11

CBSE

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
CODE 802 | Skill Education

Based on Windows & OpenOffice

Dr. Sanjay Jain

 Published by:

Orange Education
An ISO 9001: 2015 Company
9, Daryaganj
New Delhi-110002

Phone: 43776600
8588814859

Email: [email protected]
Website: www.orangeeducation.in
IE Code: 0511063121

Branches:
• Chennai • Guwahati

Regional Offices:
• Ahmedabad • Bengaluru • Bhopal • Bhubaneswar
• Dehradun • Hyderabad • Jaipur • Kochi • Kolkata
• Lucknow • Mumbai • Patna • Raipur • Ranchi

Printed at:

© Publishers
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other
electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Disclaimer
All product names, brand names and product logos mentioned or shown in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names of their
respective owners. The reproduction of these product names, brand names, and product logos and all instances of references of proprietary software in
this book, are for educational purposes only.

Although every safety measure has been taken to verify the precision of the information contained herein, the author(s) and publisher assume no
responsibility for any error or omission. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within.

Printed and Distributed by Orange House Pvt Ltd

PREFACE
“Computer literacy has become an integral part of today’s education system and prospering
employment”.

The chapters of this book have been selected and designed as per the CBSE curriculum of skill
course on IT.

The main features of this book are as follows:

 The language of the book is simple and easy to understand.

 The book focuses on Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS).

 Notes are given for add-on knowledge.

 Students are provided with fun facts about the topic.

 Lab Activities are added in between the chapters to develop practical skills.

 The applications of IT Tools are discussed with real life scenarios.

 The contents will help to create opportunity for better job prospects with respect to IT fields.

We hope that the book will help the students to learn the concepts and find their applications
for progressive development of computer-aided education. We look forward to any suggestions
to improve the book. Here’s wishing young readers lots of tech fun and knowledge filled journey
ahead!

—Author
Dr. Sanjay Jain
(MBA, M.Sc-Comp. Sc.)
 I N SIDE T HE SERIES
The key features of the series have been designed to ensure better learning, assessment and evaluation.

Learning Resources
Do you kn
ow?
IEEE sta
ndard for
LAN & MA
N is IEE
E 802-20
02.
Characte
End User ristics of
Some cha WAN
ensive rac teristics
EM t were exp
G SYST
of WAN

Notes
chines tha hardware
ÐÐTh
are as fol
ERATIN re huge ma e speed
puters we with the of data lows:
1.13 OP use, com e interac
ted directly basic tasks such ÐÐIt
connects
transfer
is up to
computer at that tim to perform screen, Program 150 Mb
ly days of The user required display Application large geo ps.
In the ear inta in. e was to the ÐÐIn
WAN, tw graphica
, and ma The soft
war
ding out
put as printers o or mo l areas at
to buy, run language. board, sen ices such ay used in re netw a lesser
machine the key ipheral dev modern-d orks are cost.

This section contains additional

trolling per
one netw
through g inp ut from and con evo luti on of the s all the ork with connecte
isin the disk, the form the oth d throu
as recogn files on e led to ry and per Utilities er netw gh a gat
track of h softwar the memo ork. eway tha
keeping rch for suc on top of Do yo u know? t estab
rs. The sea e is loaded trol the lishes con
and scanne em. This softwar ether con nectivity
that tog
information to enrich the subject.
syst system. betwee
operating programs computer n the protocol
task s. ecti on of system nt par t of any ope rating
System
The Firs
t WAN to
basic is a coll importa hardware
. The Operating be design
ng system the most computer puter’s ed and
An operati em. It is the com developed
puter syst r and the controls and was privat
operation
of a com ween a use ng system the user Differenc
diary bet an operati rface to e netwo
act s as an interme ecti ves . Firstly,
an inte ractive inte . e betwee rk ARPAN
ET in US
It obj provide hardware Some diff n LAN, A.
two major ve is to te with the Hardware erences MAN an
system has ond objecti can communica Computer betwee d WAN
. The sec y n Lan
hardware so that the , Man an
commands BASIS d Wan are
interpret g System sor, given be
ed for Operatin em are as follows: is to manag
e and
ces include
the proces
a to the
Range
LAN
low :
1.13.1 Ne
em res our
rating syst rating syst hardware s the dat The ran
for an ope of the ope . These n output which Media use ge is fro
the needs e objective er system rd and the cessed and , the d m 1 to 10 MAN
Some of are : The prim ces of a comput from the keyboa ted to be pro dw are It uses gu km. The ran
dw our ut ues har
ÐÐManag
ing Har dware res s the use
r’s inp
ice’s dat
a is req ting with ided me ge is up
to 100 km
various har It receive input dev communica dia. WAN
control the space, and so on. ition to . The ran
ises which ice. In add notification
. store It uses ge is be
em superv output dev an error , use, and It has hig guided

Do you Know?
disc yond 10
memory, rating syst d on the displays ily access of h speed unguide as well 0 km.
The ope displaye ure and rs can eas jor part Speed kbps.to i.e., from d media as It use
monitor. dy to be g proced so that use ing the ma 1000 kbp 100 It . s unguide
data is rea r handlin lications by provid hout the s. is optim d media
ces sed vides an erro
organi ses app app lication dware wit ized for .
pro
system pro ng system em assists
the h the har rating syst
em geograph a larger
rati ng ope rati ng syst s to deal wit the ope ical are It
ope e: The operati application properly, slower a so, it is mean
an Interfac ned, the way for ctioning than LA is com t for lon
vid ing is ope sist ent not fun N. municati g-d ista
lication is

This section contains a fact

ÐÐPro
le and con program ssage. Cost nce
en an app es a stab are. If the error me It is che may no ons, wh
them. Wh It provid the hardw ropriate aper in t be pro ich may
interface. details of lays an app compariso vid or
the user w all the , and disp Equipme others.
n to It
pocket
network ed by a public
ing to kno application nt need is costly much slo . Therefor
user hav , stops the ed NIC wer in spe e, it is
LAN & WA compared to
about the topic.
es control , Switch
again tak and Hub. N. It is quite
ed.
Examples
Notes er of OS. programs Modem expensiv
e.
as the fath application and is School, and Route
is known m to run the user, college r
n Kiddle a platfor
Gary Arle needed as puter and 2.4.4 VA and hospi Microwa
system is en the com the computer. N (Value tal ve, Radio
operating e betwe on h City, Bu
ilding laser. , Infra-red
Pro grams: An s as an interfac ious applications res ources, suc A value Added
tform for
Applica tion
tasks eas
ily. It act
and execut
es var e its ow n
. The -added
network Networ Internet
as a Pla spe cific trol s, put er to manag ctive utilisation data wit (VA N) is a pri k)
ÐÐOS perform rates, con allows the
com
uired for
effe
or progra
ms h their
p users that it ope em also ces is req the users (EDI) be counterpa vate, ho
that hel manner se resour them to rties. Va ste d servic
in such a rating syst ent of the
tween
designed Uni t: The ope nag em and allocates VANs res companie lue-adde
d
e that pro
vid
utput etc. Ma ources the user ponded s. As the network es compa
ing Input-O keyboard, printer, utput res rface, so by expan Internet s were nies wit
ÐÐManag r, em input-o user inte e. managem created a commo h a secure
ry, monito various syst y-to-use as possibl ent rep ding the competiti n way to way to sen
as memo trols the h an eas as quickly for orting. ir servic facilitate
system con user wit productive lly easy e offeri on for electron d and sha
operating me nts . em pro vides the ten t and be com puter rea ngs to inc this ser
vice wit ic data re
ir require rating syst on the con g of a lude thi h the ad intercha
as per the e: The ope e and can focus ma ke the workin ngs like
message vent of nge
r Inte rfac ry tim ents to secure
sistent Use nt UI eve UI compon
encrypti email,
ÐÐCon a differe tes and on, sec
e to learn es templa ure em
doesn’t hav em provid
ail, and
rating syst
The ope
the user.
gy-XI
Technolo
Information Networkin
Touchpad g and Int
130 ernet
177

5 Select the
sheet to
unhide and
click on
the OK butt
on. The
hidden she
et(s) will
re-appear
in the wor
ksheet.

3.14.10
Navig ation
Navigati
on is a feat
anywhere ure in Calc
in a sheet. , by whi
To move ch the cur
1 Clic
k on Nav directly sor can
igation from to any cell be placed
2 Sele , follow directly
ct the opti the Standa the give
on Navigat rd Toolba n steps:
3 The or from r. [Or],
Navigator the View me
the colu window nu.
mn and opens. In
the row the column
key. The number and row
cursor mo respecti fields, spe
ves to the vely, and cify
typed add then pre
ress of the ss the Ent
desired er
cell.

Lab Assig
Lab Assignment 'N Activity
nm ent ‘n Ac
ÐÐBeg
in ‘Calc’ and
open the
tivity
ÐÐAdd
a new she file ‘Cricke
et after She t’.
ÐÐMo
ve the new et1 and ren
ly added ame the
sheet as

This section contains

ÐÐCop sheet to ‘Scores’.
y the enti the end
re conten position.
ÐÐHid t of the first
e the last Sheet to
sheet and the last She
ÐÐUsin then Unh et.
g ‘Naviga ide it.

an activity to apply the

tor’, move
ÐÐAdd to the diffe
another rent parts
sheet befo of an ope
ÐÐCop re Sheet1 ned Workb
y Player and rename ook.
Name, Cou as ‘Players
ntry into ’.

concepts learnt.
ÐÐDel
ete the unu the newly
sed sheet added She
ÐÐHid from the et.
e the she worksheet
et ‘Scores’ .
ÐÐSav .
e and Exit
from ‘Cal
c’.

278
Touchpad
Informa
tion Tech
nology-X
I

To start trac
king cha
changes, nges, clic
you must k on Edit
first click àChanges
figure. As Record or à Record
soon as press Ctrl . To start
are reco you click + Shift + tracking
rded and on Record E, as sho
displaye , the cha wn in the
the proces nges ma
s of tracking d in a different colo

GLOSSARY
de to the
changes, ur. When document
. Tracking click Rec you are rea

Glossary
omatically Options ord again. dy to stop
ument aut it is typed
whole doc h word as
When the
ds in the check eac wavy line
recordin
spelt wor are disp g option
s the mis omatically corrected, the red layed in is turned
t: It change you to aut d is through different on, all cha
Auto Cor
rec t enables the wor line (This colours. nges are
lity in Writer tha lt words. When Changes text is dele Deleted
text is disp
recorded.
These
It is a faci misspe
F

This section contains

Submenu. ted). The layed wit
o Spe llcheck: y line under the from one You can re are ma h a strike
Aut wav use the ny options
F and display a red true or fals
e.
change.
change to
another. Next and
Previous
in this Trac
form of If you acc When a options k
disappears. ber in the available. will be rest ept, the change is to move
the num ders are cha nge selected
s to write igns of bor

definition of common
ored. s in the , use the
ion help document Approve
e: This opt erent des If you thin will be per and Den
lean valu cells. Diff k all the manent, y options
selected changes
F Boo ders aro
und the
d. se table.
want to
accept any are okay, use
and if you
reject any
to approv
e or reje
ct the
d to create bor ing to their nee mn of a databa In some change and the Accept
All comma
change,
the original
It is use ord want to
ticular colu

terms.
cases, you
Borders: design acc ed in a par may wan
restore the nd to acc text
F Users can select the es contain
will look
like with t to see orig inal text, use
ept all the cha
nges in one
of data valu accepting all the cha what the the Den
queness . the change nge s accept doc um y All opti go. If you do not
to the uni in your file s. In tha ed withou ent on.
alit y: It refers king changes display the
document t case, clic t actually
Cardin
available
for trac comments, Show aga as if the k the Sho
that are values, cell in to see changes w option
uding cell have bee to
F
commands eets, incl You can
document n applied
Lists the ve worksh lling errors. also pro in track . Click
Changes: entire acti spe on Project tect you
r change
mode wit
h the cha
F Calc checks the s and footers for exchanged . This will s by add nges.
nOffice
lling: Ope boxes, buttons,
header be easily shown in open the ing a pas
sword. Clic
tion can the figure. Enter Pas
Check Spe text Informa Add the sword dial k
F embedded charts, medium. know this password. og box as
munication password
can approv Now
erful com and Compare e or reje only tho
m: It is a pow info rmatics ct the cha se who
nication
mediu
work. to lega l Documen nge.
Commu ers in a net t is related tion security. When you ts and Ma
system tha click Com nage Ch
F between comput t of the ove
rall legal
, softwar
e and info
rma
Manage
Change
pare Doc
uments, anges
that is par tion, e-commerce difference dialog box Open Offi
the are a of law info rma use r. s, and the with a list ce compar
es the cur
: It is ion of to a current of all the
Cyber law tal circulat rmation difference rent file
F supervises the digi ess of info file will be s betwee with the
limited acc device wou
ld updated
accordingl n the two file you spe
providing adding a files. You cify. This
s data sec
urity by
of nodes, Recap Zon y. can now will open
the
: It ensure number e accept or
reject the
a Hiding al to the se
F Dat proportion ICT mea
ÐÐ
dire ctly s you ns enablin
delay is s website ÐÐThe
toolbar is
g users to
store, acce
Com munication tion delay. inte rne t, it include at the bott ss, and man
Delay:

Recap Zone
ÐÐText om of the
nica using the Formattin ipulate data
F increase the commu ate while g means menu bar. in digital
a you cre changing format.
ÐÐThe
ices. writer allo the appeara
trail of dat mit for online serv information
ws its use nce of text
data or ÐÐWe r to inse
municate
you sub can inse
nt: is the rt a table rt lists, tabl .
ital footpri information clearly com ÐÐOpe in our doc es, pictures
F Dig t, emails you send or to find, eva
luate, and ÐÐThe
nOffice Wri
ter allows
ument to
us to inse
represen
, and shap
t the data
es into a
docume
visi abil ity header and nt.
ividual’s footer are rt pictures in a tabu

This section contains the

and shap lar format.
to an ind
ÐÐTrac
rs king cha used to disp es into our
: It refe s. nges in an lay informa docume
ital literacy digital platform column.
Open Offi tion on eve nts.
F Dig
ce docume
various ted for a nt means ry page in
through es permit keeping the same
place.
unique valu records of
set of all the change

summary of the chapter.

ined as the s made to
: It is def the docume
Domain nt.
F 70 Touchpad
Informa
tion Tech
nology-X
I
nolo gy-XI
tion Tech
Touchp ad Informa
476
 Assessment Resources

Objective & Subjective Questions D. Match

the following
:
1. Nati
onal Gre
en Tribuna

This section contains questions to assess

2. Nati l
onal Sol
ar Mission
3. Greene
r India a. San
Mission itation
4. Swa & cleanlin

the intellectual and comprehensive writing

chh Bha b. Sett ess
rat Abh les disp
5. Diu iyan utes
c. Pro
tecting
Forest cov
d. Use ers
s 100%

Exercise skills.
solar ene
e. Cle rgy
Solved
A an energy
Section ns) A. Ans
Questio wer the
ve Type following Sec
(Subjectiv tion B
(Objecti 1. What questio
is Green ns: e Type
Econom Questions
ication. 2. What y? )
commun s is the role
questions. erns data ii. Standard of NGT?
e choice that gov 3. What
of rules iv. Servers
A. Multipl ..... is a set is the Hel
pUsGreen
.................. 4. Why
1. A ...... work do we nee project
?
oco ls Area Net
i. Prot
.................
. ii. Local a Networ
k 5. Nam
d to har
vest the
iii. RFCs ple of ............ iv. Wide Are e the 8
mission rainwater
h is an exam s of NA ?
6. Defi
2. Bluetoot l Area Network lation? ne the
meaning
PCC.
i. Persona ate Network demodu
Priv mod ulation and ii. Satellite le 7. How of a bus
iness ide
ual s cab can wa
iii. Virt wing perf
orm iv. coaxial ..... . ste manag a.
ich of the follo
are ...... .................. 8. List the ement
be
3. Wh N roles of perform
optic LAN or WA cables Govern ed?
i. Fiber used for ii. Coaxial e 9. Write ment and
or media
iii. Modem channel iv. All of
thes about the Private
smission ‘Walkie agencies

Competency-based/
s of tran 10. Exp Talkie Mo in green
4. The type pair cables lain the bi Charge econom [NCERT
o wav es ? green eco r’ and y. ]
sted topology
i. Twi les and radi network ii. Ring 11. Exp
lain any
nomy pol ‘Mitticool
optic cab g is not a to Peer icy ‘Swach ’ project
iii. fibre followin iv. Peer 12. Wr
two sec
tors of h Bharat s in Ind
one of the ite any green eco Abhiyan ia.
5. Which ’.

