All the Material Studied:

Articles → Noun
a / an = one the = this / that
always: 1. singular Noun any Noun, no limits!
2. countable Noun the office, the end, the authority
некий, какой-нибудь, хоть какой все понимают, о чём идет речь:
без разницы какой, любой… «Вы получили счета?» → the invoices
(все понимают о каких счетах идет речь)

Question Order
When you want to ask a question, please, always follow the next word order:

Question Word Helper Subject Action Word the rest

Only this word helps to Shows who you are All additional
Important things to Remember:
understand where you are:
asking about things in your
direct your listener Not always used
Present / Past / Future question

What / When do they help …?

Why / How does she ask …?
Where did children work …?
What books will your brother listen to …?
How much money can our colleagues live …?
What kind of music do you earn …?

The most typical mistake is: Where you live / work / go … ?

When asking such a question, a person expects to be understood that he / she is speaking in Present Tense in this question.
However, only the HELPER (auxiliary verb) can show if Present / Past / Future is used:
Where do you live / work / meet … ?
Where did you live / work / meet … ?
Where will you live / work / meet … ?

4 Present Simple → вообще, постоянно

S
New people (meeting)
In general (statistics / facts)
Everyday routine (usually, hardly ever, every weekend, never ...)
-
TV programmes, transport schedule for future
Retelling something famous / well-known, everyone knows

What does she like? vs. What does she look like? vs. What is she like?
likes chocolate is medium height is mean
likes cooking has blue eyes is shy
likes going out has curly red hair is quiet

2 Present Continuous → в процессе, в действии

Now (not only)

In progress but not now !!! be + Ving

Arrangements for future (personal) am is are
Visuals
+ They are coming! ─ They aren’t coming. ? Are they coming?
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Pre - Intermediate Round 1 - 2 Copy Right 1
Verbs of Feeling: need, want, know, understand, remember, forget, believe, seem, see, hear
mean, love, like, hate, depend, prefer, smell, feel, suppose, think, have
+ можно добавлять NOW (if you need)

Think: Simple → ( opinion) of What do you think of our office? (суждение, мнение)
Continuous → (thoughts) about - What are you thinking about?
- Oh, I am thinking about my holiday!

Have: Simple (иметь, обладать) → I have a dog. I have an idea. She has a plan.
Continuous (так не переводится, а участвует во фразе) → She is having a shower / fun.

1 Past Simple: пришла, увидела и купила

Finished action in past and NO connection with Present

Actions go one after another: Today I got up, had a coffee, got dressed, and went to work…
Likes Time (When in Past?) → last weekend / the day before yesterday / last month / yesterday / ago

Typical mistake:

– How did you sleep today? – Where did you go? – What did you do?
– I slept well. – I went to the café. – I stayed at home.

7 Past Continuous: Was / Were + Ving always consists of 2 parts

She was walking to her office…
Action in Past which was not finished
NOW BUT interrupted by another action:
at this time yesterday
when she met her workmate She _________________ (ski) when she __________________ (break) her leg.
while it was raining
When you were speaking, I understood everything.
was understanding

1 Exact time – at this time yesterday / at 7 o’clock yesterday → I was cooking lunch – at this time yesterday.
2 Past Continuous – Past Simple (when) → I was cooking lunch – when my friend called me.
3 Past Continuous (while) → I was cooking lunch – while my husband was sleeping.

I was playing football yesterday. → (слишком долгий период времени, надо точнее, во сколько?)

Connectors
and + + − − (a) but + − − + (кроме)
Because → reason (причина) why?
So → следствие (поэтому) → в следствии этого…. = that’s why we were late
Although = but (90% - at the beginning) also – be correct in pronunciation
We were driving fast (why?) BECAUSE we were late. We were late (and?) SO we were driving fast.

