FORM
SCIENCE KEY NOTES
naME :
CHAPTER: 4 Human Health
4.1 Infectious & Non-infectious Diseases
A disease is an abnormal condition of body or mind
that causes discomfort, difficulty to function or
stress to an individual
airbone diseases
a. airbone diseases prevention
Cover the mouth and nose when sneezing, coughing
or yawning
Do not spit everywhere
Avoid being in a crowded place
ensure the living place gets enough
light as ultraviolet rays can kill
certain microorganisms in the air
waterbone diseases
Happens in an area with an inadequate water
supply and poor sanitation
A person can be infected by pathogens when he
drinks the contaminated water.
floods can also spread infectious diseases.
b. waterbone diseases prevention
add chlorine into swimming pools and
water supply systems
Build toilets with good sanitation
Boil drinking water properly
Wash hands with soap after using the toilet
infection through contact & ventors
Three stages of preventions of infectious diseases
1) Primary stage -
Improving health
2) Secondary stage -
Determining transmission of infections through active
and passive case detection
3) Tertiary stage -
Controlling vector populations
4.2 Body Defence
skin prevents pathogen from
entering into the body
1 st
defence
white blood cells
fight pathogens
2 nd through phagocytosis
defence
fights pathigens by
producing antibodies
3 rd
defence
Explanation :
The human skin is made of a tough layer
1 st
and is difficult to be penetrated by
defence
microorganisms.
Microorganisms can only get into the
body if there is a wound or if the skin is
injured.
Sweat and sebum secreted by the skin
contain chemicals that can kill
microorganisms.
Mucous membrane is a membrane that
lines the digestive tract and respiratory
tract.
Microorganisms that enter the
respiratory tract are filtered by nasal
hairs and trapped by mucous lining the
nasal cavity.
Earwax, tears and vaginal secretions
also function as an antiseptic that kills
‘microorganisms.
White blood cells engulf and digest
the pathogens using enzymes through
phagocytosis.
Immunity is the ability of the body system
to resist pathogens before it is infected.
It involves the production of antibodies
when pathogens enter the body.
Antibody is a protein produced by white
3 rd
blood cells into the bloodstream in
defence
response to antigens.
An antigen is a foreign substance that
comes from outside the body and
induces the production of antibodies.
Examples of antigens are pathogens,
toxin molecules and blood
cells from other blood groups.
Importance of Immunisation
an effort to stimulate the body defence against
infections in babies, children and adults by
injecting vaccines.
Vaccine
contains antigens obtained from a part or the whole
structure of a weakened or
dead virus or bacterium.
Antigens stimulate the body's immune system, forming
immunity against certain infections.
Passive Immunity
The body gains antibody from exteral sources
Natural
Obtained when a baby receives antibody from
breast milk or from the mother’s blood that flows
across the placenta.
The immunity is temporary and short-lived, lasts
for the first few months after the birth of the baby
Artificial
Obtained when an antiserum is injected into the
patient’s body.
The antiserum fights against pathogens
without interrupting the patient's immune system
Antiserum is a clear liquid in the blood that
contains antibodies to prevent diseases.
The immunity is fast and temporary
Active Immunity
The body produces its own antibodies when stimulated by
antigens
Natural
Occurs when a person recovers from an infection.
The immunity lasts long after the infection
Artificial
Occurs when a vaccine that contains a dead or
weakened pathogen is injected into the body,
and the immune system responds by producing
antibodies.
The immunity lasts long after the infection
Strong Immune System
Causes that weaken the immune system :
Exposure to polluted air
Exposure to pesticides
Stress
Excessive intake of sugar
Practices that strengthen the immune system:
Getting enough sleep
Exercising and inhaling rest fresh air
Not smoking and no exposure to cigarette smoke
Doing periodic health examination