Application-based questions
two bus nomy.
B iness ide
i. Star Section ns) as that
Questio you wo
iii. Hybrid ve Type B. Com uld want
(Subjecti petenc to try out
y-based/A ?
nter, pplicati
ices (pri Diya disc
ware dev overed on-bas
ed que
stions. ) and hard the sur that the stions:
type que grams, data ortant for rounding only fres
answer ons: ware (pro very imp river by h water
A. Short ork? share soft other tow

This section contains fun based

d a netw wing reas y. This is a tiny fash source [NCERT
do we nee the follo ork can any dela nspeop ion sho in her ]
1. Why essary for rs in a netw without een le. Where p. She now community wa
wor king is nec : All the compute orm the work exch anged betw do her
grievan wants to s being
Ans. Net ring r can perf easi ly ces bel contam Critical Thinking
ource sha e, etc.). er compute can be file a com
 Res , the oth rmation ong to? plaint aga inated by rubbish
scanner,
CD driv puter fails er applications. ium. Info Class inst the being dum
ication med

interactive task.
one com ork. Activity fashion
 Reli
ability: If c control
and oth l commun rs to a netw house, ped into
powerfu ing compute es are along wit
banking
, air traffi : It is a d by add topologi h a few
on medium ease diffe rent lt in
municati be incr more not resu Prepare
 Com ork. ance can en two or each other will a project
rs in a netw system perform logy. Wh on Pad
compute means, rid topo nected with Man of ma Shr
able: This logy? wn as hyb logies are con India, and i award
 Scal
n by hyb
rid topo es is kno topo his con ee Jadav
topologi if similar rface Group tributio “Molai” Art Integration
do you mea various different topology and mon inte as Exercis ns to the Payeng
2. What tion of as hyb rid acts as a com wn
e: Prepar
e a Pos
field of
afforestati , also known
combina is termed server. It ularly kno Material ter on ‘Se as the For Communication
Ans. The d together ted to the NIU is pop r; known
as require ctors of on. est
combine logy. s is connec network. ufacture d: Pens, Green Eco
e and thu an outside Card by its man Proced colouring nomy’
hybrid topo e Unit? to each nod nect to e ure: material,
k Interfac attached computers to con Network Interfac to allow chartpape
is Networ is a device d h address. interface • For
m groups r
3. What e unit orke n to eac
a unique
nod e or as an
ork interfac s between
netw
l address
is give k (LAN) • Ma of 4-5 stu
Ans. A netw blish connection unique physica inte rfac e unit has l Are a Networ ke a pos dents eac
network in a Loca ter sho h.
to esta Card. A ress. Each other devices with comple wing the
Interface (MAC) add transferred ted as hom sectors [NCERT
Network various data are of green ]
ess Control rface for network. cs cable, c cable ework if
econom
Media Acc a common inte outside fiber opti . Fiber opti there is y you disc
as nect to an sfers. In s at a time rate up less tim
It serves rs to con of data tran 00 telephone line smission e in clas
s.
ussed in
d compute er speed and a tran the pre
networke vide a high t over 30,0 of 20 GHz vious acti
fibe r optics? cap acit y and pro type can suppor ieve a bandwidth 217 vity. Thi
s can be
is e such ach rnet
4. What les have
mor
One cab
le of one can and Inte
Fibe r Optic cab agnetic waves. g opti cal fibers, Networking
Ans . re. Usin
electrom ile in natu
through
ive and frag
are expens
Green Skil
ls-III
103

ciently?
use it effi
matrix to
g a priority
f while usin
ask yoursel
need to help
ns do you skills will
orta nt questio pos e. how net
working
imp e its pur
7. What re? Explain
is team buil
ding? Stat ns: friends the
Practic
Practical Work
ed questio make new
8. What

C. Com
petency-b
ased/Appl
hav
ication-bas
e join ed a new
school. How
will you

In te grat
ion al Work
that you Art ng Computational Thinking
Suppose ial Le
arni
so. rient
you to do Expe 1. Create Art Integration
the foll

This section has sample

help owing tab
smates to le – Studen Inter-Disciplinary
of 10 clas
tiv ity d a team s. ts, solve
Class Ac
n assi gne ous task the give
has bee the vari n queries
class. He to delegate [NCERT] Roll_No. on the tab
nt for his to whom Table: Stu le.
istmas eve as well as

questions for practical

Stu_Name dents
anise a Chr the party
has to org organise 01 English
1. Amit o list to Aman
pare a to-d 02 Hindi
him. Pre tion Heena 67 Math
ent -- Motiva 03 56 Science
2. Assignm Mukesh 81

examination.
Pen/Pencil 45
required: g motiva
ted.
e them.
04 78 Comput
er
Material from bein rself to overcom Solve the
Neeti 59
67 72
: t stop you you e foll owing que 69 87
Procedure sons tha motivate Ways to
overcom ectly by ries based 87 81
a list of rea
ÐÐDisp
ch you will lish corr lay all stud on the abo 83 82
i. Make s by whi speak Eng ents’ nam ve table: 69 66
down way learn to
ÐÐDisp
r school. lay all the es whose 90
ii. Write tivated
g mo e: I will afte con ma rks 56
for not bein ak Exampl attending classes time talk
ing ÐÐDisp tent of stud are greate 76
Reasons way I spe I spend do
lay the reco ent table r than 80 78
of the e sure that ask them how rd of stud in comput
make fun
ÐÐDisp
I will mak lay the reco ent nam er subject
Example:
People Example: parents
and rd whose e Aman
English. r feelings with my 2. Create roll no 04
share thei ? the followi
[NCERT]
nts do not they feel ng table:
My pare Workers
Example: Emp_no with the
field
with me. Gender name Em
101 Date_of_jo p_no. as
paper Female ining a primary
motivated er, chart 102 Date_of_b
key.
ets of pap 12-10-201
— Staying d or she Male irth

Class Activity
Exercise
5
cil, notepa would do 103 Emp_nam
3. Group Pen or pen t each one Male 26-12-200 1-09-1990 e
required: rselves wha 104 0 Sarita Dev Emp_salar
Material ents. ngst you Female 13-05-200 26-12-197 i y
uss amo Solve the 2 0
Procedure
:
at leas t three stud ations and disc nt following 07-02-201 22-03-198 Ashwani
Kumar 45,000
groups of wing situ of differe queries 2 0
i. Form of the follo tes who are f to
ÐÐ Inse
rt a reco based on 07-02-198 Rajesh Kap
oor 50,000
any one
your clas
sma te yoursel empname rd of employee wit
the above 5
ii. Choose te oneself. ns. to motiva table: Jyoti Pur

This section has Hands-on

w situatio ur with you do -Kavita bho h empno i 45,000
to motiva behavio
of the belo k on your rude What will rby ÐÐ Disp gal, emp -106,
salary-42,0 gender-female,
from one bac can improve. p in a nea lay the reco 40,000
Choose you feed you cam rds of tho 00 dateof join
s
cher give lot of areas whe
re a health work? ÐÐ Disp
lay all reco se emplo ing-15-09-
Your tea erial for f to do the rds of em yees who 2010, dat
There are
a nging mat motivate yoursel the entire ÐÐ Disp ployees se earnin eofbirth
gender. ty of arra sent it to lay the nam gs are less -13-02-19

activities to engage students

aviour? you whose gen
your beh responsibili . How will up and pre 3. Type es of em der is ma than RS. 92,
improve n you the do this task mbers of the gro the followi ployees le 45,000
r fath er has give do not want to e by me ng par agr
whose dat
e of
Comput aph in Ope joining is
You
nt school
. You points mad ers play nOffice. between
governme n all the All the task a very imp 2000 to
take dow ortant role 2015
son can s perform

for an enriched learning

iii. One per and labo in human
chart pap
er ur. Applica ed by a computer lives. The
class. a Team of paper, about any washing tions of may also primary
reason
rking in or sheets rmation machine, com be
smart wat puters can be see performed by hum for using a com
ent — Wo notepad has info electron
4. Assignm or pencil, ter that ic devices che
has increas s, and the list
n in every an beings, puter is
d: Pen te a pos to make
require will crea Make the is endless electronic device but at the life easier.
Material ed manifo

experience.
h group following . With the nowada expens
: chart pap
er, eac
ÐÐ Cha changes ld. advancem ys, whethe e of a lot of tim
Procedure ups . Using a nge the
font typ
in the abo
ve paragr ent in use r it is a tele
visi
e
gro and tech
i. Work
in g topics: ment ÐÐ Add e -Arial aph. nology, the on, a
followin the environ footer as use of
one of the saplings to save e ÐÐ Ma
page num
ber
ting ty at hom ke sure fon
(a) Plan t size is 12p
responsibili t
(b) Sharing game er.
a
(c) Playing management it with fing
ster a ring and holding ls–III
61
(d) Disa around ement Skil
n standing Self-Manag
(e) Childre
Practica
l Work
463

Sample
Questio
n Pape
INFORM
ATION r
TECHN
OLOG
ts
Projec
Y (Subje
Sample Question Paper
Max. Tim
e: 3 Hou
Class XI ct Code
General
Instruction
rs –802)
1. Please s:
read the
2. This Que instruction
stion Pap s carefully
er consist .
3. Section

This section contains sample

ary A has Obj s of 24 que
iplin ecti stio ns Max. Ma
r-Disc 4. Outo ve type in two sec rks: 60
Inte fthegiven questions tions – Sec
of 3 hou (6+18 whereas tion A &
OLS rs. =)24qu Section Section
ATION TO 5. All que estions,ac B contain B.
June andidateha s Subjecti
AUTOM
stions of

question paper.
ve type
s” name. May a particu stoanswer questions.
OFFICE
6. SECTIO
onthly sale 45000 N A - OBJ lar sec tion must (6+ 11=)17qu
save it with “M April ECTIVE TYP be attemp estionsint
in Calc and March 34000 67000
i. This sec
tion has E QU ESTIONS ted in the cor hea llotted(
e table February 55000 06 questio (30 MARKS rect ord maximum
the sam 55000 ii. There er. )time
1. Create January 39000 45000
55000 is no neg
ative mar
ns. ):
Name 55000 45000
65000 30000
iii. Do as
per the inst king.
45000 65000 ructions
ey 38000 67000
44000 59000
iv. Marks
allotted given.
Suresh Dub 30000 34000 7. SECTIO are mentio
oor 56000 59000
65000 54000 N B – SUB ned against
Aman Kap 28000 45000 JECTIVE each que
45000 45000 i. This sec TYPE QU stion/part.

Projects
Disha Pur i 34000 76000
40000 tion con
tains 18 ESTIONS
30000 39000 56000 ii. A candida questions. (30 MARKS
):
Pooja Gup
ta 78000 56000
66000 te has to
35000 50000 60000 iii. Do as do 11 que
stions.
Manisha
Lal 45000 67000
per the inst
42000 54000 iv. Marks ructions
given.
Nisha Gau
tam 44000 allotted
are mentio
29000 39000 ned against
rav Sha rma each que

This is an assessment to
Sou 37000 stion/part.
sh Agg arwal Q 1. Ans
werany
Niti 4outofth SECTION
i. List the egiven6q A: OBJECT
TOT AL 7 Cs of effe uestionson IVE TYPE
ctive com Employab QUESTION
E ii. How S

challenge the students to apply

AVE RAG do reward munication ilitySkills
s motiva .
T iii. What te the tea
HIGHES is Text For m?
above tab
le: T, LOWEST iv. A gre matting?
(1x4=4m
LOWEST ons on the E, HIGHES ater inflo
AL, AVERAG
arks)
ng operati e the TOT
w of ......

the concepts learnt.

(a) idea ..................
the followi to calculat s ......... will
Perform formula AL v. Prim help the 1
ropriate e the TOT e Ministe (b) custom business
i. Use app ctio n to calculat AVE RAGE r Shri. Nar ers grow. 1
() fun the (a) Octobe end
• Use SUM calculate r 31st, 201 ra Modi (c) money
ction to launche
d the “Sw 1
RAGE() fun ulate the
LOWEST vi. Any
team-build
4 (b) Nov achh Bha
• Use AVE n to calc ing exercis ember 14t rat Abhiyan (d) offe
() functio HIGHEST tivity
Q2. Ans e should h, 201 4 (c) ” on ............ rs 1
• Use MIN ulate the Crea
werany encourage Sending ..................
n to calc 5outofth collaborati text files ... .
X() functio spreadshee
t.
p. If you
i. Which egiven7q on rather only
• Use MA rt. top of the ugh slee of the follo uestions. than com (d) Aug
ust 15th, 1
a column
cha
ES” at the t had eno even a (a) CPS wing is not petition. 2014
ii. Create THLY SAL you haven’ possibly a measu
“M ON
ce Writer. activities, rivation, sleep
rement
of the spe
a table title ing boring sleep dep mark of ii. A hub (b) <ita>
iii. Insert aph in OpenOffi day , even dur ly hav e severe , are another ctice
and switch
are
ed of a prin
ter? 1
par agr
during the probab person read pra (a) LAN ..................
2. Type
the give
fee l drowsy lyin g down, you oth erw ise awake s. The widesp tion that ............... (c) <i> (1x5=5m
ark
you utes of an leep dev s)
say that
if p in g micro-s p depriva iii. Which ices.
Experts ep wit hin five min f epis odes of slee are experiencin d so much slee it clea r that alignment (b) WAN (d) <L>
fall asle brie y ate ke is not ava 1
routinely or very aware tha
t the has cre ny studies
ma (a) Central ilable on
r Mic rosleeps, are not ialis ed societies m. Ma Alignment LibreOffi (c) MAN
rde ple ustr nor ce Impress
sleep diso cases, peo stern ind ost the (b) Left
. In many end s” in We ess is now alm Alignment ? (d) PAN
tion h pin 1
depriva dle at bot ormal slee
g the can really abn
(c) Justi
fy Alignm
of “burnin sidered 478
Touchpad ent
once con ous. Informa d. Right
what was is danger tion Techno Alignment 1
rivation logy-802-X
sleep dep I

I
nology-X
tion Tech
Informa
Touchpad
470
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (CODE–802)
JOB ROLE: DOMESTIC IT HELPDESK ASSISTANT
CLASS–XI
Total Marks: 100 (Theory-60 + Practical-40)
The present course curriculum offers an opportunity for students to understand the basics of computer software and hardware for
working efficiently on computer. This course will enable students to hone skills to develop desktop based applications etc. With extensive
demand of designers, the course aims at inculcating not only programming skills but also the understanding of graphics. Graphics in itself
is a wide and very interesting area which helps in shaping the creativity of a student.

PREAMBLE
Computer is now affecting energy sphere of human activity. It is instrumental in bringing revolutionary changes in industry, scientific
research and education. This is not only the demand of time but also the demand of almost each and every subject to have an associated
computer learning to equip a student with start-of-art technology to prove himself/herself a better candidate than those without
computer knowledge.

COURSE OVERVIEW
Domestic IT Helpdesk Assistant requires the individual to have thorough knowledge of various technology trends. This job involves
working on a computer, entering, retrieving and sharing data He/she can assist a programmer or a database engineer. He/she can
independently interact with customers. The individual should be result oriented and should be able to demonstrate logical thinking
and interpersonal skills and should be willing to work at a desk based job. The person is responsible to maintain hardware and software
systems according to company policies. Inspect, and Troubleshoot basic network, hardware and software components.

COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of the course, students should be able to:
 Apply effective oral and written communication skills to interact with people and customers.
 Identify the principal components of a computer system.
 Demonstrate the basic skills of using computer.
 Identify the solution for small applications in the form of computer programmes.
 Use the computer for the data entry process with speed and accuracy.
 Manage the database and handle queries.
 Understand basic cyber safety and security norms.
 Will be able to troubleshoot the computer system.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE COURSE

The course will equip students with skills to analyze various problems and their trouble shooting. Content of the course has been
designed as such to make students capable of independently working on a desktop and be able to develop applications to handle
computations of small scale and record keeping.
Students will develop following skills:
 It will empower students with various skills required to work efficiently on computer.
 Understand basic functional and computational units.
 Understand networking and internet concepts.
 Recognize various internet devices and threats to cyber security.

(vi)
 Skills to work efficiently with basic office tools like word, spreadsheets, presentation.
 Understand basics of databases and SQL to handle databases.
 Develop programming skills in Java.
Through this course students will not only gain knowledge about the basics of computer but will also develop confidence in developing
small applications through programming.

