Chemical Bonds

• Four basic types of bonds

ØIonic
•Electrostatic ØCovalent
attraction
•Sharing of
between the
electrons
ions in the
between the
compound
atoms in the
compound

Ø Network Covalent
• Strong sharing of
electrons
ØMetallic
• Metal atoms
Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
participate in chemical bonding.
Group (old) (new) e– configuration # of valence e–
1A 1 ns1 1
2A 2 ns2 2
3A 13 ns2np1 3
4A 14 ns2np2 4
5A 15 ns2np3 5
6A 16 ns2np4 6
7A 17 ns2np5 7
8A 18 ns2np6 8
 Lewis Structures

1. Lewis structures are representations of molecules

showing the valence electrons, both bonding and
nonbonding.
2. Each bonded pair is shown with a single
line (or two dots).
3. Nonbonded electrons or unshared pairs of
electrons are each shown with a dot.
4. For the 2nd row in the Periodic Table, the first row of
p-block elements strive to have a full octet of
valence electrons, with the exception of Boron.
5. Numerous exceptions to the octet rule occur.
6. Multiple bonds often occur.
 A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.
The sharing of e– between atoms in compounds is often the only
recourse since no true ion are available to set up an electrostatic bond.

Lewis structure of F2

each fluorine atom shares

F + F F F 2 e- and has 6 unpaired e-
in the compound
7e- 7e-

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

lone pairs F F lone pairs
Lewis structure of water
8e- single covalent bonds

H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e- 2e-
Lewis structure of carbon dioxide
Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons
8e-

O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- double bonds

Lewis structure of nitrogen

Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

8e- N N 8e- or N N

triple bond
Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent
bond with greater electron density around one of the
two atoms contributing to the bond.

electron poor electron rich

region region
e– poor e– rich
H F
H F
d+
d-

bond dipole
The Electronegativities of Common Elements

Know the Periodic Trends Shown Here!

 Polar Covalent Bonds

• When two atoms share

electrons unequally, a bond
dipole results.
• The dipole moment, µ,
produced by two opposite
charges separated by a
distance, r, is calculated:
µ = Qr
• It is measured in debyes (D).
• A molecule will have a dipole
moment when the net overall
charges do not cancel.
Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity

Increasing difference in electronegativity

Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic

share e– partial transfer of e– transfer of e–

Bond Dipoles, Molecular Dipoles and Dipole Moments
1. Bonded atoms of nonmetallic homonuclear compounds
share electrons equally. They are nonpolar with NO
dipole moment.

EX. Cl2 O2

2. Bonded atoms of nonmetallic heteronuclear compounds

MAY share electrons equally, if the structure is absolutely
symmetric.
EX. CO2 Linear; symmetric; µ = 0

CCl4
Tetrahedral; symmetric; µ= 0
 Dipole vector designation

d+ d-
The “plus” end of the vector is placed over the more positive
atom in the bond. The arrow points to the more negative
(more electronegative) atom. Analogously, the “d”
symbols may be used.

The CHCl3 structure is

Ex: CHCl3 tetrahedral. Its structure
renders it very slightly
Chloroform
polar, since there is no
symmetry analogue to
the C-H bond to cancel
its dipole.
 Drawing Lewis Structures
1. Find the sum of the valence electrons of all of the
atoms in the polyatomic ion or molecule.
ØIf it is an anion, add one electron for each negative charge.
ØIf it is a cation, subtract one electron for each positive charge.
2. Hydrogen can accommodate only two e–. It is almost
always an outer atom. Connect it by single bonds only.
3. Generally make the central atom the least
electronegative element that isn’t hydrogen.
Connect the outer atoms to the central atom by single
bonds. Subtract the e– used from your valence “bank”
4. Fill the octets of all outer atoms that are not Hydrogen.
Fill the octets of the MOST electronegative atoms FIRST!!
 Writing Lewis Structures (con’t)
5. Fill the octet of the central atom with the number
of electrons that remain (all remaining e– not used
in outer atoms) .
6. If you run out of electrons before the central
atom has an octet…
…form multiple bonds until it does!!
7. Assign formal charges, if there are multiple
possibilities for the structure. Follow the rules
of formal charge to determine the best structure.
8. Use resonance for the structures that warrant it.
9. Violations to the octet rule commonly occur. In the
next slides we will show how to consider them.
 Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
Step 1 – Count valence electrons N: 5 (2s22p3) and F: 7 (2s22p5)
5 + 3(7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 2 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center

Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms.

