STI

The Effects of Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) to the

Filipino Human Rights as percieved by the Senior High School HUMSS
Students at STI College Global City A.Y 2023-2024

A Research Study Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

Department of STI College Global City Taguig City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion of HUMSS 402

By:

Arela, Anna Paulina

Cañedo, Francheska G.
Dimaala, Lucy Marie J.
Estacio, Sean Kirby C.
Evangelista, Angelika
Gemzon, Venice Heather Lhorreine
Joven, Franzes Keisha G.
Palacio, Patrick Caezar E.
Sol, Carlo

May 2024
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APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled The Effects of Enhanced Defense

Cooperation Agreement to the Filipino Human Rights as perceived by
the Senior High School HUMSS Students at STI College Global City A.Y
2023-2024, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Inquiries,
Investigation, and Immersion, prepared and submitted by GROUP 2 are
hereby recommended for the oral examination.

MR. ANGELO NONATO

Investigation, Inquries, and Immersion
Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquries,

Investigation, and Immersion by the Committee on Oral Examination with a
grade of____________ on _____________.

MR. ANGELO NONATO

Chairman

MR. RONALD T. FAJARDO MR. ERWIN BERMUDO

Panel Member Panel Member

Panel Member

MR. CARLO P. CORTEZ, LPT, MS

Assistant Principal, SHS

ENGR. RENIA R. MATIRA

Principal/Academic Head
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RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION

This research entitled THE EFFECTS OF ENHANCED DEFENSE

COOPERATION AGREEMENT TO THE FILIPINO HUMAN RIGHTS AS

PERCEIVED BY THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL HUMSS STUDENTS AT STI

COLLEGE GLOBAL CITY A.Y 2023-2024 prepared and submitted by

GROUP 2, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries,

Investigation, and Immersion, has been examined and is hereby

recommended for oral examination.

MR. ANGELO NONATO

Investigation, Inquries, and Immersion
Adviser

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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This research will not be conducted without God’s invaluble guidance

that made it possible for the researchers to create such favorable output. As

He gave the researchers enough strength, courage, knowledge, and wisdom

to create this study. He also sent the following people who sacrificed their

time, shared their knowledge, and willingly helped the researchers succesfully

finish their paper.

Mr. Angelo Nonato, our Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

adviser for supporting, guiding, and counseling us all throughout.

Mrs. Stephanie Tabifranca-Santos, our Practical Research I Adviser

and our grammarian, for inspiring us, lending us her valuable effort, and

continuously sending us support.

Ms. Marla Ancheta, our Practical Research II Adviser, for being

patient and keeping us on track in order to complete our study.

Mr. Erwin Bermudo, one of our Panelist Member, for providing us an

idea and giving entrusting us with this topic.

Ms. Mary Lidie Sanchez, one of our former Panelist Member, for

giving us helpful advice and free counseling.

Mr. Ronald T. Fajardo, our Homeroom Adviser and one of our

Panelist members, for supporting our study and lending us his precious time

despite his busy schedule.

To the senior high school department principal, Engr. Renia R. Matira

and assistant principal, Mr. Carlo P. Cortez, for courteously allowing us to

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use the school facilities in order to counduct our survey which is immensley

needed to acquire the necessary data for our study.

Last but not the least, the research team who have been their for each

other through thick and thin: from creating the title who had countless revision,

the sleepless nights, up until the very end. We were each other’s helping hand

for the past two years, hopefully, the bond that we had will be something that

we can share and look back in the future.

DEDICATION

The researchers dedicate this work to their family, friends, and loved

ones:

With a special note of gratefulness to their loving parents and siblings,

who meant so much to the researchers and care to them.

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The researchers also dedicates this work to their friends and

classmates who have gave them support, help, and made the school years

bearable.

Most epecially, to God almighty, for giving us enough strength and

wisdom and for letting us cross path with these valuable people.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………. i

APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………............ ii

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION ………...……………… iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ……………………………………………………....... iv
DEDICATION ……………………………………………………....... v
TABLE OF
……………………………………………………....... vi
CONTENTS
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ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………....... ix

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Page

Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 00

Background of the Study…………………………………………………… 3

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………….. 11

Research Paradigm…………………………………………….................. 11
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………... 12
Hypothesis………………………………………………………..................... 13
Scope and Limitations of the Study……………………………………….. 13
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………… 14
Definition of Terms………………………………………………………….. 16

Page
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Work Immersion………………………………………………....................... 19
Curriculum Implementation and Compliance………………………………. 29
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Work Immersion Delivery Process …………………………………………. 31

Assessment of Students Progress………………………………………….. 38
Supervision of Work Immersion Implementation…………………………... 52

Administrative Concerns……………..……………..………………………... 65

71
Synthesis………………………………………………………………………..

Page
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method Used………………………………………………………. 73

Respondents of the Study……………………………………………………. 73
Sampling Technique………………………………………………………….. 75
Instrumentation…………………………………………………..................... 75
Data Gathering Procedures………………………………………………….. 76
Statistical Treatment of Data………………………………………………… 76

Page
Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

Work Immersion………………………………………………...................... 19
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Curriculum Implementation and Compliance……………………………... 29

Work Immersion Delivery Process ………………………………………… 31

Assessment of Students Progress…………………………………………. 38
Supervision of Work Immersion Implementation…………………………. 52

Administrative Concerns……………..……………..………………………. 65

71
Synthesis………………………………………………………………………

Page
Chapter 5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary………………...................…………………………………………. 73
Findings………………………………..……………………………………… 73
Conclusions…………………….…………………………………………….. 75
Recommendations……….…………………………………………………... 75

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………... 00

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………….... 00

CURRICULUM VITAE………..……………………………………………… 00

ABSTRACT

The Effects of Enhanced Defense Cooperation agreement to the Filipino

human rights violation as perceived by Senior High School Students was

assessed by Grade 12 Students at STI College Global City. The results were
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made integral in providing information on how senior high school students

perceived EDCA's effect on Filipino human rights violation. Specifically,

questions on the respondents' evaluated Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement in terms of Land Grabbing, Training Grounds for bombing,

extrajudicial acts.

Land Grabbing, Training Grounds for bombing, extrajudicial acts. was

answered.

The appraisal conducted by Grade 12 students at STI College Global

City sheds light on the recognitions of Filipino senior high school students with

respect to the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) and its

potential affect on human rights infringement within the nation. The study

centered on key perspectives such as land grabbing, the utilize of preparing

grounds for bombing exercises, and the event of extrajudicial acts. By

analyzing these particular areas, the inquire about pointed to supply a

comprehensive understanding of how EDCA is seen by the youth populace in

connection to human rights concerns.