SCHEME OF UNITS
This course is a planned sequence of instructions consisting of units meant for developing employability and vocational competencies of
students of Class XI opting for skill subject along with other education subjects.
The unit-wise distribution of hours and marks is given overleaf:

MAX. MARKS
NO. OF HOURS
UNITS for Theory and
for Theory and Practical
Practical
Employability Skills

Unit 1: Communication Skills-III 10 2

Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-III 10 3

PART A

Unit 3: ICT Skills-III 10 1

Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-III 15 3
Unit 5: Green Skills-III 05 1

Total 50 10

Theory Practical
Subject Specific Skills Marks
(In Hours) (In Hours)
Unit 1: Computer Organization    15       15 5

Unit 2: Networking and Internet    15       25 10

PART B

Unit 3: Office Automation Toools    15       30 10

Unit 4: RDBMS    15       20 10

Unit 5: Fundamental of Java    25       35 15

Total    85      125 50

Practical Work
Office Automation Tools 15
PART C

Java Programme 10

MySQL Commands 5

Total 30

Project Work
Practical File 05
PART D

Viva Voce 05

Total 10

GRAND TOTAL 260 100

(vii)
 EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
Unit Learning Outcome Theory Practical

1. D
 emonstrate knowledge 1. Methods of communication 1. Writing pros and cons of written, verbal and
of various methods of • Verbal non-verbal communication.
communication.
• Non-verbal 2. Listing do’s and don’ts for avoiding common
body language mistakes.
• Visual
COMMUNICATION SKILLS-III

2. Identify elements of 1. Communication styles- assertive, aggressive, 1. Observing and sharing communication
communication cycle passive-aggressive, submissive, etc. styles of friends, teachers and family
members and adapting the best practices
2. Role plays on communication styles

3. D
 emonstrate basic writing 1. Writing skills to the following: 1. D
 emonstration and practice
skills • Sentence of writing sentences and paragraphs on
topics related to the subject.
• Phrases
• Kinds of sentences
• Parts of sentence
• Parts of speech
• Use of articles
• Construction of a paragraph

1. Demonstrate impressive 1. Describe the importance of dressing appropriately, 1. Demonstration of impressive appearance
appearance and grooming looking decent and positive body language and groomed personality
2. Describe the term grooming 2. Demonstration of the ability to
3. Prepare a personal grooming checklist self- explore
4. Describe the techniques of self- exploration
SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS-III

2. Demonstrate team work 1. Describe the important factors that influence in 1. Group discussion on qualities of a good
skills team building team
2. Describe factors influencing team work 2. Group discussion on strategies that are
adopted for team building and team work

3. A
 pply time management 1. Meaning and importance of time management 1. Game on time management
strategies and techniques – setting and prioritizing goals, creating a schedule, 2. Checklist preparation
making lists of tasks, balancing work and leisure,
3. To-do-list preparation
using different optimization tools to break large
tasks into smaller tasks.

(viii)
 1.Create a document on 1. Introduction to word processing. 1. Demonstration and practice of the
word processor 2. Software packages for word processing. following:
3. Opening and exiting the word processor. • Listing the features of word processing
4. Creating a document • Listing the software packages for word
processing
• Opening and exit the word processor
• Creating a document
ICT SKILLS-III

2. Edit, save and print 1. Editing text 1. Demonstration and practicing the
a document in word 2. Wrapping and aligning the text following:
processor • Editing the text
3. Font size, type and face.
4. Header and Footer • Word wrapping and alignment
5. Auto correct • Changing font type, size and face
6. Numbering and bullet • Inserting header and footer
7. Creating table • Removing header and footer
8. Find and replace 2. Using autocorrect option
9. Page numbering. 3. Insert page numbers and bullet
10. Printing document. 4. Save and print a document
11. Saving a document in various formats.

1. Describe the 1. Values in general and entrepreneurial values 1. Listing of entrepreneurial values by the
significance of 2. Entrepreneurial value orientation with respect students.
entrepreneurial values to innovativeness, independence, outstanding 2. Group work on identification of
and attitude performance and respect for work entrepreneurial values and their roles
after listing or reading 2-3 stories of
successful entrepreneur.
3. Exhibiting entrepreneurial values in Ice
ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS-III

breaking, rapport building, group work

and home assignments.

2. D
 emonstrate the 1. Attitudes in general and entrepreneurial attitudes 1. Preparing a list of factors that influence
knowledge of 2. Using imagination/ intuition attitude in general and entrepreneurial
attitudinal changes attitude
3. Tendency to take moderate risk
required to become an 2. Demonstrating and identifying own
entrepreneur 4. Enjoying freedom of expression and action
entrepreneurial attitudes during the
5. Looking for economic opportunities following micro lab activities like
6. Believing that we can change the environment thematic appreciation test
7. Analyzing situation and planning action 3. Preparing a short write-up on “who
am I”
8. Involving in activity
4. Take up a product and suggest how its
features can be improved
5. Group activity for suggesting brand
names, names of enterprises, etc.

1. Describe importance 1. Main sectors of green economy- E-waste 1. Preparing a poster on any one of the
of main sector of green management, green transportation, renewal sectors of green economy
economy energy, green construction, water management 2. Writing a two-page essay on important
GREEN SKILLS-III

2. Policy initiatives for greening economy in India initiatives taken in India for promoting
green economy

2. Describe the major 1. Stakeholders in green economy 1. Preparing posters on green Sectors/
green Sectors/Areas 2. Role of government and private agencies in Areas: cities, buildings, tourism,
and the role of various greening cities, buildings, tourism, industry, industry, transport, renewable energy,
stakeholder in green transport, renewable energy, waste management, waste management, agriculture, water,
economy agriculture, water, forests and fisheries forests and fisheries

(ix)
 SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS
Unit Learning Outcomes Theory Practical

1. U
 nderstand and appreciate • Introduction to Fundamentals of Computer and its • identify and enlist various applications of
fundamentals of Computer use computer
and its characteristics
• Characteristics of computer • illustrate various components of computer
• Components of computer under different blocks
• Block diagram of computer • illustrate functions of various components
of computer
• Processes of task execution
• Steps of process execution
• F unction of various components of computer and
CPU

2. U
 nderstand the • identify various components of computer • illustrate various types of I/O devices
components of computer • appreciate function and use of I/O devices • identify and find out the application of each
• learn about various storage devices used in computer of the I/O Devices
• various memory units of storage

3. U
 nderstand Operating • introduction to Operating System and its need • identify different types of OS in computers/
System • functions of operating system mobile phones
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

• types of operating system • identify the different in features of various

operating systems
• difference between various operating systems

4. T roubleshooting in • introduction to common troubleshooting/ problems • identifying different kinds of problems in

computer system • common troubleshooting steps the system and its peripheral devices
• troubleshooting hardware problems like display, • setting up a printer
keyboard, mouse etc. • selecting a printer
• troubleshooting printer problems • setting default printer
• understanding printer IP address • changing printer settings
• understanding various printer settings like fast/ • how to forcefully restart a computer or stop
slow printing a task
• sound troubleshooting • demonstration of problems in fly lead,
• understanding speaker settings like volume etc. network card and possible solutions
• troubleshooting software problems
• troubleshooting networking problems
• learn about problems in network fly lead, network
card

5. U
 nderstand the importance • Disk Space management • illustration to view the disk storage
of Utilities • Disk Cleanup • to apply Disk Cleanup utilities to enhance
• Managing Recycle Bin performance of the system
• learning about disk defragmentation • to identify, view and manage Recycle Bin
• learn to remove unused programs • illustration and hands on to remove unused
programs
• learn to disable unused program services
• illustration and hands on to disable/enable
• restart the system
program services
• learn to use command prompt to search for a file.
• restart the computer
• to search different files using various
options and wildcard characters

(x)
 1. U
 nderstand Computer • Introduction • Illustrate various networks and its benefits
Networking • Need and benefits of networking • Identify the transmission medium , devices,
• Components of a network: sender, receive, network topology , type of networking in
message, channel, computer lab
• Transmission Medium (wired and wireless) • Setting up hotspot
• Telephone Network standard (technology used in
each generation)
• Working Devices (RJ45 connector, Modem,
Repeater, Hub, Switch, Bridge, Gateway, Routers)
• Network Topology (Bus, Star, Ring, Tree, Mesh)
• Types of Networking (LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN, VAN)
NETWORKING AND INTERNET

2. T o understand Internet and • Introduction and use of Internet • Analyze the Bandwidth,
its terminology • Digital Literacy • identify Internet devices and their
• Terminology (Channels, Bandwidth (HERTZ, KHZ), significance,
ISP) • to check/view Data transfer rate in
• Internet Devices: Repeater, Hub, Switch, Gateway, computer lab/ devices
Bridge, Router
• Data Transfer Rate (bps, Kbps, KBps, Mbps, MBPS,
Gbps, GBPS)
• Protocols (TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, SMTP, POP3, PPP, UDP)

3. U
 nderstand cybercrime and • Network safety concerns: (Digital Footprints, • Find out the threats encountered and the
the need of Cyber Security Threats, Virus, Worm, Trojan Horse, Spam, security measures used in computer lab and
Malware, DoS Attacks, Eavesdropping, Adware, mobile phones
Spyware, Snooping) • go through the link
• Networking Security Measures (Antivirus, Firewall, https://www.cyberla wsindia.net
Login ids and Password)
• Cyber Crime (Phishing, Pharming, Spoofing, Cyber
Bullying, Hacking, Cracking, Identity Theft, Cyber
Stalking, Cyber Trolling,
• Cyber Safety (Netiquettes, IT Act, Cyber Laws)

1. Word processor • Introduction work with Word processing • List the available word processing
applications like OpenOffice, applications.
• Introduction to Word Processing window • Introduce the parts of the main window.
components like work area, ruler, tab etc. • Change document views.
• Understanding various tabs like File, Edit, Insert, • Start a new document.
View and their submenu options to format a • Open an existing document.
document using OpenOffice Writer. • Save a document.
• Learn to create tables in word processors • Close a document.
• Use the Navigator.

(xi)
 2. Spreadsheets • appreciate need and use of spreadsheets • demonstration of components of the
• learn to install an open source spreadsheet Spreadsheet window.
software like Calc • demonstration and hands on to insert
• learn components of the Spreadsheet title window. formulae and use inbuilt functions
• appreciate different formatting features available in efficiently
spreadsheets • make charts using chart tools in
• learn to work, save and close spreadsheets spreadsheet
• work with data, move data, use edit menu • sort data according to various criteria
• Use AutoFill, formatting data, • change colour, alignment, set borders
• alignment, changing cell color, gridlines and
• insert, delete, hide, show rows and columns
borders,
• creating macros and use them efficiently
• flow of text, merging, splitting text, wrap text,
shrink to fit • merging two or more cells, splitting a cell
• Numeric data formatting • search data using Find options, search and
• Find and Replace Data replace a selected piece of text
OFFICE AUTOMATION TOOLS

• delete data and formatting

• delete cells
• insert delete rows and columns
• using formula and functions
• various type of operators
• predefined functions in spreadsheets (sum(), sqrt(),
product(), power(), log(), round(), abs(), average()
etc.
• addressing/ referencing: absolute, relative, mixed
• sort and filter data
• create chart and graph, setting legend, grids in
charts, resizing and moving charts, modifying and
deleting charts
• create/record a macro, run/use macros
• print spreadsheets

3. PowerPoint • introduction to presentation software • Students will be able to work with

• start OpenOffice Impress presentation software
• overview of OpenOffice
• study of various tabs of OpenOffice
• understand various views of presentation,
animations, transitions, header, footer etc.

1. U
 nderstand Relational • Database and its purpose • Installation of MYSQL
Database Management • Components of a table • Simple calculations in MYSQL
System
• Relational Database Model Terminology (Relation,
Tuple, Attribute, Cardinality)
• Keys (Primary, Candidate, Alternate, Foreign)

2. Introduction to MYSQL • Introduction To MYSQL • CREATE DATABASE

RDBMS

• Classification of MYSQL commands (DDL, DML) • USE

• Data Types in MYSQL (char, varchar, decimal, int, • CREATE TABLE
date, time)
• DESCRIBE
• Create database
• SHOW TABLES
• Create table
• View structure of a table • ALTER TABLE
• Add constraints in table • DROP TABLE
• Modify structure
• Show all tables created in a database
• Delete structure

(xii)
 3. DML Commands • Add rows to a table • INSERT INTO
• Viewing content of a table • UPDATE
• Display selected data depending on specific • DELETE
condition
• Using WHERE, ORDER BY, DISTINCT, LIKE,
• Display data in a order
BETWEEN, IN
• modify the data stored in a table
• delete contents of a table

1. U
 nderstand Integrated • Components of IDE • Create a project
Development Environment • Understand and change Properties and methods • Create a JFrameForm container
(NETBEANS)
of Components like jButton, jLabel, jTextField, • Add a button component on JFrameForm
jTextarea, jRadiobutton, jCheckbox, jPasswordField, and change properties like text, font,
jListBox, jComboBox foreground etc using properties window
• Add other container controls like jTextField
, jTextarea, jRadiobutton, jCheckbox,
jPasswordFieldjListBox, jComboBox and
change their properties
FUNDAMENTALS OF JAVA

2. Java Programming • Introduction to Object Oriented Programming • Display message Using jlabel and jtextField
• To understand various data types (primitive) and • Join two text entries and display them
purpose of each data type • Write code to close the application
• To understand the need and usage of variables • Using Joption Pane display a message
• To understand usage of operators (assignment, “welcome to INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY”
arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise) • Perform simple arithmetic calculation using
• To understand how to attach a code with operators and display the result
components like jButton, jLabel, jTextField and • Write the code to find simple interest
create a simple application on JFrame
• Write code to perform an operation based
• To understand the use of various components like on the criteria input by the user in a
jTextarea, jRadiobutton, jCheckbox, jPasswordField, checkbox or radio button
jListBox, jComboBox, JTable, JOptionPane, JPanel
• Change the background colour of jbutton
• To understand when to use selection statements (if, based on the colour selected from the
if else and switch case) jListBox/jComboBox
• Accept marks in 5 subjects and find out
the total, percentage. Also display grade
depending on the total marks obtained.
• Enter a character and find out it is vowel or
consonant
 INCORPORATES NEP 2020

This textbook has been created with new dimensions of Joyful Learning along with
the parameters based on pedagogy of National Education Policy 2020.

