Walchand College Of Engineering, Sangli

(An Autonomous Institute)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Polytechnic Wing

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. B. A. Anuse

A MICROPROJECT ON
TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SUBMITTED BY
Om Kudalkar (219)

Sarthak Palkar (221)

Shrushti Sakate (231)

Shravani Devkate (250)

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 1

 ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25

DEPARTMENT OFMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Polytechnic Wing

Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli

(An Autonomous Institute)

CERTIFICATE
It is to Certified That This Project Report Titled “ Types Of Ac And Its
Applications." Is The Work Under My Guidance for The Partial Fulfillment of The
Award of T.Y. Mechanical Diploma Under Walchand College of Engineering,
Sangli, For the Academic Year 2024-25.

Mr. B. A. Anuse Mr. A. V. Kamble

Project Head Vice Principal

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 2

 INDEX

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1 Introduction 4

2 Air-Conditioning Cycle 5

Principles of Air Conditioning

3 6

Types of Air Conditioning System

4 8

Conclusion
5 12

6 References 20

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 3

 INTRODUCTION
The automobile sector has been helping the world for the overall
development and it has been creating wage and self-employment
opportunities both in the public and private sectors. A Mechanical
engineering technologist should have an overall understanding of various
aspects of Automobile Systems. This course provides a broad knowledge
about the different vehicle layouts, transmissions, and controls, electrical
and electronics systems, vehicle safety, and security, features of Motor
Vehicle Acts along with automobile maintenance systems. This
knowledge will be helpful to the students in co-relating various
automobile systems with each other and provide good practical input
with theoretical knowledge for technological advancement of the
industry/society.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have a battery rather than a fuel tank, and
an electric-powered motor rather than an inner combustion engine. Plug-
in hybrid electric-powered vehicles (PHEVs) are a mixture of fuel and
electric-powered vehicles so that they have a battery, an electric-powered
motor, a fuel tank, and an inner combustion engine. PHEVs use each fuel
and electricity as fuel sources.

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 4

Types of Electric Vehicles

Different types of electric-powered vehicles are modified and are

advanced constantly giving customers and capacity customers choices. In
today the sector is an increasing number familiar with the phrases BEV,
HEV, PHEV, and FCEV. How does an electric-powered vehicle work?
How an electric-powered car works is rely upon the type.

There are 4 (four) types of electric-powered cars, with the subsequent

outline:
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 5

1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), additionally known as All-
Electric Vehicle (AEV), runs totally on a battery and electric powered
drive train. These kinds of electric-powered cars do now no longer have
an ICE. Electricity is saved in a big battery percent this is charged with
the aid of using plugging into the energy grid. The battery percent, in
turn, offers energy to 1 or greater electric-powered cars to run the
electrical car.
structure and Main Components Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
 Electric motor

 Inverter
 Battery
 Control Module
 Drive train

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 6

Working Principles of BEV
Power is transformed from the DC battery to AC for the electrical
motor The accelerator pedal sends a signal to the controller which adjusts
the vehicle’s velocity by converting the frequency of the AC energy from
the inverter to the motor The motor connects and turns the wheels via a
cog When the brakes are pressed or the electrical vehicle is decelerating,
the motor will become an alternator and produces energy, that's
despatched returned to the battery.
Battery electric vehicle advantages
 extremely quiet
 zero emissions when driving
 gearbox free
 cheap to run
 lower maintenance cost
 tax-efficient
Battery electric vehicle disadvantages
 expensive to buy
 limited range, especially in cold conditions
 poor charging infrastructure
 battery life concerns
 embedded energy used in battery manufacturing
 not really zero emissions
Examples of BEV