The discoveries from this think about not as it were contributed to the

existing talk on EDCA but to highlight the significance of locks in youthful

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minds in talks approximately national security and human rights issues. By

including senior high school students in this appraisal, the investigate not as it

were intensifying the voices of the youth but moreover underscores the

importance of their points of view in forming arrangements and choices that

affect the nation. This activity at STI College Global City embodies a proactive

approach to instruction, where understudies are empowered to basically

analyze complex issues and take an interest in important talks that have real-

world suggestions.

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
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The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) is an

agreement between the Philippines and the United States. This was

established to deter any potential threats from China and act as a deterrent

towards the rise of tensions in the West Philippine Sea. Aside from providing

greater security and protection, it also offers several benefits such as

strengthening national security, promoting economic growth, and providing

educational opportunities for students interested in defense and international

affairs.

Despite the advantages, there are people who oppose EDCA. This is

because of their belief that it poses a great threat to the country's ability to

protect Filipino human rights. The other perspective is that they believe it

causes the militarization of their country. Some believe the agreement is used

to accomplish land grabbing. And there was an acknowledgement made by

the government pertaining to the bombings in Cagayan.

This research will cover the perception of students: if there is a

significant effect between the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement and

the Filipino human rights violation.

Background of the Study

GOVPH (2014) stated that “the EDCA is an agreement between the

Philippines and the United States, which is envisioned to advance the

implementation of the Philippine-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT). The

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EDCA is designed to promote the following between the Philippines and its

defense treaty ally the United States: (1) Interoperability, (2) Capacity building

towards AFP modernization, (3) Strengthening AFP for external defense, (4)

Maritime security, (5) Maritime domain awareness, (6) Humanitarian

assistance and disaster response (HADR).” EDCA is designed to address the

on-going threats the Philippines have been receiving, more specifically in

West Philippine Sea. EDCA allows the US to rotationally gain access to

certain bases, to build and operate facilities in Philippine bases, and US may

preposition military materials. Moreover, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.

thinks that if we give expanded access to these bases, we can prepare for

potential threats. However, there would be expected risks with it such as, the

Philippines might be too dependent to United States again and if the presence

of US troupes got wider, there would be a high possibility of human rights

violation or crimes against Filipino citizens.

In their individual applications for reconsideration filed in February of

last year, the petitioners reaffirmed their principal claim that EDCA had

violated Article 18, Section 25 of the Constitution, which calls for Senate

approval of treaties. Article 18, Section 25 of the Transitory Provisions

includes the following provisions: 1. It must be established under a treaty, 2.

The treaty must be duly concurred in by the Senate, 3. When required by

Congress, the treaty must be ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the

people in a national referendum, 4. The treaty must be recognized as a treaty

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by the other contracting state (In this case, the United States). However, this

claim was rejected by the Senate due to the 1935 Constitution, "the President

has the "power, with the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the

National Assembly, to make treaties ... " The section, found in Article VII,

Section 11, Paragraph 7, is listed among the President's authority under that

section of the 1935 Constitution. This acknowledges that signing treaties is a

power of the president, however it states that the National Assembly's

approval should be required before it may be implemented.

According to Sajid (2023), “The Asia Pacific Research Network

(APRN), a regional network of research NGOs, issued a statement on the 9th

anniversary of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), which

was signed in 2014 between the US and the Philippines, claiming that the

latest deal between the two countries providing four more bases will increase

rights abuses and land grabbing in areas hosting US troops.” Despite EDCA’s

numerous benefits, it is clear that its danger is alarming the people. Recently,

it is said that the government plans to expand and add four more bases in

different cities such as the Naval Base Camilo Osias in Sta. Ana, Cagayan;

Lal-lo Airport in Lal-lo Cagayan; Camp Melchor Dela Cruz in Gamu, Isabela;

and Balabac Island in Palawan. Two of these new military bases are facing

Taiwan, one of it is the province of Cagayan. And because of this, Secretary

Foreign Affairs, Enrique Manalo did not allow the US to stockpile weapons at

the joint military bases for the use in operations in Taiwan. Some international
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and local oppose the said expansion of bases for a reason that they fear that

it will only exacerbate the already dire situation of human rights and land

grabbing.

Ecaguete (2023) states that “Tanggol Magsasaka, from January 2022

to March 2023, at least 1,254 were affected by aerial bombing assaults, 900

of them were displaced by this year alone. In J` anuary last year, the Armed

Forces of the Philippines (AFP) shelled four villages in Gonzaga, a

neighboring town of the new EDCA site in Santa Ana. Last February, the

military bombed another nearby town, forcing farmers and Indigenous Agtas

to flee. The military’s attacks on peasant groups and villages in Cagayan,

activists claim with the Peoples Coalition on Food Sovereignty (PCFS), were

a deliberate strategy to quell resistance to land grabs across the province,

including at the two new EDCA sites” These incidents pushed the farmers to

protest for EDCA to be junked. The people believed that The US military

presence in the Philippines, particularly during the Marcos regime, has only

resulted in a long list of crimes committed against the Filipino people and the

devastation of our natural resources.

As a substantial segment of society, students have the power to

influence public opinion and policy on this subject. However, there has been

little research into how and to what extent students participate in political

involvement in relation to the EDCA. Moreover, the purpose of this study is to

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test and investigate the effects of EDCA to the Filipino human rights as

perceived by the senior high school HUMSS students. It aims to discover

what are the things that we can do, as a student and as an individual who is

part of this society, to protect the human rights and prevent the continuous

abuses. Researchers have been interested in the effects of EDCA to the

Filipino human rights since it is timely and relevant to our country.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. Factors Contributing Students’ Awareness

Imenda (2014) stated that “A conceptual framework is a synthetization

of interrelated components and variables which help in solving a real-world

problem. It is the final lens used for viewing the deductive resolution of an

identified issue.”

Research framework depicted in the figure for this study will be used by the

researchers to determine the effect of EDCA to the Filipino human rights as

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perceived by the senior high school HUMSS students at STI College Global

City.

The independent variable in this study would be Enhanced Defense

Cooperation Agreement, under EDCA is its political review. Whereas, the

dependent variable is the Filipino human rights, the arrow connecting

variables indicates the hypothesize analysis between the effect Enhanced

Defense Cooperation Agreement to the Filipino human rights.

Statement of the Problem

The research studied the Effects of Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement to the Filipino Ruman Rights as perceived by the Senior High

School HUMSS Students at STI College Global City A.Y 2023-2024. The
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data that have been gathered were analyzed using correlational method.

