THE

SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES
02
 Atoms

e-
Atoms are made of three
particles: e- N
• Protons (p+) +++
N N
+
• Neutrons (n)
e-
• Electrons (e-)
Electron
Proton
Neutron
 THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
02 03
IN DEPTH IN BRIEF
Atoms are primarily made of Here you could describe the
topic of the section
three sub-particles:
05
Proton
Electron EVENTS
neutron
 Protons

• Protons
• Located in the nucleus N
• Have a positive charge
• Have a mass of one
 Neutrons

Neutrons
• Located in the nucleus N
N
• Have no charge
• Have a mass of one –similar to the proton N
 Electrons

Electrons
e • have a negative charge
- • orbit the nucleus of the atom
• are very small (have basically NO
mass)
e • in a neutral atom, there are the same
- number of protons and electrons
 Atom Structure
Neutron

Proton
+ +
Electron

-
What force holds all the parts of an
atom together?
• It is the electromagnetic force of attraction
between the positive protons in the nucleus
and the negative electrons orbiting around
the nucleus that holds the atom together.

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 THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
PARTICLE SYMBOL MASS (amu) CHARGE

Proton p+ 1 Positive

Electron e- 1/1837 Negative

Neutron n0 1 No charge
 Subatomic Particles

ATOM

NUCLEUS ELECTRONS

PROTONS NEUTRONS

POSITIVE NEUTRAL
CHARGE CHARGE

Most of the atom’s mass. Atomic Number

equals the # of...
 Let’s review
• Name the two sub-atomic particles found in
the nucleus of an atom:
Proton and Neutron
• What is the charge of a proton?
Positive
• What is the charge of a neutron?
No charge (neutral)
• Where are the electrons at?
Orbiting the nucleus
03 ATOMIC NUMBER
and
MASS NUMBER
 Atomic Number (Z)
Elements contain one or more of the same type of atom!
All known elements can be found on the periodic table.

• Elements can be identified by their atomic number.

• The atomic number is the number of PROTONS in the
atoms of an element.
• It can be used like a social security number for people.
• It is used to IDENTIFY the element from the
Periodic Table.
Example:

An element with 6 protons has an atomic number of 6 and is

the element Carbon from the Periodic Table.
 Now You Try
• Identify the element and tell how many
protons it has:
1) Atomic number 7 Nitrogen: 7 protons
2) Atomic Number 20 Calcium: 20 protons

• Identify the element and give its atomic number.

3) 15 protons Phosphorus: Atomic number 15
4) 4 protons Helium: Atomic Number 4

• Give the atomic number and number of protons.

5) Atomic number 18; 18 protons
Argon
6) Sulfur Atomic number 16; 16 protons
 Mass Number (A)
• The atomic mass number includes the
number of protons and neutrons, since they
are the two largest particles in the atom.

• Since they are both located in the nucleus,

the mass of the atom is located
in the nucleus.

⮚Atomic Mass Number = protons +

neutrons
Using the Periodic Table
Using the Periodic Table

2
Using the Periodic Table

2
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of 2
protons)
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons) 2
He
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons) 2
He
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons) 2
Element symbol-
gives the name of
He
the element.
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons) 2
Element symbol-
gives the name of He
the element.
4
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons) 2
Element symbol-
gives the name of He
the element.
4
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons) 2
Element symbol-
gives the name of He
the element.
Atomic mass number-
4
The number of
protons + neutrons.
 Using the Periodic Table
Atomic Number-
identifies the element.
(also the number of
protons) 2
Element symbol-
gives the name of He
the element.
Atomic mass number- 4
The number of
protons + neutrons.
 Now You Try
For the following pictures, give the name of the element, its atomic
number, number of protons, and atomic mass number.

Beryllium Sodium Oxygen

Atomic number 4 Atomic number 11 Atomic number 8
4 protons 11 protons 8 protons
Atomic mass number 9 Atomic mass number 23 Atomic Mass Number 16
 + IONS
-
An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge!!

▪ A particle with a neutral charge has the same number of

protons and electrons.
▪ An ion does not have the same number of electrons and protons.

▪ Cations – ion with positive charge, formed when the electron is removed from an
atom
▪ Anions – ion with negative charge, formed when the electron is added to an atom

▪ Examples of ions:

• H+ - A hydrogen atom that is missing one electron. • CO32- - Carbonate has two more electrons than protons
The atom has one more proton than electron,
and must have a positive charge.
Ions or Charges
Chemical reactions occur when atoms
gain, lose, or share electrons.
Metals Nonmetals

gain / accept electrons.

Nonmetals _____________
This gives them a ____ charge.
_
anions
Negative ions are called ___________.
Metals ________________
lose / donate electrons.
+ charge.
This gives them a ____
cations
Positive ions are called ___________.
 Remember that the charge of an ion can be
determined by its place on the Periodic Table.

+1 +4
0
or
+2 +3 -4 -3 -2 -1

Look for the Roman Numeral!

 For each elements, predict the charge
of its most common ion using the
periodic table.

-3 0 +2 +2 -1 0
+1 +2 -1 -2 +1 -1
-2 +1 -3 +1 -1 0
 Isotopes
• Atoms with the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons
• Another way to say – atoms of the same
element with different numbers of neutrons
• An elements mass number is the number of
protons plus the number of neutrons
• REVIEW: to determine the number of
neutrons subtract the atomic number from the
mass number
• Mass # – atomic # = # of neutrons
Isotopes of Lithium
• An isotope is just a heavier form of the same element
• Carbon will always have 6 protons in its nucleus
Isotopic symbols
 Isotopic symbols

NOTE: Unlike on the periodic

table where the atomic number
is at the top of the box and the
average atomic mass is at the
bottom in isotopic symbols the
mass number is at the top and
the atomic number is at the
bottom.

If X is Hydrogen and its mass number is 2 then the isotopic symbol

would be
2H
1
 Isotopic symbols

If X is Fluorine and its mass

number is 20 then the correct
isotopic symbol is
Fluorine – 20.
If the atom has a charge the charge is written
to the upper right side of the symbol. If the
charge is either negative or positive 1 the 1 is
not written but understood to be 1.
Determine the number of neutron in each isotope

1. 238 – 92 = 146
neutrons

2. 84 – 36 = 48 neutrons

3. 35 – 17 18 neutrons
=

4. 14 – 6 = 8 neutrons
 EXAMPLES
ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS # PROTONS #ELECTRONS #NEUTRON
NUMBER NUMBER S

Magnesium 12 24 12 12 12

Cobalt 27 59 27 27 32

Argon 18 40 18 18 22
ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS # PROTONS #ELECTRONS # NEUTRONS
NUMBER NUMBER
Carbon 6 12 6
_____ 6
_____ 6
_____

Arsenic 33
_____ 75 33 33
_____ 42
_____

Potassium 19
_____ 39
______ 19
_____ 19 20

Calcium 20 40
______ 20
_____ 20
_____ 20

Mercury 80
_____ 201 80 80
_____ 121
_____
Electron Configuration