Tissues

●​ Most of these cells are specialized to carry out specific

functions. Each specialized function is taken up by a different
group of cells. Since these cells carry out only a particular
function, they do it very efficiently.
●​ In human beings, muscle cells contract and relax to cause
movement, nerve cells carry messages, blood flows to
transport oxygen, food, hormones and waste material and so
on.
●​ In plants, vascular tissues conduct food and water from one
part of the plant to other parts. So, multicellular organisms
show division of labor.
●​ Cells specializing in one function are often grouped together in
the body. This means that a particular function is carried out by
a cluster of cells at a definite place in the body. This cluster of
cells, called a tissue, is arranged and designed so as to give
the highest possible efficiency of function.
●​ Tissue is a group of cells that possess a similar structure and
perform a specific function in a living organism. Tissues are the
building blocks of organs and organ systems.
●​ The study of tissue is known as histology and study of
disease-related to tissue is known as histopathology. ​

●​ Histology is the branch of biology which studies the

microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.
●​ Paleontology is the study of fossils to determine organisms'
evolution and interactions with each other and their
environments.
Animal Tissues
●​ Animal tissues are grouped into four types:
●​ Connective Tissue
●​ Muscle Tissue
●​ Nervous Tissue
●​ Epithelial Tissue

1.​ Connective Tissues

●​ They are the group of tissues made up of cells separated by

non-living material, called an extracellular matrix.
●​ This tissue provides shape to the different organs and
maintains their positions. The cells of connective tissue are
loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. The
matrix may be jelly-like, fluid, dense or rigid.​

Types:
There are three types of connective tissue:
★​Fluid Connective Tissue.
★​Fibrous Connective Tissue.
★​Skeletal Connective Tissue.

​
For example: Blood, bone, tendon, ligament and areolar tissues.

●​ Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red

blood corpuscles (RBCs), white blood corpuscles (WBCs) and
platelets are suspended. The plasma contains proteins, salts
and hormones. Blood flows and transports gasses, digested
food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of the
body. It is a type of Fluid Connective Tissue.
 ●​ Bone is another example of a connective tissue. It forms the
framework that supports the body. It also anchors the muscles
and supports the main organs of the body. It is a strong and
nonflexible tissue. Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix
that is composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds. It is
a type of Skeletal Connective Tissue.
●​ Two bones can be connected to each other by another type of
connective tissue called the ligament. This tissue is very elastic.
It has considerable strength. Ligaments contain very little
matrix and connect bones with bones. Tendons connect
muscles to bones and are another type of connective tissue.
Tendons are fibrous tissue with great strength but limited
flexibility. It is a type of Fibrous Connective Tissue.
●​ Areolar is a connective tissue found in between skin and
muscles, around blood vessels, nerves, and the bone marrow. It
fills the space inside the organ, supporting the internal organ.
It is loaded with collagen fibres, making it strong and hard. It
helps in tissue repair.
●​ Adipose tissue is a loose, specialized connective tissue that
functions primarily in energy storage and release, temperature
insulation, organ protection, and hormone secretion.

Functions of Connective Tissue

The connective tissue functions by providing shape and maintains
the position of different organs in the body. It functions as the
primary supporting tissue of the body.

Other important and the major functions of connective tissue in

the body are:

1.​ Insulating.
2.​ Helps in binding the organs together and provides support.
 3.​ It protects against the invasions of pathogens by their
phagocytic activity.
4.​ Provides shape to the body, conserves body heat and also
stores energy.
5.​ It is involved in the transportation of water, nutrients,
minerals, hormones, gasses, wastes, and other substances
within the body.

2. Muscle Tissue​

Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells, also called muscle fibers.

This tissue is responsible for movement in our body. Muscles contain
special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract and relax
to cause movement.
➢​We can move some muscles by conscious will. Muscles present
in our limbs move when we want them to, and stop when we so
decide. Such muscles are called voluntary muscles. Common
voluntary skeletal muscles include the biceps, triceps, lats,
abdominals, glutes, quadriceps, and hamstrings.
➢​The movement of food in the alimentary canal or the
contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are involuntary
movements. We cannot really start them or stop them. Smooth
muscles or involuntary muscles control such movements. They
are also found in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the
bronchi of the lungs.
​
There are three types of muscle tissue:

●​ Skeletal Muscle – they are typically attached to bones

●​ Cardiac Muscle – found in the heart.
●​ Visceral or Smooth Muscle – they are found in the inner walls
of organs.
Functions of Muscle Tissue:
1.​ Muscle tissues are associated with their movements including
walking, running, lifting, chewing, picking and dropping
objects, etc. The other major functions of muscle tissue in the
body are:
2.​ Helps in maintaining an erect position, or posture.
3.​ Helps in the constriction of organs and blood vessels.
4.​ Involved in both voluntary and involuntary movements.
5.​ Involved in pumping blood and regulating the flow of blood in
arteries.
6.​ Controls respiration by automatically driving the movement of
air both into and out of our body.

