REVIEWER IN PE (PRELIM) would have its own cuju stadium and
many professional teams of 12
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
players were formed to face off with
• SOCCER one another.
- A team sport played by two teams of
eleven players each on a o During Tang Dynasty (618-907)
rectangular field with net goals at - cuju improved. First of all, the
either end; the object being to gain feather-stuffed ball was replaced
possession of a round ball, advance by an air-filled ball with a two-
it, and drive it into the opponent’s layered hull. Also, two different
goal by kicking, heading or using any types of goal posts emerged: One
parts of the body except the arms was made by setting up posts
and hands. - it was invented in with a net between them and the
London, England with the laying other consisted of just one goal
down of rules by the Football post in the middle of the field.
Association in 1863.
o During the Han Dynasty (206 BC –
EARLY HISTORY
AD 220)
• CHINA - the popularity of cuju spread
- In 3rd and 2nd century B.C in China, from the army to the royal courts
- the first known ball game which and upper classes.
involved kicking was called cuju.
o Cuju flourished during the Song
• Cuju an ancient Chinese ball Dynasty (960–1279)
game. - due to social and economic
- it is a competitive game that development, extending its
involves kicking a ball through an popularity to every class in
opening into a net. society. At that time,
- cuju or “ts’u-chu”, literally professional cuju players were
means “kick ball” popular, and the sport began to
- the game evolved during Han take on a commercial edge.
Dynasty.
- Cuju wasplayed with a ball of o Cuju began its decline around the
animal skins stuffed with hair or 14th century during the Ming
feathers Dynasty (1368-1644).
- It starts to become a distraction,
- The first emperor of the Han Dynasty, as such, the first emperor of Ming
Liu Bang was a cuju fanatic. Zhu Yuanzhang, publicly banned
the sport making it less and less
- Cuju become a highly specialised popular.
sport where the imperial palace
- They adopted the title of the
• JAPAN DURING HEIAN PERIOD Football Association and their new
- an athletic game that was popular game was dubbed association
and resembles the game of soccer football.
was called kemari. Kemari - is a
non-competitive sport. - the object • MODERN ERA
of the kemari is to keep the one ball - The formation of the Football
in the air, with all players Association, informally known as
cooperating to do so. - it is the FA, ushered in the modern era of
influenced by the Chinese sport of soccer.
cuju.
- The adoption of a common set of
- The ball known as a mari, is made of rules gave birth to leagues,
deerskin with the hair facing inside competitions between different
and the hide on the outside. countries and tournaments, such
- The one who kicks the ball is called as the FA Cup, which began in 1871.
a mariashi.
- The game’s popularity quickly grew
- Kemari is played on a flat ground, among all social classes in England.
about 6-7 meters squared. - There were originally 12 members of
- Players’ uniform are reminiscent of the FA, most of the school-based
the clothes of the Asuka age and clubs.
include a crow hat. - By 1871 that number had increased
to 128 as cities and towns formed
• EVOLUTION organizations.
- The modern game of soccer began
within the schools and universities • INTERNATIONAL SOCCER
of England. - England and Scotland were the first
- In the early 1800s schools played countries to take part in soccer on
different forms of soccer; each the international level.
developed its own informal set of
rules. - The first match between the two
took place in 1872 in front of 4,000
- It wasn’t until 1845 that the sport of spectators in Glasgow, Scotland.
rugby adopted its first written rules.
- In 1863 members of several schools - In 1904 the Federation International
came together and produced the de Football Association was formed
first widely organized set of soccer as soccer’s international governing
rules. body.
- FIFA included a number of a team-mate, and by taking shots
European countries among its at the goal, which is guarded by the
founding members; interestingly opposing goalkeeper.
England and the FA was not among
them. • BASIC SOCCER SKILLS
- Playing soccer involves several
• WORLD CUP basic skills: passing/shooting,
- Soccer had a successful run as an dribbling and controlling (or
Olympic sport, which inspired FIFA trapping) the ball. These skills can
to organize a world championship- be learned at any age, and a good
style tournament. soccer player works continually to
improve them.