Step 4 – Complete octets on outer F atoms.

Step 5 – Place any remaining e– on the central N atom.

Check: are # of e– in structure equal to the total number of valence e–?

3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10 x 2) = 26 valence electrons

F N F

F
Pr. Ex. #2
Draw the Lewis structure for CS2 (carbon disulfide)
Solution
CS2: 4 + 2(6) = 16 valence e–

S C S 4 used in single bonds: 12 left

S C S Place 6 electrons each on

the more electronegative S
At this point, we have used up all of the
S C S
valence electrons. Carbon is one of the
octet atoms, so we MUST make double
bonds!

We see that C obeys the octet rule, but we will soon learn
that S violates the octet rule more often than it conforms
to it!
 Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 – Count valence electrons C: 4; (2s22p2) and O: 6; (2s22p4)
the ion has a –2 charge
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
(charge)
Step 2 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms. Put the excess
nonbonded e- on the most electronegative atoms.
Step 4 - The C central atom does not have enough electrons to
have an octet, once all 24 valence e- are used.
Step 5 - Form a double bond between the C and one of the O atoms.
2–

C - 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4

O O O C O 1 double bond = 4
8 lone pairs (8x2) = 16
O Total = 24
O
-
NB: THIS IS A RESONANCE STRUCTURE! All of the O atoms are equivalent!!
The double bond can exist between any one of the O atoms and the C atom!
 Formal Charge
An atom’s formal charge is the difference between the number
of valence electrons in an isolated atom and the number of
electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure. IT IS A
“PER ATOM” ASSESSMENT. It is NOT to be confused with an
ionic charge!
Two possible skeletal structures of formaldehyde (CH2O):
H
H C O H C O
H
formal charge total number
total number total number
( )
on an atom in of valence 1
electrons in - of nonbonding
a Lewis
= - of bonding
structure the free atom electrons 2 electrons

The sum of the formal charges of the atoms in a molecule

or ion must equal the charge on the molecule or ion.
 Formal Charge and Lewis Structures
1. For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which there are ALL
ZERO formal charges is preferable to one in which formal
charges are present.
2. Lewis structures with large formal charges are less plausible than
those with smaller formal charges.
3. Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of formal
charges, the most plausible structure is the one in which negative
formal charges are placed on the more electronegative atoms.

Which is the most likely Lewis structure for CH2O?

-1 +1 H 0 0
H C O H C O
H

The calculated formal charges appear above each atom

Formal Charge Analysis Determines The Best Lewis
Structure

-1 +1 C: 4 e- 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4

H C O H O: 6 e- 1 double bond = 4
2H: 2(1)e- 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e- Total = 12

tot. val. e – in
[Link] =
free atom
– [(tot. # nonb. e–) + ½ (# bonding e–)]

formal charge When O is the most

on C
= 4 – [ 2 + ½(6) ] = –1 electronegative element
in a compound, it will
formal charge RARELY have a
on O
= 6 – [ 2 + ½(6) ] = +1
positive formal charge!

THUS: H-C=O-H IS NOT CORRECT!

 Determining the correct formaldehyde structure…

H 0 0 C: 4 e– 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4

C O O: 6 e– 1 double bond = 4
H 2H: 2(1e–) 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e– Total = 12

tot. val. e – in
[Link]=
free atom
– [(tot. # nonb. e–) + ½ (# bonding e–)]

formal charge
on C
= 4 – [ 0 + ½(8) ] = 0
formal charge
on O
= 6 – [ 4 + ½(4) ] = 0
Certainly this IS the correct structure!

Is this a resonance structure?