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 7

 Volkswagen e-Golf, Tesla Model 3, BMW i3, Chevy Bolt, Chevy
Spark, Nissan LEAF, Ford Focus Electric, Hyundai Ioniq,Toyota rav4,
etc.
2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
This kind of hybrid automobile is regularly known as a popular
hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEV has each an ICE and an electric motor. In
these kinds of electric-powered automobiles, the inner combustion engine
receives energy from fuel (gasoline and other sorts of fuels), even as the
motor receives electricity from batteries. The gasoline engine and
electric-powered motor concurrently rotate the transmission, which
drives the wheels. The difference between HEV as compared to BEVs
and PHEVs is wherein the batteries in HEV can only charge with the aid
of using the ICE, the movement of the wheels, or an aggregate of each.
There isn't any charging port, order that the battery cannot be recharged
from out of doors of the system, for instance from the energy grid.
structure and Main Components of HEV

 Engine
 Electric motor

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 8

  Battery pack with controller & inverter
 Fuel tank
 Control module
Working Principles of HEV
a) Has a gasoline tank that elements gas to the engine like a normal
car
b) It additionally has a fixed of batteries that run an electric powered
motor
c) Both the engine and electric powered motor can turn the
transmission on at the identical time
Hybrid Electric Vehicle advantages
1. Environment Friendly
2. Financial advantage
3. Less Reliance on Fossil Fuels
4. Regenerative Braking System
5. Built From Light Materials
6. Smaller Engines
7. Automatic Start and Stop
8. Electric-Only Drive
Hybrid Electric Vehicle disadvantages
1. Less Power
2. Costly
3. Poorer Handling
4. High Maintenance Prices
5. Accident from High Voltage in Batteries
6. Battery Disposal and Recycling

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 9

Examples of HEV
Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota
Camry Hybrid.
3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)-
PHEV is a kind of hybrid car that has both an ICE and a motor, regularly
known as a series hybrid. This variety of electric-powered vehicles gives
a choice of fuels. This sort of electric-powered vehicle is powered
through a conventional fuel (along with gasoline) or an alternative fuel
(such as bio-diesel) and through a chargeable battery pack. The battery
may be charged up with power by plugging into an electrical outlet or
electric-powered car charging station (EVCS).
structure and Main Components of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

 Electric motor
 Engine
 Inverter
 Battery

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 10

  Fuel tank
 Control module
 Battery Charger (if onboard model)
Working Principles of PHEV
PHEVs normally start-up in all-electric powered mode and function on
electricity till their battery % is depleted. Some models shift to hybrid
mode once they attain highway cruising speed, normally above 60 or 70
miles in keeping with the hour. Once the battery is empty, the engine
takes over and the car operates as a conventional, non-plug-in hybrid. In
addition to plugging into an outdoor electric power source, PHEV
batteries may be charged with the aid of using an inner combustion
engine or regenerative braking. The electric-powered motor supplements
the engine’s electricity; as a result, smaller engines may be used,
increasing the car’s gasoline performance without compromising
performance.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle advantages
 zero-emission when driving on batteries
 fuel-efficient in traffic
 comfortable to drive
 affordable to run if doing normal 10/15 mile commutes
 tax-efficient
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle disadvantages
 relatively costly
 fuel economy is not very good on motorway journeys
 difficult to maintain
 embedded energy used in battery manufacturing
TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 11
  resale worth uncertainty
Examples of PHEV
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid, Chevy Volt, Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-
Max Energi, Ford Fusion Energi.
4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), additionally called fuel cell
vehicles (FCVs) or Zero Emission Vehicle, are forms of electric powered
motors that employ ‘fuel cell technology to generate the energy required
to run the vehicle. In this sort of vehicle, the chemical power of the gas is
transformed without delay into electric-powered energy.
structure and Main Components of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

 Electric motor
 Fuel-cell stack
 Hydrogen storage tank
TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 12
 Battery with converter and controller

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 13

Working Principles of FCEV
The operating principle of a ‘fuel cell’ electric-powered vehicle is
specific as compared to that of a ‘plug-in’ electric-powered vehicle. This
form of electric-powered vehicle is because the FCEV generates the
electricity required to run this vehicle at the vehicle itself.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle advantages
1. Renewable and Readily Available
2. Hydrogen is a Clean and Flexible Energy Source to support Zero-
Carbon Energy Strategies
3. More Powerful and Energy Efficient than Fossil Fuels
4. Highly Efficient when Compared to Other Energy Sources
5. Almost Zero Emissions
6. Reduces Carbon Footprints
7. Fast Charging Times
8. No Noise Pollution
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle disadvantages
1. Hydrogen Extraction
2. Highly Flammable
3. Regulatory Issues
4. cost is high

Examples of FCEV
Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Tucson FCEV, River simple Rasa, Honda Clarity
Fuel Cell, Hyundai Nexo.

