Lecture 04: High Speed LANs

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Introduction
 Range of technologies
◼ Fast and Gigabit Ethernet
◼ Fibre Channel
◼ High Speed Wireless LANs

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Why High Speed LANs?
 Office LANs used to provide basic connectivity
◼ Connecting PCs and terminals to mainframes and midrange
systems that ran corporate applications
◼ Providing workgroup connectivity at departmental level
 Speed and power of PCs have risen
◼ Graphics-intensive applications and GUIs
 Organizations recognize LANs as essential components
◼ Began with client/server computing
 Now dominant architecture in business environment
 Internetworks
 Frequent transfer of large volumes of data

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Applications Requiring High Speed LANs
 Centralized server farms
◼ User needs to draw huge amounts of data from multiple centralized
servers
 High-speed local backbone
◼ Processing demand grows
◼ LANs proliferate at site
◼ High-speed interconnection is necessary

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Gigabit Ethernet – Physical
 1000Base-SX
◼ Short wavelength, multimode fiber
 1000Base-LX
◼ Long wavelength, Multi or single mode fiber
 1000Base-CX
◼ Copper jumpers <25m, shielded twisted pair
 1000Base-T
◼ 4 pairs, cat 5 UTP

 Signaling - 8B/10B

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Gbit Ethernet Medium Options

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 10Gbps Ethernet - Uses
 High-speed, local backbone interconnection between
large-capacity switches
 Server farm
 Enables Internet service providers (ISPs) and network
service providers (NSPs) to create very high-speed
links at very low cost
 Allows construction of (MANs) and WANs
◼ Connect geographically dispersed LANs between
campuses or points of presence (PoPs)
 Ethernet competes with ATM and other WAN
technologies
 10-Gbps Ethernet provides substantial value over ATM
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10Gbps Ethernet - Implementation
 Maximum link distances cover 300 m to 40 km
 Full-duplex mode only
 10GBASE-S (short):
◼ 850 nm on multimode fiber
◼ Up to 300 m
 10GBASE-L (long)
◼ 1310 nm on single-mode fiber
◼ Up to 10 km
 10GBASE-E (extended)
◼ 1550 nm on single-mode fiber
◼ Up to 40 km
 10GBASE-LX4:
◼ 1310 nm on single-mode or multimode fiber
◼ Up to 10 km
◼ Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) bit stream across four light
waves

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10Gbps Ethernet Distance Options

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Fiber Channel
 I/O channel
◼ Direct point to point or multipoint comms link
◼ Hardware based
◼ High Speed
◼ Very short distance
◼ User data moved from source buffer to destination
buffer
 Network connection
◼ Interconnected access points
◼ Software based protocol
◼ Flow control, error detection &recovery
◼ End systems connections

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Fiber…
 Best of both technologies
 Channel oriented
◼ Data type qualifiers for routing frame payload
◼ Link level constructs associated with I/O ops
◼ Protocol interface specifications to support existing
I/O architectures
 e.g. SCSI
 Network oriented
◼ Full multiplexing between multiple destinations
◼ Peer to peer connectivity
◼ Internetworking to other connection technologies

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Fiber Channel Requirements
 Full duplex links with two fibers per link
 100 Mbps to 800 Mbps on single line
◼ Full duplex 200 Mbps to 1600 Mbps per link
 High-capacity utilization, distance insensitivity
 Greater connectivity than existing multidrop channels
 Broad availability
◼ i.e. standard components
 Multiple cost/performance levels
◼ Small systems to supercomputers
 Carry multiple existing interface command sets for existing
channel and network protocols
 Uses generic transport mechanism based on point-to-point
links and a switching network

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Fiber Channel Elements
 End systems - Nodes
 Switched elements - the network or fabric
 Communication across point to point links

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Fiber Channel Network

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Fiber Channel Protocol Architecture (1)
 FC-0 Physical Media
◼ Optical fiber for long distance
◼ coaxial cable for high speed short distance
◼ STP for lower speed short distance
 FC-1 Transmission Protocol
◼ 8B/10B signal encoding
 FC-2 Framing Protocol
◼ Topologies
◼ Framing formats
◼ Flow and error control
◼ Sequences and exchanges (logical grouping of frames)

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Fiber Channel Protocol Architecture (2)
 FC-3 Common Services
◼ Including multicasting
 FC-4 Mapping
◼ Mapping of channel and network services onto fiber
channel
 e.g. IEEE 802, ATM, IP, SCSI (Small Computer
System Interface)

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Fiber Channel Physical Media
 Provides range of options for physical medium,
the data rate on medium, and topology of
network
 Shielded twisted pair, video coaxial cable, and
optical fiber
 Data rates 100 Mbps to 3.2 Gbps
 Point-to-point from 33 m to 10 km

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Fiber Channel Fabric
 General topology called fabric or switched topology
 Arbitrary topology includes at least one switch to
interconnect number of end systems
 May also consist of switched network
◼ Some of these switches supporting end nodes
 Routing transparent to nodes
◼ Each port has unique address
◼ When data transmitted into fabric, edge switch to which node
attached uses destination port address to determine location
◼ Either deliver frame to node attached to same switch or transfers
frame to adjacent switch to begin routing to remote destination

