MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition is acoodition that results from eutrient deficiencyor overeonsumption
Undernutritlon
Results rom not nough procin, calories or micronutrints, It leads to low weight for height
seting
(wasing), height for age (stunting)and ueight for age (underweight). Undnourished eople ofen have
deficincies in iamins and mincrals (iron,zinc, iodine etc)
Overnatrition
Otrconsumptionofcertain nutrients such as protein, fat or calories also lesd to malnutrition.This results
in overueight or obesity. Microntrient deficincies can also occur with ovemutrition.
Sigas of malnutriton
Common symptom of undernutridon is unintentional weight los (lose S-10% or more of your body
weight oir three to six months)
Wcak muscles
• Fecling tired
• Increase in illness or infections
The main symptom oferernutrltlon is being ovenueight or obesc.
they eat a high in cnergy (calories), but low In
People with undernutrition can also be ovenueight if diet
other nutrients
preçnant women, nursing mothers and children are parnicularly vulnerable to the efects ofmalnutnition
Adrerse cects of maternal malnurltion
Maternal depletion
Low birth weight
. Anacmia
Toxacmiasofpregnncy
Postparumhacmorhagc
all leads to mortality and morbidity
Intrauterincperiod of life is a very important period from the ntritional standpoint.
Infants borm with adequnte birth weight have relatively low mortality even undr poor environmental
conditions,
Next critical period of childhood is weaning. Suscqptibility to infcction and severity of illhess are
significantlyless in well nourished, than in malnourished chiltdren.
MEASURN TO IMPKOVE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF NOTERS AND CHIIDREN
ied and ndiret
Divet iateneatens
distrlttion of iron and folic acid satblets, fortiication and
Suplenevtary fenting programmes,
enichmet of foods, nurition edsc ation
Indinet
improvemeni of ensvironmental sanitation,
Centrel of communicabte diseases theough immuniration,
ef clean drinking water, fanily planning. food hygiene, education and prímary health care,
pvovision
nutntional sunvellance
is the most widespread condition affecting children also.
Malutrition
Reasens
Scareity of suitable (ooxts
• Lack ofpurctusing ower of the family
. Traditional belicfs and taboos
Insuflicnt balancod diet
Itmakes child more susceptible to infection, recovery Is slower and mortality is higher
* Undermourished children do not grow to their full rotential of physical and ,mental abilities. It leads to
stunted growth It also manifests micronutricnt and vitamin deficiencies,.
Promin and argropriate treatment of dianhoes, meates and other infections in infancy and eaty
childhood are important to roduce
malnutrition rates,
• Breas feeding in fira 6 montts of life is very important
Protela-eergy malautritton (EM)
It occurs paricularly in weaklings nd chíldren in the first years of life.
Characteried by low birnh weight, poor child grouth, high level of mortality, low height
Mlcronutrient malnutritlon
Refers lo a group ofconditions causd by deficiency of esential vitamins and minerals (A,Ca, 1, Fe, Zn)
Vitamin A deficiency is common cause of preventable
childhood blindness
lodinc deficiency goitrc, cretinism, brain damge
Iron- arAcmia
Nutritional enaemla
Afccts all sge group (children, elders)
Ihas affect on sychological and physical behaviour
Mildanscria causc rcsistance to fatigue
ItA deficiency and nutritional blindness
Young children arc at risk for xeronhthalmis,
Cause cormeal destruction (six months to six years of
agc)
lodine deficlency
Mental retardation, physically stuntcd, deaf, paralysed, mental
dullness, apathy
TREVENTION
l can bepreventcdby
catingnhealthy and
Plenty ot fruit and balanccddiet
vegctables
Plenty of bread,cercals, rice,
potatocs, stnrchy foods
Milk and dairy products
Meat, fish,cggs,soya,and non-dairy
sourcesof protein
NUTRTIONAL DEFICIENCIES
The body requires mny diffcnt viumins and minerals aecssential
that for both tody development and
prescating discasc.
A nutritional deficincy occurs when the body docn't absob or gt nccessanyamout ofthe nutintsfrorn
Lhe food.It can causc a varicty of heath roblems. Tbee include digestion roblems, skin disorders,
stunted o defectise bone growth and even dementia.
The amountofcach nuttricnt to be conurned depcnd upon aseand discase condition.
Sometimesbody is unable to absotb certain nutricnts even ifwe consumes them.