Interdisciplinary
Connects knowledge across
the curriculum for holistic
development

Computational Thinking Life Skills & Values

Enables to help solve
Inclined towards empowering
problems and make thinking
moral values in learner
more engaging

Subject Enrichment Experiential Learning

Aimed at understanding and National Encourages ‘learning by doing’
skill developing in specific
subject
Education through hands-on activities
Policy 2020

Communication Art Integration

Emphasis on soft skills and
Interlinks education with art
power of language to develop
and culture providing deeper
cross disciplinary and
understanding of the concepts
Interdisciplinary thinking

Critical Thinking Creativity

Strengthens logical decision Enhances imagination to

making and innovation generate new ideas
CONTENTS
Part A Employability Skills

Unit-1 Communication Skills-III 19

1.1 Importance of Communication 1.2 Communication Process
1.3 Perspectives in Communication 1.4 Methods of Communication
1.5 Communication Styles 1.6 Saying No-Refusal Skills
1.7 Basics of Pronunciation 1.8 Writing Skills
1.9 Greetings and Introduction 1.10 Filling a Form
1.11 Asking Questions 1.12 Asking for Directions
1.13 Discussing Family 1.14 Habits and Routines

Unit-2 Self-Management Skills-III 44

2.1 Knowing Yourself 2.2 Self-Exploration
2.3 Impressive Appearance & Personal Grooming 2.4 Team Work
2.5 Networking Skills 2.6 Self-Motivation
2.7 Goal Setting 2.8 Time Management

Unit-3 ICT Skills-III 62

3.1 Commonly Used Word Processors 3.2 Find and Replace
3.3 Spell Checking & Grammar 3.4 Thesaurus
3.5 Inserting Lists, Tables, Pictures, and Shapes 3.6 Adding Header, Footer, and Page Number
3.7 Saving, Closing, Opening, and Printing Document 3.8 Tracking Changes

Unit-4 Entrepreneurial Skills-III 75

4.1 Business Activities 4.2 Values of a Successful Entrepreneur
4.3 Attitude of an Entrepreneur 4.4 Generating a Business Idea
4.5 Understanding the Market and Competitors 4.6 Business Planning

Unit-5 Green Skills-III 90

5.1 Green Economy 5.2 Sectors of a Green Economy
5.3 Green Economy Policies 5.4 National Action Plan on Climatic Change (NAPCC)
5.5 Stakeholders in Green Economy 5.6 Government and Private Agencies
5.7 Examples of Green Projects in India

Part B Subject Specific Skills

Unit-1 Computer Organisation 107

1.1 Evolution of Computers 1.2 Fundamentals of Computer
1.3 Computer System 1.4 Components of a Computer
1.5 Units of Computer Memory 1.6 Motherboard
1.7 SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) 1.8 Block Diagram of Computer
1.9 Processes of Task Execution 1.10 Disk Space Management
1.11 Classification of Computers 1.12 Computer Performance
1.13 Operating System 1.14 Functions of an OS
1.15 Classification of Operating System 1.16 Types of Operating System
1.17 Troubleshooting and Utilities 1.18 Common Troubleshooting Steps
1.19 Hardware Troubleshooting 1.20 Troubleshooting Networking Problems
1.21 Utilities 1.22 Use of Command Prompt to Search a File

Unit-2 Networking and Internet 166

2.1 Computer Network 2.2 Transmission Medium
2.3 Networking Devices 2.4 Types of Network

(xv)
 2.5 Network Topology 2.6 Internet
2.7 History and Evolution of the Internet 2.8 Uses of the Internet
2.9 Internet Terminologies 2.10 Ways to Connect to Internet
2.11 Networking/Internet Devices 2.12 Network Protocols
2.13 Cyber Threat 2.14 Malware
2.15 Cybercrime 2.16 Cyber Law
2.17 Digital Footprint 2.18 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
2.19 Network Security Measures
Unit-3 Office Automation Tools 229
3.1 Features of a Word Processor 3.2 Commonly used Word Processors
3.3 Installing OpenOffice 3.4 Starting OpenOffice Writer
3.5 Various Menus of Writer 3.6 Paragraph Formatting
3.7 Spreadsheet 3.8 Uses of Spreadsheets
3.9 Features of Spreadsheet Package 3.10 Features of OpenOffice Calc
3.11 Starting OpenOffice Calc 3.12 Different Formatting Features Available in the Spreadsheet
3.13 Types of Data 3.14 Working with Calc
3.15 Edit Menu 3.16 Editing Contents in a Worksheet
3.17 Undo and Redo 3.18 Formatting Cells
3.19 Auto Fill 3.20 Find and Replace
3.21 Formula 3.22 Sorting
3.23 Cell Referencing 3.24 Filtering Data
3.25 Charts and Graphs 3.26 Macro
3.27 Presentation 3.28 Uses of a Presentation Package
3.29 Creating an Effective Presentation 3.30 OpenOffice Impress
3.31 Slide Layouts 3.32 Working with Slides
3.33 File Menu 3.34 Inserting Information in the Presentation
3.35 Edit Menu 3.36 Copying and Moving Content
3.37 View Menu 3.38 Insert Menu
3.39 Format Menu 3.40 Tools Menu
3.41 Slide Show Menu 3.42 Animation in Presentation
3.43 Window Menu 3.44 Help Menu
Unit-4 RDBMS  357
4.1 Database 4.2 Relational Model
4.3 RDBMS 4.4 Introduction to MySQL
4.5 Characteristics of MySQL 4.6 Types of SQL Commands
4.7 SQL Operators 4.8 Working with SQL Commands
4.9 DML Commands 4.10 Insert Command
4.11 Select Command
Unit-5 Fundamentals of Java 398
5.1 Netbeans IDE 5.2 Components in Swing
5.3 Computer Languages 5.4 POP Approach
5.5 OOP Approach 5.6 Introduction to Java
5.7 Java Programming Environment 5.8 Java Tokens
5.9 Data Types 5.10 Variables
5.11 Creating More Java Applications 5.12 Control Statements

Part C Practical Work & Part D Project Work

Practical Work 463

Projects468
Viva Voce Questions 474
Glossary476
Sample Question Paper 478

(xvi)
 Unit
1

PART–A
EMPLOYABILITY
SKILLS
Unit
1
 Unit
COMMUNICATION SKILLS-III
1

The word “communication” is a commonly used word, but its essence entails huge importance as it
enables us to reduce differences and gaps between friends, relatives, and nations. It enables us to share
ideas, knowledge, other understandable information from one person to another person or a group of
people. Communication reduces the information gap.
It can be defined as the exchange of information between two or more people within a set or group of
people. The common understanding of what has been shared or conveyed is the most essential component
of communication.
Communication includes:
ÐÐPassing on Information
ÐÐInfluencing your target audience
ÐÐExpression of emotions

1.1 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is an important tool that lets us share our thoughts, emotions, and ideas in an
understandable, clear, and efficient way. It helps us in informing, sharing knowledge, expressing feelings,
and influencing others.
Humanity’s ability to communicate (through a language) has provided great benefits in the all-round
development of mankind. A simple conversation may be thought to be merely a transfer of information,
but an influential conversation can help you achieve your academic or career goals as well as help you
develop your relationships. Hence, there is a difference between to inform about something and to
influence about something. Communication skills are required to:
ÐÐInform: Sharing of facts and information with others.
ÐÐInfluence:
Counselling, negotiating, or simply talking to someone to help reduce stress can make a
change in another person’s outlook.
ÐÐExpress Feelings: Talking and expressing your feelings is considered a healthy way to interact with
family and friends.

1.2 COMMUNICATION PROCESS

The process has the following elements:
ÐÐSender: A sender is a party, a person, a group, or an organisation that initiates the process of

communication.
ÐÐMessage: A message is the information to be conveyed.

Communication Skills-III 19
ÐÐEncoding: Transforming the idea or the information to be shared into a form that can be sent across. This is a crucial
step since the sender has to encode the message in a form that would ensure that the receiver would decode it with
the same understanding which the sender actually meant.
ÐÐCommunication Channel: It is the manner in which the message is sent across. It could be spoken words, writing,
video transmission, audio transmission, or electronic transmission such as emails, text/WhatsApp messages, etc.
The channel could extend even to nonverbal communication, such as body language or the display of materials. The
channel would primarily depend on the target of the communication.
ÐÐReceiver: The target of the communication is the Receiver—a person, group, or organisation.
ÐÐDecoding: Once the message is conveyed, it has to be decoded, i.e., understood with the exact meaning that the
sender wanted to convey.
ÐÐFeedback: It is a message sent by the receiver to the sender as a response to the message.

1.3 PERSPECTIVES IN COMMUNICATION

Perspective means having a predetermined idea about someone in terms of their behaviour. It is a way of thinking in
which people develop their own views regarding a person, which affects maintaining perfect communication between
them. For example, communication between a teacher and a student.

1.3.1 Factors Affecting Perspective in Communication

There are certain barriers that stop us from communicating clearly, such as hesitation to share a message. These
factors affect the perspective in communication:

Factors How Factors Can Become a Barrier

Sometimes, a sender does not find the correct or suitable words to convey his message.
Language In this way, he remains incapable of expressing the true sense of his views. Such problems
occur when there is a difference in the language skills of two different people.
It is about having prejudice about someone that doesn’t change, even after noticing a change
Visual Perceptions
in behaviour. It refers to the prenotion of the brain to sense what we see through our eyes.
Experiences from past events sometimes block our minds from taking decisions or
Past Experience set prejudices in our minds. Our earlier experience doesn’t allow us to understand or
communicate clearly.
Prejudice It is a kind of preconceived opinion that stops us from understanding or communicating.

Feelings include emotions, which sometimes cause lack of interest or a a lack of trust in
Feelings
the other person, which also affects our communication.
Sometimes the hindrances in the environment make communication difficult. It is because
Environment
of noise or disturbance.
Sometimes, communicating or willing to begin a conversation also depends on our mood,
Personal
fear, or low confidence, which makes it difficult to communicate.
Sometimes one sign can symbolise different meanings in different cultures, such as showing
Culture
a thumb may mean good job done for some people but may be insulting to others.

1.3.2 7Cs of Communication

Effective communication skills are essential to everyone in this world, not only to thrive but even to survive. The best
thing is that communication skills are not only inborn but can be acquired by following the basic principles of effective
communication.

20 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Experts have enunciated 7 principles that begin with the letter C.
1. Complete: Communication should convey all relevant information to the recipient.
2. Clear: In communication, there should be the use of simple, exact, and appropriate words.
3. Concise: Communication should be to the point, and excessive, unnecessary, and repetitive words should be avoided.
4. Concrete: Be specific and particular with true facts and figures. It should focus on one subject at a time to be effective.
5. Correct: In communication, there should be the use of appropriate and correct language with the least possible
spelling or grammatical errors.
6. Courteous: In communication, the feelings of the receiver should be respected.
7. Considerate: In communication, the sender should take the receiver into consideration. If the viewpoints,
background, mindset, education level, etc. of the message are not considered, it will trigger negative reactions.

1.4 METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

You might have used different methods of communication in your daily life. There must be some methods while playing
with your friends, such as showing gestures, giving indications like waving, drawing images, sketches, etc., to illustrate
a particular situation. Such different methods of communication are classified as: Verbal, Non-verbal, and Visual
Communication.
ment
ct Enrich
Lab Assignment ‘n Activity Subje

Complete the following activities and tick on the circle.

ÐÐOpen a text editor on your computer.

ÐÐList three common communication challenges.

ÐÐProvide a brief description for each challenge and explain why it could occur.

ÐÐSave the document with the name ‘Common Communication Challenges’.

1.4.1 Verbal Communication

It is a common method of communication that enables direct understanding and interpretation. Verbal communication
uses words to express thoughts. We should use simple words while communicating verbally.

Types of Verbal Communication

The following are the types of verbal communication:
ÐÐO ral or Spoken Communication: When communication is established through telephonic conversation,
face-to-face conversation, etc.

Communication Skills-III 21
ÐÐWritten Communication: When communication is established using written or typed messages in the form of an
e-mail, SMS, or by using any other format, including photos, videos, music, etc.

Advantages of Verbal Communication

The following are the advantages of verbal communication:
ÐÐIt is a fast method of communication.

ÐÐIt provides you with a quick response.

ÐÐIt helps you understand the mood of the other person.

ÐÐIt is more reliable than other conventional methods of communication.

ÐÐThe speaker and the listener keep changing replies one after another, as they communicate in real-time.

Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

The following are the disadvantages of verbal communication:
ÐÐIt fails to fill the gap of cultural differences between the sender and receiver if there is a language barrier.

ÐÐThe different languages spoken all over the world have different accents and use different colloquial phrases, which

cause confusion in the receiver’s mind.

ÐÐAs there is not much time, the delivery may be misinterpreted if the receiver does not understand instantly.

1.4.2 Non-Verbal Communication

As we know, all living things communicate. Animals communicate through various means such as sound, smell, body
language, and so on. In non-verbal communication, words are not used to communicate as the sender’s message
is conveyed without using words. Non-verbal communication includes symbols, gestures, eye contact, handshakes,
facial expressions, body language, etc. For example:
A non-verbal method of communication can make our message stronger, and it may also help us adjust our behaviour
according to the listener’s reaction. It mostly helps in situations when we are unable to send a proper message verbally.
Suppose you are in a room full of noise. In this case, you may easily opt to send a non-verbal message by using your
hand movements.
We don’t realise the importance of non-verbal communication. We spend about 75% of our waking hours communicating,
of which 80% is non-verbal in which our expressions and movements are used.

Expressions Gestures

Posture

Para
Language

Touch
Eye
Contact

22 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 Do you know?
Our speech also has non-verbal elements such as voice quality, speaking style, emotion, intonation, rhythm,
and stress, known as ‘Paralanguage’.

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

Let us now learn about various types of non-verbal communication.
How to effectively use non-verbal
TYPE What it implies?
communication?
* Keep your face relaxed.
It shows the feelings of a person. For
* Match your facial expression with your
Facial expression example, we smile to express our
words.
happiness.
* Nod while listening.
* Avoid pointing at people with your finger.
Gestures or Body It is the movement of the body, hands, or
* Don’t stand with your hands crossed.
Language head to express an idea or meaning.
* Pay attention to the speaker.
* Always keep your body straight.
Posture It shows your confidence and feelings. * While standing, keep your hands by your
side and stay relaxed.
It includes shaking hands and patting * Shake hands confidently.
Touch them on the back. For example, a firm * Avoid using other touch gestures such as
handshake shows confidence. scratching or rubbing.
A proper distance should be maintained * Maintaining a proper distance may
while talking to a person. It generally vary from person to person, depending
Space
depends on your closeness and intimacy on whether your meeting is formal or
with that person. informal.
It is the tone of our voice, volume,
* Maintain a proper pace, proper tone, and
Paralanguage and speed that make a difference in
volume while speaking.
communication.

Advantages of Non-Verbal Communication

The following are the advantages of non-verbal communication:
ÐÐUsing visual, audio-visual, and silent means of non-verbal communication, messages can be easily presented.
ÐÐFacial expressions and gestures are used to convey messages so they can be easily understood by illiterate people.
ÐÐNon-verbalcommunication reaches the receiver very fast. So, it reduces the wastage of valuable time of the
communicator.

Disadvantages of Non-Verbal Communication

The following are the disadvantages of non-verbal communication:
ÐÐNon-verbal communication is unclear and imprecise since there is no use of words or language to express clear
meaning to the receiver.
ÐÐLong conversations and necessary explanations are not possible.
ÐÐSometimes, non-verbal communication is difficult to understand.

Communication Skills-III 23
1.4.3 Visual Communication
Visual communication is another method in which ideas are conveyed in a visual form, which can be seen in the form
of images or pictures. In such communication, there is no use of language. It is also considered the oldest form of
communication. Visual communication uses images, drawings, signs, graphics, typography, etc. It is an easier method
of communication.

Advantages of Visual Communication

The following are the advantages of visual communication:
ÐÐUsing visual communication, the attention of the audience can be grabbed.
ÐÐInformation can be delivered directly using visual aids.
ÐÐIt is more flexible.

Disadvantages of Visual Communication

The following are the disadvantages of visual communication:
ÐÐDeveloping visual communication skills is time-consuming.
ÐÐVisual methods of communication are very expensive.
ÐÐVisualcommunication is often called incomplete because it usually requires other methods of communication to
pass the complete message.

1.5 COMMUNICATION STYLES

There are different ways to pass information to others. The communication style includes verbal and non-verbal skills.
The use of the correct communication style leads to more effective communication.
Communication style can be categorised into four (4) categories:
ÐÐPassive

ÐÐPassive Aggressive
ÐÐAggressive

ÐÐAssertive

1.5.1 Passive/Submissive Communication

It is a submissive communication style that is mostly used by introverted people. Passive communicators generally tend
to step back and let other people lead the conversation. Some characteristics of such a communication style involve:
ÐÐEasy-going attitude
ÐÐAvoiding expressing opinions so as to avoid conflict

24 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

ÐÐBeing apologetic for everything, even when not at fault
ÐÐLack of confidence in body language
Some disadvantages of being a passive communicator are:
ÐÐLack of confidence and self-esteem
ÐÐCauses frustration and anxiety in the long run
ÐÐFailure to express feelings and thoughts
ÐÐExhibits poor body language
Let us look into the following situation:
Ashu, a 14-year-old child, and Ajay, aged 21 years, work at a roadside inn under Vijay, their master. Ashu, though
poverty-stricken, works honestly and renders good service to his customers.
Ajay, too, is poor but is smart and clever enough to shirk his duty and sneak away for a while whenever he gets a
chance.
Both the boys have been called by their master, Vijay, who accuses them of stealing food from the kitchen.
Vijay: Of the two, who was attending the customers at table No. 2?
Ashu: Sir, I was taking their orders.
Ajay: Sir, I was serving them.
Vijay: Why were you both at the same table? Haven’t I instructed you all to attend one table at a time?
Ajay: Sir, I served them as per their order.
(Ashu wanted to express the fact of the situation that he had taken the order from the customers, but Ajay took the
order slip from his hand and placed it in the kitchen. Meanwhile, he asked me to serve water at the table. But Ashu
avoided expressing the fact in order to avoid conflict.)
Vijay: So Ashu, the order slip states 4 plates of Idli, right?
Ashu: Yes, sir… but…
Vijay: So why is the customer asserting that they had only two plates? Have you consumed the other two plates?
Ashu: No sir, ...when I... I... I was serving water, they reduced the order.
Vijay: Stop creating stories.
Ashu: Sorry, Sir!
Vijay: I shall deduct four times the price of those Idlis from your salary. Now get back to work.
Poor Ashu couldn’t explain further that he had informed Ajay about the change in the order and that it was Ajay who
possibly had stolen or consumed the Idlis.
Thus, it may be concluded that Ashu has a passive communication style that not only made him apologise but also put
his self-esteem at stake.

