Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 2025, 15(1), 69-76

https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojas
ISSN Online: 2161-7627
ISSN Print: 2161-7597

Effect of Moringa stenopetala and Pigeon Pea

Supplements on Growth Performance of
Short-Eared Somali Goat Breed

Mahamed Hassen1,2*, Abdihakim Ma’alin1,2, Abdisayid Mohamed1

1
Livestock and Forage Research Directorate, Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research Institute (SoRPARI), Jigjiga,
Ethiopia
2
Department of Animal and Range Science, College of Dry Land Agriculture, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia

How to cite this paper: Hassen, M., Ma’alin, Abstract

A. and Mohamed, A. (2025) Effect of Moringa
stenopetala and Pigeon Pea Supplements on This study was conducted at Fafan Research Center, Golajo research site to
Growth Performance of Short-Eared Somali evaluate the effect of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaf supplementa-
Goat Breed. Open Journal of Animal Sciences,
tion on growth performance of short-eared Somali goat breed. A total of fif-
15, 69-76.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 teen yearling indigenous short-eared Somali goat breeds with an initial weight
of 15.2 ± 0.30 kg were assigned to three treatment groups using completely
Received: November 12, 2024 randomized design. Pigeon pea (Pp) and Moringa stenopetala (MS) feeds were
Accepted: January 4, 2025
formulated using 0%, 5%, and 10% inclusion levels of MSLM and PPLM as
Published: January 7, 2025
experimental diets, respectively. The feed of the experiment was prepared in
Copyright © 2025 by author(s) and two levels (2 kg of Moringa stenopetala and 2 kg of pigeon pea) and was sup-
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. plemented to experimental animals in treatments one and two, respectively.
This work is licensed under the Creative
The average e initial body weight of selected male goats was 18.82 ± 0.37, 18.8 ±
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0). 0.37 and 17.8 ± 0.37 kg under treatment groups T1, T2 and control respectively.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Data was analyzed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS com-
Open Access puter package Version 9.0 (SAS, 2002). The final weights gain (FWG) of goats
on T1 and T2 of experimental group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than
T3 (control group) with the average mean of 26.63 ± 0.49, 26.32 ± 0.49 and
24.06 ± 0.49 kg, respectively. There was no significant difference between (P >
0.05) the final weight gain of goat supplemented on Moringa stenopetala (T1)
and pigeon pea levels (T2). The mean average weight gains (AWG) obtained
from the supplemented group in this study were 7.50 ± 0.37 and 7.82 ± 0.37
kg for T1 and T2, whereas mean weight gains for un-supplemented goats were
found to be 6.26 ± 0.37 kg. Feeding of dried Moringa stenopetala and pigeon
pea leaves mixture improved body weights and average daily body weight gain
without affecting feed intake and overall health of Somali goat breed. As Moringa
stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves are rich nitrogen/protein source, they can

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 Jan. 7, 2025 69 Open Journal of Animal Sciences

M. Hassen et al.

be used effectively as substitute for conventional concentrate in the diet of grow-

ing goats at small holder farmer’s level where they can be grown in abundance.
Therefore, for higher quality of forage and higher total DM yield for animal
feeding, moringa should be harvested at wider harvesting intervals of at least
6th- to 8th-week intervals. Similarly, for pigeon peas, 4- to 6-week harvesting in-
terval can result in optimum forage as well as feed quality and resulted in better
growth performances for Somali short-eared goat breeds.

Keywords
Effect, Growth Performance, Moringa, Pigeon Pea, Supplementation, Somali
Goat