The study specifically determined the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 sex; and

1.3 grade level?

2. The challenges of the respondents in terms of policy review;

2.1 implementation

2.2 information

2.3 process

3. What are human rights violation of EDCA in terms of:

3.1 Land grabbing;

3.2 Training ground for bombing and;

3.3 Extrajudicial acts

4. Is there a significant effect between Enhanced Defense

Cooperation Agreement and the Filipino human rights violation?

Hypothesis
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There is a significant effect between Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement and the Filipino human rights violation as perceived by the Senior

High School HUMSS Students at STI College Global City A.Y 2023-2024.

Scope and Delimitations

This study entitled, ‘The Effects of Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement to the Filipino Human Rights by the Senior High School HUMSS

Students at STI College Global City A.Y 2023-2024, is limited to Grade 11

and 12 HUMSS Students of STI College Global City in the senior high school

department. The discussion of Filipino human rights is only the three things

indicated which are the land grabbing, training ground bombing, and

militarization.

This is made to determine if the Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement (EDCA) affects the Filipino human rights as perceived by the

senior high school HUMSS students in order to produce a proposed action

plan such as “NEWS BULLET-IN-BOARD” at 7th wherein students can view

the latest news and specific information at the bulletin board that will help

them familiarize with EDCA. Any form of information and topic that is not

related to the effect of Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement to the

Filipino human rights will not be tackled.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following:

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Citizens near the military bases of EDCA. People living close to EDCA's

military bases would benefit most from the study because they are those who

will be most affected by the said agreement.

Compatriots. This particular study is intended to make people aware of the

circumstances in which we find ourselves so that we may spread the word

about the political issue and educate the public about the state of our nation

HUMSS Students. Since politics, human rights, and societal analysis are the

strengths of the HUMSS students' chosen field, this research would be helpful

to them. They will be able to make better decisions regarding current political

issues, particularly those involving EDCA, as a result of their improved grasp

of the aforementioned subject.

Government. The results of this study will help the local government in its

decision-making about EDCA because they will provide them with a solid

foundation in the form of statistical facts.

Social Science Teachers. The results of this study are useful to social

science teachers in helping them impart knowledge to students, in that they

can use them as a guide to help them improve the students' knowledge of

emerging political issues using trustworthy facts, especially when it comes to

EDCA since they are one of the most knowledgeable on this subject.

Future Researchers. This study may inspire future researchers in the next

generation to tackle a variety of aspects faced by the students. Furthermore,

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this study may be use as a reference for researchers who will conduct similar

study for further investigation using other variables.

Operational Definition of Variables

Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement. facilitates regular political

reviews and discussions between the United States and the Philippines to

assess effectiveness and address issues.

Extrajudicial acts. are actions or pursuits that take place outside of

recognized legal or judicial proceedings.

Filipino human rights. The freedom or legal rights of the people who lived

the near the military bases.

Land grabbing. The unlawful or unethical acquisition of land, frequently by

powerful people, businesses, or governments.

Political review. Regular evaluations and discussions between signatory

partiesto assess implementation, resolve issues, and make necessary

changes.

Training ground for bombing. Military drills to improve skills in close air

support operations, aerial bombardment, and precision targeting.

ACRONYMS
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EDCA. Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

MDT. Mutual Defense Treaty

AFP. Armed Forces of the Philippines

HADR. Humanitarian Assitance Disaster and Response

VFA. Visiting Forces Agreement

US. United States

DND – Department of National Defense

Chapter 2
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The researcher used various academic publications and peer-reviewed

published materials to properly comprehend this investigation's context. The

scholarly literature used as sources was chosen because they were pertinent

to the topics and factors covered in this study. Each entry has a brief

summary of its contents that is categorized by keywords. This chapter lists

books and periodicals that had a substantial influence on the research.

Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

Reuters (2014) stated that “EDCA is a ten-year military pact between

the US and the Philippines that provides the US more open access to

Philippine military, air force, and naval bases in the country. The US military

presence in these bases is only temporary and rotational considering that the

last Philippine Constitution does not allow a permanent occupation of foreign

military forces in the country” Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement is a

military agreement between the United States and the Philippines that was

signed in April 2014. EDCA is designed to address the on-going threat the

Philippines have in West PH Sea. It allows the United States to rotate troops

for extended stays, build temporary operate facilities in some areas in the

Philippines, and US may preposition military materials but nuclear weapons

are prohibited.
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According to GOVPH (2014) “The EDCA is designed to promote the

following between the Philippines and its defense treaty ally the United States:

Interoperability, Capacity building towards AFP modernization, Strengthening

AFP for external defense, Maritime security, Maritime domain awareness, and

Humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR).”

Dizon (2014) stated that “EDCA is the fourth security agreement

between the Philippines and the United States. Before EDCA, there were

MUTUAL Defense Treaty (MDT), the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) which

governs the status of US Troops in the Philippines, by the MSLA that is about

the Logistics Cooperation of US and Philippine armed forces, and the MAA

which formalized the US Development Assistance to the Armed Forces of the

Philippines” Visiting Forces Agreement and Mutual Defense Treaty allows US

to conduct exercises in PH, until one crisis strikes the Philippines in 2012 , it

was the time where the issue between China and the Philippines in West PH

Sea started, that resulted for them to conduct another agreement which is

EDCA.

De Castro (2014) stated that “EDCA is a product of the determination

of the administration of Benigno Aquino III to counter China’s expansion in

Southeast Asia. It is necessary for a small power like the Philippines to forge

alliances through its foreign policy options to confront an emerging Power like

China that is encroaching Philippine territory.”

According to Chang (2023) “The origin of the EDCA began soon after a

months-long standoff between hundreds of Chinese and Philippine vessels near

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the disputed Scarborough Shoal in 2012. Though the standoff ended with China

in control of the shoal, it also forced Manila and Washington to rethink how to

deal with China’s behavior. The EDCA was created to help boost America’s

military presence in the area. Under the pact, the two countries began joint

maritime patrols in the South China Sea. They also planned for the United States

to rotate its troops through five Philippine military bases, improve their facilities,

and preposition military hardware at them. These were: Benito Ebuen Air Base in

Cebu, Lumbia Airfield in Cagayan De Oro, Fort Magsaysay Military Reservation

in Nueva Ecija, Cesar Basa Air Base in Pampanga, and Antonio Bautista Air

Base in Palawan.”

