URBIZTONDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines

Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION
The global plastic crisis is reaching a critical point, with mountains of non-

biodegradable waste accumulating in landfills and polluting our oceans. This

unsustainable situation demands innovative solutions, and one promising avenue lies

in exploring alternative, renewable sources for plastics. This occurs explores the

potential of banana peel waste, a readily available and often overlooked agricultural

byproduct, as a novel source for biodegradable plastics.

Banana peels, typically discarded as waste, possess a wealth of natural

polymers, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, which can be extracted and

processed to create biodegradable plastic materials. These polymers offer several

advantages over traditional petroleum-based plastics: sustainability by reducing

reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing landfill waste, biodegradability by

decomposing naturally and mitigating environmental pollution, and a renewable

source by offering a sustainable and scalable solution.

This research aims to investigate the feasibility of developing biodegradable

plastics from banana peel waste by delving into the extraction and characterization of

the key polymers, exploring various processing techniques for plastic production, and

evaluating the properties and performance of the resulting bioplastics. Ultimately, our

goal is to contribute to the development of a sustainable and environmentally

responsible alternative to traditional plastics, while also providing a valuable use for a

readily available agricultural waste stream.

 URBIZTONDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the Philippines, the development of banana peel-based bioplastics holds

particular promise due to the country’s high plastic waste problem. The Department of

Science and Technology (DOST), universities, and local entrepreneurs have been

involved in researching this bioplastic potential. Beyond environmental benefits, this

initiative could open new opportunities in sustainable agriculture, eco-friendly

product innovation, and waste management practices in the Philippines.

Bioplastics are used in disposable items like packaging and crockery, and also

used for paper coatings and have low energy costs. Researchers have attempted to

synthesize biodegradable plastic using banana peels and characterize it using FTIR

analysis, solubility tests, and swelling tests. The development of banana peel-based

biodegradable film has the potential to replace synthetic plastics and reduce

environmental and health issues. The film was prepared using banana peel paste, corn

starch, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, and glycerol as a plasticizer. The film's

mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties were characterized, with a 0.5% starch

content enhancing tensile strength. This biodegradable film could be a significant

player in the food packaging industry.

Banana peels are being studied as a sustainable bioplastic due to their

biodegradability, renewable nature, cost-effectiveness, and carbon footprint reduction.

These bioplastics promote a circular economy, minimize waste, and are more

affordable. The development of banana peel bioplastics aims to reduce the

environmental impact of plastic production and disposal.

 URBIZTONDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this research is to investigate how banana peel waste be a new

source of bioplastic. Here, we can break down the problem into specific areas:

1. What is the benefits of banana peel waste as bioplastics in terms of:

a. Waste reduction

b. Biodegradability

c. Cost-Effective

2. What are the environmental feasibility of utilizing banana peel waste as a new

source of bidegradable plastic?

3. How will banana peel as bioplastic reduce the environmental impact of traditional

plastic?
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The possibility of banana peels as a sustainable substitute for plastics derived

from petroleum is investigated in the study "Bioplastic Synthesis Using Banana Peels

and Its Characterization" by Lubis et al. (2014). Banana peel starch was effectively

recovered by the researchers, who then created bioplastic films. The mechanical

characteristics, thermal stability, and biodegradability of these films were evaluated.

The findings demonstrated that bioplastics made from banana peels had

mechanical qualities that are on par with those of some commercial polymers.

Additionally, they demonstrated acceptable biodegradability and thermal stability.

These results show that banana peels can be used as a sustainable raw material to

produce bioplastics.

The study advances knowledge on the manufacturing of biodegradable plastic

from agricultural waste. It opens the door for more study and advancement in this

field by offering insights into the formulation and characterization of bioplastics. The

study also emphasizes the potential of bioplastics made from banana peels for a range

of uses, including packaging and farming.

 URBIZTONDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of this study used Input, Process, Output model

presented by Senior High School Students. The process frame refers to the steps to be

done by researchers in obtaining data from the Questionnaire of the results gathered.

