INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 26910-1

First edition
2009-06-15

Springs — Shot peening —

Part 1:
General procedures
Ressorts — Grenaillage de précontrainte —
Partie 1: Modes opératoires généraux

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ISO 26910-1:2009
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Reference number
ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

© ISO 2009
ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

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Contents Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1
4 Strategies for conducting shot peening............................................................................................. 3
4.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Mode of shot peening........................................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Conditions of shot peening ................................................................................................................. 3
4.4 Category of shot peening machine..................................................................................................... 4
4.5 Protection of non-peening surface ..................................................................................................... 4
4.6 Pre- and post-peening treatments ...................................................................................................... 4
5 Peening media....................................................................................................................................... 4
6 Almen strip ............................................................................................................................................ 5
6.1 Class of Almen strip ............................................................................................................................. 5
6.2
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Selection of the class of Almen strip.................................................................................................. 5
6.3 Almen strip holder ................................................................................................................................ 6
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7 Method of measurement ...................................................................................................................... 7
7.1 Measurement of Almen arc height ......................................................................................................
ISO 26910-1:2009 7
7.2 Evaluation of coverage......................................................................................................................... 7
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7.3 Determination of saturationaf849f2a79f0/iso-26910-1-2009
time ........................................................................................................ 8
8 Shot peening machine.......................................................................................................................... 8
9 Control of shot peening ....................................................................................................................... 8
9.1 Almen arc height................................................................................................................................... 8
9.2 Coverage................................................................................................................................................ 8
10 Measurement of residual stress.......................................................................................................... 8
11 Report .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Annex A (normative) Standard photographs of coverage ........................................................................... 10
Annex B (normative) Saturation time............................................................................................................. 11
Annex C (informative) Almen gauge............................................................................................................... 13
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 15

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ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

ISO 26910-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 227, Springs.

ISO 26910 consists of the following part, under the general title Springs — Shot peening:

⎯ Part 1: General procedures

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 ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

Introduction
Shot peening is widely applied to various mechanical and structural elements in a wide range of industrial
fields, because of its effective improvement in the strength and life properties at moderate costs. It is also
used in some cases for other purposes such as to form thin sheet products, to increase wear resistance, or to
assist lubrication effect, deburring and so on. It is, however, especially important for spring industries, as it is
indispensable for the achievement of the required fatigue strength and to decrease stress corrosion cracking.

The important effects of shot peening are known to be due mainly to the compressive residual stresses
introduced near the shot peened surface, and helped sometimes by the work hardening of the surface layers.
Various processing methods have been developed and practised together with diverse materials for shot
peening.

This part of ISO 26910 serves to establish smooth technical communication between the spring
manufacturers and industry related to shot peening, including peening machine manufacturers, peening media
suppliers and shot peening processors, as well as users of those springs in various industrial sectors.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

Springs — Shot peening —

Part 1:
General procedures

1 Scope

This part of ISO 26910 specifies general requirements for the shot peening process applied to springs in order
to improve their resistance to fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, mainly by introducing compressive
residual stresses into their surface layers.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
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ISO 31-0, Quantities and units — Part 0: General principles
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ISO 26910-1:2009
3 Terms and definitions
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af849f2a79f0/iso-26910-1-2009
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
shot peening
cold work applied to the surface of a material or a mechanical element, to improve its fatigue strength and
stress corrosion cracking resistance, by a stream of near spherical hard particles at a high velocity that
generates compressive residual stresses and work hardening in the surface layer

3.2
peening media
generally spherical or near-spherical hard particles, made of metals, glasses or ceramics, used for shot
peening

NOTE Individual particles can be called shots.

3.3
Almen strip
rectangular metal strip used for evaluating the peening intensity by the magnitude of its bending deformation
after shot peening on one surface

3.4
Almen arc height
h
height of the arched deformation of an Almen strip measured on the basis of a fixed span

NOTE It is expressed in millimetres.

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ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

3.5
saturation time
t
minimum time for which the successive increase of Almen arc height is less than 10 % for an additional
exposure equal to time t, i.e. a total time of 2t

3.6
peening intensity
intensity of shot peening, dependent on the kinetic energy of shots acting on the unit surface area of the
workpiece per unit time, and is usually evaluated by the Almen arc height for the saturation time

3.7
saturation curve
trend curve representing the change of Almen arc height with time of shot peening, until the Almen arc height
saturates

3.8
coverage
area ratio of the dents formed by shot impacts to the total area of the measuring surface

3.9
residual stress
internal stress of a material remaining after the removal of external forces and heat applied on it

3.10
particle size distribution
size distribution of shots
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3.11
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ordinary peening
ISO 26910-1:2009
mode of shot peening using one type of peening media nominally larger than 0,2 mm and resulting in an
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Almen arc height of between 0,15 mm and 0,6 mm (A)
af849f2a79f0/iso-26910-1-2009
3.12
multi-stage peening
mode of shot peening consisting of a series of peening at different conditions

NOTE 1 The name indicates the number of peening conditions combined, for example, “two-stage peening”.

NOTE 2 Two-stage peening is the one most practised. It usually consists of a first stage at an intensive peening
condition with larger shots at higher speeds, and a second stage at moderate or weak peening condition. The first peening
stage generates higher compressive residual stresses deep under the surface of a spring, while the compression is poor
near the surface. The second peening generates shallower residual compressive stresses. The sum of the two
compressive stresses would give a good distribution pattern of compressive stresses from the surface to the required
depth.