The EDCA is intended to deal with the persistent dangers that the

Philippines has been facing, particularly in the West Philippine Sea. In

accordance with the EDCA, the US is permitted to construct and run facilities

on Philippine bases, get access to certain locations on a rotating basis, and

preposition military supplies. Furthermore, according to President Ferdinand

Marcos Jr., we can be more prepared for prospective threats if we grant these

bases greater access to the United States.

According to Heydarian (2023) "Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement (EDCA), has triggered an unexpected level of resistance, EDCA

stands as one of the most consequential defense agreements amid the

intensifying disputes in the South China Sea. Signed shortly before former

President Barack Obama’s visit to Manila in 2014, the pact represents a

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conscious effort by both parties to address China’s maritime expansionism

head-on.”

In light of the The Philippines’ constitutional proscription against

permanent foreign bases in the post-Cold War era, EDCA instead provides

the Pentagon rotational access to pre-designated sites across the Southeast

Asian country “at the invitation of the Philippines and with full respect for the

Philippine constitution and Philippine laws.” Nevertheless, the agreement

provides the United States significant latitude, including the prerogative build

requisite facilities and preposition weapons systems, aircrafts, and vessels in

locations under the aegis of EDCA. Almost a decade since it was first

negotiated, the defense pact has overcome multiple hurdles, beginning with a

legal challenge at the Philippine Supreme Court, which eventually cleared

EDCA as constitutional in 2016. Then came six years of multifarious

resistance from Duterte, who repeatedly frustrated the “full implementation” of

the defense pact, especially prepositioning of U.S. weapons systems

.in pre-designated facilities, in a bid to appease China, his strategic patron

According to Cortez (2023) “DAVAO CITY, Philippines – On the 125th

anniversary of the Philippine independence, progressive groups here raise

sovereignty issues as the Marcos administration shifts back the government’s

alliance from China to the United States. During their rally at Freedom Park on

Monday, Bagong Alyansang Makabayan and Anakbayan Davao chapters

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point out that the entry of four new Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Arrangement (EDCA) sites might push more human rights violations.”

Progressive groups in Davao City expressed reservations over the

Marcos administration's decision to switch allies from China to the United

States. This change is thought to have the potential to worsen human rights

violations, as evidenced by the introduction of four new Enhanced Defense

Cooperation Arrangement (EDCA) facilities. The action is thought to be a

calculated attempt to increase US military and supply presence in the Pacific.

Progressive organizations support the assertion of Philippine sovereignty

through an independent foreign policy, especially with regard to the

controversies surrounding the West Philippine Sea. They draw attention to the

continued difficulties that the local Filipino fishermen confront, implying that

these problems endure despite shifts in the political landscape.

EDCA to the Filipino human rights

“Urban poor group Kadamay on Friday cast doubt on claims that the

addition of four sites under the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

will benefit local communities as government agencies touted the

arrangement as a way to upgrade Philippine military infrastructure and

provide jobs to communities near the facilities” (Philstar, 2023).

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According to Kadamay Doringo (2023), “the EDCA’s only “benefit” for

Filipinos may only be as a source of cheap labor. US military contractors

frequently outsource low-paying jobs to third-party recruitment agencies in

order to increase their profits, which often leads to precarious working

conditions within US military bases and makes workers more susceptible to

labor rights violations.”

The Department of National Defense (DND) claims that EDCA would

be beneficial for people because EDCA will lead into an increase of economic

activity in local communities, particularly in infrastructure development. They

see the construction activities of EDCA in the agreed locations as a way of

opportunity for people to have jobs and other economic benefits. However,

Kadamay Doringo disagrees with it because he believed that the only people

who will benefit from it were the US military troupes. The only thing they will

get from the said agreement was cheap labor after their hardships.

According to KARAPATAN (2023) “EDCA is the government’s ultimate

act of betrayal of the people’s trust and surrender of the nation’s sovereignty

and independence. It puts the Philippines in the orbit of imperialist wars.

Internally, it is bound to escalate and prolong conflict in the country and the

resultant human rights violations. They never truly left us.” To be helpless

again in this generation because of the power our enemy holds beyond us, it

feels as if our neck is being strangled and ready to get killed if we ever do

something that they do not oppose.

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According to CNN (2023), "[D]apat mayroon din tayong…ang mga

senador dito mag-file din ng resolution na kapag ganoon, na ayaw nilang may

mga politiko silang ganoon na manggugulo na kunyari human rights, human

rights, puputulin ang suporta ng Pilipinas, oh sige, pagpatuloy ninyo at

puputulin din namin yung EDCA dito. 'Wag na kayo mag-exercise

exercise dito. Ginagamit lang ninyo kami para mag-raid kayo sa Taiwan.

Anong klaseng relationship ito, one way? Said by retired PNP Chief Bato

Dela Rosa" This is due to the American Lawmaker reprimanding the

assistance to Philippine security forces as to alleged human rights violations.

Dela Rosa argued that if the human rights standard is not met, then he will cut

off the alliance between the two countries.

According to APRN (2023) Tanggol Magsasaka stated ''While it’s

happening everywhere else in the country, the human rights abuses, including

bombings, in Cagayan have increased dramatically in the last two years,

fomenting a climate of fear among government critics, The scale of impact on

the rights of communities and livelihoods has grown, and this is parallel to the

installation of EDCA sites and the ongoing joint US-PH military exercises in

the country”

On the 9th Century of Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

(EDCA) because of the presence of US Military Base here in the country, the

Philippine Organization issued a public warning against an escalation of

human rights violation in the province of Cagayan. The researchers state that
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the province of cagayan has been groomed with years of bombing and

militarization to pave way for the US Military base.

According to Presse (2024) “Citing US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin,

Marcos said the treaty would "kick into action" when a "Filipino serviceman is

killed because of an attack or an aggressive action by another foreign power".

Marcos has repeatedly said that the Philippines would not “surrender a square

inch” of Philippine territory under his watch.”

President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. aasured the Filipinos that if

there are any soldiers that would get hurt by the american soldiers, he will

never let it pass. He said that he will immediately invoked the said military

agreement if the U.S will pull a foreign power that could kill a Filipino military

soldier.

According to Nepumuceno (2023) "The EDCA, which is an offshoot of

the MDT (Mutual Defense Treaty) was deemed constitutional by the Supreme

Court. The EDCA Agreed Locations are not permanent basing facilities for the

US but will be jointly operated by the two sides, and their use by our treaty ally

is subject to our permission and mutual agreement," DND spokesperson

Arsenio Andolong said in a statement over the weekend”

The article emphasizes that EDCA sites are primarily consist of storage

facilities, which require minimum use of utilities since they will only be utilized
 STI

during exercises and emergencies, and improvements on existing facilities

owned and operated by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

They added that the U.S is even going to fund the construction and

development of the EDCA Agreed Locations and, in doing so, is creating jobs

and boosting the local economies of the communities where the sites are

located.

