Communication Systems: CENG 3310
Lecture 2
Chapter 2: Signals and Signal Space
Ref: Text , equations and some figures have been taken from the book (textbook) “Modern
Digital and Analog Communication Systems” by B. P. Lathi and Z. Ding.
Note: Do NOT share these lecture slides to others due to copyright restrictions from the
publisher.
Contents
➢ Signals
➢ Size of Signals
➢ Classification of Signals
➢ Signal Comparison
➢ Orthogonal signal set
➢ Review of Fourier Series, Fourier Transform and their
properties
Signal and Systems
• Signal: is an ordered collection of information or data.
(Examples: audio or video recording, monthly sales figures of
corporation, share prices of stock market etc.)
• Signals are processed by systems, which may modify them or
extract certain information from within. (examples: video
player, radar etc.)
Size of Signal
• Two common measures: energy and power.
• Energy of a Signal:
Power of a Signal
• A power signal must have an infinite duration.
• In case of signals with infinite energy (e.g. periodic signals), a more
meaningful measure is the signal power.
• Average power or Average Energy (mean of squared values)
• The square root of Pg is known as the rms value of g(t).
Note: A signal cannot be an energy and a power signal at the same time.
Suitable Measures
Determine the suitable measures of the following signals:
Example:
• Find the size of the signal.(Energy)
Classification of Signals
• Continuous-time and Discrete Signals
• Analog and Digital Signals
• Periodic and aperiodic signals
• Energy and power signals
• Deterministic and probabilistic signals
• Other classifications…
Continuous and Discrete time signals
Figure 2.3 (a) Continuous time and (b) discrete time signals.
Classification of Signals (cont’d)
• The concept of analog and digital signal is different from Continuous time and Discrete time signal.
• We can see the amplitude of a signal to be continuous or discrete (on y axis)
Figure 2.4 Examples of signals: (a) analog and continuous time; (b) digital and
continuous time; (c) analog and discrete time; (d) digital and discrete time.
Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals
Figure 2.5 Periodic signal of period T0.
g 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 + 𝑇𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
Some famous periodic signals are
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑜 𝑡 , cos𝑤𝑜 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑜𝑡
Deterministic and Probabilistic Signals
• A signal whose physical description is known completely is a
deterministic signal.
• Mathematical form
• Graphical form
• A signal known only in terms of probabilistic description is a
random signal.
• Mean value
• Mean square value
• Distributions
• Example: Noise, message signals
Time Shifting a Signal
Figure 2.6 Time shifting a signal.
Time Scaling a Signal
Unit Impulse Function
Multiplication of a signal by an impulse
Sampling Property (or Sifting Property)
Signals Vs. Vectors
Which one gives the best approximation of vector g in terms of vector x?
Component of a vector along another Vector:
Vector Analogy and Signals
Approximation of Square Signal:
Find “c” for the above figure. (How much component of a square wave
on the sine wave?).
Correlation Coefficient (index of similarity)??