3.13
stress peening
mode of shot peening applied under a static force corresponding to the working force of the spring during use

NOTE Stress peening ensures that a spring will keep its intended compressive residual stresses under the applied
tensile stresses at its working state. This is one of the frequently used techniques for laminated leaf springs, for example.

3.14
hot peening
mode of shot peening applied at elevated temperatures ranging from 150 °C to 350 °C for steel springs

NOTE Hot peening is based on the ageing effect of steels. It is generally advantageous for achieving enhanced
compressive residual stresses especially in hard steel springs.

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 ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

3.15
heavy peening
mode of shot peening resulting in an Almen arc height larger than 0,6 mm (A) using a peening media larger
than 0,2 mm

3.16
fine peening
mode of shot peening resulting in an Almen arc height smaller than 0,15 mm (A) using a peening media not
exceeding 0,2 mm

3.17
X-ray stress measurement
method for measuring internal stresses near the surface of polycrystalline materials based on X-ray diffraction
techniques

4 Strategies for conducting shot peening

4.1 General

The mode, condition, category of peening machine, protection of non-peening surface and pre- and post-
peening treatment should be determined based upon past experience and anticipated results prior to carrying
out the process.

4.2 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

Mode of shot peening

The mode of shot peening shall be(standards.iteh.ai)

one of the following:

a) ordinary peening; ISO 26910-1:2009

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b) multi-stage peening; af849f2a79f0/iso-26910-1-2009
c) stress peening;

d) hot peening;

e) heavy peening;

f) fine peening.

4.3 Conditions of shot peening

The conditions of shot peening shall be defined for the following items:

a) type of peening media;

b) desired Almen arc height, h, in combination with the class of Almen strip;

c) coverage, indicating the location and area of measurement;

d) processing time of shot peening, when this applies. A multiplication factor to the saturation time, t, could
be indicated, instead of the Almen arc height, h, if this is agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.

For multi-stage peening, the conditions of shot peening shall be indicated for individual stages.

NOTE Mechanical properties of peened material do not always directly correspond to the Almen arc height, since the
effect would be variable, depending on the size and shape of shots and the hardness of the material treated.

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ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

4.4 Category of shot peening machine

There are two main categories of machines for springs, centrifugal and air-blasting, according to the projection
method of shots. The former is suitable for projecting larger amounts of shots on wider areas treating several
springs together, and the latter for smaller amounts, but at higher intensities on more focused areas.

The machine category shall be selected considering the design concepts of springs. Other specific details of
the machine should be clarified, with its identification code, if necessary.

4.5 Protection of non-peening surface

Areas that do not require shot peening must be clearly defined. Selected areas where the peening must not
affect the springs surface shall be protected as required by appropriate means, such as shields, masks or
adhesive tapes.

4.6 Pre- and post-peening treatments

Requirements shall be indicated for:

a) pre-peening treatment (e.g cleaning and degreasing);

b) post-peening treatment (e.g. rust protection, coating and wrapping).

Care should be taken to prevent rusting, as it is generally easy for shot peened materials to start rusting,
especially in moist air. iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
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5 Peening media
ISO 26910-1:2009
The type of media used shallhttps://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/1fc9c374-340c-48b0-8144-
be as given in Table 1.
af849f2a79f0/iso-26910-1-2009

Table 1 — Types of peening media

Type name Code Material Apparent Shape Nominal Hardness

density diameter
HV
103 kg/m3 mm

Conditioned cut wire shot CCW Steel 7,65 to 7,95 Near spherical 0,2 to 3 350 to 850
Cast steel shot SS Cast steel 7,45 min. Spherical 4 max. 200 to 850
Glass beads GB Glass 2,30 min. Spherical 1 max. 450 to 550
Ceramic beads CB Ceramic 3,60 to 3,95 Spherical 1 max. 500 to 800
NOTE 1 Cut wire shot can be used if conditioned in-house before shot peening springs to prevent unacceptable surface damage.
NOTE 2 If cut wire shot is used, the characteristic of CCW in Table1 is applied to cut wire shot.

Any other type of spherical or near spherical media can be used upon agreement between the purchaser and
supplier, if it can be demonstrated that no adverse damage is done.

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 ISO 26910-1:2009(E)

6 Almen strip

6.1 Class of Almen strip

Almen strips shall be one of the three classes defined in Table 2, all having the same shape and size as
shown in Figure 1.

Table 2 — Classes of Almen strip

Thickness, δ Flatness
Class mm Hardness a tolerance b Material
Nominal Tolerance mm
+0,01
N 0,8 72,5 – 76 HRA 0,025
−0,04
+0,02 Carbon steel, with 0,60 %
A 1,3 44 – 50 HRC 0,025
−0,03 to 0,80 % of carbon
+0,01
C 2,4 44 – 50 HRC 0,038
−0,04
a ISO 6508-1.
b ISO 1101.
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Dimensions in millimetres
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Key
δ thickness

Figure 1 — Shape and size of test strip

6.2 Selection of the class of Almen strip

An appropriate class of Almen strip shall be selected, taking into consideration the intensity of shot peening.
Various classes of Almen strips give generally different Almen arc heights, h, according to their thickness, δ,
even under the same peening condition.

Strip A is for general use in the middle range of peening intensities, and strips N and C are for lower and
higher ranges, respectively. Almen strips shall be used for Almen arc heights not greater than 0,6 mm.

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