SYNTHESIS

Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

To sum up, the EDCA is an important landmark in Southeast Asia's

changing security environment. Unquestionably, the deal has the potential to

improve Philippine security, but it also bears the risk of increasing regional

militarism and possible involvement in the US-China competition. Going

ahead, handling the region's complex geopolitical circumstances will need a

comprehensive grasp of the various implications of EDCA. To protect both its

own security and the stability of the region, the Philippines will need to

carefully manage its relations with both the United States and China. The

long-term effects of EDCA and its contribution to regional security will be

continuously analyzed and debated as Southeast Asia's strategic terrain

changes.

EDCA on Filipino Human Rights

 STI

The 2014 signing of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

(EDCA) between the US and the Philippines has important ramifications for

both national security and human rights in the Philippines. Concerns and

discussions on Filipino human rights have been raised by EDCA. Opponents

claim that it would violate human rights and result in abuses of Philippine

sovereignty, particularly in places where US military presence is more

prominent. Increased militarization under the EDCA is feared to lead to

abuses or conflicts that might have an impact on nearby populations.

Overall, the effect of EDCA on Filipino human rights is still under

investigation and debate, with different stakeholders voicing differing opinions

and concerns. The purpose of this study is to find out senior high school

students' perspectives on the effect of EDCA on Filipino human rights.

 STI

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the methods and techniques used in the study,

population and sampling scheme, description of the respondents, research

and validation of the instruments utilized, procedures in data gathering and

statistical treatment employed in the analysis and interpretation of data.

Research Method

As this study is based on analyzing the awareness of the senior high

school students at STI College Global City and afterwards, gathering a

sufficient data, the researchers explored that one of the applicable research

methods is Quantitative method. By providing a numerical and measurable

scale to test the respondent's perception and allowing them to enter data can

be analyzed in a statistical manner, the researchers can then conclude

whether the EDCA affects the Filipino human rights or not.

 STI

Lee (2011) stated that “Quantitative research is regarded as the

organized inquiry about phenomenon through collection of numerical data

and execution of statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. The

source of quantitative research is positivism paradigm that advocates for

approaches embedded in statistical breakdown that involves other

strategies like inferential statistics, testing of hypothesis, mathematical

exposition, experimental and quasi-experimental design randomization,

blinding, structured protocols, and questionnaires with restricted variety of

prearranged answers.

Research Design

The researchers used correlational research design to know the relationship

between Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) to the Filipino human

rights. Thus, their study also emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical,

mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through questionnaires and

surveys.

Bhandari (2021) explained that “A correlational research investigates

relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or

manipulating any of them. This means that the researchers find correlational

research as an ideal design for our study since we can get data quickly from
 STI

natural setting. Correlational research can provide insights into complex real-

world relationships, helping researchers develop theories and make

predictions.”

Population of the Study

The population of the study are the grade 11 and 12 senior high school

students under the Humanities and Social Sciences strand for A.Y 2023-2024,

as to what stated in the first chapter. The research study was conducted at

STI College Global City and the survey exclusively occured on-campus.

The researchers chose the HUMSS senior high school students as

their respondents for their study because their population is the most

participative, exposed, and active when it comes to politics. Thus, the

outcome of this research would be beneficial for them since they are the

future voters, leaders, professionals, and social workers of the country.

Research Locale

The present study was conducted at STI College Global City located in

STI Academic Center, University Parkway Drive, Taguig, Metro Manila.

Specifically, this study was conducted inside the campus of the senior high
 STI

school students at STI College Global City. The researchers roamed around

the building classrooms and distributed surveys and questionnaires before the

classes starts, during break, free time and lunch time.

Sampling Technique

We used simple random sampling technique in order to obtain a

respective sample for the study, the researchers employed a simple random

sampling technique. This method is a kind of probability sampling where a

subset of participants is chosen at random by the researchers from the

population.

According to Thomas (2023), “A simple random sampling is a

randomly selected subset of a population. In this sampling method, each

member of the population has an exactly equal chance of being selected. This

method is the most straightforward of all the probability sampling methods,

since it only involves a single random selection and requires little advance

knowledge about the population. Because it uses randomization, any

research performed on this sample should have high internal and external

validity, and be at a lower risk for research biases like sampling bias and

selection bias.”

Moreover, in able to get the sample size of the respondents, the

researchers will use the Slovin’s formula. The researchers decided to use the
 STI

said formula in able to get the required sample size whilst minimizing the

margin of error in conducting the research. The confidence level is set to 95%

while the margin of error would be 5% as is.

Ellen (2020) stated that “Slovin's formula allows a researcher to sample

the population with a desired degree of accuracy. Slovin's formula gives the

researcher an idea of how large the sample size needs to be to ensure a

reasonable accuracy of results.”

Formula:

n = N / 1 + Ne²

n = sample size

N = total population

e = margin of error

Research Instrument

The researchers used researcher-made questionnaires and perform a

survey in order to present the most accurate data while maintaining an

acceptable balance of cost and time. As such, a researcher-made

questionnaire was utilized as the research instrument to obtain the data in

conducting the study.

 STI

This study’s research instrument is composed of two (2) parts. Part one

(1), wherein the questionnaire obtains the student’s basic demographic

profile, as stated in the first chapter of the study. This segment contains their

age, sex, section, grade and year level. The students may optionally fill in the

corresponding forms for their name.

Part two (2), is all about the effects of the Enhanced Defense

Cooperation Agreement to the Filipino human rights. Wherein the researchers

disseminated questionnaires that presented the Likert Scale formatted in

numerical measurement containing ranges from 1 to 4, each value represents

agreement – one is the lowest and four is highest. This scale was used to

assess the following: Land grabbing, Ground training for bombing, and

Militarization.

The researcher presented their researcher made questionnaire, their

research adviser, to one of the faculty member’s statisticians, and to their

assigned panelists in research study pertaipning to the subject matter for

suggestions, comments, clarifications, and to validate the reliability of the self-

constructed survey-questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedures

Before the researchers conducted their survey, they briefly discussed

their topic to their target respondents before they conducted their survey to
 STI

help the HUMSS students recall or gain knowledge about the study. And then,

after finalizing the instrument for data collection, the researchers determined

the number of respondents needed for every strand by means of using the

Slovin’s formula and the simple random sampling technique. Afterwards, the

researchers paid a visit to the area as stated previously in research locale,

which is STI College Global City. The researchers requested for permission

from the school’s respective teachers of each classroom to conduct a survey

in order to collect the necessary data. The researchers discussed thoroughly

to the school’s faculty their motive behind their study and asked for their

permission for collecting the necessary data.

