A

PROJECT REPORT ON
“BUILD CIRCUIT FOR LED FLASHER ”
FOR THE DIPLOMA IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND

MACHINE LEARNING

SUBMITTED BY

1. Kharat Pream Pandit

2. Khedkar Suyash Gorakshanath
3. Kulkarni Mangesh Yamunadas
4. Kundalwal Laxminarayan Rajendra
5. Mehra Ajay Sanjay
6. Mehta Riddhi Prashant

UNDER THEGUIDANCE OF
Mrs. P. K. Patil
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND
MACHINE LEARNING
CSMSS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC,
CHATRAPATI SAMBHAJINAGAR,
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.

AND
MAHARASHTR STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI.

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Kharat Prem P. , Mr. Khedkar Suyash G. , Mr.
Kulkarni Mangesh Y. , Mr. Kundalwal Laxminarayan R. , Mr. Mehra Ajay
S. , Ms. Mehta Riddhi P. , from CSMSS College of Polytechnic having
Enrollment No. 2211520338, 2211520339, 2211520340, 2211520341,
2211520342 2211520343 have Completed Project of Second year having title
“BUILD A CIRCUIT FOR LED FLASHER” during academic year 2023-24.
The project completed by a group consisting of 06 Candidates under the
guidance of the Faculty guide.

Mrs. P.K. Patil Mrs. S.R. Borakhade Dr. G.B. Dongre

2
 (Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Sr. No. Name of Student Sign

1 Kharat Prem P.

2 Khedkar Suyash G.

3 Kulkarni Mangesh Y.

4 Kundalwal Laxminarayan R.

5 Mehra Ajay S.

6 Mehta Riddhi P.

We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us
most throughout our project.We would like to express our sincere thanks to the
principal of CSMSS College of Polytechnic Dr. G B Dongre for being always
with us as a motivator. We are thankful to the H.O.D. Mrs. S. R. Borakhade of
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING Department for
her kind support. We are grateful to our Project Guide Mrs. P.K. Patil for
nonstop support and continuous motivation for the project. Her help made us
possible to complete our project with all accurate information. Special thanks
go to our friends who helped us in completing the project, where they all
exchanged their own interesting ideas. We wish to thanks our parents for their
personal support or attention who inspired us to go our own way. Finally, we
would like to thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.

3
 INDEX

Sr.No Content Page no.

1 Micro-project Proposal 5

2 Rationale 8

3 Abstract 9

4 Aims/Benefits of the micro-project 9

5 Course Outcome Achieved 9

6 Actual Procedure Followed 9

7 Literature Review 10-17

8 Output Of The Project 18

9 Skill developed/learning outcomes of microproject 18

10 Application of microproject 18

11 Conclusion 19

19
12 References

4
1. Micro-project Proposal

Title: BUILD A CIRCUIT FOR LED FLASHER

AIMS/ BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT–

AIM: Detailed study of LED Flasher.
BENEFIT: Understood the importance and use of LED Flasher.

COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED

• Understanding of Basic Electronics

• Circuit Design and Analysis
• Understanding of Digital Technique

1) PROPOSED METHODOLOGY–
• First of all we collect the title of the micro project from our teacher.
• After the title decision we move to the next step i.e. analysis and
information gathering of the project.
• We develop a blueprint of our project.

5
2)ACTION PLANS–

Sr. Details of Activities Planned Planned Name of

No. Start Finish Responsible
Date Date Team
Member
1 Decide subject for micro-project. 01/08/23 15/08/23 All
2 Preparation and submission of All
Abstract. 16/08/23 31/08/23
3 Collection of data. 01/09/23 15/09/23 All
4 Discussion and outline of Content. 16/09/23 30/09/23 All

5 Formulation of content. 01/10/23 10/10/23 All

6 Editing of Content. 11/10/23 20/10/23 All
7 Final submission of Micro-Project. 21/10/23 31/10/23 All

3)RESOURCES REQUIRED–

Name of Specifications Quantity Remarks

Sr.
Resource/
No.
Material
1 1
IC 555 Timer

2 LED Red 1

3 Capacitor 1 micro Farad 1

4 Connecting wires as required -

100kohm
5 Resistors 470kohm 3
270ohm

6
NAMES OF TEAM MEMBER WITH ROLL NO:

Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No.

25
1 Kharat Prem

26
2 Khedkar Suyash

27
3 Kulkarni Mangesh

28
4 Kundalwal Laxminarayan

29
5 Mehra Ajay

54
6 Mehta Riddhi

Mrs. P.K. Patil

(Subject Teacher)

7
2.RATIONALE

In the present scenario most of the electronic equipment like computers,

mobile, music systems, ATM, automation and control circuits and systems are
based on digital circuits which the diploma electronic engineering passouts
(also called technologists) have to test them. The knowledge of basic logic
gates, combinational and sequential logic circuits using discrete gates as well as
digital IC’s will enable the students to interpret the working of equipment and
maintain them. After completion of the course, students will be able to develop
digital circuits based applications.