3. Nervous Tissue
They are the main tissue components of the brain and spinal cord in
the central nervous system. While, in the peripheral nervous system,
the neural tissue forms the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from
which long thin hair-like parts arise. Usually each neuron has a single
long part (process), called the axon, and many short, branched parts
(processes) called dendrites.

Functions of Nervous Tissue

The nervous tissue forms the communication network of the nervous
system and is important for information processing.
​
The other major functions of nervous tissue in the body are:
1.​ Response to stimuli.
2.​ Stimulates and transmits information within the body.
3.​ Plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning.
4.​ Maintains stability and creates an awareness of the
environment.
 5.​ Nervous tissue is involved in controlling and coordinating many
metabolic activities.

4. Epithelial Tissue
They are formed by cells which cover the external parts of the
body organs and line the organ surfaces such as the surface of the
skin, the reproductive tract, the airways, and the inner lining of the
digestive tract. It also forms a barrier to keep different body
systems separate.
Example: skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels,
lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a continuous
sheet.
Different types of epithelial tissues have different structures that
match their jobs:
➔​Simple squamous epithelium: Very thin and flat cells, found in
places where substances need to move through easily, like
blood vessels and lung alveoli.
➔​Stratified squamous epithelium: Many layers of squamous
cells, found in areas that need protection, like the skin, mouth,
and oesophagus.
➔​Columnar epithelium: Tall cells found in areas where
absorption and secretion happen, like the lining of the intestine.
In the respiratory tract, it has tiny hairs called cilia that help
move mucus.
➔​Cuboidal epithelium: Cube-shaped cells found in places like
kidney tubules and salivary gland ducts, providing mechanical
support.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue:

This tissue performs a wide variety of functions including:
 1.​ Play a major role in sensory reception, excretion, filtration and
other metabolic activities.
2.​ Provide mechanical strength and resistance to the underlying
cells and tissue.
3.​ It is involved in the movement of materials through the process
of filtration, diffusion and secretion.
4.​ Protects the internal organs against the invasions of
pathogens, toxins, physical trauma, radiation, etc.
5.​ Epithelial tissues are also involved in secreting hormones,
enzymes, mucus and other products from ducts and
transporting it to the circulatory system.

Q. Which of the following tissues helps in tissue repair?

RRC Group D 16/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) Areolar
(b) Tendon
(c) Cartilage
(d) Ligament
Sol.(a)

Q. Which is the fat-storing tissue in our body?

RRB NTPC CBT - I 2021/ RRC Group D 18/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) Areolar tissue
(b) Adipose tissue
(c) Vascular tissue
d) Epithelial tissue
Sol.(b) Adipose tissue.

Q. Which of the following is primarily responsible for the movement

of the human body? RRC Group D 26/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) Combination of nervous and connective tissues
(b) Combination of muscular and connective tissues
(c) Combination of nervous and muscular tissues
(d) Combination of nervous and epithelial tissues
Sol.(c)

Q. Some of the functions performed by a particular animal tissue are

mentioned below:
a. it fills the voids inside the organs
b. it supports the internal organs
c. It aids in tissue repair
Identify this tissue from the options given below.
RRC Group D 26/08/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) Muscular tissue
(b) Epithelial Tissue
(c) Adipose tissue
(d) Areolar tissue
Sol.(d) Areolar tissue.

Q. _____is a group of cells similar in structure and function.

(a) Organ system
(b) Organ
(c) Tissue
(d) Molecule
Ans: c

Q. ____ is the study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues and

organs as seen through a microscope.
(a) Paleontology
(b) Histology
(c) Ichthyology
(d) Entomology
Ans: b
Q. Which tissue among the following is a protective tissue in the
animal body?
(a) Muscular tissue
(b) Nervous tissue
(c) Connective tissue
(d) Epithelial tissue
Ans: d

Q. Which tissue provides shape to different organs and maintains

their positions?
(a) Muscle tissue
(b) Nervous tissue
(c) Epithelial tissue
(d) Connective tissue
Ans: (d)

Q. Which type of connective tissue is blood classified as?

(a) Fluid Connective Tissue
(b) Fibrous Connective Tissue
(c) Skeletal Connective Tissue
(d) Adipose Tissue
Ans: (a)

Q. What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

(a) Providing mechanical support
(b) Facilitating communication within the body
(c) Generating movement
(d) Sensory reception
Ans: (c)

Q. Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?

