Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Tutorial Sheet No. 6
MTL 503 (REAL ANALYSIS)
(Completeness and Connectedness)
(1) Show that ℓ1 is a complete metric space.
(2) Show that ℓ∞ is a complete metric space.
(3) Let 1 < p < ∞. Show that ℓp is a complete metric space.
(4) Show that (C([a, b]), ∥ · ∥1 ) is not complete.
(5) Show that C([a, b]) with the supremum metric is a complete metric space.
(6) Suppose that f : [a, b] → R is continuous on [a, b], differentiable on (a, b) and
satisfies f (a) < 0, f (b) > 0 and 0 ≤ K1 ≤ f ′ (x) ≤ K2 for all a < x < b. Show that
there is a unique solution to the equation f (x) = 0.
(7) Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and let f : X → X be continuous. If f k is
a strict contraction for some integer k > 1, show that f has a unique fixed point.
(8) Let (X, d) be a metric space and let A ⊆ X. Show that TFAE:
(a) A is nowhere dense in X;
(b) A does not contain any non-empty open ball
(c) Every non-empty open ball in X contains at least one point which is not in
A;
(d) every non-empty open set in X contains a non-empty open ball which is
disjoint from A.
(9) Let (X, d) be a metric space and let A ⊆ X. Show that A is nowhere dense if and
only if X \ A is dense in X.
(10) Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and suppose that X = ∪ An . Show that ∃
n∈N
◦
n ∈ N such that An ̸= ∅.
(11) Using Baire Category theorem show that R is uncountable.
(12) Let (X, d) be a metric space and let A ⊆ X. Show that A is totally bounded if
and only if, given ϵ > 0 there are finitely many sets A1 , A2 , . . . , An ⊆ A, with
n
dia(Ai ) < ϵ for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n and A ⊆ ∪ Ai .
i=1
(13) Prove the following:
(i) A totally bounded set is bounded.
(ii) Every finite set is totally bounded.
(iii) Any subset of a totally bounded set is also totally bounded.
(14) Let (X, d) be a metric space and let A ⊆ X. Show that A is totally bounded if and
only if A is totally bounded.
(15) Let (X, d) be discrete metric space A ⊂ B. Show that the subset A is totally
bounded if and only if it is finite.
(16) Let (X, d) be a metric space and let Y, Z ⊆ X such that Y ⊆ Z ⊆ X. Show that
Y is a connected subset of (X, d) if and only if Y is connected subset of (Z, d).
(17) Let (X, d) be a metric space. Show that TFAE:
(a) X is connected;
(b) X cannot be written as a disjoint union of non-empty closed sets;
(c) the only subsets of X which are both open and closed are X and ∅.
(18) Let (X, d) be a metric space and let U and V be a separation of X. If Y is a
connected subset of X, show that either Y ⊆ U or Y ⊆ V.
(19) Show the closure of a connected subset is connected.
(20) Show that a union of connected sets with non-empty intersection is connected.
(21) Are the sets N, Z and Qc connected in R?
(22) Describe all the connected subsets of the Cantor set.
2
(23) Use connectedness to show that the sets R and R2 are not homeomorphic.
(24) Let (X, d) be a connected metric space with at least two distinct points and let
f : X → R. If f is a continuous function, then show that X is uncountable.
(25) Let (X, d) be a metric space. Define a relation on X as follows: for any two
x, y ∈ X, x ∼ y if ∃ a connected subset A of X such that x, y ∈ A.
(a) Show that the relation ∼ defined above is an equivalence relation.
(b) Also show that each equivalence class is a connected set.
(26) Let (X, d) be a metric space and let C be the collection of all components of X.
(a) For A, B ∈ C , show that either A = B or A ∩ B = ∅.
(b) Show that each component of X is closed.
(c) Show that X = ∪ A.
A∈C