COMPETENCY:

The aim of this course is to help the students to attain the following industry
identified competency through various teaching learning experiences:

• Build /Test digital logic circuits consist of digital ICs

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs):

The theory, practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with
this course are to be taught and implemented, so that the student
demonstrates the following industry oriented Cos associated with the
above-mentioned competency:

1. To design a circuit of LED Flasher

2. To develop circuit design that function by using LED
3. To make a basic design that can becontinuously show a lightning 4. To
produce a variable output

3. ABSTRACT:
8
This report will explain the processes to synthesize a test and troubleshoot the
system we had to buildas well as the technique we had to implement and
efficiently completing this as a team.

4.Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project

• Aim : BUILD IN CIRCUIT FOR LED FLASHER

• Benefits :- Understood the Importance of BUILD IN
CIRCUIT
FOR LED FLASHER

5. COURSE OUTCOMES ACHIEVED

• Project Management.
• Communication and presentation.

6.Actual Methodology Followed

1) Select the topic about the micro project.

2) To understand the concept of topic.

3) Analysis coding and debugging.
4) Collect information about our topic.
5) To prepare the final project report.

9
 7. LITERATURE REVIEW

“ BUILD A CIRCUIT FOR LED FLASHER”

INTRODUCTION

The mini project we built is an electronic system, like many others

it uses an Input-Processing-Outputstructure. The first system had an output
of a flashing LED. The second system, the output was aspeaker. Both were
processed by a 555 Integrated Circuit. The report explains how to build the
circuit,the problems that may arise, and the lessons learned.
The organization of information wegathered adhered closely to the
inductive method that is to be given facts and observations. As ateam, we
progressed towards understanding sequentially rather than globally, following
step-by-stepprocedural methods.

Figure 1:-
The pyramid represents Bloom’s six
functions that represent the
“Cognitive Domain”.

10
 According to Benjamin Bloom [1], there exist domains of education
activities. In regards to the Cognitivedomain in FIGURE 1, we found that our
team went through each level in order.

Evaluation - We focused on the materials we needed, as well as the

instructions, and sorting itout in a manner which expedited different
responsibilities to each team member.

Synthesis - Putting together the circuit, and combining our equipment to make
a different device.

Analysis - This step involved our team troubleshooting the kinks in our circuit
when it wasn’t functioning as it should.

Application - We observed that our circuit could be used with different outputs
media.

Comprehension - Understanding what various components do, where analysis

assistedsignificantly in this understanding.

Knowledge - knowing how to build the circuit, learning the behavior of

currents within, thefunction of new devices, and the ability to rebuild without
instruction.

Figure 2:-
(Left to right) 555 Integrated Circuit,
(3) Resistors (4.7K, 10K, and 1K),
C1-10 uF Capacitor, LED

11
 The components [2] in FIGURE 2 used in the IPO process were
placed on the breadboard of a RadioShack Electronics Learning Lab. For the
input —we used a 9 Volt source which powered the circuit. The input was
processed first through a series of resistors, which limit the electric current
received fromthe power source. This current is then sent to the capacitor,
which continually stores a given amount of charge and will discharge once
it’s full. Once the capacitor is full it discharges current into the
555Integrated Circuit periodically (pulse rate) to time when the integrated
circuit should output current itself. Then the circuit in FIGURE 3 directs
current to the LED output which flashes.

Figure 3:-
A timed 555 IntegratedCircuit powered by
a 6 voltsource with an LED output.

12
ANALYSIS:-
The circuit works through an Input-Processing-Output system. Our “Input”
was a 6 volt power source. The “Processing” involved a 555 Integrated Circuit,
three resistors (1K, 4.7K, and 10K), and a 10microfarad capacitor. Finally, the
“Output” was a flashing light-emitting diode. The frequency of the flashes is
determined by three components on the left side of the circuit: R1, R2and the
capacitor. From an electrical standpoint, the timing of the Integrated Circuit
is set by the frequency of the discharges from the capacitor. Since the resistance
and capacitance are constant, the Integrated Circuit receives these current
discharges from the capacitor at a constant rate which is the frequency. In turn,
the Integrated Circuit outputs a signal for the LED to flash in sync with these
pulses. The frequency can be calculated with this equation.

Figure 4:-
Frequency Equation f = Frequency
R1, R2 = ResistorsC= Capacitor

Based on the order of magnitude of the components that we’re using, the
resistance of R2 affects the frequency the greatest, then R1 to a lesser degree
and then the capacitance to an even lesser degree. In other words, with the
same percentage increase in the capacitance as a decrease in resistance, the
flasher frequency would alter in favor of the resistor’s changes within the same
orders of magnitude. One can also see from the equation that both the resistance
and the capacitance are inversely related to the frequency. This is because a
larger resistance means that the current charging the capacitor will do so at a
slower rate. Equivalently, a larger capacitor with the same current will also
charge at a slower rate. Since R2 affects the frequency greater out of the two
capacitors, you can replace it with apotentiometer so that you can easily change
the frequency of the flashes of the diode.