After asking for permissions, the researchers proceeded to the first

phase: surveying. The researchers went to the classroom of their respondents

which is the senior high school students. The researchers informed their

respondents about the nature and purpose of the study. The researchers

gave a brief information of what kind of topic the researchers were going to

discuss, first-hand. The time allotted shall exceed no more than 15 minutes.

Afterwards, the respondents were given a chance to ask questions and clarify

the said topic.

In the second part, the respondents were asked to fill out the

researcher-made questionnaires that shall present a Four-point Likert Scale

that was previously mentioned in the research instrument. Again, time were

allotted in answering the survey questionnaire for them to focus on answering

 STI

it properly and accurately. After surveying all the target respondents, the

researchers would then proceed on treating the gathered data in statistical

manner using Frequency Distribution, Frequency Percentage, and Weighted

Mean.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The quantitative data obtained through the survey conducted was

analyzed and evaluated using the following statistical treatment:

1. Frequency Distribution. This was utilized to facilitate the tallying and

counting of frequencies falling under the profile categories.

2. Frequency Percentage. This tool was used to find out the part of the

whole

respondents’ assessment based on the frequency/tally gathered. The

following

formula was used to determine the same base on the variables determined.

P = f / N x 100

Where:

f = Frequency

N = Total Population
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P = Percentage

3. Four-point Likert Scale. This was used to determine the relationship of

the whole senior high school HUMSS students when it comes to Enhanced

Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA). The rating and verbal interpretation

used is presented below:

REVISE

4. Weighted Mean (WM). This was used to determine the effects of the

Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement as perceived by the senior high

school students under HUMSS strand based on the three (3) factors: Land

grabbing, Training ground for bombing and Militarization.

WM = TWF/N x 100

WM = Weighted Mean
 STI

TWF = Total Weighted Frequency

N = Total Population

5. Standard Deviation. This was used to whether the researchers would or

not accept the null hypothesis or rejected.

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This Chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data pertaining

to The Effects of Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) to the

Filipino Human Rights Violation by the Senior High School HUMSS Students

at STI College Global City.

I. Demographic profile of the respondents

The first part of the questionnaire was to determine the demographic

profile of the respondents from senior high school students of the Humanities

and Social Sciences Strand.

Table 1.1 Age

 STI

Age Frequency Percentage

15 – below 3 2.14%

16 – 17 108 77.14%

18 – 19 25 17.86%

20 – above 4 2.86%

Total 140 100%

The grade 11 and 12 HUMSS students' ages range from 15-20, with

the majority in the age bracket of 16 to 17 as 108 (77.14%), whilst

respondents aged 20 contained 4. (2.86%) respondents, the least of all age

brackets. The age bracket of 16 to 17 is expected for students entering their

senior high school years and is consistent with DepEd’s K-12 standard.

Table 1.2 Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 43 30.71%

Female 95 67.86%

Others 2 1.43%

Total 140 100%

The respondents were also asked to indicate their sex in the

questionnaires. Out of the 140 respondents, 47 (30.71%) were male and 95

 STI

(67.86%) were female. The majority of the respondents are female due to the

majority of HUMSS sections containing significantly more females than there

are male.

Table 1.3 Section

Section Frequency Percentage

HUMSS 101 36 25.71%

HUMSS 102 32 22.86%

HUMSS 103 29 20.71%

HUMSS 301 22 15.71%

HUMSS 302 21 15%

Total 140 100%

The sections of the respondents were also calculated, the HUMSS 101

had the highest frequency of 36 (25.71%), while HUMSS 302 had the lowest

frequency of 21 (15%). The grade 11 HUMSS 101 had an advantage of a

bigger number because there was a significant amount of respondents that

was present, whereas the grade 12 HUMSS had the lesser students the day

of the survey presentation

Table 1.4 Grade level

Grade level Frequency Percentage

Grade 11 97 69.29%
 STI

Grade 12 43 30.71%

Total 140 100%

97 out of 140 (69.29%) were grade 11 students and 43 (30.71) were grade

12 students. The respondents of grade 11 HUMSS students are greater than

grade 12 HUMSS students. This is due to the fact that there are more grade

11 students than there are grade 12.

II. The Perspective of the Grade 11 & 12 HUMSS Respondents

Criteria for Verbal Interpretation

The table above shows the criteria used to interpret the data collected

by the researchers and have been used as basis for determining the verbal
 STI

interpretation corresponding to the students’ perspective based on their

weighted mean.

1. Policy Review

Table 2.1.1 Grade 11 and Grade 12 HUMSS Respondents: Policy

Review

Questions Weighted Mean Verbal

Interpretation

1.) The implementation of 2.42 Disagree

EDCA does not violate the
Filipino human rights.

2.) The implementation of 2.64 Agree

EDCA policy should be
continued for more years.

3.) EDCA has successfully 2.96 Agree

advanced through its
10year military plan, the
implementation of the
Philippine-U.S. Mutual
Defense Treaty.

4.) The Enhanced Defense 2.99 Agree

Cooperation Agreement
has done its purpose.

5.) The Enhanced Defense 2.86 Agree

Cooperation Agreement
aligns effectively our
national interests and
strategic priorities.

Total Average Weighted 2.77

Mean
 STI

Verbal Interpretation Agree

Table 2.1.1 shows that the majority of the respondents agreed that the

Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement somehow implemented the policy

effectively, with an average weighted mean of 2.77.

For the first question, the data has shown that the majority of the

respondents disagreed (2.42) that the implimentation of EDCA did not violate

any human rights throughout.

For the second question to fifth question, the data has shown that

majority of the respondents agreed that the implementation of EDCA should

be continued for more years (2.64), EDCA successfully advanced its 10year

military plan (2.96), the agreement has done its purpose (2.99), and they

believd that EDCA was alligned effectively our national interests and strategic

priority (2.86).
 STI

2. EDCA in terms of Filipino Human Rights Violation

Table 2.1.2 Grade 11 and Grade 12 HUMSS Respondents: Land

Grabbing

Questions Weighted Mean Verbal

Interpretation

1.) U.S to launch multiple 2.61 Agree

construction projects at
Philippine military bases.

2.) The Enhanced Defense 2.88 Agree

Cooperation Agreement
built the military base afar
from the residents.

3.) The US Military troops are 2.63 Agree

not allowing the Filipino
residents to reside near
the Military bases.