The output frame covers the implications of the data gathered on how banana peel

waste be a new source of bioplastic in Brgy. Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Stratified Sampling

What is the benefits of Grounded Theory Banana peel waste as

banana peel waste as a new source of
bioplastics bioplastic
Semi-Structured
Interview
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

RESEARCH PARADIGM 2

Extract starch from banana peels by removing

the peel and cutting it into small pieces

Boil for 30 mins and then mix the starch with

acetic acid and a plasticizer

Bake the mixture to form bioplastic film

Test biodegradation and elasticity of the

bioplastic

BANANA PEEL WASTE AS

BIOPLASTIC
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

HYPOTHESIS

Making bioplastic from leftover banana peels has the potential to reduce

landfill waste, creating biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics, and

promoting a more cost-effective and environmentally conscious consumer market. It

is expected that this change to a more environmentally friendly method of producing

plastic will benefit society and the environment.

• The utilization of banana peel waste for bioplastic production will significantly

reduce the volume of banana peel waste sent to landfills, transforming a discarded

agricultural byproduct into a valuable resource and contributing to a more circular

economy.

• Bioplastics derived from banana peels will exhibit a significantly faster

biodegradation rate compared to traditional plastics, leading to a reduction in plastic

pollution in landfills and the environment, and ultimately contributing to a cleaner and

healthier ecosystem.

•The production of bioplastics from banana peel waste will prove to be economically

feasible, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional plastic production, thereby

increasing the market viability and adoption of biodegradable plastics, promoting a

more sustainable and environmentally conscious consumer market.

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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

The researchers assumes that banana peels, being used abundantly by a large

consumption pool, can be efficiently utilized as a raw material for producing

biodegradable plastics. It postulates that this reduces dependency on petroleum-based

plastics, substituting it with a greener and more sustainable alternative. The research

assumes that banana peel-based plastics would offer appropriate physical properties

for a variety of applications, decompose faster, and thus enable resolution of waste

management problems by reducing the decomposing organic waste materials on

landfills. It also assumes that such methods will be economically viable and may

result in further innovations in the design of environment-friendly materials.

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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study conducted a thorough investigation into the use of banana peel

waste as a sustainable source for bioplastic production. The research involved

collecting and preparing banana peels, followed by cleaning, drying, and grinding

them to facilitate starch extraction.

This study aims to evaluate the environmental benefits of using banana peel

waste, including its role in reducing plastic waste and promoting a circular economy.

However, the research will not explore other bioplastic sources, specific applications,

large-scale industrial production challenges, social and ethical implications, or

detailed comparisons with petroleum-based plastics.

 URBIZTONDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

Significance of the study

This study aims to reduces plastic waste and pollution, promoting

environmental sustainability. This research can be safety and benefial not just to us

researchers but also to other people in general, especially :

Students

It provides knowledge about planning and designing the bioplastic.It can

motivate student through creating a bioplatic and give an convenience for students.

Community

It provides an innovative solution to reduce plastic waste and pollution. It

offers a sustainable way to manage banana peel waste minimizing environmental

harm.

Environment

This bioplastic approach provides a solution and convenience in development

for awareness. It reduces reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gasses.

Future Researchers

This research supports sustainable development, empowers, banana farmers,

and boosts the economy while protecting the environment.

 URBIZTONDO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERAURE

Overview
This chapter reviews existing literature on the production of biodegradable
plastics from banana peel. It explores the potential of banana peel as a sustainable
alternative to conventional plastics and discusses the challenges and opportunities in
this area of research.

Local Literature

Plastic pollution has become a significant environmental concern globally. The

widespread use of conventional plastics, derived from petroleum, contributes to
environmental degradation due to their long-lasting persistence and slow degradation
rates. This has led to a growing interest in developing biodegradable alternatives from
renewable resources.

Biodegradable plastics are a class of materials that can be broken down into
simpler substances, such as carbon dioxide and water, by microorganisms under
specific environmental conditions. They offer several advantages over conventional
plastics, including reduced environmental impact, improved biodegradability, and
potential for renewable resource utilization.