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Pre - Intermediate Round 1 - 2 Copy Right 2
3 Future expressions
Future Simple → spontaneous decisions, offers, promises -ка far future / future facts
will / won’t and Shall → we / I →? Shall I help you? (→ помочь?)
Shall we cook something? (может сделаем? Нет, так нет. Да, так да)
Let’s = Let us Let’s cook something. (хочу, настаиваю, как правило – вместе)

Be going to + action – plan, intention 1 year

I am going to go to the cinema tomorrow. (plan, thoughts, idea, intention)

Present Continuous – personal arrangements 1 week / 1 month

I am going to the cinema tomorrow. (I have a ticket)
COMPARE:
I will fly to Almaty next week. (полечу-ка)
I am going to fly to Almaty next week. (be gonna) (хочу, собираюсь, планирую) changeable
I am flying to Almaty next week. (лечу)
We will have a picnic tomorrow. (замутим-ка)
We are going to have a picnic tomorrow. (планируем, собираемся, намереваемся) changeable
We are having a picnic tomorrow. (уже купили продукты и позвали гостей)

ALL Tenses Studied:

work on a project
I work on projects. –
I am working on a project. –
I worked on a project in 2012. –
I was working on a project when my boss called me. –
I will work on a project next week. –
I am going to work on a project next week. –
I am working on a project next week. –

listen to English
I listen to English a lot / every morning. –
Shh, I am listening to English! –
I listened to English at school a lot. –
I was listening to English when somebody knocked on the door. –
OK, I think, I will listen to English at the weekend. –
You know, I am going to listen to English at the weekend. –
Oh, I will be very busy at the weekend because I am listening to English.

Meet my friends
I meet my friends in a café. –
I can’t talk right now I am meeting my friends in a café. –
I often met my friends in a café. –
I was meeting my friends in a café when I remembered about an important call. –
I think, I will meet my friends in a café on Friday evening. –
You see, I am going to meet my friends in a café on Friday evening. –
I am meeting my friends in a café this Friday evening and can’t come to you.
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Pre - Intermediate Round 1 - 2 Copy Right 3
 Defining Relative Clauses
Who – people / that → a waiter is a person who / that works in a café.
Where – place → That is the art gallery where we often went to.
Which – things / that → a passport is a document which / that we use to go abroad.
Café which serves / gives a good discount → (it)
Café where we / they usually eat → (place)
For example, you do this …
It’s similar to …
It’s a kind of …
It’s somewhere where …
It’s something which …
It’s somebody who …
It’s the opposite of …
It’s like a …

5 Present Perfect → have / has + V3 / Ved уже NO time mention!

факт / результат К настоящему моменту но важен результат, факт
сейчас!

произошло где-то / когда-то в прошлом NOW

Если не хотите рекомендовать / хвалиться / обсуждать и т. д. сейчас – делайте Past Simple!

It happened in past, but I want to talk about this experience now, speak about fact / result… WHAT IS NEXT???

A. Translate in past: Have you done your homework? (what is next?)

I have finished. (what is next?)
I have studied English. (what is next?)
B. You mustn’t say when it happened! → If you see: When…? Or What time…? – it is NOT Present Perfect!
COMPARE: We have done it → We did it. I lost my key. vs. I have lost my key. (Я без ключа!)
She has gone there → She went there. I never sing in a shower vs. I have never sung in a shower.
I have studied English → I studied English. I never drive. vs. I have never driven.

C. ever / never / already / just / yet – 80%

Have you ever been to Almaty? but: I was in Almaty last week.
I’ve never seen Tokayev.
We’ve already done the washing up.
She’s just come.
– She hasn’t come yet. (─) ↔ Has she come yet? (?) – Not yet.

After using Present Perfect → move to Past: – Have you ever…?

