Name:AYUSH SANJAY RAJGURU
Roll No: 712003
SEM 3 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Group-B Experiment no.2
Torsion Test on
Mild Steel
AIM: To study torsion test on mild steel
THEORY: Intorsiontestingthecircular bar isplacedinthe machinesuch
awaythat its longitudinalaxis coincideswiththe axis of the grips and so that it
remains straight during the test. Then rotate one grip at a reasonable
constant speed until the test piece breaks, here the shearing stresses will
develop in any cross sectionofthebarwhosevalueincreaseslinearlyfrom
zeroatthe centre to a maximum at the outer periphery.
Troptometerisusedtomeasurethetwisttoanaccuracyofone minute.
Ashaftfixedatoneendandtwistedattheotherendduetothe actionof
torqueT.TheradiusofshaftisRandthelengthisL. Imagineahorizontal
radialline drawnontheendface.Whenthe end is twisted, the line rotates
through anangle θ. G is one ofthe elastic constants of the material. The
equation is only true so long as the material remains elastic.
T/J =Gϴ/L
Where
T = Torque applied
J=polarmoment ofinertia ofthe shaft =πd4/32 C =
rigidity modulus of the material
ϴ = relative angle of twist in radians
L = gauge length (length of the shaft over which the relative angle of
twist is measured)
T ORSION TESTING MACHINE
TYPES OF TORSION TESTS:
Typesoftorsiontestingvaryfromproducttoproductbutcan usually be
classified as:
i. Axial-Torsion: Applying both axial (tension or
compression) and torsional forces to the test specimen.
ii. Torsion Only: Applying only torsional loads to the test
specimen
iii. Failure Testing: Twisting the product, component, or
specimen until failure. Failure can be classified as either a physical
break or a kink/defect in thespecimen.
iv. Proof Testing: Applying atorsional load and holding
this torque load for a fixed amount of time.
Consider now the solid circular shaft of radius ‘R⠀ subjected
to a torque ‘T⠀at one end, the other endbeing fixedundertheactionof
thistorque.Thelengthoftheshaftis
L.Imaginea horizontalradialline drawnonthe endface. When theendis
twistedthelinerotatesthroughanangleθ.Thelength of the arc produced
is Rθ
Now consider a line drawn along the lengthof the shaft. When twistedthe
linesmovesthroughanangleÏ’.Thelengthofthearc produced is LÏ’.
IfweassumethatthetwoarcsarethesameitfollowsthatRÏ´= LÏ’
Hence by equating LÏ’= RÏ´, we get
The relation between shear strain and shear stress is
ð?œ?istheshearstressandGthemodulusofrigidity.Gisoneof theelastic
constants ofa material. The equationis only true so long as the material
remains elastic.
Substituting (1a) into (1b) we get
Sincethederivationcouldbeappliedtoanyradius,itfollowsthat shearstress
isdirectlyproportionaltoradius ‘r⠀andisa maximum on the
surface.
Equation(1c)couldbewrittenas
Now lets consider how the applied torque ‘Tâ is balanced by the internal
stress of the material.Consider a elementary ring of material with shear
stress ð?œ? acting on it at radius r.
Force acts at a radius r then the torque produced is
Since from equation (1d) then
Now substituting
Then,
The assumptions made while deriving the above relation are:
1. Material ishomogenous.
2. Circular section remains circular and do not warp.
3. A plane section of a material perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis remains plane and does not warp after the
torque is applied.
4. Shaftisloadedbyacoupleortorqueinaplane
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the plane.
5. Shear stress is proportional to shear strain; it means that Hook†s
Law is applicable.
6. In circular shafts subjectedto torque shearing strain varies linearly.
Failure patterns in torsion:
a. Solid ductile metal bars (mild steel): Ductile torsion failure reveals a
flat, transverse break having smooth shear surface and microvoid
formation. The failure occurs along a plane perpendicular to the axis,
in this plane the principal stress will be maximum.
b. Solid brittle metal bars: The crack propagates on a helical plane. The
fracture surface roughness increases with distance of
propagation, crack propagation rate, and decreased strength level.
45-degree helicoidal fracture will take place.
c. Ductile metal tube-failure by buckling.
d. Brittle metal tube
Evaluation of fractures occurring during simple torsion test:
Procedure:
1. Measure the overall length and the diameter at about three placesand
taketheaveragevalueofthetestspecimen.
2. Drawalinedown thelengthofthetestsection ofthe specimen
with a chalk; this serves as a visual aid to the degree of twist being
put on the specimen during loading.
3. Selectthedrivingdogstosuitthesizeofthespecimenand clampitin
themachinebymeansofaslidingspindle.
4. Choosetheappropriaterangebycapacitychangelever.
5. Set the maximum load pointer to zero.
6. Settheprotectortozeroforconvenienceandclampitby means
knurledscrew.
7. Carry out straining by rotating the hand wheel in either direction.
8. Load the machine in suitable increments, taking note of the torque
and the corresponding angle of twist.
9. Plot a graph between torque and angle of twist and calculate the value
of G by using the following relation
a. T/J =Gϴ/L
b. Where
c. T = Torque applied J
= polar moment of inertia of the shaft = πd /32 4
C = rigidity modulus of the material ϴ
= relative angle of twist in radians L =
gauge length (length of the shaft over which the relative angle of
twist is measure
SIMULATION:
(starting point of torsion test)
(End point of torsion test)
CONCLUSION:
The angle of twist is 1887Mpa at torque value 6 .5..