Banana peel, a readily available agricultural waste, has emerged as a

promising feedstock for biodegradable plastic production. It is abundant, inexpensive,
and possesses suitable properties for material development. Previous studies have
explored various approaches to utilizing banana peel for bioplastic production,
including: Chemical modification: These studies have investigated the use of
chemical treatments to modify the chemical structure of banana peel, enhancing its
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

suitability for plastic production. For example, [Santiago et al., 2020] utilized
glyceraldehyde as a cross-linking agent to produce biodegradable plastic films from
banana peel. Physical modification: These studies have focused on modifying the
physical properties of banana peel, such as particle size and surface area, to improve
its processability and compatibility with other materials.Composite materials: These
studies have explored the development of composite materials by combining banana
peel with other materials, such as starch, cellulose, and other polymers, to enhance the
mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting bioplastic.

Several studies have investigated the production of bioplastics from banana

peel.[Santiago et al., 2019] and [Reyes et al., 2019] investigated the physical and
mechanical properties of bioplastic films derived from banana peel using
glyceraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Their findings demonstrated the potential of
banana peel as a viable raw material for producing bioplastics with promising
properties.

[Santiago et al., 2019] presented research on the development of

biodegradable plastic from banana peel at the 3rd International Conference on
Sustainable Development and Green Technology. This study focused on the
production process and the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the
resulting bioplastic.

[De Guzman, 2020] conducted a comprehensive study on the production of

bioplastic from banana peel as part of their thesis at the University of the Philippines
Diliman. This research likely explored various aspects of bioplastic production,
including material characterization, process optimization, and potential applications.

While significant progress has been made in utilizing banana peel for
bioplastic production, several challenges remain: Improving mechanical properties:
Enhancing the mechanical strength, flexibility, and durability of banana peel-based
bioplastics is crucial for their practical applications.Optimizing production processes:
Developing efficient and cost-effective production processes for large-scale
production of banana peel-based bioplastics is essential for their commercial viability.
Expanding applications: Exploring new applications for banana peel-based
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

bioplastics, such as packaging, agriculture, and construction, can broaden their market
potential.

Foreign Literature

Various scientific research projects and commercial activities have focused on

bio-based polymer composites. The search for environmentally friendly composites
and green materials has been compelled by social concerns, the rate of environmental
degradation and the depletion of petroleum resources, as well as the establishment of
environmental regulations. A few years ago, the growth of biodegradable materials
and interest in strategic nature were observed due to environmental factors (Zhang et
al., 2000; Demirbas, 2007; Gross and Kalra, 2002).

In fact, some goods derived from agriculture, like sugar, wood, cellulose, and
starch, are employed as raw materials to reduce the environmental impact of plastics.
Since the carbon dioxide emitted during the manufacture, use, and disposal of plastics
is offset by the carbon absorbed during the plant's growth cycle, this process
considerably lowers the net balance of carbon dioxide. Additionally, renewable raw
resources derived from plants are replacing petroleum, whose price is steadily rising.

These days, people are becoming increasingly conscious of the negative

environmental effects of plastics made from petrochemicals. Numerous studies have
been carried out to address the issue of plastic waste on Earth by identifying
environmentally preferable alternatives to plastics. Bioplastics, an environmentally
acceptable alternative, are disposed of in the environment and readily decompose due
to the enzymatic activity of microorganisms. Carbon dioxide, water, methane, humic
matter, and a number of other naturally occurring compounds that are easily removed
are produced as bioplastics degrade (Azios, 2007).
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

Fermentative processes are used to create some biopolymers from natural,

valuable raw resources including sugar, wheat, soy, and others. accurate consumption.
The raw ingredients necessary to create each unit of biodegradable plastic vary
greatly, but these materials would undoubtedly be diverted from other applications,
particularly alimentation, which would raise the price of food (Harding et al., 2007).