13
 Sometimes theory doesn’t always translate into application as well as
we’d like, be it from human error or faulty materials. In one of those cases one
can empirically measure the frequency of the pulses by using an
oscilloscope. If you set one terminal at the output pin of the integrated circuit
and the other terminal at the ground pin, you can set the range of the data you
receive and measure the time difference between the crests of the square wave.
Once the desired timing is set through the RC configuration, the
integrated circuit outputs a signal for the light emitting diode to draw
current. The current it draws is determined by the power source used (6 volts) as
well as the resistor in between (R3). With a higher current, the light emitting
diode flashes brighter, therefore a lower resistance will yield the same
result. Ideally there is no current going through the diode on the off flashes, but
since there are residual currents from outside sources (electric& magnetic
fields), a minimum current value is required to turn on the diode. When the
Light Emitting Diode flashes, the current going through it is strong enough to
trigger the programmed “on current” value. However if the current is too high,
it will melt the diode. By knowing about the individual components in the
circuit and the theory behind their functions, you can manipulate the circuit to
output altered and different signals all together.

TESTING:-
We gathered all the components (555 Integrated Circuit, resistors,
capacitor, wires, light-emitting diode) necessary, placed each one in its proper
location on the breadboard. To test it thoroughly, once the light-emitting diode
came on, we left it on to ensure it exhibited the same behavior for an extended
period of time. Our team (3) tested the circuit 3 times each, it failed to flash
twice with a rate of 2 fails per 3 attempts.

14
 Figure 5:-
Simulation in Multisim of the
Timed 555 Integrated Circuit with an LED output

We simulated the LED flashing system in Multisim; the configuration of

the circuit shown in FIGURE 5 was identical to the physical circuit. Multisim
allowed us to demonstrate the use of an oscilloscope to determine frequency. In
building the circuit, we had to make sure that the polarized components were set
in the right orientation, i.e., LED. We ran into problems when we tried to
simulate the circuit, even though everything was configured correctly, the LED
was not flashing at all. We had to diagnose what the problem was using some of
the simulated equipment. First, we used the oscilloscope around the LED itself
so we could see what kind of signal was going into it, then we saw what signals
were going through the entire integrated circuit by setting the terminals to
ground and the output. Then, since everything looked fine from the oscilloscope
we used a multimeter to measure the strength or the magnitude of the current
going in the LED. Double-clicking on the LED component, we saw that the
“on” current was set at 6 milliamps but we were only receiving a 3 milliamp
signal into the LED. All we had to do to fix the circuit was set the “on” current
of the LED to 3 milliamps so that it would react to the signal coming in.
Connect the positive terminal of the 10 micro F capacitor to pin 2 of
the IC and the negative terminal to the negative rail of the breadboard. Insert an
LED on the breadboard. Which is Anode connected to the positive rail of the
15
breadboard and its cathode connected to pin 3 of the IC using 220 ohms resistor.
Insert another LED of the breadboard which is cathode connected to the
negative rail of the breadboard and anode connected to the pin 3 of the IC using
other 220 ohms resistor. Finally, connected the battery to the breadboard.
Results and Discussions
Insert the 555 IC timer in the middle of the breadboard. Connect pin 2 of
the IC to the negative rail of the breadboard. Connect pin 8 & pin 4 of the
IC to the positive rail of the breadboard. Connect pin 2 of the IC to pin 6 of
the IC and the negative terminal to the negative rail of the breadboard.
Connect pin 6 of the IC to pin 3 of IC using 47 kOhms

Recommendations

The students recommend that before making a layout or an output,

make a circuit on multisim and test it in multimeter.

Components:-
Qnty Components

1 470KOhms

2 270Ohms

3 100kOhms

16
3 10microF

4 IC 555 TIMER

5 LED

6 9V Battery

7 Breadboard

8
Wires

17
8. OUTPUT OF MICRO PROJECT:-

9.Learning Outcomes For Micro Project:-

 Understanding of Basic Electronics

 Soldering Skills
 Prototyping and Breadboarding

10.Applications Of Micro Project:-

 Automotive Turn Signals

 Emergency Vehicle Lighting
 Warning Lights

18
11.CONCLUSION:

In summary, this LED flasher project has been a valuable

educational experience that has enhanced our knowledge and skills in
electronics and circuit design. We have successfully achieved the project's
objectives and have gained practical insights that will serve us well in
future endeavors in the field of electrical engineering or electronics. This
project serves as a stepping stone for more advanced and innovative
projects in the future, and we look forward to applying what we've learned
to new challenges and opportunities in the field of electronics.
The students therefore conclude that the LED Flasher is challenging
to produce because is not easy to make an output. For some reason, the
electronic components required are not so familiar to the students although
simple to see but hard to do. To function the LED Flasher the students need
to study on how to connect the components properly.

12.REFERENCES:
 www.scribd.com
 www.instructables.com

19