(a) Skeletal Muscle
(b) Cardiac Muscle
(c) Visceral Muscle
(d) Smooth Muscle
Ans: (b)

Q. What is the function of nervous tissue?

(a) Providing support and protection
(b) Generating movement
(c) Sensory reception
(d) Transmitting and processing information
Ans: (d)

Q. Which structure is characteristic of a neuron?

(a) Long, thin hair-like parts called dendrites
(b) Cube-shaped cells
(c) Flat, thin cells forming a continuous sheet
(d) Short, branched parts called axons
Ans: (a)

Q. Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the lining of the

intestine?
(a) Simple squamous epithelium
(b) Stratified squamous epithelium
(c) Columnar epithelium
(d) Cuboidal epithelium
Ans: (c)
Plant Tissues:​

Plant Tissues: Plant anatomy involves the study of different types of

plant tissues. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to
perform specific functions. The main types of plant tissues are:
a. Meristematic Tissue: Found in growing regions of plants,
meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells. It allows for
plant growth and is responsible for producing new cells for primary
and secondary growth.

b. Dermal Tissue: The outermost tissue layer of plants, dermal tissue

covers and protects the plant. It includes the epidermis, which has a
waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, and specialized structures like
stomata for gas exchange.

c. Ground Tissue: Ground tissue forms the bulk of the plant body and
performs various functions. It can be further divided into three
types:

Parenchyma: Parenchyma cells are involved in photosynthesis,

storage, and tissue repair. They have thin cell walls and often contain
chloroplasts.
Collenchyma: Collenchyma cells provide mechanical support to
growing parts of the plant. They have unevenly thickened cell walls,
which provide flexibility.

Sclerenchyma: Sclerenchyma cells provide rigid support to mature

parts of the plant. They have thick, lignified cell walls and can be
either fibers or sclereids.

d. Vascular Tissue: Vascular tissue is responsible for transporting

water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. It consists of two
types:

Xylem: Xylem tissue conducts water and minerals from the roots to
the rest of the plant. It is made up of tracheids and vessel elements.
Phloem: Phloem tissue transports sugars and other organic
molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant. It is composed of
sieve tubes and companion cells.

Plant Organs: Plant anatomy also involves the study of different

plant organs, which are structures that serve specific functions. The
main plant organs are:
a. Roots: Roots anchor the plant in the ground and absorb water and
nutrients from the soil. They can be classified into taproots (main
root with lateral branches) or fibrous roots (several thin roots of
similar size).

b. Stems: Stems provide support and transport water, nutrients, and

sugars throughout the plant. They can be herbaceous (non-woody)
or woody. Stems have nodes (points of leaf attachment) and
internodes (spaces between nodes).

c. Leaves: Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs of plants. They

have a flattened blade and a petiole that connects them to the stem.
Leaves contain chloroplasts, which capture sunlight for
photosynthesis.

Plant Cell Types: Plant anatomy also involves studying different

types of plant cells. These include:
a. Parenchyma Cells: Parenchyma cells have thin cell walls and are
involved in photosynthesis, storage, and tissue repair.

b. Collenchyma Cells: Collenchyma cells provide support and

flexibility to growing plant parts.

c. Sclerenchyma Cells: Sclerenchyma cells provide rigid support to

mature plant parts.

d. Xylem Cells: Xylem cells transport water and minerals from roots
to other parts of the plant.

e. Phloem Cells: Phloem cells transport sugars and other organic

molecules throughout the plant.
Q. The presence of which of the following is a distinctive feature of
complex plants, which has made their existence possible in
terrestrial environments?
RRC Group D 06/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) sclerenchyma tissue
(b) meristematic tissue
(c) vascular tissue
(d) parenchyma tissue
Sol.(c) Vascular tissue

Q. Which tissue in the coconut husk makes it hard and stiff?

RRC Group D 23/08/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) Guard cells
(b) Parenchyma
(c) Collenchyma
(d) Sclerenchyma
Sol.(d)

Q. Which of the following is a plant tissue?

I.​ Meristematic tissue
II.​ Permanent tissue
(a) Only II
(b) Both I and II
(c) Neither I nor I
(d) Only I
Ans:b

Q. Cells of meristematic tissue lack:

(a) Cellulose wall
(b) Vacuoles
(c) Cytoplasm
(d) Nuclei
Ans:b

Q. ________is the water transporting tissue in plants

(a) Stele
(b) Xylem
(c) Cortex
(d) Phloem
Ans:b

●​ Xylem is the water transporting tissue in plants.

●​ The stele is the central part of the root or stem containing the
tissues derived from the procambium.
 ●​ Cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a plant, lying below
the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles.
●​ Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the
soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis, in
particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where
needed.

Q. Which tissue is responsible for the flexibility in plants?

(a) Meristematic
(b) Sclerenchyma
(c) Parenchyma
(d) Collenchyma
Ans:d

Q. Which tissue has heavily thickened lignified walls?

(a) Collenchyma
(b) Parenchyma
(c) Aerenchyma
(d) Sclerenchyma
Ans: d

Q. Husk of a coconut is made of _______tissue.

(a) Collenchyma
(b) Xylem
(c) Sclerenchyma
(d) Parenchyma
Ans: c ​

●​ The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue

(provide strength to plants).
●​ Tissues of Plants: Dermal Tissues (epidermal cells, stomata,
trichomes}, Ground tissues {Collenchyma (provide mechanical
strength and elasticity to plants), parenchyma (to store food
and provide turgidity to organ), sclerenchyma}, and Vascular
tissue (Vessel elements, tracheids, companion cells and sieve
tubes}.
●​ Xylem is a vascular tissue that transports water throughout a
plant's body.