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Fabric Advantages
 Scalability of capacity
◼ As additional ports added, aggregate capacity of
network increases
◼ Minimizes congestion and contention
◼ Increases throughput
 Protocol independent
 Distance insensitive
 Switch and transmission link technologies may change
without affecting overall configuration
 Burden on nodes minimized
◼ Fiber Channel node responsible for managing point-to-
point connection between itself and fabric
◼ Fabric responsible for routing and error detection

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Fiber Channel Prospects
 Backed by Fibre Channel Association
 Interface cards for different applications available
 Most widely accepted as peripheral device interconnect
◼ To replace such schemes as SCSI
 Technically attractive to general high-speed LAN
requirements
 Must compete with Ethernet and ATM LANs
 Cost and performance issues should dominate the
consideration of these competing technologies

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High Performance LAN (HiPerLAN)

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I. Introduction
▪ Roughly speaking there are two types of
wireless networks:
▪ Local Area Networks (LAN)
▪ Bluetooth, 802.11 Family, HiperLAN Family,
HomeRF...
▪ Wide Area Networks (WAN)
▪ GSM, 3G, 4G, Iridium...

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Mobility and data rates for communications
standards

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▪ Two main standards families for Wireless Lan:
▪ IEEE 802.11 (802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g...)
▪ ETSI Hiperlan (Hiperlan Type 1, Type 2,
HiperAccess, HiperLink...)
▪ HiperLAN Family
Hiperlan 1 Hiperlan2 HiperAccess HiperLink
Description Wireless Wireless ATM Wireless Local Wireless Point-
Ethernet Loop to-Point
Freq. Range 5GHz 5GHz 5GHz 17GHz

PHY Bit Rate 23.5Mbps 6~54Mbps ~25Mbps ~155Mbps

(data rate) (data rate)

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▪Motivation of HiperLAN
▪ Massive Growth in wireless and mobile
communications
▪ Emergence of multimedia applications
▪ Demands for high-speed Internet access
▪ Deregulation of the telecommunications industry

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▪The History, Present and Future
▪HiperLAN Type 1
▪Developed by ETSI during 1991 to 1996
▪Goal: to achieve higher data rate than IEEE 802.11 data
rates: 1~2 Mbps, and to be used in ad hoc networking of
portable devices
▪Support asynchronous data transfer, carrier-sense
multiple access multiple access with collision avoidance
(CSMA/CA), no QoS guaranteed.
▪Products
▪Proxim's High Speed RangeLAN5 product family
(24Mbps; 5GHz; QoS guaranteed)
▪RadioLAN’s products for indoor wireless
communication (10Mbps; 5GHz; Peer-to-Peer
Topology)
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 ▪HiperLAN Type 2
▪Next generation of HiperLAN family: Proposed by
ETSI BRAN (Broadband Radio Access Networks) in
1999, and is still under development.
▪Goal: Providing high-speed (raw bit rate ~54Mbps)
communications access to different broadband core
networks and moving terminals
▪Features: connection-oriented, QoS guaranteed,
security mechanism, highly flexibility
▪Product: Prototypes are available now, and commercial
products are expected at the end of 2001 (Ericsson).
▪ HiperAccess and HiperLink
▪In parallel to developing the HIPERLAN Type 2
standards, ETSI BRAN has started work on standards
complementary to HIPERLAN Type 2
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▪Relevant Organizations
▪Standards body: ETSI (European Telecommunications
Standards Institute, www.etsi.org)
▪Technology alliance:
▪HiperLAN2 Global Forum (H2GF, www.hiperlan2.com):
promote HiperLAN Type 2 as a standard, in order to
accelerate its use in business and consumer industries.
▪OFDM Forum (www.ofdm-forum.com): OFDM is the
cornerstone technology for high-speed wireless LAN such
as HiperLAN.
▪Industry backers: Texas Instruments, Dell, Bosch,
Ericsson, Nokia…

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▪ Typical application scenarios
▪ HiperLAN: A complement to present-day wireless
access systems, giving high data rates to end-users
in hot-spot areas.
▪ Typical app. Environment: Offices, homes,
exhibition halls, airports, train stations, etc.
▪ Different with Bluetooth, which is mainly used for
linking individual communication devices within
the personal area network

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II. Hiperlan2 System Overview

▪ Features
▪ 5 GHz technology, up to 54 Mbit/s
▪ Generic architecture supporting:
Ethernet, IEEE 1394, ATM, 3G etc
▪ Connection-oriented with QoS per conn.
▪ Security - authentication & encryption
▪ Plug-and-play radio network
▪ Optimal throughput scheme

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 Control Plane User Plane
▪Architecture
CL

MAC RRC ACF DCC

EC
CAC RLC

PHY MAC
DLC
HiperLAN Type 1 Reference Model
PHY

HiperLAN Type 2 Reference Model

MAC: Medium Access Sublayer EC: Error Control

CAC: Channel Access Control Sublayer RLC: Radio Link Control
PHY: Physical Layer RRC: Radio Resource Control
DLC: Data Link Control Layer ACF: Association Control Function
CL: Convergence Layer DCC: DLC Connection Control

