12/6/2022 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning MEng5212 Melaku Desta (PhD) § Lecture_Two a AasTU 27 November 2022 _ © Outline _ COG?» |12/6/2022 * Totally Reversible * Device operating between two constant temperature reservoirs "Heat transfers take place at_constan tem re = Two reversible isothermal and two isentropic processes SS Reversed Carnot Refrigerator O Reversed Carnot cycle is not a suitable model for refrigeration cycle 1. involves the compression of a liquid-vapor mixture, which requires a compressor that will handle two phase 2. involves the expansion of high-moisture-content refrigerant in a turbine Two reversible isothermal and two isentropic processes12/6/2022 S&S Reversed Carnot Refrigerator For the Carnot refrigeration cycle 1 cop, = Ideal refrig 6 On1Q,=1 Replacing Heat transfer ratios by the ratios of the absolute temperatures of the high and low temperature reservoirs 1 OOP, 5, = sels a, " is the maximum theoretical value for the specified temperature limits. Actual may approach this values as the designs is improved but it can NEVER REACH = Most widely used * It consists of four processes ¥ Isentropic compression ina compressor Y Constant-pressure heat refection in a condenser ¥ Throutling inan expansion device ¥ Consiant-pressure hea absorption i an evaporator12/6/2022 SS tnergy Analysis of VCR Cycle *For compressor: W = ihm "For condenser: dn =sih; =m) "For expansion valve; "=n "For evaporator: 01 = rity — hy The coefficient of performance (COP) of the system becomes cop = 22 Ww 41-2: Isentropic compression 2.3: Isobaric heat rejection 3-4: Isenthalpic expansion 4-1: Isobaric heat addition gorse)12/6/2022 8S Refrigeration Effect and Capacity Reftigeration Effect: ,, = hy ~ hs Refrigeration Capacity: = ri (i, - h.) Refrigeration capacity is often expressed in tons of refrigeration. Definition ... 1 ton of refrigeration is the steady state heat transfer rate required to melt 1 ton of ice at 32°F in 24 hours. 1 ton = 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.516 kW 8 Tutorials "Tables (791-796) * SolutionsS Actual Vapor- ‘Compression Refrigeration (VCR) Cycle * Irreversibility in various components ig Pressure drop due to fluid, I friction Heat transfer from or to surroundings ‘The refrigerant is subcooled somewhat before itenters the throttling valve. The line connecting the evaporator to the compressor is usually very long; thus the pressure drop caused by fluid fiction and heat transfer from the surroundings to the refrigerant can be very significant. ‘The throtting valve and the evaporator are usually located very close to each other, so the pressure drop in the connecting line is small, 8S Practical VCR Cycle P 1, Scr SCT = Saturated Condensing Temperature DSC = Degrees of Subcooling = SCT-T, Subcooling increases the refrigeration capacity Superheating provides a dry vapor at the compressor inlet SET = Saturated Evaporating Temperature DSH = Degrees of Superheat = T, - SET12/6/2022 S Pre -Cauti aution For Domestic Refrigerators Open the refrigerator door the fewest times possible - Cool the hot ‘foods to ro ’ om tel y i i refrigerator ‘mperature first before putting them into the hee . Clean the condenser coils | Check the door gasket for air leaks Avoid unnecessarily low temperature settings NAYAK YW Avoid excessive ice build-up on the interior surfaces of the evaporator Do not block the air flow passages to and from the condenser coils SS efrigerant =The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which during their cycle (i.e. compression, condensation, expansion and evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from a low temperature system and discards the heat so absorbed to a higher temperature medium. = The natural ice and mixture. of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. = In 1834,ether, ammonia, sulpur dioxide, methyl chloride and carbon dioxide came into use as refrigerants in