- The first World Cup was played in
1930 and hosted by Uruguay, which • PASSING
won Olympic soccer gold medals in - Passing is kicking, pushing or
1924 and 1928. heading the ball to a teammate or
to a space where a teammate can
- The host nation continued its string run to the ball. A player may lightly
of success by capturing the first tap the ball to a teammate several
World Cup. feet away or kick it strongly to move
it down the field. The ball may
• NATURE OF SOCCER scoot along the ground or may be
- The game is played using a single kicked into the air.
round ball (the football) and two
teams of eleven players each - Most players use two types of kicks
compete to get the ball into the to pass to a teammate or shoot
other team's goal, thereby scoring towards the goal. One is the instep
a goal. drive which is a powerful kick. The
other kick is called a push pass.
- The primary rule is that the players Performed using the inside of the
(other than the goalkeepers) may foot, the push pass is much more
not intentionally touch their hands accurate than the instep drive, but
or arms during play (though they do is less powerful.
use their hands during a throw-in
restart). • DRIBBLING
- Dribbling is transporting the ball
- In typical game play, players under control from one area to
attempt to propel the ball toward another. Soccer players cannot use
their opponents' goal through their hands. Players dribble the ball
individual control of the ball, such with their feet, using light taps on
as by dribbling, passing the ball to
the ball to move it along the the field (perpendicular to the goal
ground. line) is the goal box.
• CONTROLLING - Extending 18 yards from each goal
- Controlling (or trapping) is stopping post along the goal line and 18
the ball in flight or on the ground, yards out into the field
and then controlling it by either (perpendicular to the goal line) is
dribbling or passing the ball to the penalty box.
teammates. There are many ways - In each of the four corners of the
to trap a ball: (1) allowing it to hit field is a five-foot-high corner flag.
the chest at an angle that deflects
the ball to the ground where it can • LAW O2: THE BALL
be controlled; (2) allowing it to hit - Spherical
the thigh or bent knee to deflect the - made of suitable material of a
ball to the ground where it can be circumference of between 68 cm
controlled; or (3) using the foot to (27 ins) and 70 cm (28 ins) between
stop the ball. 410 g (14 oz) and 450 g (16 oz.) in
weight at the start of the match of a
• HEADING pressure equal to 0.6–1.1
- Heading is unique to the game of atmosphere (600 –1,100 g/cm2) at
soccer. When a ball is too high to sea level (8.5lbs/sq in–15.6 lbs./sq.
kick, players “head” the ball to in.
pass to a teammate or score a
goal. • THE PLAYERS
- Played by two teams of 11 to a side.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
- The goalkeeper is included in the
• LAW O1: FIELD OF PLAY 11-player total.
o Regulation lengths are:
- Touch line: Minimum 90 meters - If a team cannot field at least seven
(100 yards), maximum 120 meters players at match time, the game is
(130 yards) a forfeit. Teams of fewer than 11
- Width (goal line): Minimum 45 m a side can often be seen in youth
(50 yards), maximum 90 m (100 leagues where smaller teams are
yards). used as a developmental tool.
- At each end of the field is an eight- - FIFA-sanctioned matches are
yard-wide goal centered along the generally limited to three
goal line. substitutions per match, with the
- Six yards from each goal post along exception of friendly matches.
the goal line and six yards out into
- Most youth leagues allow an
unlimited number of substitutions, - The extra time generally
which must also be listed on the corresponds with the referee’s
game card prior to the beginning of determination of how much time
the match, otherwise those players was taken up due to substitutions
are ineligible. and injuries.
- Substitutions may only enter at the - The amount of extra time is
halfway line, upon the referee’s announced and displayed at the
approval, and after the player being half line at the end of each 45-
subbed out has left the pitch. minute period.
- The goalkeeper may be substituted - Although soccer does have an
with anyone on the pitch or any allotted time limit, it is ultimately
eligible substitute on the bench up to the referee’s as to when to
during a game stoppage. end a match.
• LAW O4: THE PLAYERS’ • LAW O8: THE START AND RESTART
EQUIPMENT OF PLAY
- The socks must cover the shin - A kick-off start both halves of a
guards entirely. match, but halves of extra time and
- If the referee deems a player’s restart play after a goal has been
equipment unsatisfactory, the scored.
player can be sent off until the o When Play Restart:
issue is remedied. - Play restart with a kick-off after a
goal is scored by the opposing
• LAW O5: THE REFEREE team at the start of the second half
- The referee is the authority on the at the start of each extra time
field, and his word is law. period.