1.5.2 Aggressive Communication

This communication style can be honest, hostile, threatening, and attacking. An aggressive communicator behaves as
if one’s contribution is more important than others and wants to show supremacy in every conversation.
This communication style involves:
ÐÐUsing strong language and being hurtful to others.
ÐÐBlaming others and not accepting one’s own faults.
ÐÐControlling and dominating others.
ÐÐNot caring for others’ viewpoints and being disrespectful.

Communication Skills-III 25
ÐÐLack of cordial environment and non-consensus.
Some disadvantages of being an aggressive communicator are:
ÐÐMakes one verbally abusive.
ÐÐMakes one appear intimidating and rude.
ÐÐPrevents from becoming a mature, understanding, and amiable person.
ÐÐfailure to listen to others; they are not good listeners.
Let us analyse the situation here.
Prakash- Accounts Officer
Akshay- HR Head
Ashish- Computer Operator
Riya- Newly appointed Office Manager
All employees working in Vision Infotech maintained a very cordial and congenial environment in the office until the
joining of Riya.
All employees are getting ready for the lunch break after working continuously for five hours.
Riya: How come you are all not at your respective tables? How can you all be so casual?
Akshay: Madam, it’s 2 o’clock and it’s time for lunch.
Riya: So what? That doesn’t mean you will all eat together at one table! This is no time for festivity!
Prakash: But we all have lunch together, and that’s the only way we relax a little from the daily hectic schedule,
madam!
Riya: So, are you being paid for relaxation?
Ashish: It’s only half an hour of the day that we are away from work. Otherwise, we are all working hard, madam!
Riya: Well! Ashish, have you prepared the report for the previous month I asked you to?
Ashish: It’s towards completion, mam!
Riya: Prakash, is the salary statement of all the employees ready?
Prakash: Yes. I shall give the printed file after lunch.
Riya: Akshay, are you ready with the leave records of the employees?
Akshay: A few are still pending as the boss hasn’t approved their applications yet.
Riya: See! Each one of you is a burden to the company. Failures! No work is complete, and yet you all want to have
lunch on time! From now onwards, lunch time shall be 3:00 pm. So, finish and submit your tasks and report
them to me immediately.
(In her haughty attitude, Riya tends to control all the employees of the office but herself fails to put up the salary file
to the boss that evening.)
Boss: Do you realise, Riya, that due to your negligence, all employees’ salaries could not be credited to their accounts
on time?
Riya: I had asked Prakash, but he was slow in his work.
Boss: Stop blaming others! You need to give space to all workers so that their work is carried out smoothly. You can’t
dominate or rule over them all the time.
Riya: If the employees work at their free will, no work will be completed on time.
Boss: Lunchtime is their own time. Riya! You can’t be harsh on them. Henceforth, you shall handle the reception
desk and I will discharge you from the duty of office manager.
Hence, the rude and intimidating approach of Riya led to her losing a respectable and responsible position.

26 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

1.5.3 Passive-Aggressive Communication
This communication style involves expressing aggression or negative feelings indirectly toward others.
Some characteristics of passive-aggressive communicators are:
ÐÐSarcastic and untruthful.
ÐÐActing passive on the surface while showing aggression in a subtle way.
ÐÐPretending to be cooperative while subconsciously doing tasks incorrectly.
ÐÐMumbling to themselves instead of confronting the person.
ÐÐTalking behind someone’s back
ÐÐQuitting unexpectedly with no explanation
Some disadvantages of being an passive- aggressive communicator are:
ÐÐThe real issues are never addressed during the communication, so it does not lead to the desired results.
ÐÐFeel hesitant to voice your opinions in spite of being aware of them.
ÐÐSuppressing true emotions, hence feeling constant unhappiness.
Let us understand a few real-life situations of passive-aggression.
In a workplace, the steno who is loaded with files of work enters the office to begin his day. He is filled with anger as
other employees are not assigned an equal burden.
Suraj: It’s just me alone to carry out all the tasks while others are just enjoying their day.
Prakash: Madam has assigned additional work to you as you were on leave for 3 days and that too, without informing
you.
Suraj: I had an emergency! So I had to. Now, wait…. See how I spoil their meeting.
Tanvi: Suraj, all pending work must be completed within 2 hours, and get this file ready for a meeting with the boss
in the second half.
Suraj: I will try to do it, madam. (Though his intention is to pull down the show, he gives an impression that he
would complete the assignment.)
After lunch, when Tanvi called for Suraj, it was found that he had left for home. Thus, we see the passive-aggressive
behaviour of Suraj, who was annoyed as he was assigned additional work. He gave the impression of being supportive
but actually intended not to complete the work. His suppressed emotions keep him constantly unhappy.

1.5.4 Assertive Communication

It is considered the most effective communication style in most situations. It clearly and firmly expresses needs and/or
opinions without violating the rights or sentiments of others.
Assertive communication entails being mindful of one’s own emotions and personal needs while also considering
someone else’s emotions and needs. Since they are in tune with their needs and work to get them met, assertive
people show empathy.
Some characteristics of assertive communicators are:
ÐÐExpressing needs clearly, respectfully, and appropriately.
ÐÐActive Listening
ÐÐMaintaining proper eye contact
ÐÐAccepting others’ opinions respectfully

Communication Skills-III 27
But being assertive sometimes involves the risk that others might not understand this style of communication and
therefore not accept it.
In assertive communication, the use of “I” can convey the speaker’s intention or opinion clearly. Such as, in a workplace,
instead of saying, “Why have you occupied my chair?”, it would be clear and better to say, “I am concerned about where
I should sit, as you have already occupied my chair!”

1.6 SAYING NO-REFUSAL SKILLS

It is never easy to turn down something without upsetting others. Everyone must have sometimes faced or come across
a situation where they wanted to say no, but found it difficult to do so because they did not want to be arrogant or upset
the other person. It is generally difficult to say no to your family, friends, colleagues, and seniors.
For example, let us consider the following situation:
Akash: Hey Garima!! Can you come to the market with me for some shopping?
Garima: Hmmm…..OK…I will come.
(Later on)
Garima: I could not complete my assignment on time because I went to the market with you.
Akash: But why didn’t you tell me that you had such an important assignment to complete?
Garima: I didn’t want to be rude or make you upset…….
Akash: It is totally okay to refuse. There are many ways of saying no politely.
A person may find it difficult to say no for various reasons, but it is important to say no in many situations. For example,
one should say no when they cannot do what is being asked or it is against the rules of their own moral values.
Here are some tips that will make it easier; the more it is practised, the easier it will get. Some of the ways to practise
refusal skills are:
The AEIOU model can be followed to politely say no.

Situation 1
Your friend asks you to leave
Situation 2
the office early so that you
AEIOU Model A friend of yours asks you to do his
can both go to a friend’s house
pending work for him.
together.
You think it is not right to do so.
A – Ask Questions Why do I have to leave the office
Ask questions to know how early? Why don’t you do it by yourself?
important the task is before Why can’t we go after my duty Is it correct for me to do it for you?
directly saying no. hours?
E – Engage by using polite
statements. I would like to go with you to his
I would be glad to help you but... (give your
If you are sure about saying no to house, but... (give your suitable
suitable reason)
the task, then you must politely reason)
refuse the request.

28 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 I – Include a valid reason for
saying no
Remember the following two I don’t like to…
points for refusing someone’s I can’t come because…
It doesn’t feel right to…
request: I would like to go to his house,
I can’t do it because I will not have the time.
Give an explanation for your but I feel it is not correct to leave
feelings. the office early to visit there.
Give an explanation for your
reasons.
O – Offer other options like I really want to come with you,
Suggest a different schedule. but I feel it is not the right thing I would be more than happy to help you,
Suggest a different place. to do. but I am still not done with mine. But, if
Direct them to someone else Can we go there after work or you want, we can work on it together.
who can help them immediately. maybe on Sunday?
U- Thank the person
Thanks for agreeing to my
Thank the person for Thank you for understanding my situation.
suggestion.
understanding your situation.

1.7 BASICS OF PRONUNCIATION

Pronunciation is the way or manner in which a word is spoken in any language. The pronunciation of any word is always
specific to a language. For instance, a particular word would be pronounced differently in English and French, although
both are European languages. In order to communicate effectively, the correct pronunciation of words must be known.
It gives a lot of confidence while talking.
Some practices that can be adopted to improve pronunciation are:
ÐÐReading out repeatedly in a louder tone.
ÐÐListen to podcasts, news channels, etc.
ÐÐSinging along with the songs.

1.7.1 Phonetics
Phonetics refers to the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of human sounds and phonology. It is the
systematic classification of sounds in one or more specific languages.
Sounds can be classified into vowel sounds and consonant sounds. There are a total of 44 different types of sounds
that originate from the 26 letters of the English alphabet, among which 24 are consonant sounds and 20 are vowel
sounds. There are 12 pure vowel sounds, which are known as monophthongs, and 8 diphthongs, i.e., a combination
of two vowels. Diphthongs are also known as gliding vowels. Some examples of monophthongs and diphthongs are
given below:

Monophthongs(sound of single vowel) diphthongs(sound of two vowels)

Water (a) Count (ou)
Across (o) Cheer (ee)
Nerve(e) Noise (oi)
Work (o) Found (ou)

Communication Skills-III 29
 1.8 WRITING SKILLS
We use sentences to express ourselves when we speak or write in English. Sentences are important because, without clear
sentence structure, the meaning of a statement cannot be fully comprehended. We use sentences to express ourselves
when we speak or write in English. Sentences are important because, without clear sentence structure, the meaning of a
statement cannot be fully comprehended. Let us revise the basics of forming sentences in this section.

1.8.1 Using Capitals

All sentences begin with a capital letter, always. It is easy to know what to capitalise if you remember the acronym
MINTS. MINTS is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly. Each letter in the word MINTS refers to
one capitalisation rule.

Alphabet M I N T S
Months I Names Titles Starting letter of
sentences
Capitalise the first
Capitalise
Capitalise the letter in the names Capitalise the first
the letter ‘I’ Capitalise the
first letter in of people, places, letter in the titles
Rule when used as first letter of
the names of rivers, seas, and used before people's
a word in any every sentence.
all months. oceans, mountains, names.
sentence.
islands, and days.
Mona will visit Every day, I play This Sunday, Doctor Sanjay and
The cat ran after
Example Dehradun in cricket with my Nirmala will be in Ms. Pallavi are
the mouse.
November. brother. Mizoram. associates.

1.8.2 Punctuation
There are 15 basic punctuation marks or signs used in English. These include full stop or period, comma, question
mark, exclamation mark, apostrophe, colon, semicolon, dash, hyphen, parenthesis, quotation mark, and bullet point.

Punctuation marks Sign Use Example

It marks the end of a sentence. It is This is a sentence. This is another
also used to show abbreviations of long sentence.
Full stop . words. For example, professor can be
Sanjay is a professor.
shortened to Prof. when used as a title
before a name. His patients call him Prof. Sanjay.
Sometimes, we use a comma to indicate After the waiter gave me the menu, I
a pause in a sentence. ordered food.
Comma , We can also use a comma to separate
items when we are listing more than two I bought apples, oranges, and grapes.
items in a row.
We use a question mark at the end of a What is your designation?
Question mark ?
question. How much is your work experience?
We use an exclamation mark at the
end of a word or sentence to indicate a What a pleasant surprise!
Exclamation mark !
strong feeling, such as surprise, shock, or You are late!
anger.

30 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 Apostrophe We use an apostrophe followed by an That is Divya’s desk.
‘s’ to show that something belongs to Are these Abdul’s books?
someone.
‘
In informal speech, we also use an “Let’s go.” instead of “Let us go!”
apostrophe to indicate the shortened “He isn’t here.” instead of “He is not
form of some words. here.”

1.8.3 Parts of speech

Part of speech is the classification of words within a sentence based on their functions. They are the foundations of a
language.

Part of Speech Function Example Sentence

A noun is the name of a person, dog, Delhi, table This is my cat. It lives in
Noun
place, thing, or idea. my house.
A pronoun is a word used in she, he, they, we Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.
Pronoun place of a noun.
A verb expresses action or laugh, cry, sleep, ran The cat ran after the mouse.
Verb
being.
An adjective modifies or tall, round, beautiful Rima has beautiful hair.
Adjective
describes a noun or pronoun.
An adverb modifies or describes loudly, quickly, slowly, My dog eats quickly when he
Adverb a verb, an adjective, or another hungry is very hungry.
adverb.
A conjunction joins words, because, and, but, so I like dogs and I like cats.
Conjunctions
phrases, or clauses. I like dogs but I don’t like cats.
A preposition is a word placed of, between, for, on We went to school on Monday.
before a noun or pronoun
Prepositions
to form a phrase modifying
another word in the sentence.
An interjection is a word used to Alas, Wow Hi! How are you? Well, I don’t
Interjections
express emotion. know.
An article is a word that I was an hour late.
describes the noun. It is used
Articles A, an, the The sun rises.
before a noun to show whether
it is specific or not. Give me a pen.

1.8.4 Sentence and its Parts

A sentence is a group of words that are assimilated together to convey a complete thought or meaning.
A sentence must have a subject and a verb, while some also have an object. The Subject describes a person or thing
that performs an action, whereas the Verb describes the action. An Object describes a person or thing that receives
the action.
The subject of a sentence is a person, place, thing, or idea.
For example, “He is playing.” Here, the subject (He) is doing something, that is, playing.

Communication Skills-III 31
Objects provide further information that isn’t necessarily required. They are helpful, though, because they further
explain the action of the verb.
For example, “He is playing cricket.” Here, cricket is the object.
The verb is the action in the sentence.
For example, “Jyoti eats cake.” Here, the verb is “eats”.
ÐÐThe woman [S] built [V] a strong stone wall [O].
ÐÐThe children [S] ate [V] buns, cakes, and biscuits [O].
ÐÐThe professor [S] threw [V] an orange [O].

Types of Objects
There are two types of objects in a sentence: direct and indirect. The objects that are directly acted on by the verb are
called direct objects. A direct object always answers the question what. For example, if the question is “what do you
eat?”, then the answer will be bread. Here, bread is the direct object because it answers the question what.

1.8.5 Types of Sentences

Let us learn about different types of sentences along with examples.

Active and Passive Voice

We use both active and passive sentences while speaking in our day-to-day life.
In active voice, the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice, the subject is acted upon by the
verb.
Consider some examples of active and passive voice:

Active Voice Passive Voice

The company hired new workers last year. New workers were hired by the company last year.
Reporters write news reports. News reports are written by reporters.
The nurse was examining the patient. The patient was examined by the nurse.
I saw them at the restaurant yesterday. They were seen at the restaurant by me yesterday.

Sentences are also categorised based on purpose:

Declarative Sentence
A declarative sentence makes a statement or expresses an opinion. In other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of
sentence ends with a period (full stop).
Examples:
 “I want to be a good writer.” (makes a statement)
 “My friend is a really good writer.” (expresses an opinion)

Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It usually ends with a period (.), but under certain
circumstances, it can end with an exclamation point.
Examples:
 “Please sit down.”
 “I need you to sit down now!”

32 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence is like asking and questioning something. An interrogative sentence asks a question. This
type of sentence often begins with who, what, where, when, why, how, or do, and it ends with a question mark.
Examples:
 “When are you going to turn in your assignment?”
 “Do you know what the weather will be like tomorrow?”

Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotions such as excitement, surprise, happiness, and
anger and ends with an exclamation point.
Examples:
 “It is too dangerous to climb that mountain!”
 “How beautiful is this city!”

Optative Sentence
An optative sentence is a sentence that is used to wish or curse someone. It can be in a positive as well as a negative
sense.
Examples:
 “Wish you a very happy birthday.”
 “May you not get a job today.”

1.8.6 Phrases
A phrase refers to a collection of words functioning as a unified element within a sentence, devoid of a subject and a
verb. Phrases serve various purposes in writing, including:
ÐÐEnhancing descriptions for added detail.
ÐÐClarifying intended meaning.
ÐÐProviding additional details.
Examples:
 To wake up early on Monday
 with black pen
 running faster

1.8.7 Construction of a Paragraph

Paragraphs comprise sentences with complete meanings. A paragraph is a group of sentences organised around a central
topic. The basic paragraph structure usually consists of five sentences: the topic sentence, three supporting sentences,
and a concluding sentence. But the secrets to paragraph writing lie in four essential elements, which when used correctly,
can make a standard paragraph into a great one. Elements of a paragraph are:
Unity
Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one idea that is expressed in its topic
sentence. A paragraph is unified around the main idea, with the supporting sentences providing detail and discussion.