1. Introduction
Small ruminants play a significant role in almost all farming systems in the tropics
and sub-tropics [1]. A recent report shows that Ethiopia has the largest goat pop-
ulation (45.76 million) among African countries [2]. Goats are primarily kept for
meat production, although milk is equally important in pastoral and agro-pastoral
areas. They are usually raised and finished on natural pastures, and as a result, they
take a long time (over 2 years) to reach slaughter weight, not more than 20 kg [3].
The carcass weight produced is not higher than 8.5 kg per goat in the country [4].
Goats fed with low-quality roughage have satisfactory fattening performance when
supplemented with concentrate having optimum contents of CP and energy [5].
It reduces age of slaughter and increases carcass quality and meat output, thereby
improving access to animal protein and income to households in the subsistence
production system [6]. Moreover, there is limited information on whether the
growth and carcass characteristics of Ethiopian indigenous goats are differently
influenced by genotype and nutritional regimes [7]. They have not been compared
and characterized adequately in terms of their growth, carcass, and meat quality
attributes. Regardless of their attributes, the productivity of goats in many tropical
countries is low and has been related to diseases, nutrition, genotype and manage-
ment [8]. The limitations of nutrition could be attributed to seasonal fluctuations
in feed quantity and quality [8]. The notable effect of feed scarcity is observed par-
ticularly in dry seasons when natural pastures are mature, dry and inadequate with
low nutritive value as low as 2% crude protein [9]. Supplementary feeding with
high nutritive feeds could therefore be a prerequisite for viable and sustainable
good goat production in such instances. Supplementing goats with nutritious feed
could increase the average daily gain, carcass weight and dressing percentage, result-
ing in the improvement of the meat quality [10]. Usually, farmers feed their animals
with crop residues and low-quality standing hay, which are low in nitrogen, high in
lignocellulose, and in short supply of vitamin and mineral contents, which leads to
low digestibility and reduced voluntary feed intake [11]. Moreover, some of the crop
residues require expensive inputs, such as urea, to provide alternative nitrogen. Urea

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 70 Open Journal of Animal Sciences

 M. Hassen et al.

is known to have toxic effects on animals, which is highly likely if feeds are improp-
erly mixed [12]. Consequently, the energy and nitrogen intake of animals raised on
these feeds can not sustain adequate levels of performance, leading to low growth,
delayed animal sexual maturity, poor reproductive performance, poor meat qual-
ity, and low milk yield [11]. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate
the effect of moringa and pigeon pea leaf meal supplementation on performance
of yearling short-earned Somali goats fed a basal diet of native grass hay.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Study Area
The experiment was conducted in Fafan Research Center, 605 km far from Addis
Ababa, 45 km west of Jijiga, lying between 9˚24'N latitude, 42˚6'E longitude, where
the average annual rainfall, temperature and altitude ranges 200 - 600 mm, 24 -
450 C and 200 - 1600 m.a.s.l. respectively [13]. The region experiences erratic and
insufficient rainfall, making it unsuitable for regular crop farming. It is dominated
by extensive rangelands, with the population primarily engaged in pastoralism
and agro-pastoralism. Communities often migrate in search of pasture and water
for their livestock and themselves. The region has surface area of approximately
375,000 square kilometers which divide the area into arid and semi-arid agro eco-
logical zone.

2.2. Collection of Moringa stenopetala and Pegeon Pea Leaves

Fresh mature leaves of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea were manually harvested.
The leaves were air-dried under shade by spreading on clean plastic sheets for 72
hours. They were turned several times to facilitate the drying process. The grass was
mowed at a frequency of 14 days, pre-dried in the sun for 24 hours by spreading
on a concrete floor, and turned several times, thereafter air-dried in a shaded place
and kept until use.

2.3. Preparation of Experimental Feeds

Preparation and proportion of feed supplementation levels are presented in Ta-
ble 1. Fresh moringa and pigeon pea leaves were collected, defoliated, and dried
under shade until they are crispy to the touch while retaining their greenish col-
oration. The leaves were then milled to obtain a product herein referred to as Moringa
stenopetala and pigeon pea leaf meal which were stored in sacks until needed for
inclusion in the concentrate diet. The two feeds of pigeon pea (Pp) and Moringa
stenopetala (Ms) feed were used as experimental diets and formulated using 0%, 5%,
and 10% inclusion levels of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaf meal. The goats
were freely grazing during the daytime, and the experimental diets were served as
supplements in the evening.

2.4. Animal Management and Experimental Design

Fifteen male yearling indigenous short-eared Somali goat breed with the initial

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 71 Open Journal of Animal Sciences

M. Hassen et al.

weight of 15.2 ± 0.30 kg was used in this study. The goats were purchased from
local markets in Dhegahle kebele and transported to the Golahajo research site.
All the groups of animals were ear-tagged and treated against internal and external
parasites before the beginning of the experiment. The experimental animals were
quarantined for 3 weeks being vaccinated for diseases such as pest des petitis ru-
minants (PPR), ovine pasteurellosis, and goat pox, and anthrax. After fifteen days
of the adaptation period, the animals were randomly allocated to three treatment
groups of five animals each in a completely randomized design (CRD). The goats
were provided with individual feed and water troughs, and clean water was avail-
able all the time.

Table 1. Fodder supplementation levels.

