Appetite, and Spirit or Passion Lanuza “The constitution of the self” – self-identity continuously changes
Concepts of Two Worlds: The world of forms (non-physical ideas) and the dure to the demands of multitude of social contexts, new information
world of sense (reality) technologies and globalization

1.f Aristotle “The soul is the essence of the self” – believes that the soul is 2.e Jean Baudrillard exposes the negative consequences of postmodernity
merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul to individuals in the society. Individuals achieve self-identity through
as separate entities. Suggest that anything with life has a soul. prestige symbols that they consume
Three Kinds of Soul: Vegetative Soul, Sentient Soul, and Rational Soul
Chapter 3
Vegetative – the physical body can grow
Sentient – sensual desires, feelings, and emotions 3.a Kilroy J. Oldster “We are each a product of biological endownments,
Rational – what makes man human. Intellect that allows man to know and culture and personal history….”
understand things.
3.b Anthropology – one of the most complex arease of discipline, explored
1.g St. Augustine “The self has an immortal soul” – believes that the various meanings of culture, self and identity in the desire to come up with
physical body is radically different from and inferior to its inhabitant, the a better understanding of the self
immortalk soul. - concerned with how cultural and biological processes interact to shape
View the body as “spouse” of the soul, both attached to one another by a human experience.
“natural appetite” -possesses a holistic and integrated approach in examining human nature
Everything Created by God who is all good is good. - most important contribution of anthropology is providing insights into the
Provides the philosohical principle, “I am doubting, therefore I am.” nature of self based on continuous understanding of the basic elemenets of
culture(peacock,1986)
1.h Rene Descartes “I think therefore I am” – father of modern philosophy.
Brought an entirely new perspective to philosopy and the self. Wants to 3.c The culture construction of self and identity
penetrate the nature of reasoning process and understand its relationship
to the human self. - Edward Tylor defines culture – that complex whole which includes
Cogito ergos sum “I think therefore I am” the keystone of Descartes concept knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and
of self. habits acquired by man as a member of society
Two Dimensions of the Human self: the self as a thinking entity and the self
as a physical body. Self is one of the most taken-for-granted products of culture

1.i John Locke “The self is consciousness” – the human mind at birth is 3.dMartin Sokefeld – the concept of self is necessary supplement to the
tabula rasa or a blank state concept of culture in atnhropology and should be regarded as a uman unive

1.j David Hume “There Is no self” – suggests that if people carefully 3.e Culture and self thus become complementary concepts that have to be
examine their sense experience through the process of introspection, they understood in realtion to one another
will discover that there is no self.
3.f Social anthropology – concept of identity used mostly in context of
1.k Immanuel Kant “we construct the self” – it is the self that makes “ethnic identity”
experiencing an intelligible world possible because it is the self that is
activelt organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions. 3.g Identity – understood as a disposition of basic personality features
acquired mostly during childhood and once integrated more or less fixed
1.l Sigmund Freud “the self is multilayered” – not a philosopher but his
views on the nature of the self have a far-reaching impact on philosophical 3.h identity makes a human being a person and an acting individual
thinking, as well as other disciplines such as psychology and sociology.
3.i egocentric and sociocentric – two ways the concept of self is viewer in
Self consists of three layers: conscious self (thoughts,perceptions),
different socities
preconscious self (memories, stored knowledge), and unconscious self
(fears, violent motices, immortal urges, selfish needs, irrational wishes) 3.j egocentric – self is seen as an autonomous and distinct individual
1.m Gilbert Ryle “The self is the way people behave” – believes tthat the
self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition 3.k sociocentric – self is contingent on a situation or social setting
of a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.
3.l Christie Kiefer – Japanese possess a sociocentric view 4.h The Psychosocial stages of development

- for the japanese, social interaction should be charaterized by restraint. Infant – basic mistrust, toddler – shame and doubt, pre schooler – guilt,
school ager – inferiority, adolescent – role confusion, young adult –
3.m Personal names in all socities represent the self isolation, middle age – stagnation, older adult - despair

3.n Rites of passage usually involve ritual activities to prepare individuals 4.i Erik Erikson’s theory, to achieve an individual identity one must create
for new roles from one stage of life to another. Van Gennep believes that a vision of the self that is authentic.
changes in one’s identity are marked by a three-phases rite of passage:
separation, liminality, and incorporation 4.j

3.o Individuals tend to experience identity struggles when there is a 4.k

discrepancy between a person’s assumed identity and the identity
imposed by others and the society 4.l

3.p Self-identification may be attained by overcoming traditional 4.m

practices through internalizing divergent cultural models and suppressing
4.n
any conflicting self-representations
4.o
3.q the concept of the illusion of wholeness implies that the ohesiveness
and continuity of self are only illusory. 4.p
Chapter 4 4.q
4.a Carl Jung “For young person, it is almost a sin, or at least a danger …” 4.r
4.b William James Concept of Self “The me-self and the I-self” – I self refers 4.s
to the self that knows who he or she is which is also called the thinking self.
The me self the empirical self which refers to the perons personal
experiecnes and is further divided into sub-categories: The material self,
social self and spiritual self.

4.c Carl Rogers Self theory “real and ideal self” – refers to the image of
oneself. Defines self as flexible changing perception of personal identiity.
Self is center of experience. Normal and Neurotic

Two components of self: real self and ideal self

4.d Multiple versus unified self, true versus false self

-Winnicot found self is composed of true self and false. False to hide and
protect the true self.

4.e The self as proactive and agentic

- Albert Bandura posits that humand, thourgh their agency are perceived as
proactive agents of experiences. Agency emdoies the endownments,belief
systems,selfrugaltory capabilities, and distributed structures and functions.

Main features of human agency:

Intentionality – acts done intentionally

Forethought – anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions

Reactiveness – making choices and choosing appropriate courses of action

Reflectiveness – gives the ability to reflect upon and the adequacy of

thoughts and actions

4.f The self as the central archetype – carl jungs theory, archetypes are the
unversal models after which roles are patterned.

4.g Sigmund Freud construction of self and personality:

Mind composed of threee structures which persinality is formed; id, ego

and superego

Id satisfy basid urge and desirs

Ego I and operates on the reality prinsiple and controls the id

Superego – conscience and moral judge of ones conduct