Nutritional deficicncy can be clasificd as;
Priman:.discase that results dirctly f:om lack ofa specific csential nutricnt
i Seconday: discase that results from thefailure of the body touc a specifie nutricnt properly
COMNION SYMPTONIS
• Palloxlpale skin
Fatiguc
Walncs
Trouble breathing
• Unusualfood cravings
• Halrloss
Constipailon
Slecpiness
Heart palpitations
Fainting
Depression
Tingling and numbness ofjoints
Menstrual iregularity
Poor concentration
levels, unhealthy weight los
Hpoglycacnia, ketosis, tiredness, docrcased cnergy
Carbobydrates
low sodium levels
Fats
Affect skin and nervous system
Proteins
|Kwashiorkor, marasmus, weight loss
Vitamins
Problems with cyes, tecth, gums, skin, growth
A- night blindncss
B-beriberi
C- scury
D- rickets
E- infertility
K-haemorrhage
Minerals lodinc- Goitre
Iron- anaemia
Calcium- disintegration of teeth and bone,
osteoporosis, CVD, dy skin
IRON
Occurs when body docn't have adoquate mineral iron
• Results in abnormalty low levels or RBC
Neccssary to make Hb,and cnables oxygen carrying in body
Deficicncy leads to anacmia
Causes
Insuficicnt iron intake
IBD
Increased requirements (Pregnancy)
bloodloss (internal blecding/ menstnuation)
Signs and symptoms of iron deielency
Unssl tiredness
alnes
Shortness of breath
Headsche, dirziness
1leart palpitations
Dry nd danaged skin and hait
Suelling atnd soreness of tongue and mouth
Britle' spoon shaped finger nails
Sourte
Red mcat, poultry, dark green leafy vegctabies, dricd fuits (epeicot, raisins). peas, beans, sea food., seots
and nuts, iron fortified foods
Vit C will belp to absorb iron better
Signs ahd symptomsof iron deficlency
• Unusal tirednes
palenes
Shortnessof breath
Headache, dizziness
Heart palpitations
Dry and damaged skin and hair
Sweling and soreness of tongue and mouth
Britle'spoon shaped finger nails
Source
fruits (apricot, raisins). pcas, beans, sea food, sceds
Red mcat, poultry, dark green Jeafy vegetables, dried
andnuts, iron fortified foods
VitCwill help to absortb iron better
Minor
Numbness
Tingling fingers
Muscle cramps
Lethangy
Poor appctite
Weak or brittle fingermails
Diiculty suallowing
Fainting
More severe
iritability, depression, anxicty
Mental confusion,
Tooth decay
Insufficicnt blood cloting
Bone fractures
Ostcopcnia or osteoporosis
Growth and devclopment delay in children
Heart problems (affects B.P and heart thythm)
Calem
Sourccs
Dairy products(milk,yogurt, checse)
Calcium rich foods
Small fisth with bones
Vegetables(broccoli)
Cercals,grains
Normat Kwahirko
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkoris caUscd by
Inadequate amount af
proteins thebody.n
This diseascis usually
found Incountries
where go0d food is
not readily available.
For MoreInfornstion,
ADLM Visit wwepalsstcom
Signs and symptos
Typical ulcerating dermatosis
• Pedal edema
Distended abdomen
Enlarged liver with atty infiltrates
Thinning hair
Loss of teeth
Skin depignentation and dermatitis
Iritability
Anorexia
Victims of kwashiorkor fail to produce antibodies follouing vaccination against diseases, like diphtheria
and typhoid
Management
Shouldbe fed with dictary protein gradually
GnOMT FALURE
APARTY
nmTADLmY
HAIN OHAOCG
JSCLE
FATTY LVEA
WASTING
yLOUS
ATDONYO
$WALL NESTINE
DCPHCNTATION
DERUAToSES
EDEMA
PERALRUNEMA
Ha oee
perans
-Wtinked
Sevene
nde
Mernenu
Maramus-comes from the term marsTus (decay)
Defined as gradual wating aM2y ef the body ue to severe malnurition inadequste absortionot ioc
Itis one of the forms of protcin- negy
malfinction (PEM)
It seen pia to onc ycar
of age
the presnce of edema.
s distinuihed from kwashiorkor through symtoms of proteins wating with
Sigas and y mptoms
Dry skin
Loose skin folds hanging overthe buttocks and arm pit
thighs)
Dratic los of adipose tissue from nomal aeas of fat
denosits (buttocks,
Fretful, iriable and voraciously hungy
of nearty all nutrients, escially procins and cabohydratcs
tcused by scvere deficiency
Treatmeat
dehydration, circultion
ofdisonder need to be treated. (infections,
Synpiom and complications
disorders)
Kwashiorkor
10Differences between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
www.majordifferences.conm MD
Comparison Table
FProtulerant
Kwashlorkor Marasmus
bclly
It develops In children whose diets Itls due to deficlency of protelns and Marasus
calories.
are deficient of proteln.
Promincd
It occurs lo children between 6 Itis common In Infants under 1 year of Iancs
months and 3years of age. age.
Subcutaneous fat is preserved. Subcutaneous fat not preserved. Decrese
is
in sub
Oederna is present. Oedema isabsent
cutancous
Enlarged fatty liver. No fatty liver. Et
Ribs are not very prominent. |RIbs become very prominent.
Alert end Irritable.
Lethargic
Muscde wasting mild or absent. Severe musele wasting
ltchy rash Poor appetite, Voracious feeder.
The person suffering from The person suffering from Marasmus
Kwashiorkor needs adequate needs adequate amount of protein,
Locse skirn
-Xerasis amounts of protelns. fats and carboydrates.
Poor vound healine Kwashiorkor vsMarasmus
CACHENA(WASTINGSYNDROME)
Defines as a state of wcight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigve, weakness,and significant loss of appetite
due to some pathological involvement.
Cachexia phyucally weakens thc patients toastale of immobility starting from loss appetite,
of
asthenia, and anacmia
• It sec in paticnts with cancer, AlDS, COPD, multiple sclerosis, C1IF, TB, mercury poisoning and
hormonal deficiency.
Exact mehanisnof the diseascis unknoun but probable role of inflammatory cytokines (TNE
alpha, interfron gamm. ll.-6) considcrcd in causing cachexia.
Treatment
• Treated with steroids (corticosteroids)
• Dugs that mimcprogesscronc
Symptoms of Cachexia
skeletal muscle
unintentional
wasting
weight loss
anorexia/loss lowered quality
of appetite of life