compression cycle refrigeration machines. "The suitability of a refrigerant for a certain application is determined by it physical, thermodynamic, chemical properties and by various practical factors. = There is no one refrigerant which can be used for all types of application i.e. there is no ideal refrigerant.8 ax. Classificati ee ification of Refrigerants rigera iene ee be classified into the following two groups: i= hich directly take “ a) Hallo- Carbon or organic refrigerants me cae b) Azeotrope refrigerants €) Inorganic Refrigerants, and d) Hydro Carbon refrigerants 2, Secondary Refri oon used for al oe Teftigerants which are first cooled by primary refrigerants and then Eg. Brines (A solution of salt in it water) are generally used where temperatures are required to be maintained below the freezing point of water i.e.0 oC. SS Designation of refrigerants = Since a large number of refrigerants have been developed over the years for a wide variety of applications, a numbering system has been adopted to designate various refrigerants. = From the number, one can get some useful information about the type of refrigerant, its chemical composition, molecular weight etc. All the refrigerants are designated by R followed by a unique number. i) Fully saturated, halogenated (CnH2n+2 such as methane (CH4), where: X+1 indicates the number of Carbon (C) atoms 41 indicates number of Hydrogen (H) atoms, and Z indicates number of Fluorine (F) atoms “The balance indicates the number of Chlorine atoms. nly 2 digits indicate that the value of X is zero. ‘compounds: These refrigerants are derivatives of alkanes ethane (C2H6). These refrigerants are designated by R XYZ,12/6/2022 Designation of Refrigerants (Cont .. (CmHindipFig And, nepsqs2m42 Where, m= no be m= No Of Carbon, R134a = C2H2F4 (derivative R= no of Hydrogen of ethane) s (Letter a stands for isomer, B= 10 OF Chlorine eg. molecules having same no of Fuorine chemical composition but Example: R 22 different atomic arrangement, and R134a) X= 0 = No. of Carbon atoms = eee O+1 = 1 = derivative of methane (CH4) Y= 2 No. of Hydrogen atoms = 2-1 = 1 z= = No. of Fluorine atoms = 2 ‘The balance = 4 no, of (H+F) atoms = “The chemical formula of R 22 = CHCIF2 Similarly it can be shown that the chemical formula of: R12 R12 = cc1zF2 1 = No. of Chlorine atoms = 1 SS Designation of Refrigerants (Cont ...) tora reigns: tay were ese wed bre te todion of talpaten regents They re sil a we die to th he mic and physical properties, ‘These are designated by number 7 folowed bythe molecular welt ofthe refigerant (rounded). empl ‘Ammonia: Molecuiar weight is 17; therefor the designation sR 717, Carbon dioxide: Molecular weight 44; therefore the designation I 748 Witer: Molecular weigh is 1, therefore the designation sR 718 Version Wi Miares: zat (sable mtu of reir) ae desortd by 00 sts, where assole religtnts (e9.nonaresroie mies) ee ‘Azeotropic matures: 500: Mocure of R 12 (73.8 %) and 1522 (26.238) £502: Mature of R22 (48.8%) and R115 (51.2%) SOB: Mitre of R23 (40.1 %) and R 13 (59.9%) RSO7A: Mocure of R 125 (30%) and R 143a (50%) Zeotropc mintures: RADAA : Mitre of R125 (44%), R143a (52%) and R134 (456) RAOTA : More of R 32 (20%), R125 (4084) and R 134a (40%) -RAOTE : Mocture of R32 (10%), R 125 (70%) and R134a (20%) RALOA : Modure of R32 (50%) and R 125 (50%)8 Desi i Esignation of Refrigerants (Cont ...) v) Hydrocarbons Ref d rigerants: Possess satisfactory thermodynamics UY, Used in industrial and commercial installations. They Example: Propane (C3H8) : R 290 n-butane (C4H10) : R 600 'so-butane (C4H10) : R 600a tynamic NC Properties but are highly flammable and explosive. 8 Refrigerant Selection Criteria for refrigerant selection The desirable characteristics for a widely used refrigerant include: Environmental acceptability Chemical stability Materials compatibility ¢ Refrigeration-cycle performance Adherence to nonflammable and nontoxic guidelines ¢ Boiling point