- If you question a referee’s decision,
you can be disciplined further • LAW O9: THE BALL IN AND OUT OF
simply for dissent. PLAY
- The ball is out of play when it fully
• LAW O6: THE DURATION OF THE crosses either the goal line or the
MATCH touch line.
- A soccer match is comprised of - It is also out of play if the referee
two 45-minute halves, with extra stops play for any reason.
time added for each at the referee’s - If, for any reason, the ball strikes
discretion. The halves are the frame of the goal or the referee
separated by a half-time period not and remains within the goal and
to exceed 15 minutes. touch lines, it is still in play.
o Indirect free kicks are awarded if a
• LAW 10: THE METHOD OF player:
SCORING - Plays in a dangerous manner
- A goal is scored when the entire - Impedes the progress of an
ball has crossed the goal line within opponent.
the frame of the goal. At the end of - Prevents the goalkeeper from
the match, the team with the most releasing the ball from his/her
goals is the winner, barring the hands.
circumstantial necessity for extra - Commits any other unmentioned
time. offense
• LAW 11: OFFSIDE o Yellow cards are awarded as a
- When an attacking player receives caution or warning to a player and
the ball while on his opponents can be issued for the following
half, he must be level or behind the offenses:
second to last defender (the last - Unsporting behavior
typically being the goalkeeper). - Dissent by word or action
However, this rule only applies if he - Persistent infringement of the Laws
is involved with the play. of the Game
- Delaying the restart of play
• LAW 12: FOUL AND MISCONDUCT - Failure to respect the required
- A direct free kick is awarded when distance when play is restarted
a player: with a corner kick, free kick, or
- Kicks or attempts to kick an throw-in
opponent - Entering or re-entering the field of
- Trips or attempts to trip an play without the referee’s
opponent permission deliberately leaving the
- Jumps at an opponent field of play without the referee’s
- Charges an opponent permission
- Strikes or attempts to strike an
opponent o Red cards are used to send a
- Pushes an opponent player off the field, and can be
- Tackles an opponent issued for the following offenses:
- Holds an opponent - Serious foul play
- Spits at an opponent - Violent conduct
- Handles the ball deliberately If any - Spitting at an opponent or any
of these are fouls are committed by other person
a player in their team’s penalty
area, the opposing team is - Denying the opposing team a goal
awarded a penalty kick. or an obvious goal-scoring
opportunity by deliberately
handling the ball (the goalkeeper The goalkeeper may move
being an exception) horizontally along the goal line
before the shot is taken, but he
- Denying an obvious goal-scoring may not come off the line until the
opportunity to an opponent moving ball is struck.
towards the player’s goal by an
offense punishable by a free kick or • LAW 15: THE THROW – IN
a penalty kick. - A throw-in is awarded when the
possessing team plays the ball out
- Using offensive or abusive of bounds over the touchline. While
language and/or gestures taking a throw-in, a player must
- Receiving a second caution (yellow release the ball with both hands
card) in the same match simultaneously and keep both feet
firmly planted on the ground. If
• LAW 13: FREE KICKS these conditions are not met, play
- Free Kick is broken into two is stopped and the throw-in is given
categories, direct and indirect. to the opposing team. Players are
- A direct kick can be shot directly not allowed to score directly off a
into the opponent’s goal without throw- in.
touching another player.
• LAW 16: THE GOAL KICK
- An indirect free kick is indicated by - A goal kick is awarded when the
the referee raising his hand during offensive team plays the ball out of
the kick. An indirect kick can only bounds over the defensive team’s
go into the goal if it has goal line. After the ball is out of
subsequently been touched by play, the defender or goalkeeper
another player before it enters the may place the ball anywhere within
goal. The ball must be stationary the six-yard goal box and kick the
for both types of kicks. ball back into play.
• LAW 14: THE PENALTY KICK • LAW 17: THE CORNER KICK
- A penalty kick is awarded either - A corner kick is awarded to the
when a defensive player fouls an offensive team when the defensive
attacking player or commits a team plays the ball out of bounds
handball inside his/her team’s over its goal line. The ball is placed
penalty area. The penalty kick is within the corner area and is kicked
placed at the penalty spot, and all back into play by the offensive
players on both teams must remain team. Players can score directly off
outside the penalty box during the a corner kick.
shot. They may enter the box
immediately after the shot is taken.