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 14

Types of hybrid Vehicles
Hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine (ICE) with an
electric motor to improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions, and offer a
more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional vehicles. There
are several types of hybrid vehicles, each with its unique system for
managing the interaction between the electric motor and gasoline engine.
The main types of hybrid vehicles are:
1. Full Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
2. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles (MHEVs)
3. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles (SHEVs)
4. Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 15

[Link] Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FHEVs)
Description: Full hybrids use both the internal combustion engine (ICE)
and the electric motor to power the vehicle. The vehicle automatically
switches between the engine and motor based on driving conditions,
optimizing fuel efficiency. The electric motor cannot drive the vehicle
independently at high speeds, but it can assist the gasoline engine during
acceleration and at low speeds.

Features:

o The vehicle operates in three modes: Electric-only mode (at low

speeds), Engine-only mode (at high speeds), and Combined
mode (both engine and motor working together).
o The battery is charged through regenerative braking and the
internal combustion engine.
Examples:

o Toyota Prius
o Ford Fusion Hybrid

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 16

 o Honda Insight
2. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles (MHEVs)
Description: Mild hybrids use a small electric motor that assists the
internal combustion engine but cannot drive the vehicle by itself. The
electric motor provides support for activities like braking, accelerating,
and idling, improving overall fuel efficiency. These vehicles have a
smaller battery and rely more on the internal combustion engine.

Features:
o The electric motor supports the engine but doesn't replace it
during driving.
o The system assists with functions like start-stop systems, where
the engine shuts off when idle and restarts when needed, thus
saving fuel.
o Mild hybrids do not have the capability to operate in electric-only
mode.
Examples:
o Audi A6 55 TFSI e
o Mercedes-Benz E-Class (with mild hybrid technology)
o Honda CR-V Hybrid (with mild hybrid system)

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 17

3. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Description: In series hybrids, the internal combustion engine does not

directly power the wheels. Instead, it acts as a generator to charge the
battery that powers the electric motor, which drives the wheels. This type
of hybrid is entirely powered by the electric motor, with the gasoline
engine working only to generate electricity.

Features:
o The gasoline engine is disconnected from the drivetrain and only
charges the battery.
o This system is more efficient in city driving since the engine runs
at its optimal speed to generate electricity, while the electric
motor handles propulsion.
Examples:
o Chevrolet Volt (during certain driving modes)
o BMW i3 Rex (Range Extender)

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 18

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 19
4. Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Description: In parallel hybrids, both the internal combustion engine and

the electric motor can directly drive the wheels. The vehicle can operate
with either the engine or the electric motor, or both, depending on driving
conditions and speed. This system allows for greater flexibility and
efficiency in using both power sources.

Features:
o Both the engine and the motor are connected to the drivetrain
and can work independently or together.
o The vehicle can operate on electric power alone at low speeds
and shift to gasoline power at higher speeds or when more power
is needed.
Examples:
o Toyota Prius (when in hybrid mode)
o Ford Escape Hybrid

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 20

Conclusion:

Electric and hybrid vehicles are transforming the transportation industry.

These vehicles contribute to reducing dependence on fossil fuels,
lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and offering more sustainable
transportation options. However, for widespread adoption, challenges
such as cost, battery life, and charging infrastructure need to be
addressed. With ongoing technological advancements and supportive
government policies, electric and hybrid vehicles are set to play a pivotal
role in the future of global transportation.

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 21

References

TYPES OF AC AND ITS APPLICATION 22