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Physical Layer
▪ Data units on physical layer: Burst of variable
length, consist of a preamble and a data field
▪Reference configuration

1: information bits
2: scrambled bits
3: encoded bits
4: interleaved bits
5: sub-carrier symbols
6: complex baseband OFDM symbols
7: PHY bursts

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▪Spectrum plays a crucial role in the deployment of
WLAN
▪Currently, most WLAN products operate in the
unlicensed 2.4GHz band, which has several limitations:
80MHz bandwidth; spread spectrum technology;
interference
▪Spectrum allocation for Hiperlan2
▪Modulation scheme: Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM)
▪Robustness on highly dispersive channels of multipath
fading and inter-symbol interference
▪Spectrally efficient
▪Admits great flexibility for different modulation
alternatives
▪Facilitated by the efficiency of FFT and IFFT
algorithms and DSP chips
▪Hiperlan2: 19 channels (20MHz apart). Each channel
divided into 52 subcarriers

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▪Encoding: Involves the serial sequencing of
data, as well as FEC
▪Key feature: Flexible transmission modes
▪With different coding rates and modulation schemes
▪Modes are selected by link adaptation
▪BPSK, QPSK as well as 16QAM (64QAM) supported

Mode Modulation Code rate Physical layer

bit rate
(Mbps)
1 BPSK ½ 6
2 BPSK ¾ 9
3 QPSK ½ 12
4 QPSK ¾ 18
5 16QAM 9/16 27
6 16QAM ¾ 36
7(optional) 64QAM ¾ 54
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Data Link Control Layer

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▪ Three main control functions
▪ Association control function (ACF): authentication, key
management, association, disassociation, encryption
▪ Radio resource control function (RRC): handover, dynamic
frequency selection, mobile terminal alive/absent, power
saving, power control
▪ DLC user connection control function (DCC): setup and
release of user connections, multicast and broadcast
▪ Connection-oriented
▪ After completing association, a mobile terminal may request
one or several DLC connections, with one unique DLC
address corresponding to each DLC connection, thus
providing different QoS for each connection

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▪ DLC: MAC Sublayer
▪ Basic frame structure (one-sector antenna)

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▪ BCH (broadcast channel): enables control of radio
resources
▪ FCH (frequency channel): exact description of the
allocation of resources within the current MAC
frame
▪ ACH (access feedback channel): conveys
information on previous attempts at random access
▪ Multibeam antennas (sectors) up to 8 beams
supported
▪ A connection-oriented approach, QoS guaranteed

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▪ Hiperlan implements QoS through time slots
▪ QoS parameters: bandwidth, bit error rate, latency, and
jitter
▪ The original request by a MT to send data uses
specific time slots that are allocated for random
access.
▪ AP grants access by allocating specific time slots for a
specific duration in transport channels. The MT then
sends data without interruption from other MT
operating on that frequency.
▪ A control channel provides feedback to the sender.

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▪ DLC: Error Control
▪ Acknowledged mode: selective-repeat ARQ
▪ Repetition mode: typically used for broadcast
▪ Unacknowledged mode: unreliable, low latency

▪ DLC: other features

▪ Radio network functions: Dynamic frequency selection;
handover; link adaptation; multibeam antennas; power
control
▪ QoS support: Appropriate error control mode selected;
Scheduling performed at MAC level; link adaptation;
internal functions (admission, congestion control, and
dropping mechanisms) for avoiding overload
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III. Comparison with Peers

▪ Main competitor: IEEE 802.11 Family

▪ 802.11b vs. HiperLAN Type 1
▪ 802.11a vs. HiperLAN Type 2

▪ Pros
▪ High rate with QoS support: Suitable for data and
multimedia app.
▪ Security mechanism
▪ Flexibility: different fixed network support, link adaptation,
dynamic frequency selection…

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 ▪ Cons
▪ High cost
▪ Tedious protocol specification
▪ Limited outdoor mobility
▪ No commercial products in market till now
802.11 802.11b 802.11a HiperLAN2
Spectrum (GHz) 2.4 2.4 5 5
Max PHY rate (Mbps) 2 11 54 54
Max data rate, layer 3 1.2 5 32 32
(Mbps)
MAC CS CSMA/CA Central resource
control/TDMA/TDD
Connectivity Conn.-less Conn.-less Conn.-less Conn.-oriented
Multicast Yes Yes Yes Yes
QoS PCF (Point Control PCF PCF ATM/802.1p/RSVP/Diff
Function) Serv (full control)
Frequency selection Frequency-hopping DSSS Single Single carrier with
or DSSS carrier Dynamic Frequency
Selection
Authentication No No No NAI/IEEE
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address/X.509
 802.11 802.11b 802.11a HiperLAN2

Encryption 40-bit RC4 40-bit RC4 40-bit RC4 DES, 3DES

Handover support No No No To be specified by

H2GF
Fixed Network Support Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet, IP, ATM,
UMTS, FireWire
(IEEE 1394), PPP
Management 802.11 MIB 802.11 MIB 802.11 MIB HiperLAN/2 MIB

Radio link quality control No No No Link adaptation