Treatments Number of goats Feed types Amount provided

Control 5 Natural pasture Control group
T1 5 Natural pasture + MS a
2 kg of MS
T2 5 Natural pasture + Pp b
2 kg of Pp

T = Treatments, Moringa stenopetala, Pigeon pea.

a b

2.5. Data Collection Procedure and Measurements

2.5.1. Body Weight Measurement
Body weights were recorded at the beginning of the trial and every 2 weeks. Goats
were weighed in the morning hours after overnight fasting by using hanging scale.
Average weight gains (ADG) were calculated as the difference between final body
weight and initial body weight divided by the number of feeding days. Feed conver-
sion efficiency was calculated by dividing ADG by daily total dry matter intake.

2.5.2. Chemical Analysis of Feed Samples

The two types of feed leaves were assessed for the value of dry matter (DM), crude
protein (CP), crude fat, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, man-
ganese, and phosphorus using the procedures of the Association of Official Agri-
cultural Chemists [14]. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF),
acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent cellulose (ADC) were determined
according to Van Soest and Robertson procedure [15].

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Data was analyzed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS computer
package Version 9.0 [16]. Mean comparisons were determined by using Duncan
multiple range test, and significance at P < 0.05. The model used for the data anal-
ysis was:
Yij = µ + Ti + B j + eij ,

Where: Yij is the response variable;

μ is the overall mean;
Ti is the treatment effect;

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 72 Open Journal of Animal Sciences

 M. Hassen et al.

Bj is the block effect;

eij is the random error.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Animal Feeding of Moringa stenopetala and Pigeon Pea
The effect of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves on body weight gain of So-
mali male goat breed intake was shown in Table 2. The average initial body weight
of selected male goats was 18.82 ± 0.37, 18.8 ± 0.37 and 17.8 ± 0.37 kg as T1, T2 and
T3, respectively. The final weights gain of goats on experimental group of treatment
one and two was shown 26.63 ± 0.49 and 26.32 ± 0.49 with average weight gains of
7.50 ± 0.37 and 7.82 ± 0.37 kg, respectively. The control group of the final weight gain
was shown 24.06 ± 0.49 kg with average weight gains of 6.26 ± 0.37 kg. Hence, the
present study revealed a significantly higher FWG in experimental group (T1 and
T2) than the control group (T3) (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant dif-
ference between the final weight gain of goat supplemented on Moringa stenopetala
(T1) and pigeon pea levels (T2) (P > 0.05) (Table 2). On the other hand, the average
daily weight gains for goats supplemented with Moringa stenopetala, pigeon pea
leaves and the control group were obtained, 0.042 ± 0.002, 0.043 ± 0.002 and 0.035 ±
0.002 g/day, respectively. The total weight gains of the animal supplemented with
different levels of ration in general followed the trend of the daily weight gains. The
highest total weight gain per animal was received for the treatment group two, which
was supplemented with 2 kg of pigeon pea, while the control group exhibited the
lowest weight gain. Considering the weight gain over the entire experiment there was
a significant difference among the treatment group and the control group with re-
gard to overall average live weight gains, average total weight gains and final weight
gain (P < 0.05). The present findings are in lined with previous works of [17] [18]
and [19] who were reported that feeding of moringa leaves had significantly increased
the body weight gain in Sudan Nubian goat kids.

Table 2. Effect of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea supplementation on growth perfor-
mance of short-eared Somali goat breed.

Monthly Total weight Daily weight

Initial weight Final weight
Treatments weight gain gain gain
Mean ± S.E. Mean ± S.E. Mean ± S.E. Mean ± S.E. Mean ± S.E.
T1 18.82 ± 0.37a 26.32 ± 0.49a 1.25 ± 0.06b 7.50 ± 0.37a 0.042 ± 0.002a
T2 18.8 ± 0.37ab 26.63 ± 0.49ab 1.30 ± 0.06ba 7.82 ± 0.37ab 0.043 ± 0.37ab
Control 17.8 ± 0.37 abc
24.06 ± 0.49 c
1.04 ± 0.06 c
6.26 ± 0.37c 0.035 ± 0.37c
Significance N.S. * * * *

Mean values in a column having different superscripts differ significantly from each other;
*P < 0.05; SEM: Standard error of mean, N.S.: Non-significant; T: Treatments.