Total Average Weighted 2.71

Mean
Verbal Interpretation Agree

Table 2.1.2 shows that majority of respondents have agreed with a

total weighted average of 2.71. As you can see, from the first question, up

until the third question, the respondents most likely chose agree to allow U.S

to launch multiple construction projects at the Philippines’ military bases

(2.61): the EDCA should build the military bases far from the residents (2.88);

and the U.S military troops not allowing the Filipino residents reside near any

military bases (2.63).

 STI

Table 2.1.3 Grade 11 and Grade 12 HUMSS Respondents: Training

ground for bombing

Questions Weighted Mean Verbal

Interpretation

1.) The Enhanced Defense 2.93 Agree

Cooperation Agreement
provide bases for bomb
training.

2.) The bases of Enhanced 2.64 Agree

Defense Cooperation
Agreement that are near
communities should
continue to perform their
bomb training.

3.) Training ground of EDCA 2.24 Disagree

is near the farmland.

Total Average Weighted 2.60

Mean
Verbal Interpretation Agree

Table 2.1.3 shows that a significant portion of the respondents agreed,

producing an average weighted mean of 2.60 which leads to the verbal

interpretation that majority of the respondents agreed.

For the first and second question, the data has shown that the

respondents agreed that EDCA provide should provide bases for bomb

trainings (2.93) and that the bases near communities should continue to

perform bomb training (2.64).

 STI

For the third question, majority of the respondets answered disagree

that the training ground of EDCA should be near the farmlands (2.24).

Table 2.1.4 Grade 11 and Grade 12 HUMSS Respondents: Extrajudicial

Act

Questions Weighted Mean Verbal

Interpretation

1.) I understand that 2.62 Agree

extrajudicial actions are
pursuits carried out
outside of official court or
legal process.

2.76 Agree
2.) Extrajudicial actions are
performed either in
defiance
of official legal system
protocols or without
sufficient legal.

3.) I am enlightened that 2.75 Agree

extrajudicial acts are
carried out by individuals
or organizations without
adhering to the law or
facing consequences.

Total Average Weighted 2.71

Mean
Verbal Interpretation Agree

Table 2.1.4 shows that majority of the respondents agreed, with a

weighted average of 2.71.

 STI

For the first question, the data has shown that majority of the

respondents understand that extrajudicial acts are pursuits carried outside of

official court or legal process (2.62).

For the second question, the data has shown that majority of the

respondents believe that extrajudicial acts are performed either ain defiance

of official legal system protocols or without sufficient legal (2.76).

And lastly, for the the third question, the data has shown that the

majority of the respondents are enlightened that are carried out by individuals

or organizations without adehering to the law or facing consequences (2.75).

III. Significant effect of EDCA to the Filipino Human Rights

Violation

Standard Deviation

After the average weighted mean being computed per question, it is

highly possible to determine whether the gathered data have a significant

effect with each other, which would show the researchers whether or not

should the null hypothesis be accepted or rejected in this study.

Table 3.1 Sample Computation for Standard Deviation

Total Average Weighted Verbal Interpretation

Mean

2.77 Agree

2.71 Agree
 STI

2.60 Agree

2.71 Agree

= 2.70 = Agree

The table shows all the total average weighted mean, it was all added

up to each other and then divided into 4 to get the total of 2.70, resulting to a

verbal interpretation of Agree.

Standard Deviation Interpretation

2.70 Agree

Therefore, the standard deviation of the study is 2.71 and the

interpretation is agree. The researchers then conclude that EDCA has a

significant effect to the Filipino Human Rights Violation. In regards to this, the

null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.

 STI

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides a thorough summary of findings, highlighting the

main insights and discoveries. Reflecting on the details discussed in earlier

chapters bringing together the key points. The conclusion not only brings

closure to the narrative but also offers a broader perspective, emphasizing the

study's importance in the academic context. Additionally, this chapter offers

recommendations that highlight the real-world applications of the research

and suggest directions for future studies in this evolving field.

Summary and Conclusion:

The following statements provide a summary of the findings presented in

the fourth chapter, with the problem statement from the first chapter serving

as the rationale for data acquisition.

 STI

1.) Demographic profile of the respondents as to:

 Age

Table 1.1 shows that the majority of the respondents are within the age

bracket of 16-17, comprising 77.14%. The least number of respondents are

found in the age bracket of 15 and below comprising only 2.14% of the

population.The respondents are mostly in grade 11 and 12.

 Sex

The data shown in table 1.2 shows that the majority of the respondents are

female, comprising 67.86% of the population, with males filling in the

remaining 30.71%. The surveyed campus, STI College – Global City, has

more females enrolled in the Humanities and Social Sciences strand, than

males.

 Section

The data from table 1.3 shows that a huge chunk of the respondents, in

terms of section, is from HUMSS 101 comprising 25.71% of the total

population size. On the other hand, the least section with number of

respondents is from HUMSS 302 comprising only 15% of the population size.

2.) The Perspective of the Grade 11 & 12 HUMSS Respondents:

 Policy Review
 STI

Table 2.1.1 shows that the majority of the respondents agreed that the

Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement somehow implemented the policy

effectively, with an average weighted mean of 2.77. Data has shown that the

majority of the respondents disagreed (2.42) that the implementation of EDCA

did not violate any human rights throughout.

3.) EDCA in terms of Filipino Human Rights Violation

 Land Grabbing

Table 2.1.2 shows that majority of respondents have agreed with a total

weighted average of 2.71. From the first question, up until the third question,

the respondents most likely chose agree to allow U.S to launch multiple

construction projects at the Philippines’ military bases (2.61): the EDCA

should build the military bases far from the residents (2.88); and the U.S

military troops not allowing the Filipino residents reside near any military

bases (2.63).

 Training ground for bombing

Table 2.1.3 shows that a significant portion of the respondents agreed,

producing an average weighted mean of 2.60 which leads to the verbal

interpretation that majority of the respondents agreed.

 STI

According to the data, the respondents were in agreement that EDCA

should offer bases for bomb training (2.93) and that bomb training should

continue to be conducted in bases close to communities (2.64).

For the third question, majority of the respondents answered disagree

that the training ground of EDCA should be near the farmlands (2.24).

 Extrajudicial Act

Table 2.1.4 shows that majority of the respondents agreed, with a

weighted average of 2.71.

According to the data, the majority of respondents to the first question are

aware that extrajudicial acts are actions taken outside of formal courts or legal

procedures (2.62).

Regarding the second problem, the data indicates that most respondents

think extrajudicial acts are carried out either without enough legal authority or

in violation of established legal system protocols (2.76).