NO. The double bond has nowhere to go. H can truly have
only single bonds.
Example A
Draw the Lewis structure for HNO3 (nitric acid)
Solution
HNO3: 1 + 5 + 3(6) = 24 valence e–

8 used in bonds: 16 left

Place 6 electrons on each of the O atoms that
DO NOT have the attached H. Place 4 on the
O atom WITH the attached H. This uses the
remaining 16 e–. Since N is an octet atom, we
thus must make a double bond!

Since two of the oxygens are equivalent: RESONANCE!

Example B
Draw the Lewis structure for HCOOH (formic acid)
Solution
HCOOH: 4 + 2(1) + 2(6) = 18 valence e–
O
| 8 used in bonds: 10 left
H C O H

O Place 6 electrons on the upper O

| and 4 on the other O (fill O octets).
H C O H This uses the remaining 10 e–.

O Again, carbon is one of the

|| octet atoms, so we MUST
H C O H make double bonds!
 A B
1 2 1 2
Solution
First, consider structure “A” (above, left) for analysis:
FCN1: 5 – [4 + ½(4)] = –1
FCN2: 5 – [0 + ½(8)] = +1
FCO: 6 – [4 + ½(4)] = 0
Now, consider structure “B” (above, right) for analysis:
FCN1: 5 – [4 + ½(4)] = –1
FCN2: 5 – [4 + ½(4)] = –1
FCO: 6 – [0 + ½(8)] = +2
A large “+” formal charge on O indicates that “B” is NOT preferred
Structure “A” IS preferred
Ex. 7.8 (con’t) variant of Check Your Learning
Draw the Lewis structure for NO2– (nitrite ion)
Solution
NO2–: 5 + 2(6) + 1 = 18 valence e–
O N O 4 used in bonds: 14 left
Place 6 nonbonded electrons around
O N O each O. That leaves only 2 more to
place on N, which will use all 18.

Since N is an octet atom, like carbon,

O N O we MUST make a double bond!

…AND…It is a resonance structure…

_ _

O N O O N O …AND…IT’S AN ION
 Extra:
Write formal charges for NO2– (nitrite ion)
Solution
NO2–: 5 + 2(6) + 1 = 18 valence e–
Since NO2– is a resonance structure…
_ _
-1 0 0

O N O O N O

When there is PERFECT RESONANCE, choose any one of the resonance

set for formal charge analysis. The other structure(s) will be identical,
except for the atom designations.
Using the structure on the left above for analysis:

N: 5 – [2 + ½(6)] = 0
Oleft: 6 – [6 + ½(2)] = –1

Oright: 6 – [4 + ½(4)] = 0
 Using Formal Charge for Structure Analysis
Draw the most reasonable structure for a molecule that contains an H
atom, a C atom, and an N atom.
Solution
Since H is never a central atom, we have only 2 possibilities:
HCN or HNC
HCN: 1 + 4 + 5 = 10 valence e-

:
½(8)
½(6)
½(2)
Using Formal Charge for Structure Analysis (con’t)
HCN or HNC
HNC: 1 + 4 + 5 = 10 valence e–

:
½(6)

½(8)
½(2)

Thus, by formal charge analysis:

is the structure of choice (all zero FCs on all atoms)

A resonance structure is one of two or more Lewis structures
for a single molecule that cannot be represented accurately by
only one Lewis structure.

Consider O3 (ozone):

O O O O O O The actual structure

of ozone is bent

What are the resonance structures of

the carbonate (CO32-) ion?

2– 2– 2–

O C O O C O O C O

O O O
-
 Imperfect Resonance
Draw the resonance structures for SCN– (thiocyanate anion).
-
SCN : 6 + 4 + 5 + 1 = 16 valence e–
S C N 4 used in bonds: 12 left

S C N Place 6 nonbonded electrons on S and

on N, which will use all 16.
_ _ _

0 0 -1 -1 0 0 +1 0 -2
Perform formal charge analysis to assess the goodness of the candidates
This structure has IMPERFECT resonance since the S and N
elements are not the same! The greatest contributors to the
resonance hybrid are the two on the left, with the strongest
contribution from the leftmost structure, since the negative formal
charge is on N.
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
The Incomplete Octet: “electron-deficient” atoms: Be and B

Be: 2e– There can be only 4e–

BeH2 2H: 2x1e– H Be H around Be – you can’t use
4e– what you don’t have!