3.2. Chemical Composition of Experimental Fodder

The chemical composition of Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves used in

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 73 Open Journal of Animal Sciences

M. Hassen et al.

this study are presented in Table 3. Moringa stenopetala leaves contained dry mat-
ter (89.9%), ash (12.2%), NDF (26.5%), crude protein (26.7%), ADF (16.9%) ADL
(6.9%), the crude protein content of moringa foliage used in the study was in line
with the fining of [20] (29.7%, 25.95% and 22.6%) obtained by [21] [22] and [23]
respectively, but higher than the values (19.5% and 19.3% in DM) reported by [24]
and [25] respectively. The variations in nutritive value of moringa foliage could be
due to the age of harvest, soil type and fertility, proportion of leaf and stem and the
agro-ecological zone where trees are growing. On the other hand, pigeon pea con-
tained Dry matter (92.1%), NDF (50.6%), crude protein (32.9%), ADF (30.8%), ADL
(12.1%) is higher than the dry matter (89.9%), NDF (26.5%), crude protein (26.7%),
ADF (16.9%) ADL (6.9%) of Moringa stenopetala.

Table 3. Chemical composition of moringa and pigeon pea leaves fed to experimental So-
mali goat breed.

Chemical composition
Diet
DM Ash NDF CP ADF ADL
Moringa stenopetala 89.9 12.2 26.5 26.7 16.9 6.9
Pigeon pea 92.1 8.4 50.6 32.9 30.8 12.1

DM = Dray matter; CP = Crude protein; NDF = Neutral detergent fiber; ADF = Acid de-
tergent fiber; ADL= Acid detergent lignin; Ash= Total mineral content of forage.

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

Feeding of dried Moringa stenopetala and pigeon pea leaves mixture improved
body weights and average daily body weight gain without affecting feed intake and
overall health of Somali short-eared goat breed. Moringa stenopetala and pigeon
pea leaves, which are rich in nitrogen and protein, can be harvested at their first cut-
ting stage, typically around 10 weeks after planting and can be used effectively as
substitute for conventional concentrate in the diet of growing goats at small holder
farmer’s level where it can be grown in abundance. Therefore, for higher quality of
forage and higher total DM yield for animal feeding, moringa should be harvested
at wider harvesting intervals of at least 6th- to 8th-week intervals. Similarly, for pi-
geon peas, 4- to 6-week harvesting interval can result in optimum forage as well
as feed quality. Furthermore, due attention should be given while collecting, dry-
ing and storing fodder crops that produce food borne diseases. Alternative drying
methods should be addressed to continue the drying of fodder crops during rainy
season.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral
Research Institute (SoRPARI) and GIZ for their financial support.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 74 Open Journal of Animal Sciences

 M. Hassen et al.

References
[1] Anaeto, M., Tayo, G.O., Chioma, G.O., Ajao, A.O. and Peters, T.A. (2009) Health and
Nutrition Practices among Smallholder Sheep and Goat Farmers in Ogun State Nigeria.
Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21, Article 197.
[2] CSA (Central Statistical Agency) (2022) Agricultural Sample Survey. The 2021/22 Na-
tional Statistics. Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristic with Statistical Bul-
letin 594, Volume II.
[3] Tadesse, D., Urge, M., Animut, G. and Mekasha, Y. (2016) Growth and Carcass Char-
acteristics of Three Ethiopian Indigenous Goats Fed Concentrate at Different Supple-
mentation Levels. SpringerPlus, 5, Article No. 414.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2055-2
[4] FAO (2004) Livestock Sector Brief: Ethiopia. Livestock Information, Sector Analysis
and Policy Branch (AGAL).
[5] Mushi, D.E., Safari, J., Mtenga, L.A., Kifaro, G.C. and Eik, L.O. (2009) Growth and Dis-
tribution of Non-Carcass Components of Small East African and F1 Norwegian Cross-
bred Goats under Concentrate Diets. Livestock Science, 126, 80-86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.06.001
[6] Mtenga, L.A. and Kitaly, A.J. (1990) Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
of Tanzanian Goats Fed Chloris Gayana Hay with Different Levels of Protein Supple-
ment. Small Ruminant Research, 3, 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(90)90025-2
[7] Sebsibe, A., Casey, N., Van Niekerk, W., Tegegne, A. and Coertze, R. (2007) Growth
Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Three Ethiopian Goat Breeds Fed Grain-
less Diets Varying in Concentrate to Roughage Ratios. South African Journal of An-
imal Science, 37, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v37i4.4094
[8] Oni, A.O., Arigbede, O.M., Oni, O.O., Onwuka, C.F.I., Anele, U.Y., Oduguwa, B.O.,
et al. (2010) Effects of Feeding Different Levels of Dried Cassava Leaves (Manihot Es-
culenta, Crantz) Based Concentrates with Panicum Maximum Basal on the Performance
of Growing West African Dwarf Goats. Livestock Science, 129, 24-30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.12.007
[9] Mendieta-Araica, B., Spörndly, R., Reyes-Sánchez, N. and Spörndly, E. (2011) Moringa
(Moringa oleifera) Leaf Meal as a Source of Protein in Locally Produced Concentrates
for Dairy Cows Fed Low Protein Diets in Tropical Areas. Livestock Science, 137, 10-17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.021
[10] Safari, J., Mushi, D.E., Mtenga, L.A., Kifaro, G.C. and Eik, L.O. (2009) Effects of Con-
centrate Supplementation on Carcass and Meat Quality Attributes of Feedlot Finished
Small East African Goats. Livestock Science, 125, 266-274.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.05.007
[11] Gebregiorgis, F., Negesse, T. and Nurfeta, A. (2011) Feed Intake and Utilization in Sheep
Fed Graded Levels of Dried Moringa (Moringa stenopetala) Leaf as a Supplement to
Rhodes Grass Hay. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 511-517.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9927-9
[12] Antonelli, A.C., Mori, C.S., Soares, P.C., Kitamura, S.S. and Ortolani, E.L. (2004) Ex-
perimental Ammonia Poisoning in Cattle Fed Extruded or Prilled Urea: Clinical Find-
ings. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 41, 67-74.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-95962004000100010
[13] National Meteorological Services Agency (NMSA) (2005) Annual Climatic Bulletin.
Ministry of Water Resources.
[14] AOAC (2006) AOAC International Final Report and Executive Summaries from the