– Yes, I have / No, I haven’t. Past Simple

Compare:
I go to the shop → I am going to the shop → I went to the shop →
→ I have gone to the shop → I will go to the shop → I am going to go to the shop
I fly to Italy → I am flying to Italy → I flew to Italy →
→ I have flown to Italy → I will fly to Italy → I am going to fly to Italy

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Pre - Intermediate Round 1 - 2 Copy Right 4
 The Adjectives - ing (Active) / - ed (Passive → Feeling)
Not always can be easily translated
I am interesting – я интересная (я сама такая) I am interested – мне интересно (что-то повлияло)
I am tiring – я заставляю всех уставать от меня I am tired – я усталая / устала (что-то повлияло)
She is boring – она скучная She is bored – ей скучно (что-то повлияло)
I am interesting (Active) I am interested in (Passive)
I am tiring I am tired of
I am boring I am bored of
I am relaxing I am relaxed
I am depressing I am depressed of / from
I was exciting I was excited with
I was frustrating I was frustrated with
I was embarrassing I was embarrassed with
I am disappointing I am disappointed with
Demotivating weather / book / work → I can be Demotivated / interested / tired / bored

body thing where

some (+) somebody / someone something somewhere
no nobody / no one / none nothing nowhere
every everybody / everyone everything everywhere
any (-?) ? Do you know anybody? – some (неопределенность)
- I don’t know anybody = I know nobody – no (отсутствие)
+ I know anybody I have anything I live anywhere
Optional:
some / any – несколько, сколько-нибудь – исчисляемые: some books some ideas
some / any – НЕ ПЕРЕВОДЯТСЯ ВООБЩЕ!!! – неисчисляемые: some milk, some money, some bread – роль артикля! Would you like some water?

Adjectives → Nouns
1 When you compare two objects, we add – ER and MORE + than
old – older than cheap – cheaper than short – shorter than happy – happier than
short Adj.
hot – hotter than cold – colder than healthy – healthier than fast – faster than

expensive – more expensive than boring – more boring than famous – more famous than
long Adj.
dangerous – more dangerous than popular – more popular than serious – more serious than

2 When you say super, top with no comparison, add the – EST and the MOST
old – the oldest cheap – the cheapest short – the shortest happy – the happiest
short Adj.
hot – the hottest cold – the coldest healthy – the healthiest fast – the fastest

expensive – the MOST expensive boring – the MOST boring famous – the MOST famous
long Adj.
dangerous – the MOST dangerous popular – the MOST popular serious – the MOST serious

3 And only SEVEN Adjectives you have to learn by heart:

good → better than → the best
bad → worse than → the worst
far → further than → the furthest
exception little → less than → the least
many / much → more than → the most
late → later than → the latest / the last
old → older / elder than → the oldest / the eldest

Good / well – better – the best

Far – farther / further – the farthest / furthest
Little – less (more or less) – the least (at least)

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Pre - Intermediate Round 1 - 2 Copy Right 5
 Adverbs → Actions (How?) Slow + ly = slowly
fast hard (vs. hardly) often friendly good well
As … as as big as as comfortable as as soon as

That’s the best film I’ve ever watched. What’s the coldest place you’ve ever visited?

Quantifiers
Много: a lot (of) / lots (of) (+) many (S) much (- ?) plenty (of) time / money
very / so / too + if: very much / many → so much / many → too much / many

Несколько, некоторое количество: some / any – countable noun (only)

Мало, небольшое количество: a few / few (S) a little / little
many much

Enough time / money too big too many children / too much coffee
very big
I sleep a lot. sleep enough fast enough much fruit many vegetables That’s enough!

Non-Verbal Forms
Инфинитив → The Infinitive
Причастие → The Participle
Деепричастие → The Gerund

The Infinitive
to go → - ть

1. Definite verbs: want to see I will need to cook

2. Adjectives: happy to see you / interesting to know / important to do in time
3. Wh-?: Where to go / How to do / When to come
4. Reason (why?): They went to Egypt (why?) to study Arabic.
They went to Egypt for studying Arabic

I want not to see try not to be late

Don’t confuse with Imperative: Don’t go / Don’t look at me!
No Tense! → It is nice to meet you – It was nice to meet you – It will be nice to meet you –
It can be nice to meet you – It has been nice to meet you