Plastics are used in practically everything, including printers, cell phones,

bottles, and standard household packaging materials. It is also created by
manufacturing sectors like pharmaceuticals and autos. Because their structure may be
chemically altered to a variety of strengths and shapes to produce longer-lasting, low-
reactive, and greater molecular weight materials, they are valuable as synthetic
polymers. Plastics are important materials since they are affordable and long-lasting
for anyone. Plastics have become a significant environmental issue. The original
products may linger in our landfills for hundreds or even thousands of years because
to the slow degradation of plastics that do residue (Unmar and Mohee, 2008).

When it comes to production and disposal, banana fibers are more

environmentally friendly than synthetic fibers because they are entirely recyclable and
biodegradable.(Mukhopadhay et al., 2008). As a result, there is potential for exporting
the banana products. Banana fibers are made from renewable resources, in contrast to
synthetic fibers, which are mostly made from non-renewable resources. Additionally,
pseudo stems are very practical and cost-effective for banana growers and may be
recycled to make biofertilizer. (Mukhopadhay et al., 2008)

Because they are essential, banana fibers have a significant impact on the
developing bio-economy. Millions of tons of banana pseudo stem have recently been
discarded as garbage, and the majority of farmers are having a very difficult time
getting rid of the collected banana pseudo stem. Therefore, by removing fiber from
false stems and producing valuable bio-products, it is possible to economically reduce
environmental problems. It is possible to extract fiber from any type of banana
(Mahapatra et al., 2010).
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

Because banana fiber is primarily made of organic waste, the wastes generated
during processing can be used to generate electricity and help create environmentally
friendly housing materials (MOT, 2010). Waste utilization would also help to mitigate
these environmental risks. (Mahaptra et al., 2010; Mureedharan and Perumal, 2010)

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research design used in this study is primarily exploratory and descriptive that

would be utilized to evaluate the tensile strength of biodegradable plastic produced

from banana peels. The design is suitable for the study since it has only one variable

which is the starch from banana peeling.

To produce bioplastic , these we’re the materials needed:

Banana peelings Blender

Vinegar Bake Paper

Honey Wooden roller

Cinnamon Sponge

2 x 1L beaker 250ml beaker

Sieve Evaporating dish

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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

Bioplastic Making:

 Divide the Honey into treatment: A and B

 Measurement A= 5g, B=6g

Procedure in Treatment A:

1. Pour 250ml of water in blender

2. Add 65g of banana peels

3. Turn on the blender, until the banana peel is crushed

4. Use strainer to seperate the solid matter to starch

5. Use tissue to dry the excess water in starch

6. In a large bowl, pour the starch

7. Add 5g of honey 25 ml of vinegar

8. Stir well

9. Then put the mixture to a bake paper

10. And, use bake roller to flatten the mixture

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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

Procedure in Treatment B:

1. Pour 250ml of water in blender

2. Add 65g of banana peels

3. Turn on the blender, until the banana peel is crushed

4. Use strainer to seperate the solid matter to starch

5. Use tissue to dry the excess water in starch

6. In a large bowl, pour the starch

7. Add 6g of honey 25 ml of vinegar

8. Stir well

9. Then put the mixture to a bake paper

10. And, use bake roller to flatten the mixture

 Let the treatment A dry for 5 days

 Let the treatment B dry for 9 days

 Remove the treatment in the bake paper after their duration of drying

DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES

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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

In order to gather data and information on bioplastic packaging production,

researchers will use experiment and observations as an instrument. We made sure to
take photos of every procedure we do

ADVANTAGES OF THE STUDY

This research into bioplastics derived from banana peels offers significant
advantages, primarily focused on enhancing environmental sustainability and
promoting resource efficiency. The utilization of readily available agricultural
waste, a byproduct often destined for landfills, represents a crucial step towards
reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting the principles of a circular economy.
Banana peels, a renewable and biodegradable resource, provide a sustainable
alternative feedstock for bioplastic production, minimizing the environmental impact
associated with petroleum-based plastics.

The study aims to develop innovative and cost-effective solutions for

bioplastic production, contributing to a more environmentally conscious approach to
materials science and manufacturing. This includes investigating various extraction
and processing methods to optimize the yield and properties of the resulting
bioplastic. A life-cycle assessment will be conducted to comprehensively evaluate
the environmental impact of this bioplastic compared to conventional materials,
considering factors such as energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and
waste generation.