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 75 Open Journal of Animal Sciences

M. Hassen et al.

AOAC International Presidential Task Force on Best Practices in Microbiological Meth-

odology Contract Deliverable Due to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Presi-
dential Task Force on. AOAC International Final Report and Executive Summaries
from the AOAC International.
[15] Van Soest, P.J. and Robertson, J.B. (1985) Analysis of Forages and Fibrous Foods. A La-
boratory Manual for Animal Science 613. Cornel University.
[16] Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (2002) SAS/STAT Guide for Personal Computers,
Version 9.0 Editions. SAS Institute Inc.
[17] Babeker, E.A. and Bdalbagi, M.M. (2015) The Effect of Feeding Moringa oleifera Leaves
on the Performance of Sudan Nubian Goat Kids. Global Journal of Animal Scientific
Research, 3, 1-9.
[18] Melesse, A., Steingass, H., Boguhn, J. and Rodehutscord, M. (2015) Screening of Poten-
tial Feed Resources Based on in Vitro Nutritional Evaluation of Some Moringa Species,
Sesbania sesban and Chamaecytisus palmensis Leaves. Journal of Animal Physiology
and Animal Nutrition, 99, 125-132.
[19] Sultana, N. (2015) The Feeding Value of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Foliage as Replace-
ment to Conventional Concentrate Diet in Bengal Goats. Advances in Animal and
Veterinary Sciences, 3, 164-173.
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.3.164.173
[20] Damor, S.V., Singh, M.K., Naik, M.M., Patel, J.B. and Patel, J.H. (2017) Nutritional Com-
position and Utilization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.): Review. Journal of Phar-
macognosy and Phytochemistry, 6, 46-50.
[21] Fadiyimu, A.A., Alokan, J.A. and Fajemisin, A.N. (2010) Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance
and Haematological Profile of West African Dwarf Sheep Fed Dietary Levels of Moringa
oleifera as Supplement to Panicum Maximum. Journal of American Science, 6, 634-643.
[22] Manh, L.H., Dung, N.X. and Trung, T. (2005) Moringa oleifera as a Solution for Im-
proving Small-Scale Farmers’ Access to High-Quality Feed in Northwestern Vietnam.
Livestock Research for Rural Development, 17, Article 104.
[23] Sánchez, N.R., Ledin, S. and Ledin, I. (2006) Biomass Production and Chemical Com-
position of Moringa oleifera under Different Management Regimes in Nicaragua. Ag-
roforestry Systems, 66, 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-8847-y
[24] Kakengi, A.M.V., Shem, M.N., Sarwatt, S.V. and Fujihara, T. (2005) Can Moringa oleif-
era Be Used as a Protein Supplement for Ruminants? Asian-Australasian Journal of
Animal Sciences, 18, 42-47. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.42
[25] Aregheore, E.M. (2002) Intake and Digestibility of Moringa oleifera-Batiki Grass Mix-
tures by Growing Goats. Small Ruminant Research, 46, 23-28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00178-5

DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2025.151005 76 Open Journal of Animal Sciences