Order
Order refers to the precedence of content. Whether in chronological order, order of importance, or logical presentation
of detail. In a well-ordered paragraph, the reader reads the sentences in a systematic pattern. Order helps the reader
grasp meaning and avoid confusion, as the sentences convey the meaning one by one.
Communication Skills-III 33
Coherence
Coherence refers to the quality that makes the paragraph readable and understandable. It helps sentences within a
paragraph connect to each other and work together as a whole.

Completeness
A paragraph is complete and well-developed if all the sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea. If there
are not enough sentences or enough information to support the main idea, the paragraph is incomplete. Usually, three
supporting sentences, in addition to a topic sentence and concluding sentence, help to make a complete paragraph.

1.9 GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTION

There are many ways to greet someone when you meet them. Greetings differ when you meet your colleagues at work
or meet friends. Similarly, there are many ways to say goodbye when leaving for the day. Greetings also depend on who
we are talking to and even the time of the day. Overall, greetings help us start a nice conversation.

1.9.1 Types of Greetings

There are two kinds of greetings:
ÐÐFormal Greetings
ÐÐInformal Greetings

Formal Greetings
It is used in professional situations or when we are meeting someone for the very first time. It may be used to greet an
elderly person or someone with whom we have a formal relationship, like a teacher or client.

Informal Greetings
It is used when you are talking to friends, family, or when you know the person very well.

Formal Informal

How are you? Hi!

Good morning Hey!

Afternoon What’s up?

What are you doing? What’s New?

It’s nice to meet you. What’s going on?

1.9.2 Introducing Yourself

When you first meet someone, they might want to know more about you. You will need to “introduce yourself” by
telling them about yourself. You usually start by saying your name. Then you can talk about other things, such as what
you do, your age, where you live, or even things or activities that you like or dislike. For all these sentences, you will
use nouns and verbs.

1.10 FILLING A FORM

There might be times when, instead of talking about yourself, you need to fill in a form. A form is a typed or printed
page with blank spaces on which you are required to fill in your information.
As each form is unique, make sure to read it carefully before filling it out. Make sure to write neatly and spell correctly.
Generally, a form has the following fields for filling in personal information:
34 Touchpad Information Technology-XI
 This field is for entering the name of an individual. Sometimes it contains 3
Name
different fields to enter the first, middle (if any), and surname.
This field is for entering the date on which an individual was born. Often, it is
Date of Birth
written as the day, followed by the month, followed by the year in numerals.
This is your house address, which includes your house number and the
Address
details of the street, area, and city.
This field is for entering a group of numbers used by the post office to
PIN Code
identify a region. It is an important part of the address.
This is the name or initials written by hand in a specific way that is difficult
Signature (or Sign)
for anyone else to copy.
Forms also contain some other fields based on the requirements and purpose of the form.

1.11 ASKING QUESTIONS

A question is a phrase or word that asks for information or is used to test someone’s knowledge. We always use a question
mark (?) at the end of questions. In our daily interactions with other people, we often have to ask questions to get
information. Asking the right question can help us get the information we want.
Questions that can be answered with Yes or No are called closed questions. This is because the response options are
limited and closed. For example, when we ask, “Are you hungry?”, the answer can be Yes or No.
Sometimes, when we ask questions, we expect a more detailed answer. For example, when we ask, “What do you want
to eat?”, the answer could be, “I want to eat a mango.” These are called open questions because their answer options
are neither limited nor closed.
You can create a closed question by adding auxiliary verbs such as ‘be’, ‘do’, ‘have’, etc. These give additional information,
such as time and mood. There are also other auxiliary verbs (called modal verbs) such as can, may, should, etc., which
can indicate the potential or need. One way to create a closed question is to take a sentence that does not contain the
words above and put those words before the subject. For example, “Do you like eating ice cream?”
Some examples of close-ended questions with helping verbs are:
• She cooks lunch. Does she cook lunch?
• He can draw a cartoon. Can he draw a cartoon?
In some cases, the subject and verb positions in the sentence are swapped to create a closed question. You can use the
above-given method for sentences that already have auxiliary verbs. For example:
• They were sweeping the floor. Were they sweeping the floor?
• You can work with me. Can you work with me?
Similarly, some questions are said to be open because the answer options are not restricted or closed. They need to
be answered with more information than simply saying yes or no. You can create an open question using interrogative
words, such as what, why, who, how, when, and where.
Open-ended questions Answer
What did you do in the morning? I went to school.
How did you travel? I travelled by metro.

1.12 ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS

Have you ever been lost and asked others for directions to a place? Have you sometimes given directions to others?

1.12.1 How to Ask or Give Directions

When you need to go to a new place, what do you do? You ask somebody for directions or you use a map. When you
ask someone, you should ask politely. Start by saying Excuse me or by greeting them.
Communication Skills-III 35
Ask clearly for directions to the place you want to reach.
Some ways of asking for directions are:
ÐÐExcuse me, could you please tell me the way to the National Bank?
ÐÐExcuse me, which way is the railway station?
ÐÐExcuse me, do you know the way to the Gandhi National Museum?
ÐÐCould you please give me the directions to reach your home from the Town hall?
The person will usually tell you in which direction you should go, how far, and where you need to take turns. Some
terms for giving directions are given below:

Go straight U-turn Turn Right Turn Left

If someone asks you for directions, you should use the same method. Repeat the directions to make sure that they
have understood them correctly.
You must thank the person who helped you before leaving. Some words or phrases used for thanking others are given
below:

Phrase When to use

Thank You! This is a polite way to answer when someone helps you.

It means the same thing but is more casual (should be used only with
Thanks!
friends and family).

This is one more polite way to answer when someone does something
I appreciate that!
for you.

I really appreciate that! You can use this for someone who goes out of their way to help you.

When others thank you, you should accept it by saying welcome, or ‘you’re welcome.’

1.12.2 More About Directions Using Landmarks

It is very helpful if you mention landmarks (places that are well-known or easy to locate), like a shopping mall, bridge,
bus stand, big offices, schools, etc., while giving directions.
To give directions using the location of well-known places, we use location or position words called prepositions. There
are some other prepositions which are used to show time. Some of these words are: on, near to, opposite, in front of.

Brother’s Nucleus
Academy Mall
Main Road

Tribong ABC Book

Restaurant Store

36 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

For the above picture, it can be said that:
ÐÐNucleus Mall is next to Brother’s Academy.
ÐÐNucleus Mall is near ABC Book Store.
ÐÐNucleus Mall is opposite Tribong Restaurant.
ÐÐNucleus Mall is on the main road.
ÐÐNucleus Mall is on the main road, next to Brother’s Academy, and is opposite Tribong Restaurant.

1.13 DISCUSSING FAMILY

How large or small is your family? What if someone asks about your family? Can you introduce all the members of your
family in English? Learn some words to help you introduce your family and how you relate to them.
In English,
ÐÐMother’s parents are called maternal grandparents (grandfather and grandmother).
ÐÐFather’s parents are called paternal grandparents (grandfather and grandmother).
ÐÐFather’s or mother’s sister is called an aunt.
ÐÐFather’s or mother’s brother is called an uncle.
ÐÐAll the children of your aunt and uncle are called cousins.
ÐÐMembers of the husband’s or wife’s family are referred to as in-laws. For example, the husband’s brother and sister
would be his wife’s brother-in-law and sister-in-law, respectively.
ÐÐSimilarly, the wife’s brother and sister would be the brother-in-law and sister-in-law of her husband, respectively.
Recall that the words that describe a noun or pronoun are called adjectives. The type of adjective that describes
relationships or properties is called a possessive adjective. Possessive adjectives can be used to indicate the relationship
between things and their owners.
For example,
ÐÐMy skirt is blue.
ÐÐHer cat drank the milk.
ÐÐMr. Verma’s car broke down.
Observe these lines as Sonali talks about her family. Notice the relation words that have been underlined.
My name is Sonali. I have a large family. My mother is a banker. My father works for an IT company. My elder sister’s
name is Sonal, and my younger brother’s name is Aryan. I have two aunts and one uncle. Our grandparents stay in
Mumbai. I love visiting them during the holidays. They have a dog named Bob.

1.14 HABITS AND ROUTINES

Habits are the practices we follow, especially those that are very difficult to break or give up. For example, if you use the
same road to travel to the office every day, then it is your habit.
A routine is a regular and orderly way to perform an activity at a set time. There are several phrases you can use
to describe your routine. Some words like daily, normal (or general), always, sometimes, never, etc. can be used to
describe our habits and routines.

1.14.1 Habits and Routine: A Case Study

Let us hear Ragini’s daily routine.
ÐÐEvery day, I get up at 5 a.m.
ÐÐI go for a morning walk and do some exercise at the nearby park.
ÐÐI come back by 6:30 a.m.
Communication Skills-III 37
ÐÐI cook breakfast at 7 a.m.
ÐÐI take a bath at 7:30 a.m.
ÐÐI have my breakfast at 8 a.m.
ÐÐI go to the office at 8:30 a.m.
ÐÐI come back home at 6 p.m.
ÐÐThen I cook dinner for my family at 7 p.m.
ÐÐI have dinner with my family at 8 pm. Then I help wash the utensils.
ÐÐI watch TV at 9 p.m.
ÐÐI go to sleep at 10 p.m.
All the above steps that are done one after the other form Ragini’s routine. She does them daily, in the same order!
Some are habits like taking a bath or watching TV, and some are routine tasks like washing utensils or cooking food.

Recap Zone
ÐÐCommunication can be defined as the exchange of information between two or more people within a set or group of people.

ÐÐCommunication skills are required to inform, influence, and express feelings.

ÐÐThe elements of the communication process are sender, message, and encoding.

ÐÐPerspective means having a predetermined idea about someone, in terms of their behaviour.

ÐÐ7Cs of Communication are—complete, clear, concise, concrete, correct, courteous, and considerate.

ÐÐVerbal communication uses words to express thoughts.

ÐÐNon-verbal communication includes symbols, gestures, eye contact, handshakes, facial expressions, body language, etc.

ÐÐVisual Communication is a communication method in which ideas are conveyed in a visual form, which can be seen in the form

of images or pictures.
ÐÐCommunication style can be categorised into four categories: Passive, Passive Aggressive, Aggressive, and Assertive.

ÐÐIt is important to say no in many situations. AEIOU model can be followed to politely say no.

ÐÐPronunciation is the way or manner in which a word is spoken in any language.

ÐÐPhonetics refers to the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of human sounds and phonology.

ÐÐMINTS is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly.

ÐÐThere are 15 basic punctuation marks or signs used in English.

ÐÐPart of speech is the classification of words within a sentence based on their functions. They are the foundations of a language.

ÐÐA sentence is a group of words that are assimilated together to convey a complete thought or meaning.

ÐÐA paragraph is a group of sentences organised around a central topic.

ÐÐThere are two kinds of greetings: Formal and Informal.

ÐÐA form is a typed or printed page with blank spaces on which you are required to fill in your information.

ÐÐA question is a phrase or word that asks for information or is used to test someone’s knowledge.

ÐÐHabits are the practices we follow, especially those that are very difficult to break or give up.

38 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Solved Exercise
Section A
(Objective Type Questions)
A. Choose the correct option.
1. Identify the communication style from the following behaviour: “Using strong language and being hurtful to others.”
i. Passive ii. Passive Aggressive
iii. Aggressive iv. Assertive
2. Quitting unexpectedly with no explanation is a characteristic of which type of communicator?
i. Aggressive ii. Passive-aggressive
iii. Assertive iv. Passive
3. “ One should not give unsolicited advice. “ Out of the four alternatives suggested below, select the one which best expresses
the same sentence in Passive/Active voice.
i. Unsolicited advice is not to be given. ii. Unsolicited advice should not be given.
iii. Unsolicited advice can’t be given. iv. Unsolicited advice may not be given.
4. Which of the following sentences is an example of an optative sentence?
i. Alas! I could not be at her funeral. ii. Hush! Your father is sleeping.
iii. What a boring day! iv. May the almighty help in this tragedy!
5. Which of the following sentences is an example of a close-ended question?
i. Why did you go to Mumbai? ii. How did you celebrate your birthday?
iii. Is she an architect? iv. What kind of music do you like?
6. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
i. There are 44 different types of sounds that originate from the 26 letters of the English alphabet.
ii. Monophthongs are also known as gliding vowels.
iii. We have 12 pure vowel sounds, which are known as monophthongs.
iv. Diphthongs are a combination of two vowels, e.g., ‘ee’
7. My grandmother walks extremely slowly. The adverb “extremely” modifies ................................ .
i. verb ii. adverb
iii. noun iv. adjective
8. She is ................................ good ................................ bad.
i. either, not ii. neither, or
iii. neither, nor iv. neither, than
9. Fill in the correct preposition. ‘We walked ................................ the beach and back.’
i. till ii. about
iii. to iv. at
10. Your friend wants you to come and play basketball with him but you haven’t finished your homework that is due tomorrow.
He insists that if you don’t come they will not win and it will be your fault. He keeps insisting and even asks other people to
convince you to play the match. What should you do?  [NCERT]
i. Play the match because otherwise your friend will be upset
ii. Play the match and make some excuse to your teacher about the homework
iii. Make an excuse that you are sick and avoid playing the match
iv. Explain clearly that you need to complete your homework so you cannot play
11. What is the purpose of communication? [NCERT]
i. Inform (tell someone about something) ii. Influence (get someone to do something you want)
iii. Share thoughts, ideas, feelings iv. All of these

Communication Skills-III 39
 12. Why do we send emails? [NCERT]
i. To communicate information ii. To share documents and files
iii. To talk to each other iv. Both i and ii
13. Which of these is a positive (good) facial expression?
i. Staring hard ii. Nodding while listening
iii. Wrinkled forehead iv. Looking away from the speaker
Ans. 1. iii 2. ii 3. ii 4. iv 5. iii 6. ii 7. ii 8. iii 9. iii 10. iv
11. iv 12. iv 13. ii
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Transforming the idea or the information to be shared into a form that can be sent across is called ................................ .
2. Lack of confidence in body language is a form of ................................ communication.
3. In ................................ voice the subject performs the action.
4. ................................ refers to the quality that makes a paragraph readable and understandable.
5. In professional meetings, you cannot use an ................................ greeting.
6. In communication, if you are not ................................, it will trigger negative emotions.
Ans. 1. encoding 2. passive 3. active
4. Coherence 5. informal 6. considerate

C. State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Aggressive people pretend to be cooperative while they subconsciously do tasks incorrectly.
2. A strong voice conveys assertiveness, but raising one’s voice shows aggression and is likely to be met with anger.
3. “Will you stop leaving your papers all over the house?” is an example of assertive communication.
4. An adjective modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
5. Listening to podcasts improves pronunciation.

Ans. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T

Section B
(Subjective Type Questions)
A. Answer the following questions:
1. List the 7 Cs of effective communication.
Ans. Complete, Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Courteous/Coherent, and Considerate.
2. What are the four categories of communication style?
Ans. Passive, Passive Aggressive, Aggressive, Assertive
3. What are the disadvantages of being an aggressive communicator?
Ans. Some disadvantages of being an aggressive communicator are:
i. makes one verbally abusive.
ii. makes one appear intimidating and rude.
iii. prevents one from becoming a mature, understanding, and amiable person.
iv. failure to listen to others; they are not good listeners.
4. List some practices you can adopt to improve pronunciation.
Ans. Some practices that can be adopted to improve pronunciation are:
i. Reading out repeatedly in a louder tone.
ii. Listen to podcasts, news channels, etc.
iii. Singing along with the songs.
5. Define phonetics.
Ans. Phonetics refers to the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of human sounds and phonology. It is the systematic
classification of sounds in one or more specific languages.

