Science 10 Reviewer
Male Reproductive System (parts & diseases)
The Male Reproductive system is responsible for producing sperm cells
and hormones.
A Sperm cell is important to fertile an egg cell.
Hormones are responsible for development of adult male
characteristics.
Parts and Functions of the MRS
Penis - The Penis is a male reproductive organ that is used for urination
and sexual intercourse. The penis has two main parts; the shaft and
glans. The Shaft is the body of the penis, while the glans is the tip.
Testis/Testicle(s) Testes(p) - The Testis is an oval-shaped organ at
the base of the male reproductive. This is responsible for the production
and storage of billions of sperm cells. (also produces a male hormone
called testosterone)
Scrotum - Is a thin external pocket that houses the testes. It also
controls its temperature because the testes must be slightly cooler than
he rest of the body to be able to produce sperm cells.
Epididymis - Is a small comma-shaped organ attached to the back of
the testis. It stores developing sperms that mature in about 9-12 weeks.
Urethra - The male urethra serves two primary functions: It transports
urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and also carries
semen during ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicle - These are paired glands. They are connected to the
vas deferens. These are responsible for producing a sugar-rich fluid in
the semen which the sperm use for energy.
Vas Deferens - Is a long, muscular tube that extends from the
epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Prostate - It is located in front of the rectum. It encases the urethra and
produces alkaline fluid mixed with semen.
Ejaculatory Ducts - Are the short tubular structure towards the end of
the seminal vesicle. These ducts open into the urethra, allowing the
passage of the semen during the process of ejaculation.
Sperm Cells- The generations of sperm cells inside the testes and the
epididymis is known as the spermatogenesus.
The Sperm Cell has three main parts:
-Head
-Midpiece/Body
-Tail
Head - The head of a sperm has two main components: the Acrosome,
and the Nucleus. The Acrosome is the tip that carries the enzymes that
allow the sperm to penetrate the outer layer of an egg cell. The Nucleus
contains the genetic information.
Midpiece/Body - Contains the Mitochondrion of the sperm cell, which
generates energy for the sperm as it swims through the Female Repro
Organ.
Tail - The tail of the sperm propels forward as it swims. Its outer layer is
made out of plasma membrane.
Diseases of the MRS
Benign Prostatic Hyperlasia - A benign condition in which the
prostate gland is larger than normal. As it grows bigger, it may press
against the bladder and urethra, which can slow or stop the flow of
urine.
Causes- Hormonal changes as the man gets older, genetics
Symptoms- Weak urine flow, Blood in Urine
Treatment- Medications, Surgery
`Prostate - A cancer that occurs in the prostate.
Causes- Diet, Genetics
Symptoms- Urinating often, Difficulty starting urination.
Treatment- Surgery
Erectile Dysfunction - When a man has trouble getting or keeping
an erection. ED becomes more common as you get older.
Causes- Metabolic Syndrome
Symptoms- Trouble getting an erection
Treatment- Cardio exercise, Testosterone replacement therapy
Inguinal Hernia - Occurs when soft tissue usually part of the
intestine protrudes through a weak point or tears in your lower
abdominal wall.
Causes- Weakness in the abdominal wall
Symptoms- Pressure in your groin
Treatment- Surgery
Female Reproductive System(parts & diseases)
Ovaries - Female reproductive organs that release egg cells and
produce hormones.
Egg Cell/Ova/Ovum - Contains ½ of the genetic material needed to
make a baby. Follicles( immature cells) are stored in the ovaries.
Atresia - Degenerative process of follicles. There are one to two million
follicles in the ovaries, but only about 400 will ever mature.
Fimbria - Finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that
help sweep the egg into the fallopian tube.
Fallopian Tubes/Oviduct - Two tubes that transport the eggs from
each of the ovaries to the uterus. This is where fertilization takes place.
Uterus - The hollow muscular organ that provides place for the baby to
grow. Also called the womb. Uterine lining( aka endometrium).
Cervix - The base of the uterus, which bulges down into the vagina. Has
a small opening where sperm can enter the uterus.
Vagina - Female organ for intercourse. The pH of the vagina is quite
acidic. These beneficial bacteria and their output keep the vagina
clean.
Vulva - The outer part o the FRS. Its also part of the external genitalia.
Hymen - Circular fold that is present in the front of the vaginal opening.
It can be removed or broken in some way.
Labia - Folds of skin on the outside of the vagina. Acts as a layer of
protection for the vaginal protection.
Clitoris - A small organ located above the woman’s in the female’s
vulva. Has 8,000 nerve endings. Responsible for most orgasms.
Glans - The only external component.
Corpora - The body of the clitoris. IT extends from the glans and forms
the top of the internal “wishbone”
Crura - The Crura are the legs that extend from the clitoral body. They
are the longest part of the clitoris. Internal.
Vestibular Bulbs - Sits between the crura and the vaginal wall.
Perineum - The triangular area of skin between the back of the vagina
and the front of the rectum.
Diseases of the FRS
Endometriosis - An often painful condition in which tissue that is
similar to the inner lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.
Symptoms - Painful periods, Pain with sex
Causes - Retrograde Menstruation, Transformed peritoneal cells
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - A problem with hormones
that happens during the reproductive years.
Symptoms - Irregular periods, Too much androgen
Causes - Insulin Resistance, Heredity
Uterine Fibroids - Also known as leiomyomas. Growths made of
muscle and tissue that form in or on the wall of your uterus.
Symptoms - Excessive or painful bleeding during your period, Low back
pain
Causes - Unknown
Gynecologic Cancer - Is a disease in which cells in a woman’s
reproductive organs grow out of control.
Symptoms - Bloating, Pelvic pain or pressure
Causes - Rapid growth and spread of abnormal cells
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - Is an infection of one or more
of the upper reproductive organs including the uterus, fallopian tube,
and ovaries.
Symptoms - Pain during sex, Fever
Causes - Many types of bacteria can cause PID