The known structure of BeH2 is linear

B: 3e– 3 single bonds (3x2) = 6

3F: 3x7e– F B F
BF3 9 lone pairs (9x2) = 18
24e– Total = 24
F
Important note: There can be
NEVER form double only 6 e–
bonds to either around B
Be or B!! The known structure of BF3
 Fewer Than Eight Electrons

• Consider BF3:
Ø Giving boron a filled octet places a negative formal charge
on the boron and a positive formal charge on fluorine.
Ø This could not be an accurate picture of the distribution of
electrons in BF3. DOUBLE BONDS TO F DO NOT OCCUR.
Ø Actually, resonance hybrids having B as the central atom
have not been observed.
Ø The shorter B-F bond distance observed in the structure is
NOT due to the resonance effect, but indeed due to the fact
that ALL F compounds have comparatively shorter bonds!
 Fewer Than Eight Electrons
Structures that put a double bond between boron and fluorine are
not important. The structure with boron having only 6 valence
electrons is correct.

The above reaction readily occurs. It would not happen if there

were a negative formal charge on B, since there is a nonbonded
pair on N. That would result in a repulsion! It is inconsistent to say
that “resonance” contributions like on the previous slide occur!
The lesson is: If filling the octet of the central atom
results in a negative charge on the central atom and a
positive charge on a more electronegative outer atom,
don’t fill the octet of the central atom!
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Odd-Electron Molecules

N: 5e–
…only 7e–
NO O: 6e– N O around N
11e–

The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)

S: 6e– 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12

SF6 6F: 42e– 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e– Total = 48

…but there are 12e– around S!

More Than Eight Electrons (expanded octet)

• The only way PCl5 can

exist is if phosphorus has
10 electrons around it.
• Central atoms from the
3rd row or below in the
Periodic Table (n>2) are
able to accommodate far
more than an octet of e–.

Ø Presumably d orbitals in
these atoms participate in
bonding.
 More Than Eight Electrons
Consider PO43– (phosphate ion):
Even though we can draw a Lewis structure for the
phosphate ion that has only 8 electrons around the
central phosphorus, the better structure (by formal
charge analysis) puts a double bond between the
phosphorus and one of the oxygens.

Preferred structure
…AND – The above preferred structure is a RESONANCE
structure, so there are *3* more (show yourself)!
Practice Exercise
Draw the Lewis structure for arsenic pentafluoride, AsF5.
AsF5: 5 + 7(5) = 40 valence e–

10 used in single bonds. 30 left

Place the 30 remaining e– (6 each on

each F atom), using all the e– in your
valence bank.
The structure is complete.
The H2SO4 Molecule
The possible Lewis structures for
The molecules are shown with their
calculated formal charges.
Molecule #1, with only single bonds,
has reasonable formal charges.
Molecule #2, with only ONE double
bond (and actually should be shown
as two resonance structures), also
has reasonable formal
charges. Molecule #3, however, with
TWO double bonds, has ALL ZERO
formal charges on all of its atoms.
It is the preferred structure. Also,
the preferred structure is NOT
a resonance structure.
Practice Exercise
Draw the Lewis structure for SF4.
SF4: 6 + 4(7) = 34 valence e–

8 used in bonds: 26 left

Place 6 nonbonded electrons on

each F, leaving 2.

Place the remaining 2 nonbonded

electrons on S.

Here, S accommodates 10e–. Formal charge analysis confirms

a “0” value for each of the Fluorines, and a “+1” on S.
Geometrically, this is a very interesting structure. We will find
out how to assess it in the next chapter.
 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
Three-dimensional structures contain different bond distances and bond
angles among the atoms in space.