40 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 6. Sounds can be classified into vowel sounds and consonant sounds. Explain the different types of sounds that originate from
the 26 letters of the English alphabet.
Ans. There are a total of 44 different types of sounds that originate from the 26 letters of the English alphabet, among which 24
are consonant sounds and 20 are vowel sounds. There are 12 pure vowel sounds, which are known as monophthongs, and
8 diphthongs, i.e., a combination of two vowels. Diphthongs are also known as gliding vowels.
7. What is the difference between open questions and closed questions? Give an example of each.
Ans. Questions that can be answered with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ are called closed questions. This is because the response options are
limited and closed. For example, when we ask, “Are you hungry?”, the answer can be “Yes” or “No.”
Questions that need to be answered in detail are called open questions. Their response can be neither limited nor closed.
For example, when we ask, “What do you want to eat?”, the answer could be, “I want to eat a mango.”
8. Define formal and informal greetings. Give examples.
Ans. A formal greeting is used in professional situations or when we are meeting someone for the very first time. They may be
used to greet an elderly person or someone with whom we have a formal relationship, like a teacher or client. For example,
Good morning! How are you?
An informal greeting is used while talking to friends, family, or when you know the person very well. For example, Hey!
What’s up?
9. What do you mean by habits and routine?
Ans. Habits are the practices we follow, especially those that are very difficult to break or give up. For example, if you use the
same road to travel to the office every day, then it is your habit.
A routine is a regular and orderly way to perform an activity at a set time. There are several phrases you can use to describe your
routine. Some words like daily, normal (or general), always, sometimes, never, etc. can be used to describe our habits and routines.

ment
ubject Enrich
B. Competency-based/Application-based questions: S

Riya and Sneha both study in the same class. They have to submit an important project together. Riya is a very good student,
and the teacher has a good impression of her. Sneha is an average student. However, in this project, Sneha does all the work
and finishes the project on time. At the time of submission, Riya takes all the credit for it. Despite feeling sad and angry,
Sneha does not say anything. What kind of behaviour does she exhibit?
Ans. Passive

Unsolved Exercise
Section A
(Objective Type Questions)
A. Choose the correct option.
1. What is the meaning of communication?
i. to talk ii. to write
iii. to listen iv. All of these
2. ................................ is chosen by a sender to bring the message into an appropriate form of sending.
i. Encoding ii. Decoding
iii. Channel iv. Feedback
3. Accepting others’ opinions respectfully is a characteristic of ................................ communication.
i. passive ii. passive-aggressive
iii. aggressive iv. assertive
4. When we communicate verbally, we should use ................................ .
i. difficult words ii. simple words
iii. abbreviations iv. ambiguous words
5. Which of the following sentences best expresses the same sentence in Passive voice? “We have already done the exercise.”
i. Already the exercise has been done by us. ii. The exercise has already been done by us.
iii. The exercise had been already done by us. iv. The exercise is already done by us.

Communication Skills-III 41
 6. You have been standing in a queue for a long time to buy tickets for a movie. A man suddenly comes and stands in front of
you, out of turn. What should you do?  [NCERT]
i. Scream at the person so that he never repeats the mistake
ii. Inform him politely that there is a queue and everyone is waiting for their turn
iii. Stay quiet and let the person go ahead
iv. Not say anything directly but complain about him to other people
7. When you are preparing for a presentation, you should [NCERT]
i. focus on the message ii. practice hand gestures
iii. try different speaking techniques iv. All of these
8. What are the different types of sounds we use in English pronunciation?
i. Vowel sounds ii. Diphthong sounds
iii. Consonant sounds iv. Both i and iii
9. You need to apply leave at work. Which method of communication will you use? [NCERT]
i. E-mail ii. Poster
iii. Newsletter iv. Blog
10. Written communication such as notices, circulars, reports, SMS, manuals, etc. are examples of ................................
Communication.
i. Non-verbal ii. Verbal
iii. Visual iv. None of these
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Communication reduces the ................................ gap.
2. A ................................ is a party, a person, a group, or an organisation that initiates the process of communication.
3. ................................ communication style can be honest, hostile, threatening, and attacking.
4. ................................ refers to the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of human sounds and phonology.
5. The message sent by the receiver to the sender as a response to the message is called ................................ .
6. ................................is the manner in which the message is sent across.
C. State whether the following statements are true or false:
1. An optative sentence can be a positive as well as a negative sentence.
2. There is no subject in an imperative sentence.
3. Phonetics is the study of the alphabet.
Section B
(Subjective Type Questions)
A. Answer the following questions:
1. List three advantages of being assertive.
2. How many types of communication are there?
3. How to ask or give directions?
4. What is the rule for using capitals in sentences?
5. What is form?
6. What are greetings?
7. Explain the two types of greetings.
8. What is Passive Aggressive communication?
9. Explain in brief about phonetics.
s
10. State the two different parts of speech, with examples. ills & Value
Life Sk
11. What are barriers to communication? n
unicatio
Comm
B. Competency-based/Application-based questions:
1. Ashish wants to write a paragraph on “Impact on the Environment.” But he is not able to recall the rules for writing a
paragraph. Help him with the rules so that he can write it.
2. Anjali met her friend Kajal after a long time. Instead of greeting her first, she started asking about her studies. Was it the
correct way to start a conversation or greet anyone?

42 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 n
nicatio
Commu
Class Activity
1. Group Exercise—Role-play of a Phone Conversation [NCERT]
Material Required: Notebook, pen
Procedure:
i. Form groups with three students in each group. Write a phone conversation based on a scene given by
your teacher. Use proper sentences.
ii. One student will act as the caller and the other as the receiver.
Speak out the conversation aloud. The third student gives feedback. The students give feedback based on the
7 Cs of communication.
2. Group Exercise—Identifying Parts of Speech  [NCERT]
Material Required: Notebook, pen
Procedure:
i. Form groups of four students each. One by one, the students read aloud the paragraph given below.
“on sunday, i have an appointment to meet dr.patel in delhi.
my house is near mr patels shop i went to his shop on friday to buy vegetables I bought potatoes onions
carrots and a cabbage mr patel is a friendly man have you met him”
ii. This paragraph contains examples of the parts of speech you learnt about in this lesson.
iii. Each group discusses and identifies as many of these parts of speech as they can and mark them.
iv. They re-write the paragraph with proper punctuation.
3. Form groups with 4-5 students in each group. Each group will discuss and select some friends, teachers, and
family members who use different types of communication styles. Discuss among groups the most effective
example of the following:
i. Passive Communication: Those who fail to speak for themselves and their rights.
ii. Aggressive Communication: Those who express their feelings and opinions without respecting others’
rights and self-respect.
iii. Assertive Communication: Those who advocate their feelings, opinions, and rights without violating the
rights of others.
4. Form groups with 4-5 students in each group. Each group will prepare a presentation through a
conversation (role play) to display one particular type of communication style. The rest of the class needs
to evaluate what type of behaviour it is based on the conversation and traits shown.

Communication Skills-III 43
 PART-B
SUBJECT SPECIFIC
SKILLS
 Unit
COMPUTER ORGANISATION
1

In the modern world, we can clearly observe that computers are used to complete practically all our
tasks. The invention of computers sparked tremendous advancement in the field of information and
communication tools, bringing in the era of Information Technology (IT).
Computers play a very important role in human lives. The primary reason for using a computer is to
make life easier. All the tasks performed by a computer may also be performed by human beings, but
at the expense of a lot of time and labour. Applications of computers can be seen in every electronic
device nowadays, whether it is a television, a washing machine, a watch, and the list is endless. With the
advancement in use and technology, the use of electronic devices has increased manifold. Let us have an
insight into the basics of computers in this chapter.

1.1 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

The demand for quick calculations encouraged the expansion of the computer industry. The manual technique
of computation was slower and more error-prone. Therefore, efforts were made to create faster computing
tools. The Abacus was the first calculator, and it was this journey that has brought us to the highly accurate
and fast calculators of today.
The word “computer” is derived from the word “compute,” which means to calculate. It is a device that can
generate solutions by doing complex information processing automatically and at a tremendous speed. It
is a machine that follows a set of instructions. It receives input from the user, processes it in accordance
with the given instructions, and generates the output.
A computer is one of the most influential forces available in modern times. Harnessing the power of
computers enables relatively limited and fallible human capacities for memory, logical decision-making,
reaction, and perfection to be extended to almost infinite levels. Millions of complex calculations can
be done in a mere fraction of the time; difficult decisions can be made with unerring accuracy for
comparatively little cost. Computers are widely seen as instruments for future progress and as tools to
achieve sustainability by way of improved access to information using video conferencing and e-mail.
Indeed, computers have left such an impression on modern civilization that we call this era the “information
era.”
All of this is made possible by the efficient coordination of the computer’s hardware and software
components. The tangible parts of a computer that we can touch and feel, such as the keyboard, mouse,
and monitor, are referred to as “hardware.” Software, on the other hand, is an intangible term that refers
to a set of instructions. Operating systems, word processors, spreadsheets, online calculators, etc. are
some examples of software.

Computer Organisation 107

 1.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
A computer is meant for calculation, but it is much more than just a computing machine. A computer performs three basic
tasks, i.e., input, processing, and output. So, we can say that the computer is an advanced electronic device that takes
raw data as input from the user, processes this data under the control of a set of instructions (called a program), gives
the result (output), and saves the output for future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic
and logical) calculations.
The components of a computer system can be summarised as:
ÐÐHardware: All the physical parts (internal devices + peripheral devices) of a computer are known as hardware.
ÐÐSoftware: Software is a set of instructions or programs used to operate a computer and execute a specific task.
ÐÐUser: The person, who operates the computer.

1.2.1 Uses of a Computer

The modern-day computer has become an important part of our daily lives as it plays an important role in almost every
aspect of our lives and influences us in one or another way. Some major applications of computers are given below:

Education
Computers are used in the education sector through online classes, online examinations, referring e-books, online
tutoring, etc. They help in the increased use of audio-visual aids in the educational field. And in recent days, during the
COVID-19 lockdown period, online classes have made a major contribution to the education system. Not just that, it
can be used in school management too, such as budget, inventory, student records, communication, etc.

Banking
Every bank is now using a computerised system because it is very fast and user-friendly. E-banking lets us access our
accounts from our authorised device and lets us view our bank balance, request a transfer between accounts, and pay
bills electronically. Nowadays, online banking, which offers more convenience and ease to customers, is getting very
popular.

Home
Computers are used in the home for a variety of purposes, including online bill payment, watching movies or shows at
home, home tutoring, social media access, gaming, internet access, and so on. They provide communication through
electronic mail. They help provide a work-from-home facility for corporate employees. Computers help the student
community to avail themselves of online educational support.

Medical Field
Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ histories, diagnoses, X-rays, live monitoring of
patients, etc. Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform delicate operations and conduct surgeries
remotely. Virtual reality technologies are also used for training purposes.

Science and Engineering

Computers with high performance are used to stimulate dynamic processes in Science and Engineering. Supercomputers
have numerous applications in the area of Research and Development (R&D). Topographic images can be created using
computers.

Business
Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The main objective of business is transaction processing,
which involves transactions with suppliers, employees, or customers. Computers can make these transactions easy and
accurate. People can analyse investments, sales, expenses, markets, and other aspects of business using computers.

108 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

1.2.2 Characteristics of a Computer
Humans developed computers so that they could perform complicated operations, such as calculations and data
processing. Today, most of our work is dependent on computers, and it has profoundly changed our lives. Let us discuss
some of the characteristics of computers, which make them an essential part of every emerging technology and such a
desirable tool in human development.

Speed
The computer processes data at an extremely fast rate. It can execute millions of instructions in a second. In a few
seconds, a computer can perform such a huge task that a normal human being may take days or even years to
complete. Its speed is measured in Hertz, i.e., Hz (kHz, MHz, GHz, etc.). A modern computer can perform calculations in
Nanoseconds or Picoseconds. At present, a powerful computer can perform billions of operations in just one second.

Unit of Time In Second

1 Millisecond (1 ms) 0.001 or 10–3 Second

1 Microsecond (1µs) 0.000001 or 10–6 Second

1 Nanosecond (1 ns) 0.000000001 or 10–9 Second

1 Picosecond (1ps) 0.000000000001 or 10–12 Second

Accuracy
Besides the efficiency, the computer performs its tasks very accurately. It performs
calculations without making mistakes and produces information based on the data
entered. Faulty instructions for data processing may lead to faulty results. This is known
as GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out). The level of accuracy depends on the instructions
and the type of machine being used.

Reliability
It is the measurement of the performance of a computer, which is measured against
some predetermined standard for operation without any failure. A computer is a reliable
device; it does not fail to produce a result. It calculates exactly as per the instructions
given to it. It can work even in places where human beings cannot.

Versatility
It can perform multiple tasks simultaneously with equal ease. A computer is versatile in
nature, i.e., it can work on various kinds of inputs and can produce multiple kinds of outputs
like sound, graphics, text, animations, etc. It is a single machine performing hundreds of
different tasks. For example, at one moment we can send messages, at another it can be used
to play music, and at another, it can print a document as well. All this work is made possible
by changing the programs.
Computer Organisation 109
 Storage Capacity
Computers can store large amounts of data and can recall the required information
almost simultaneously. The main memory of the computer is relatively small and can
store only a certain amount of information. Therefore, the data is stored on secondary
storage devices such as magnetic tape or disks. Small sections of the data can be
accessed very quickly and brought into the storage devices, as and when required,
for processing.

Diligence
A computer, being a machine, does not suffer from problems such as tiredness,
monotony, and lack of concentration that humans face. It can work for many hours
at a stretch. It can perform the same task repeatedly on similar or dissimilar data
without any errors or tiring. If four million calculations have to be performed, then
the computer will perform the last four-millionth calculation with the same accuracy
and speed as the first four million.

Logical Ability
A computer is capable of comparing all types of data, whether it is numeric or non-numeric,
and can even make logical decisions as per the given instructions.

Resource Sharing
In the initial stages of development, computers used to be isolated machines.
With the tremendous growth in computer technologies, computers today have
the capability to connect with each other. This has made the sharing of costly
resources possible. Apart from device sharing, data and information can also
be shared among a group of computers.
Thus, to summarise, this electronic device is capable of storing and processing huge amounts of data and/or instructions
with accuracy, diligence, and high speed in an untiring manner.
Although processing has become less tedious with the development of computers, it is still a time-consuming and
expensive job. Sometimes, a program works properly for some period of time and then suddenly produces an error.
This happens because of a rare combination of events or due to an error in the instructions provided by the user.
Therefore, computer parts require regular checking and maintenance to give correct results. Furthermore, computers
need to be installed in a dust-free place. Generally, some parts of computers get heated up due to heavy processing.
Therefore, the ambient temperature of the computer system should be maintained.

1.2.3 Limitations of a Computer

The following are some of the limitations of a computer:
ÐÐA computer can only perform what it is instructed or programmed to do.
ÐÐThe computer needs well-defined instructions to perform any operation. Hence, computers are unable to give any
conclusion without going through any intermediate steps.

110 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

ÐÐA computer’s use is limited in areas where qualitative considerations are important. For instance, it can make plans
based on situations and information, but it cannot foresee whether they will succeed or not.

1.3 COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer is an information processing machine. It can be viewed as a system that consists of several interrelated
components that work together to convert data into information. In a computer system, the processing is carried out
electronically, usually with little or no intervention from a human user.
The general perception regarding a computer is that it is an “intelligent thinking machine.” However, this is not true.
Every computer needs to be told exactly what to do and how to do it.

1.4 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

A computer is a combination of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical components of a computer like a
motherboard, memory devices, monitor, keyboard, etc., while software is the set of programs or instructions. Both
hardware and software together make the computer system function. Let us first have a look at the functional components
of a computer.

Computer
System

Software Hardware

1.4.1 Software
The instructions given to computers are called programs. Without programs to tell them what to do, computers would
be useless. This set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate the computers and execute specific tasks is
called software.

1.4.2 Hardware
The physical parts that make up a computer (the central processing unit, input, output, and storage) are called
hardware. Peripherals are any hardware device connected to a computer, any part of the computer outside the CPU
and working memory.

Hardware

Input Processing Output Storage

Let us learn about these in details.

Input Device
A computer processes the input data to produce some form of useful output. To do this, it requires some data to be
fed into it. Some commonly used input devices are a keyboard, pointing devices like a mouse and joystick, speech
recognition, digital cameras, optical scanners like barcode readers, and many more.

Input Devices

Keyboard Mouse Joystick Scanner Bar Code Reader

Computer Organisation 111

Keyboard
A keyboard is the most common input device. It is mainly used to type text and to send instructions to a computer
with the help of keys. Keyboard keys are the buttons that represent letters
and numeric, alphanumeric, and special characters. The keys can be used
individually or in combination with other keys. The keyboard normally
contains 101 to 108 keys.
Depending on the position or placement of the keys, the layout of a keyboard comes in various styles, such as QWERTY,
QWERTZ, AZERTY, and DVORAK. QWERTY keyboard is the most commonly used keyboard. It is based on the English
language. Its name is derived from the sequence in which six alphabetical keys are positioned on the upper line of the
keyboard. AZERTY type keyboard is mostly used in France (‘A’ and ‘Z’ characters replace ‘Q’ and ‘W’ on such keyboards).
QWERTZ type keyboard is widely used in Germany and Central Europe.