The Gerund
-ing → Verb + Noun
I like cooking (as a verb)
I don’t understand your speaking (as a noun)

1 Definite verbs: like / enjoy being with you

2 Preposition: I am interested in cooking I have always been interested in cooking
Thanks for coming It depends on his coming
3 Subject: Swimming is useful for you.
Being late is not good idea. Thanks for not coming.
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Pre - Intermediate Round 2 Copy Right 6
 Double verbs
Try / start / begin
Like to wash up. Like to clean my teeth twice a day vs. Like washing up. (+ love / prefer / hate)
Stop talking. Stop to talk.
Remember to close the door. vs. Remember closing the door. Usual → I remember that I have closed the door.
Negative: I want not to go there. I like not watching a TV. (Negative Infinitive / Gerund)
Happiness is having someone who supports your ideas and opinions.
Happiness is chatting to good friends.
Is video chatting to my grandson.
Is going out and walking around after work.
Happiness is meeting friends and remembering our university experiences and funny events.
Happiness is doing something in time.
Happiness is hugging my nephew.
Happiness is having a good sleep.
Happiness is meeting friends and remembering our university experiences and funny events.
Happiness is doing something in time.
Happiness is hugging my nephew.
Happiness is having a good sleep.

Modal Verbs
1. no person 2. + - ? 3. to
Past ↓ Present ↓ Future ↓

could can -------

was were able to am is are able to will be able to
might may ----------
was were allowed to am is are allowed to will be allowed to

------- ! must -------- !

had to have to / has to will have to
didn’t don’t / doesn’t won’t
must = have to BUT: mustn’t ≠ don’t have to: you mustn’t use your mobile ≠ You don’t have to use your mobile.

------- ! should -------- !

friendly advice
Should I go there? What should I do? You should tell the truth! You shouldn’t do that.
You must swim here. Обязан I have to do my home task. →
You mustn’t swim here. Нельзя, Запрещено I had to do my home task.
You have to swim here. Надо, Нужно I don’t have to do my home task. →
You don’t have to swim here. Можешь, но зачем? I didn’t have to do my home task.
You should swim here. Лучше здесь Do you have to do your home task? →
You shouldn’t swim here. Не стоит, лучше не надо Did you have to do your home task?

Subject Possessive Action Object

I my brothers = mine help me

you your boss = yours talk to you
car
he his house = his ask him
she her salad = hers understand her
life
it its job = its find it
we our salary = ours wait for us
daughter
you your = yours come to you
income
they their idea = theirs listen to them
Who? Whose? Object Action

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Pre - Intermediate Round 2 Copy Right 7
 Conditionals
Zero usual action

First Conditional: real future

will, going to, can, Imperative
if ________________________ ______________________________
result
if, when, as soon as, before, after, till, until, unless = if not, in case
If she comes…. If you don’t do it. = Unless you do it.
When she comes…. In case = do it anyway
As soon as she comes… If – do if and don’t if
Until she finishes the project If it rains, take an umbrella
In case it rains, take an umbrella

Second Conditional → dreams for present / future

were
if ________________________ would + infinitive
______________________
result
БЫ
If she came to me, we’d talk about it. If she comes to me, we will talk about it.
I’d help you if I had free time. I will help you if I have free time.
They’d give us that project if I weren’t busy with another one.
If I were you…
Compare: If I am in Almaty, I will call you. vs. If I were in Almaty, I would call you.

5 Present Perfect → have / has + V3 / Ved уже NO time mention!

факт / результат К настоящему моменту но важен результат, факт
сейчас!

произошло где-то / когда-то в прошлом NOW

Если не хотите рекомендовать / хвалиться / обсуждать и т. д. сейчас – делайте Past Simple!
It happened in past, but I want to talk about this experience now, speak about fact / result… WHAT IS NEXT???