Beyond the immediate environmental benefits, the research could uncover

novel material properties, potentially enhancing biodegradability, flexibility,
strength, and other performance characteristics. These improvements could lead to
the development of high-performance bioplastics suitable for a wide range of
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

applications, from packaging and consumer goods to agricultural and industrial uses.
The versatility of banana peel-derived bioplastics holds the potential to replace
traditional plastics in numerous sectors, contributing to a substantial reduction in
overall plastic waste and pollution.

Ultimately, this work directly addresses the urgent global need for eco-
friendly alternatives to petroleum-based plastics while fostering innovation in
sustainable materials science and promoting a more circular and resilient economy.
The findings will contribute valuable knowledge and data to the field, informing the
development of sustainable and economically viable bioplastic solutions for a more
environmentally conscious future.

LIMITATIONS OF STRATEGY

Despite the potential benefits, banana peel bioplastics faces a certain

limitation. Compared to traditional plastics, which are renowned for their durability
and longevity, banana peel-derived materials may pose a problem in terms of their
durability and stability.

This limitation should be considered when assessing the applicability of

banana peel bioplastics in different applications.

A comprehensive understanding of this limitation is essential for developing

suitable applications and addressing potential challenges.

POTENTIAL RISK

Inherent risks exist when researching bioplastics derived from banana peels.
A primary concern is the ethical and sustainable sourcing of peels, ensuring
sufficient quantities for large-scale production without negative environmental or
social impacts.

The variability in peel composition (depending on banana variety, ripeness,

etc.) can affect the bioplastic's properties, requiring robust quality control measures.
Furthermore, the performance characteristics of the resulting bioplastic—its strength,
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

durability, and suitability for its intended application(s)—must be thoroughly

evaluated.

Finally, market demand and consumer acceptance of banana peel-based

bioplastics need to be considered for the overall success of this endeavor.

TREATMENT OF DATA

1. Frequencies and Percentage. This is used to determine the profile of the

respondents and their nursing leadership competency. The formula is

f
%= N x 100

Where in

% = Percentage

f = Frequency

N = total number of respondents

2. Weighted Mean. This will be utilize to determine the level of nursing leadership
competency perceived by the student nurses in Isabela State University The formula
in getting the weighted mean in

WM =
∑ fx
N

Where in

fx = weighted frequency of response obtained by multiplying x or weight for each

item in the choices
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

∑ fx = summation of the obtained fx on each item

N= number of the respondents

Statistical Limits Descriptive Equivalence Verbal Interpretation

3.26 – 4.00 Strongly agree The Bioplastic is very useful
2.51 – 3.25 Agree The Bioplastic is moderately useful
1.76 – 2.50 Disagree The Bioplastic is slightly useful
1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree The Bioplastic is not useful

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Table 1: Waste Reduction

No Indicators WM DE
.
1 Reduces plastic food packaging 2.98 MU
2 Limit the use of plastic bags 3 MU
3 Minimize the use of plastic foam and bubble wrap 2.95 MU

Overall Weighted Mean 2.98 MU

Legend: 1.00-2.50 (Not Useful), 1.76-2.50 (Slightly Useful), 2.51-3.25 (Moderately Useful), 3.26-4.00 (Very Useful)

Table 1 evaluates three methods for waste reduction. The reduction of plastic food
packaging, the limitation of plastic bag use, and the minimization of plastic foam and
bubble wrap all received "Moderately Useful" ratings, suggesting these methods are
moderately effective in reducing waste through the use of banana peel bioplastic. The
overall weighted mean of 2.98 supports this assessment of moderate effectiveness
across all three methods.

