SHEAR FORCE & BENDING
MOMENT IN BEAMS
Beams
➢ Members that are slender and support
loads applied perpendicular to their
longitudinal axis.
Distributed Load, w(x) Concentrated Load, P
Longitudinal
Axis
Span, L
Types of Load and Beam
➢ The transverse loading of beam may
consist of
⚫ Concentrated loads, P1, P2, unit (N)
⚫ Distributed loads, w, unit (N/m)
Types of Beam
➢ Beams are classified to the way they are supported
➢ Several types of beams are shown below
➢ L shown in various parts in figure is called ‘span’
SHEAR & BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAMS
➢ Shear Force (SF)
diagram – The Shear
Force (V) plotted against
distance x Measured
from end of the beam
➢ Bending moment (BM)
diagram – Bending
moment (BM) plotted
against distance x
Measured from end of
the beam
DETERMINATIONS OF SF & & BM
➢ The Shear &
bending moment
diagram will be
obtained by
determining the
values of V and M
at selected points of
the beam
DETERMINATIONS OF SF & & BM
➢ The Shear V & bending moment M
at a given point of a beam are said
to be positive when the internal
forces and couples acting on each
portion of the beam are directed as
shown in figure below
DETERMINATIONS OF SF & & BM
➢ The shear at any given point of a
beam is positive when the external
forces (loads and reactions) acting
on the beam tend to shear off the
beam at that point as indicated in
figure below
DETERMINATIONS OF SF & & BM
➢ The bending moment at any given
point of a beam is positive when the
external forces (loads and reactions)
acting on the beam tend to bend the
beam at that point as indicated in figure
below
Sign Convention
Sign Convention
Shearing Force
V = ( Fy ) L
Bending Moment
M = ( M ) L = ( M ) R
Problem 1
➢ Write shear and moment equations for the
beams in the following problems. In each
problem, let x be the distance measured
from left end of the beam. Also, draw shear
and moment diagrams, specifying values at
all change of loading positions and at points
of zero shear. Neglect the mass of the
beam in each problem.
Problem 1
➢ Given:
➢ Required: Write the shear and moment
equations and sketch the shear and
moment diagrams.
Solution:
Solving for the reactions:
+
Segment AB x
Segment BC x
Segment CD x
Shear and Moment Diagrams
Shear
x diagram
Moment
diagram
x
Common Relationships
0 Constant Linear
Load
Constant Linear Parabolic
Shear
Linear Parabolic Cubic
Moment
Common Relationships
0 0 Constant
Load M
Constant Constant Linear
Shear
Linear Linear Parabolic
Moment
Load Diagram Shear Diagram
Increasing
Decreasing
Shear Diagram Moment Diagram
Increasing
Decreasing
Problem 1
➢ Given:
➢ Required
: Solve for the shear and
moment equations and sketch the shear
and moment diagrams.
Video Lecture
Relation between Shear force and
Bending Moment
➢ The
constructions of SFD and BMD is
much easier if certain relations existing
among LOAD, SHEAR & BENDING
MOMENT
➢ There are 2 relations here:-
⚫ Relations between load and Shear
⚫ Relations between Shear and Bending
Moment
Relations between load and Shear
➢ Theshear and bending moment at C will be
denoted as V and M respectively; and will be
assumed positive, and
➢ Theshear and bending moment at C’ will be
denoted as V+ ΔV and M + ΔM respectively
Relations between load and Shear (cont.)
➢ Writing the sum of the vertical
components of the forces acting on
the F.B. CC’ is zero
V − (V + V ) − wx = 0
V = wx
➢ Dividing both members of the
equation by Δx then letting the
Δx approach zero, we obtain
dV
= −w
dx
Relations between load and Shear (cont.)
➢ The previous equation indicates that, for a beam
loaded as figure, the slope dV/dx of the shear curve is
negative; the numerical value of the slope at any point
is equal to the load per unit length at that point
➢ Integrating the equation between point C and D, we
write x D
VD − VC = − w dx
xC
VD − VC = −(area under load curve between C and D)
Relations between Shear and Bending
moment
➢ Writing the sum of the moment about C’ is
zero, we have
x
(M + M ) − M − V x + wx( ) = 0
2
1
M = V x + w(x) 2
2
➢ Dividing both members of the eq. by Δx and
then letting Δx approach zero we obtain
dM
=V
dx
Relations between Shear and Bending
moment (cont.)
➢ The equation indicates that, the slope dM/dx of the
bending moment curve is equal to the value of the shea
➢ This is true at any point where a shear has a well-
defined value i.e. at any point where no concentrated
load is applied.
➢ It also show that V = 0 at points where M is Maximum
➢ This property facilitates the determination of the points
where the beam is likely to fail under bending
Draw Some Conclusions
➢ The magnitude of the shear at a point
equals the slope of the moment diagram at
that point.
➢ The area under the shear diagram
between two points equals the change in
moments between those two points.
➢ At points where the shear is zero, the
moment is a local maximum or minimum.
Moving Loads
➢ Beams and girders such as in a bridge or
an overhead crane are subject to moving
concentrated loads, which are at fixed
distance with each other. The problem
here is to determine the moment under
each load when each load is in a position
to cause a maximum moment. The largest
value of these moments governs the
design of the beam.
SINGLE MOVING LOAD
➢For a single moving load, the maximum
moment occurs when the load is at the
midspan and the maximum shear occurs when
the load is very near the support (usually
assumed to lie over the support).
Two Moving Loads
➢For two moving loads, the maximum shear occurs at the
reaction when the larger load is over that support. The
maximum moment is given by
where Ps is the smaller load, Pb is the bigger load, and P is the
total load (P = Ps + Pb).
THREE OR MORE MOVING LOADS
In general, the bending moment under
a particular load is a maximum when
the center of the beam is midway
between that load and the resultant of
all the loads then on the span.
THREE OR MORE MOVING LOADS
The maximum shear occurs at the
reaction where the resultant load is
nearest. Usually, it happens if the
biggest load is over that support and
as many a possible of the remaining
loads are still on the span.
Problem 1
➢ Threewheel loads roll as a unit across
a 44-ft span. The loads are P1 = 4000
lb and P2 = 8000 lb separated by 9 ft,
and P3 = 6000 lb at 18 ft from P2.
Determine the maximum moment and
maximum shear in the simply
supported span.
Problem 1.
Given:
44 ft.
Required: Determine the maximum
moment and maximum shear in the
simply supported span.
Problem 1.
Given:
44 ft.
Required: Determine the maximum
moment and maximum shear in the
simply supported span.