Finally, in response to the third question, the data indicates that most of

the respondents are educated and that their actions are carried out by people

or organizations without breaking the law or suffering consequences (2.75).

4.) The Significant Effect of EDCA to The Filipino Human Rights

Violation
 STI

After Computing the weighted mean of each perspective per section of the

HUMSS senior high school students, the resulting values were treated with

Standard Dvaition. With the help of Standard deviation, the researchers were

able to identidy that EDCA has a strong significant effect to the Filipino

Human Rights violations (2.70). Which leads the researcher to reject the null

hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the research findings and the significance of the study, which

are all included in the first chapter of this study and are stated under the

problem statement, this study can be endorsed.

1. Humanities and Social Sciences Students

With the HUMSS students in grades 11 and 12 serving as the primary

subjects given that they were the study's major respondents, it is only

reasonable that the study's recommendations be made to them, particularly in

light of the findings that indicated their agreement to the policy review and

human rights violation.

 Policy Review

Most students both from grade 11 and 12 strongly agreed that the EDCA

adhered to the rules that shall make our defense system. However, some did

disagree which means that they know more about the EDCA policies. This is
 STI

where the “BULLET-IN BOARD” project of us will be recommended for them

to widen their knowledge on this issue.

 EDCA in terms of Filipino Human Rights

Most students disagree that there is a violation when it comes to the

human rights of the Filipinos. However, on some questions such as under

‘Training Ground for Bombing’ they agreed that it should not be near houses

and that no family or community should be forced to leave their properties just

for the government to build a training ground for bombs. Students also agreed

that there are extrajudicial killings that are happening which clearly violated

the human rights of Filipinos.

2. Teachers

With this study, the teachers, especially Humanities and Social

Sciences teacher may benefit with the study. The researchers recommend

this as this will be a great help for them when it comes to their teaching

materials.

 Policy Review

Teachers that may read the research may indicate their perspective on the

policy review of EDCA just like the grade 11 and 12 respondents.

 EDCA in terms of Filipino Human Rights

 STI

The research study can be used as a teaching tool by giving educators a

case study to help them understand difficult ideas about human rights,

international agreements, and the effects of political actions.

3. School

Research on important geopolitical topics establishes a standard for

the school's research culture. It promotes research projects among teachers

and students and creates an atmosphere that appreciates scholarly inquiry

and exploration.

 Policy Review

The faculty members and the people at STI may share their perspective

when it comes to policy review of Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

(EDCA) making the school a political aware and enhances the school’s

reputation as an institution that actively contributes to societal issues and

discussions.

 EDCA in terms of Filipino Human Rights

Community engagement can be promoted in here since other students at

STI may get interested and would share their perspective when it comes to

the human rights that Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA)

violated.
 STI

4. Government

As we all know, this agrrement can’t be implemented without the

government’s will. They can be considered as the pillar or the backbone of

this agrrement for they have all the means and power to enhanced the said

agreement more.

 Policy Review

According to the researchers’ study, the government claims that EDCA

have not violated any human rights, whilst some residents whole live near the

bases, said that the agreement did. Which leads us unto coming up with a

solution, to review the policy thoroughly and listen to the voices of the poele.

They can use this study as their reference wether the military agreement shall

be renewed or not.

 EDCA in terms of Filipino Human Rights

In order to prevent the violation of Filipino Human Rights if they are

given a chance to renew the said agreement, the researchers highly

recommend to create policies that will protect the land owners or residents

near the nine bases. The government should give the people enough

assurance that there are no violation that would happen during those time.

The researchers recommend that if they are planning to build more bases in
 STI

the future, they should do it far from the people. Make the safety of the locla

citizens their priority.

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 STI

CURRICULUM OF VITAE

FRANCHESKA CAÑEDO

Blk 3 Lot 15 Villa Fer-flor Subdivision

Barangay Bagumbayan Taguig City

Mobile no. 09762165688

[email protected]
 STI

PERSONAL DATA

AGE: 17 yrs. Old

BIRTHDAY: July 11, 2006

GENDER: Female

NATIONALITY: Filipino

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: STI College Global City 2022-2024

HUMSS

Secondary: St. Theodore School Inc. 2016-2022

Elementary: St. Theodore School Inc. 2011-2016

SEMINARS/ TRAININGS ATTENDED

ARTES GLOBAL
WORKSHOP
PAGTUTURO NG
Oct. 25, 2023
FILIPINO MULTIMEDIA ACTING
KAAGAPAY SA
PAGSULONG

Developmentally
Appropriate Practices
on Early Language and Nov. 11-Aug.22, 2017 Cipriano Sta. Teresa
Literacy and Numeracy Elementary School
(ELLN)

Mass Training of Grade

May 7-15, 2017 Department of
Six Teachers
Education
Basic Training Course Nov. 21, 2016- January Cipriano Sta. Teresa
 STI

on Early Language and

Literacy and Numeracy 11, 2017
Elementary School
(ELLN)

Mid-Year In-Service
Training on
Enhancement of
Cipriano Sta. Teresa
Content Skills and Oct. 24-28, 2016
Elementary School
Construction of
Functional Instructional
Materials
 STI

APPENDICES
 STI

Survey Questionnaire

Name(Optional):_______________________________________
Date:__________________

Age:________ Sex:________________ Grade:____________

Section:_________________

Directions. Put check on the appropriate box that corresponds to your answer (4 – Strongly

Agree, 3 – Agree, 2 – Disagree, 1 – Strongly Disagree)

1. Policy Review

4 3 2 1

1. The implementation of EDCA does not

violate the Filipino human rights.

2. The implementation of EDCA policy should be

continued for more years.

3. EDCA has successfully advanced through

its 10year military plan, the implementation
of the Philippine-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty.

4. The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

has done its purpose.

5. The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement aligns

effectively our national interests and strategic priorities.

2. EDCA in terms of Filipino human rights violation

 STI

A. Land grabbing

1. U.S to launch multiple construction projects at Philippine

military bases.

2. The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement built

the military base afar from the residents.

3. The US Military troops are not allowing the Filipino

residents to reside near the Military bases.

B. Training for ground bombing

1. The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement

provide bases for bomb training.

2. The bases of Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement that are near communities should
continue to perform their bomb training.

3. Training ground of EDCA is near the farmland.

C. Extrajudicial Act

1. I understand that extrajudicial actions are pursuits

carried out outside of official court or legal process.

2. Extrajudicial actions are performed either in defiance

of official legal system protocols or without sufficient legal.

3. I am enlightened that extrajudicial acts are carried out by

individuals or organizations without adhering to the law or
or facing consequences.