Table 2: Biodegradability
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
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No. Indicators WM DE
1 Use as soil fertilizer 3.11 MU
2 Applying 3r’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) 3.36 VU
3 Using segregation method (biodegradable,non-biodegradable 3.37 VU

Overall Weighted Mean 3 MU

Legend: 1.00-2.50 (Not Useful), 1.76-2.50 (Slightly Useful), 2.51-3.25 (Moderately Useful), 3.26-4.00 (Very Useful)

Table 2 measures the biodegradability of a process or material using three indicators:

using the material as soil fertilizer, applying the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and
employing a segregation method for biodegradable and non-biodegradable
components. Each indicator is given a weighted mean (WM) score and a descriptive
evaluation (DE). Using the material as soil fertilizer scores 3.11 (Moderately Useful),
applying the 3Rs scores 3.36 (Very Useful), and the segregation method scores 3.37
"Very Useful". The overall weighted mean biodegradability score is 3.0 "Moderately
Useful", indicating a generally positive assessment of the material's biodegradability.
The high scores for applying the 3Rs and the segregation method suggest that these
aspects significantly contribute to the overall biodegradability.

Table 3: Cost-effective
No Indicators WM DE
.
1 Low-cost raw material (banana peel) 2.78 MU
2 Low maintenance cost (chemical) 2.88 MU
3 Low electricity consumption 2.76 MU

Overall Weighted Mean 2.81 MU

Legend: 1.00-2.50 (Not Useful), 1.76-2.50 (Slightly Useful), 2.51-3.25 (Moderately Useful), 3.26-4.00 (Very Useful)

Table 3 assesses the cost-effectiveness of using banana peels to produce bioplastics.

The low cost of raw materials, low chemical maintenance costs, and low electricity
consumption all received "Moderately Useful" ratings, indicating that these factors
contribute to the overall cost-effectiveness of the process. The overall weighted mean
of 2.81 reinforces the moderate level of cost-effectiveness observed in the individual
indicators.
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Pasibi East, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan, Philippines
Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

Table 4: Environmental changes of using banana peel waste as a new source of

biodegradable plastic
No. Indicators WM DE
1 Improved waste segregation (biodegradable, non- 3.04 MU
biodegradable)
2 Eco-friendly packaging 3.11 MU
3 Conserve and prevent soil erosion 3.03 MU

Overall Weighted Mean 3.06 MU

Legend: 1.00-2.50 (Not Useful), 1.76-2.50 (Slightly Useful), 2.51-3.25 (Moderately Useful), 3.26-4.00 (Very Useful)

Table 4 presents an assessment of the environmental changes associated with using

banana peel waste to create biodegradable plastic. All three indicators—improved
waste segregation, eco-friendly packaging, and soil erosion prevention—received a
"Moderately Useful" (MU) rating, with weighted means (WM) clustering around 3.0.
The overall weighted mean is 3.06, further supporting the moderate usefulness
assessment. This suggests a general agreement among respondents regarding the
positive environmental impact of this application of banana peel waste.

Table 5: Reducing the environmental impact of traditional plastics

No Indicators WM DE
.
1 Reduce garbage waste 3.14 MU
2 Reduce pollution (land, air, water) 3.13 MU
3 Minimize the use of greenhouse gas 3.11 MU

Overall Weighted Mean 3.13 MU

Legend: 1.00-2.50 (Not Useful), 1.76-2.50 (Slightly Useful), 2.51-3.25 (Moderately Useful), 3.26-4.00 (Very Useful)

Table 5 assesses the effectiveness of methods for reducing the environmental impact
of traditional plastics. The weighted means for reducing garbage waste, pollution, and
greenhouse gas use all fall within the "Moderately Useful" range (2.51-3.25), with an
overall weighted mean of 3.13. This suggests a general agreement that these methods
are moderately effective.
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Telephone No: 0917-124-7793/0966-224-3610
Email: [email protected]

Frequency Percentage (%) Weighted

mean
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Reduces plastic food

11 16 52 3 9.57% 13.91 45.22% 31.3% 2.98
packaging 6 %

Limit the use of plastic

6 15 67 2 5.22% 13.04 58.26% 23.48% 3
bags 7 %

Minimize the use of plastic

9 18 58 3 7.83% 15.65 50.43% 26.09% 2.95
foam and bubble wrap 0 %