A. Translate in past: Have you done your homework? (what is next?)

I have finished. (what is next?)
I have studied English. (what is next?)
B. You mustn’t say when it happened! → If you see: When…? Or What time…? – it is NOT Present Perfect!
COMPARE: We have done it → We did it. I lost my key. vs. I have lost my key. (Я без ключа!)
She has gone there → She went there. I never sing in a shower vs. I have never sung in a shower.
I have studied English → I studied English. I never drive. vs. I have never driven.

C. ever / never / already / just / yet – 80%

Have you ever been to Almaty? but: I was in Almaty last week.
I have never seen Tokayev.
We have already done the washing up.
She has just come.
– She hasn’t come yet. (─) ↔ Has she come yet? (?) – Not yet.

After using Present Perfect, move to Past: – Have you ever…?

– Yes, I have / No, I haven’t. Past Simple

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Pre - Intermediate Round 2 Copy Right 8
D. How long → be / have / know / live / work + since / for
I have been clever since my childhood. 1. How long have you worked here?
I have had this idea since Monday. 2. They’ve been married for 20 years.
I have known her for 15 years.
3. She hasn’t travelled by plane since 2005.
I have lived in Astana for 12 years / since 2008.
I have worked in this company since last year. 4. How long has he lived in Italy?
How long have you worked in here? 5. We’ve known them for a long time.
How long did you work here? – no relevant anymore
They were married for 20 years. – no relevant anymore
1. How long have you worked here?
2. They’ve been married for 20 years.
3. She hasn’t travelled by plane since 2005.
4. How long has he lived in Italy?
5. We’ve known them for a long time.

Phrasal Verbs
Type 1 (typical) → can be separated:
turn down the music – turn the music down – BUT: turn it down
try on these jeans – try these jeans on – BUT: try them on
Type 2 → never separated:
We went away (no object) at the weekend. | She wakes up (no object) at 7 a.m.
Please, look for your keys (keys-object). | I get on well with my sister (sister-object).

Passive Voice
1. Is more used in English than in Kazakh / Russian.
2. Is mostly used:
A) When the action is more important that the “Doer” – вопрос обсудили; документ подписали…
B) When we just do not know who the “Doer” is – розы выращивают в теплицах…
3. We only use Personal Pronouns – I (мне, меня) she (ей, её) they (им, их) we (нас, нам) …
4. Tenses usage is absolutely the same as in Active.
5. To construct ANY Simple: relevant to Be + V3 / Ved
6. Examples: He was helped last week → He is helped every day → He will be helped next week
She was given yesterday → She is usually given → She will be given tomorrow

Simple
Past Present Future
обычное, законченное действие в прошлом обычное, регулярное действие в настоящем обычное, предполагаемое действие в будущем

am
was
were
V3 / Ved is V3 / Ved will be V3 / Ved
are
The roses were planted last year. The roses are usually planted The roses will be planted tomorrow (in
(in spring / in a warm place). a week / next year).

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Pre - Intermediate Round 2 Copy Right 9
 Structures
There is / are There was / were There will be

Used to – бывало, имело обыкновение, раньше…

I used to drink milk. → (сейчас не пью)
I didn’t use to ride a bike. → (сейчас катаюсь)
Did you use to read detective stories? → (раньше читала?)

Modal Verb no person + - ? to

Might
(possibility / probability)
→ 3% – 5%
without → Maybe I’ll go, maybe I won’t do OR Maybe I am going to…

I might go or I might not go to the concert.

She might come or she might not come tomorrow.

Similarities
Be both – we both like spaghetti
Look / be identical… – They look / are really identical
Look like / look alike… – They look like teachers / They look alike (nothing more)
Look similar…– We look similar with my sister (with little difference, not identical)
Have the same as…–You know, they have the same interests as us.
Look different from…– You look really different from school times.

Agreement / Disagreement
1. too = as well either (negative)
I have breakfast → I have breakfast too / as well.
I don’t drive → I don’t drive either.

2. also
I have breakfast → I also have breakfast.

3. So (for positive sentences)

Neither (for negative sentences)
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Pre - Intermediate Round 2 Copy Right 10