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Aggregate Functions

The document discusses aggregate functions in SQL, including COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN, which operate on sets and produce numerical results. It explains the proper and improper usage of aggregates, the GROUP BY clause for grouping results, and the HAVING clause for filtering groups based on aggregate conditions. Additionally, it outlines the query evaluation strategy for executing SQL queries involving these functions.

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rithike
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22 views11 pages

Aggregate Functions

The document discusses aggregate functions in SQL, including COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN, which operate on sets and produce numerical results. It explains the proper and improper usage of aggregates, the GROUP BY clause for grouping results, and the HAVING clause for filtering groups based on aggregate conditions. Additionally, it outlines the query evaluation strategy for executing SQL queries involving these functions.

Uploaded by

rithike
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Aggregate Functions

Aggregates

• Functions that operate on sets:


– COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN
• Produce numbers (not tables)
• Not part of relational algebra

SELECT COUNT(*) SELECT MAX (Salary)


FROM Professor P FROM Employee E

2
Aggregates
Count the number of courses taught in S2000
SELECT COUNT ([Link])
FROM Teaching T
WHERE [Link] = ‘S2000’
But if multiple sections of same course
are taught, use:
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT [Link])
FROM Teaching T
WHERE [Link] = ‘S2000’
3
Aggregates: Proper and Improper
Usage
SELECT COUNT ([Link]), T. ProfId
…… --makes no sense (in the absence of
GROUP BY clause)

SELECT COUNT (*), AVG ([Link])


…… --but this is OK

WHERE [Link] > COUNT (SELECT ….


--aggregate cannot be applied to result
of SELECT statement
4
GROUP BY

5
GROUP BY - Example

Transcript

Attributes:
-student’s Id
1234 1234 3.3 4 -avg grade
1234
1234 -number of courses
1234

SELECT [Link], AVG([Link]), COUNT (*)


FROM Transcript T
GROUP BY [Link]
6
HAVING Clause
• Eliminates unwanted groups (analogous to WHERE clause)
• HAVING condition constructed from attributes of GROUP BY
list and aggregates of attributes not in list

SELECT [Link], AVG([Link]) AS CumGpa,


COUNT (*) AS NumCrs
FROM Transcript T
WHERE [Link] LIKE ‘CS%’
GROUP BY [Link]
HAVING AVG ([Link]) > 3.5

7
Evaluation of GroupBy with Having

8
Example

• Output the name and address of all seniors


on the Dean’s List

SELECT [Link], [Link]


FROM Student S, Transcript T
WHERE [Link] = [Link] AND [Link] = ‘senior’
[Link] -- wrong
GROUP BY
[Link], [Link] -- right
HAVING AVG ([Link]) > 3.5 AND SUM ([Link]) > 90

9
ORDER BY Clause

• Causes rows to be output in a specified


order
SELECT [Link], COUNT (*) AS NumCrs,
AVG([Link]) AS CumGpa
FROM Transcript T
WHERE [Link] LIKE ‘CS%’
GROUP BY [Link]
HAVING AVG ([Link]) > 3.5
ORDER BY DESC CumGpa, ASC StudId
10
Query Evaluation Strategy
1 Evaluate FROM: produces Cartesian product, A, of tables
in FROM list
2 Evaluate WHERE: produces table, B, consisting of rows of
A that satisfy WHERE condition
3 Evaluate GROUP BY: partitions B into groups that agree
on attribute values in GROUP BY list
4 Evaluate HAVING: eliminates groups in B that do not
satisfy HAVING condition
5 Evaluate SELECT: produces table C containing a row for
each group. Attributes in SELECT list limited to those in
GROUP BY list and aggregates over group
6 Evaluate ORDER BY: orders rows of C

11

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