VSEPR: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

VSEPR is a model used in chemistry used to predict the
geometry of molecules. It is based upon the electron density
implied by the Lewis structure. It is also called the Gillespie-
Nyholm theory, named after its two principal developers, who
postulated that regions of electron density will try to minimize
repulsion by residing as far apart from each other as is spatially
possible.
Electron Density Regions (Electron Domains) & VSEPR
• We refer to each region of electron
density (i.e., a bond or pair of
electrons) as an electron density
region = electron domain.
• A single bond counts as ONE
electron domain.
• A double bond counts as ONE
electron domain.
• A triple bond counts as ONE
electron domain.
• A nonbonded pair counts as
• Here, The central ONE electron domain.
atom, A, in this • We are most concerned about
the placement of the electron
molecule, has FOUR domains around the CENTRAL
electron domains. atom.
Electron Density Regions (Electron Domains) & VSEPR
 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)

“The optimal Solid Tetrahedron

arrangement of a
given number of CCl4 with C
electron domains is as central atom.
Each Cl atom lies
the one that at each corner
minimizes the of a regular Cl Cl
repulsions among tetrahedron, with Cl
C in the center.
them.”

Here, the TETRAHEDRAL structure of

CCl4 is shown. This is how the electron
domains of an “AB4”molecule should be
placed. The Cl atoms occupy the vertices
of a regular tetrahedron.
 Electron-Domain
AB2 Geometries
K
n These are the
AB3 o electron-domain
w geometries for two
through six electron
T
AB4 h domains around a
I central atom. The
s electron domains are
AB5
placed to MINIMIZE
180o T repulsions.
a
b The geometries shown are the
l optimal geometries for the AB2,
AB6 e AB3, AB4, AB5,
and AB6 arrangements.
 Electron-Domain vs. Molecular Geometry
• Count the number of
electron domains around AMMONIA
the central atom(s) in the
Lewis structure. In this
example, N has FOUR
electron domains.
• The electron domain
geometry will be that which
corresponds to the optimal
AB2, AB3, AB4, AB5 or AB6
geometry.
• The electron domain The ELECTRON DOMAIN
geometry ONLY matches geometry of ammonia is
the ACTUAL geometry tetrahedral, but the ACTUAL
ONLY when there are NO MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
nonbonding pairs! is TRIGONAL PYRAMID!!!
 Molecular Geometries
ALL structures shown below have
Within each central Tetrahedral ELECTRON DOMAIN
atom’s electron domain, geometries. Their MOLECULAR
GEOMETRIES DIFFER!
there might be more than
one molecular geometry.
The molecular geometry,
however, is ultimately
determined by any nonbonding
electrons on the central atom.

Molecular Geom. for AB4:

Tetrahedral: 0 nonbonding
Trigonal Pyramid: 1 nonbonding
Bent: 2 nonbonding
 Linear Electron Domain

CO2

•Linear domain: electron domain geometry =

molecular geometry

• NOTE: If there are only two atoms in the molecule,

the molecule always will be linear.
 Trigonal Planar Electron Domain

•There are two possible molecular geometries:

–Trigonal planar: 0 nonbonding pairs on central atom.
–Bent: 1 nonbonding pair on central atom.
•Note that when there are NO nonbonding pairs, the
molecular geometry is the same as the electron domain’s!
 Tetrahedral Electron Domain

• There are
three possible
molecular
geometries in
the tetrahedral
e- domain.

–Tetrahedral – 0 nonbonding pairs

–Trigonal pyramidal – 1 nonbonding pair
–Bent – 2 nonbonding pairs
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electron Domain
• There are two distinct
positions in this geometry:
– Axial
– Equatorial

180o
• There are three distinct angles:
– 90o (axial-central-equatorial)
– 120o (equat’l-central-equat’l)
– 180o (axial-central-axial)
 Trigonal Bipyramid Electron Domain
• There are four
distinct
molecular
geometries
around the
central atom in
the trigonal
bipyramidal
domain:
– Trigonal
bipyramidal
– Seesaw
– T-shaped
– Linear
Minimizing of repulsion, as per VSEPR, requires that nonbonded
electrons ALWAYS occupy the equatorial position!
trigonal bipyramid
electron domains

see-saw
molecular
 Octahedral Electron Domain
• All positions are
equivalent in the
octahedral domain.
• Thus there are
three possible
molecular
geometries:
– Octahedral
– Square
pyramidal
– Square planar

Minimizing of repulsion, as per VSEPR, requires that

nonbonded electrons in the octahedral structure always be
placed as far away from each other as possible.
 octahedral
electron domains

square planar
molecular
 Structure and Multi-centered Molecules
In more complicated structures, we can consider how the
LOCAL geometry of a specified is incorporated into the entire
structure.
The way to proceed is to consider each localized center
separately.

Consider acetic acid:

 Solution

A more accurate
1 2
rendering:

N: Tetrahedral e– domain; trigonal pyramid local molecular geometry

C1: Tetrahedral e– domain; tetrahedral local molecular geometry
C2: Trigonal planar e– domain; trigonal planar local molecular geometry
O: Tetrahedral e– domain; BENT local molecular geometry

NOTE: Make sure you understand (and can do) the associated “Check
Your Learning” problem!
 Bond & Molecular Polarity
Just because a molecule
possesses polar bonds
does not mean the
molecule as a whole will
be polar. CO2 is
NONPOLAR

H2O By vectorally adding the

individual bond dipoles,
one can determine the
overall dipole moment
for the molecule. Water
is polar because it has a
NET dipole moment.
 Molecular Polarity
Vector sums of bond dipoles will show the NET dipole
moment. If the dipole bond vectors all sum to ZERO, there
is no net dipole (µ = 0) and the molecule is NONPOLAR.

HCl
NH3
CCl4 net dipole
μ=0

H
BF3 CH3Cl
µ=0 net dipole Cl
Cl
Cl CHCl3
net dipole
 VSEPR: Effect of Nonbonded e- on Central Atom

moderate repulsion; greatest repulsion;

least repulsion; angle compressed smallest angle;
largest angle by 1 lone pair 2 lone pairs

bonding-pair vs. bonding lone-pair vs. bonding lone-pair vs. lone pair
pair repulsion < pair repulsion
< repulsion
 Summary – Determining Structures Using VSEPR
1) Draw the Lewis structures following the given protocol
learned…
2) Remember that any ONE resonance structure may be used
to determine the electron domain geometry and the molecular
geometry when there is perfect resonance.
3) Count the number of electron domains around the central
atom. Each one electron domain is represented by any kind
of bond (single, double, or triple) or one electron pair.
4) Determine the electron-domain geometry.
5) If nonbonding pairs occur on the central atom, then the
molecular geometry will be one of the “subcategories” of the
electron domain geometry.

6) Determine the molecular geometry.

Sample Exercise Polarity of Molecules
Predict whether the following molecules are polar or nonpolar: (a) BrCl, (b)
SO2, (c) SF6.
Solution
(a) Chlorine is more electronegative than bromine. All diatomic molecules
with polar bonds are polar molecules. Consequently, BrCl will be polar, with
chlorine carrying the partial negative charge:

The actual experimental dipole moment of BrCl is: µ = 0.57 D.

(b) Because oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur, SO2 has polar bonds.
Three resonance forms can be written for SO2:

NOTE: Since SO2 has three electron domains (trigonal planar), the
structure is BENT due to the nonbonded pair. The above rendering is
misleading…the atoms should not be written linearly.
Sample Exercise: Polarity of Molecules (con’t)
For each SO2, the VSEPR model predicts a bent geometry. Because the
molecule is bent, the bond dipoles do not cancel, and the molecule is polar:

VSEPR: 3 e- Molecular: bent

domains
SO2
net dipole
Experimentally, the dipole moment of SO2 is µ = 1.63 D.

(c) SF6: Fluorine is more electronegative than sulfur, so the bond dipoles point
toward fluorine. The six S—F bonds are arranged octahedrally around the
central sulfur:
Because the octahedral
geometry is symmetrical and VSEPR: 6 e-
sulfur is attached to all of the domains
same atoms, and there are no
nonbondeds, the bond dipoles Molecular:
cancel. The molecule is octahedral
nonpolar, meaning that µ = 0.