Do you know?
On Laptops, Notebooks, and Tabs, the keyboard is referred to as a “Keypad”. Christopher Latham Sholes
invented the keyboard.

A keyboard is a series of switches connected to a small keyboard microprocessor that monitors the state of each switch
and initiates a specific response to a change in state. When the user presses a key, it causes a change in the amount
of current flowing through the circuit associated specifically with that key. The keyboard microprocessor detects this
change in the current flow. By doing this, the processor can tell when a key has been pressed and when it is being
released.
Mouse
A mouse is a small hand-held pointing device that is used on a flat surface and is represented
as a pointer on the screen. The pointer on the screen moves when the mouse is moved by
the user. A mouse generally consists of two buttons and a scroll wheel on its top, which is
used to input commands or information.
By pressing (clicking) the buttons on the mouse, the user gives instructions to the computer.

Do you know?
The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart. The computer mouse got its name primarily because the cord
on early models resembled a rodent’s tail, and also because the motion of the pointer on the screen can be
mouse-like.

Joystick
The joystick is a pointing device that moves in all directions and controls the movement of the
cursor. Its function is similar to a mouse, except that a mouse pointer stops moving on the screen
as soon as the user stops moving it, while the joystick pointer continues to move in the direction
towards which the joystick has been pointed. To stop the pointer, the user has to bring the
joystick to its upright position. It is generally used to play video games.
A joystick is generally used to control the velocity of the screen cursor’s movement rather than
its absolute position. Joysticks are mainly used for computer games and for other applications, which include flight
simulators, training simulators, CAD/CAM systems, and controlling industrial robots.

112 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 Scanner
There are several situations when some information (picture or text) is available on paper
and is needed on a computer disk for further manipulation. A scanner is a device that
scans a document by sensing the reflection that is received when the scanner emits rays
onto the contents. It takes the image of the contents and converts them into a digital file.

The scanned image or photo can be stored on a computer and easily transferred to a secondary storage device.
Scanners can be categorised as follows:

ÐÐHand-held scanner: It consists of light-emitting diodes, which are placed over the material to be
scanned. This scanner performs the scanning of the document very slowly, from the top to the bottom,
with its light on. The size of the hand-held scanners is small.

ÐÐ Flatbed scanner: It looks similar to a photocopier machine. It consists of a box containing a

glass plate on its top and a lid that covers the glass plate. This glass plate is used for placing
the document to be scanned. The light beam is placed below the glass plate, and when it is
activated, it moves from top to bottom.

Bar Code Reader

Bar Code Reader is a popular scanning device that reads bar codes. Bar codes comprise adjacent
vertical black bars of different widths.
Bars are black lines of codes that represent different numbers. You can see the bar code on the back
cover of this book as well. A bar code reader emits a beam of light (a laser beam), which reflects
the bar code image. A light-sensitive detector is present in the bar code reader, which identifies and
reads the bar code image. The bar pattern is changed into numeric code inside the CPU.

Microphone
The microphone is a voice-based input device that enables us to receive, recognise, or record
sounds or voices on the computer. Such files can be concurrently played or converted into
digital form and saved on a computer.

Web Camera
A web camera, or webcam, is a type of video camera that captures images or visuals in real-time
and stores them on a computer.
The Webcam enables you to set up authentic video conference stations. Some built-in webcams
can be remotely activated from far-off locations. Webcams can also be used for security and
surveillance purposes by monitoring the captured visuals.

Computer Organisation 113

 Do you know?
Biometric Sensor is a device that captures unique information from the human body. The unique information
can be fingerprints, iris patterns, etc. It stores and compares to match the information with the available
database.

Stylus
A stylus is a pen-shaped handheld pointing device that is used on touch screen devices
(PDAs, smartphones, and tablets) to type, draw, and input commands into the device. A stylus is
the primary input device for PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants).

Trackball
A trackball is another pointing device that resembles a ball nestled in a square cradle and serves
as an alternative to a mouse. It has a ball, which can be rotated by fingers in any direction, and
the cursor moves accordingly. This pointing device comes in different shapes and forms but with
the same function. A trackball is an input component that consists of a ball that is rotated to move
the pointer on a computer screen. It can be used in limited desk space. The three shapes that are
commonly used are a ball, button, and square. This pointing device was used as an alternative to the mouse, but is
hardly used by anyone these days.
Processing Device
A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations that run a computer. It performs arithmetical,
logical, input/output (I/O), and other basic instructions that are passed from an operating system (OS). Most other
processes are dependent on the operations of a processor. It is the most important component of a computer system.
It does all calculations and comparisons at a rapid speed. Its speed is measured in higher units of hertz (Hz), i.e., 9 MHz.
It is often referred to as the CPU.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the “administrative” section of the computer system. It is also known as the Brain of
the Computer. As it appears, it is a hardware component, but it is also an important functional component of a computer
system. It takes information from the input unit or memory and processes it as per the given instructions. Processing
includes calculations, comparisons, decision-making, etc. It interprets, coordinates the operations, and supervises the
instructions. The CPU works with data in discrete form, i.e., either 0 or 1. It counts, lists, compares, and rearranges the
binary digits of data in accordance with the detailed program instructions stored within its memory.
Some versions of processors are Pentium series, Dual-Core, Core 2 Duo, Athlon, IBM Cyrix, Core-i3, Core-i5, Core-i7,
Core-i9, Core-X series (a variant of the Core-i9 processor), AMD Ex Series, etc.
A processor is made of four basic elements: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the floating-point unit (FPU), registers,
and the cache memories. The ALU and FPU carry out basic and advanced arithmetic and logic operations on numbers,
and then results are sent to the registers, which also store instructions. Caches are small and fast memories that store
copies of data for frequent use and act similarly to random access memory (RAM).
The CPU carries out its operations through the three main steps of the instruction cycle: fetch, decode, and execute.
ÐÐFetch: the CPU retrieves instructions, usually from RAM.
ÐÐDecode: a decoder converts the instructions into signals for the other components of the computer.
ÐÐExecute: the now decoded instructions are sent to each component so that the desired operation can be performed.

Functional Elements of a CPU

The functional elements of a CPU can be divided into three parts:
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  Control Unit (CU)  Memory Unit (MU)

114 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 INSTRUCTIONS

INPUT/OUTPUT
CONTROL UNIT (CU)

MEMORY UNIT

UNIT
(MU)
ARITHMETIC LOGIC
UNIT (ALU) DATA

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

This unit performs the arithmetic and logical operations on the stored numbers. ALU performs mathematical calculations
(addition, subtraction, division, multiplication) and logical comparisons (greater than (>), less than (<), equal to (=),
not equal to (!=)). ‘Logical operation’ refers to comparison and it sets the sequence of operations. It differentiates
between ‘true’ and ‘false.' The data is transferred from the memory unit to the arithmetic logic unit, processed, and
returned to internal storage. Before the completion of the processing, data may be transferred back and forth several
times between these two sections. Subsequently, the results are transferred from internal storage to an output device.
Control Unit (CU)
The Control Unit checks the correctness of the sequence of operations. It coordinates and directs the operation of
the hardware devices. It also coordinates the flow and execution of the data and instructions that are fed into the
computer’s memory. CU functions in an F-D-E-S (Fetch-Decode-Execute-Store) cycle. It fetches the instructions and
data from the memory unit, decodes them, and passes them to the ALU for further processing. It also directs the ALU
to execute the instruction and perform the required operations on the data.
Memory Unit (MU)
The Memory Unit, or main storage, stores the data, instructions, intermediate results, and final results that are ready
for the output. All instructions or data are stored in the memory unit before being used by the ALU or the CU.
The main storage is divided into a number of storage locations that can be accessed by a unique number or address,
known as a memory address. Within the CPU, there are high-speed, special-purpose memory units called registers.
The control unit and the internal storage are linked together by sets of parallel electrical conducting lines called Buses.
The buses that carry data are called Data Buses. To retrieve data from the memory, it is necessary to identify the
address of the data in the main memory. The address is identified by the memory using ‘Address Buses’. The buses that
carry control signals are called Control Buses.

Output Devices
Output is the information obtained after the processing of data. The user receives the result through output devices.
Output can be in the form of soft copy or hard copy. Soft copy refers to the digital copy which lies in the storage device,
whereas hard copy refers to the printed contents on paper or film. Some common output devices are:
Monitor
The monitor is the most frequently used output device. A computer monitor resembles a television. It is also known as
a VDU (Visual Display Unit) or screen. The monitor is used for interactive processing, i.e., the data being fed is displayed
on the screen.

Output Devices

Monitor Printer Speaker Plotter

Computer Organisation 115

The monitor is connected to the video adapter, or video card, on the motherboard inside the computer. In the
beginning phase of the personal computer, there used to be a CRT monitor with a monochrome display screen. On a
monochrome screen (which is now rarely used), there is only one colour (usually white, green, amber, or black). The
monochrome monitor’s display is only in black and white, though in colour screens (that are seen today) there can be
a colour combination of 2,56,000 colours.
The screen of the monitor is normally measured diagonally and is available in different sizes like 15”, 17”, 21”, 34”, etc.
The screen is an array of tiny dots called ‘Pixels’. In the graphics mode of the screen, there is a resolution of 640 dots
across and 480 dots vertically on the screen. The higher the resolution, i.e., the greater the number of pixels, the better
the quality of the picture that is displayed on the screen. DPI (dots per inch) is the unit of measurement of resolution
applied to printers, scanners, monitors, etc. In many computer systems and portable devices (like laptops, PDAs, etc.),
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or LED monitors are used.

Liquid Crystal Display Monitors

The LCD monitor is the advanced form of the CRT monitor. A cold cathode ray tube
and a fluorescent panel are two major components of the LCD. The cold cathode ray
technology, which emits electrons and lights up the fluorescent coated monitor screen,
is used in LCDs. The process is known as backlighting. The second component is a
fluorescent panel, which is made of liquid crystals. Liquid Crystal is currently sensitive
and determines the number of electrons to pass through the screen to display the
shape and image of an object.

Light Emitting Diode Monitors

Light Emitting Diode (LED) is an improved version of the LCD monitor. Both the
monitors are based on the same display technology and provide better resolution,
but, the difference is in backlighting as LCD monitors use ‘Cold Cathode Fluorescent
Light’ while LED monitors are based on ‘Light Emitting Diode’.
WLED and RGB LED are the two types of LED monitors. The difference lies in the way
in which the LED is placed in the panels.
Benefits of LED over CRT and LCD Monitors
Of the three types of monitors, the LED monitor displays the best image quality, encompassing vibrant colours and
comfortable viewing. LCD monitors are unable to display black and white images, while LED monitors can produce
true black hues. LED monitors consume less electrical energy compared to CRT and LCD monitors. LED monitors
are environmentally friendly because they do not contain mercury, and their zero percent flickering eliminates the
possibility of eye strain.
Printer
With the advancement of the computer, producing printed output on paper has been one
of the computer’s principal functions. A printer is a common output device that is used
for printing documents. The printer generates a hard copy of data or information. Some
printers produce only textual information, whereas others can produce graphics as well.
Printers can be categorised into different types, depending upon:
ÐÐQuality of Printing: The quality of print output produced by the printer can be
measured in units of dpi (dots per inch), which is also termed resolution.
ÐÐSpeed: The speed of a printer is measured in cps (characters per second), ppm (pages per minute), or lpm (line per
minute).

116 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

ÐÐPrinting Mechanism: There are different types of printing mechanisms. Some printers print by striking the printer
head on the paper, some print by forming images on the paper, some print by the spraying of ink, etc.
Based on the mechanism, the printer can be broadly classified into two categories:

Printer

Impact Non-Impact

Impact Printer
An impact printer prints the contents by striking the printer head, or needle, on an ink ribbon that rolls through the
cartridge to make a mark on the paper. Impact Printer can be classified into:

Impact

Line Printer Character Printer Dot Matrix Printer

ÐÐLine Printer: A line printer prints the contents line by line. The printing speed of line printers varies from 300 to 3000

lines per minute. Generally, line printers are used because of their greater printing capacity and higher speed than
serial printers. It can be further divided into two types, i.e., Drum Printer and Chain Printer.
ÐÐCharacter Printer: A character printer is also known as a serial printer. It prints the content character by character,
i.e., a character at a time in serial order. It can be further divided into Daisy Wheel Printer, Dot Matrix Printer, etc.
ÐÐDot Matrix Printer: It is the most commonly used printer in the school’s office. It
is also known as the ‘Wire Matrix’ printer. In a Dot Matrix printer, the printer head
contains a matrix of pins. The characters are printed by the dots, which are formed
by striking the pins on the ribbon with the help of a small ‘printer head’ which moves
to and fro across the page. It stops momentarily at each character position to strike
the print ribbon.

A print head of a dot matrix printer contains 9 or 24 pins. It is cheaper and has lower printing costs than other
printers. The width of a dot matrix printer can be 80, 132, or 136 columns. A dot matrix printer can print up to 100
to 300 characters per second. The resolution of the printing ranges from 150 to 300 dots per inch (dpi).
Non-Impact Printer
A non-impact printer prints the output without touching or striking the ribbon on paper or film. This kind of printer
prints by using thermal, chemical, electrostatic, laser beam, or inkjet technology. Usually, a non-impact printer has
greater resolution and is faster as compared to an impact printer. Non-impact printers can print colourful content too.
Non-impact Printers can be classified into:

Non-Impact

Ink-Jet Printer Laser Printer

Computer Organisation 117

ÐÐInkjet Printer: An inkjet printer produces high-quality print output by spraying
drops of ink (which are stored in coloured and black cartridges). This printer has a
print head that contains the cartridge that has several tiny holes through which the
ink is sprayed on the paper.
An inkjet printer can print up to 2 to 10 pages per minute. Its printing is costlier than that of a dot matrix printer, but
its quality is much better. An inkjet printer prints photo-quality images with a resolution of 400 to 4000 dpi (dots
per inch).

ÐÐLaser Printer: A laser printer prints the contents through laser technology. It is fast in
operation as it operates on a similar mechanism as that of the photocopy machines.
The laser beam makes the shadow of the images with the help of toner and transfers
them to paper.

Speaker
A speaker is an output device that converts electrical signals into sound waves that we hear.
In speakers, an electric current of the sound or music files is supplied to the magnet that
pushes the diaphragm of the speaker back and forth. This creates pressure and vibration in
the air and, as a result, the sound is produced.

Plotter
A plotter is an output device that is attached to a computer for making vector
graphics, that is, images created by a series of many straight lines. It is used to draw
high-resolution charts, graphs, blueprints, maps, circuit diagrams, and other line-based
diagrams. Plotters are similar to printers, but they draw lines using a pen. It can produce
continuous lines, whereas printers can only simulate lines by printing a closely spaced
series of dots. Multicolour plotters use different coloured pens to draw colourful images.
Being vector-based, a plotter tends to draw much crispier lines and graphics.
The lines drawn by these devices are continuous and very accurate. They are mainly used for Computer-Aided Design
(CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) applications such as printing out plans for houses or car parts, etc.
There are two types of plotters: the drum plotter (where the paper moves) and the flatbed plotter (where the paper
is stationary).

Memory Devices
Memory, in the context of a computer system, refers to the location of storage of information. The CPU stores the data in
the memory/storage device that can be used or retrieved whenever required.
Memory receives instructions and data from the input devices and stores them till they are needed by other parts of
the computer. Once the instructions are executed, the results are transferred to a permanent location, which is then
stored in a storage device. Memory can be classified into three types:

Classification of
Memory

Primary Cache Secondary

Memory Memory Memory

118 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Primary Memory
Primary Memory is also known as ‘Main Memory’. It is that part of the CPU that stores the data and instructions that
are meant for current processing or the internal management of the computer. It has a limited capacity for the storage
of data. Primary Memory can be classified into two groups:

Primary
Memory

RAM ROM

RAM (Random Access Memory)

It holds information temporarily during the ongoing operation of a computer. When a computer is operating, the
data or instructions come into its memory for instant access. During the execution of
instructions, some intermediate results may be produced, which are stored in the RAM.
RAM is a volatile memory, i.e., when a computer is switched ‘OFF’ or the power supply
is interrupted, all the stored information in it disappears or is lost. RAM chip is made of
Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS). The RAM is available in the form of a chip of different
capacities, e.g., 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB, 64 GB, etc. You can upgrade the capacity of
existing RAM in a computer by installing extra RAM chips in addition to the existing ones.
There are different types of RAM, like SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, EDRAM, ECRAM, etc.
The two main types of RAM that are used in computers are Dynamic RAM and Static RAM. The following are the
advantages and disadvantages of the two:

Type of RAM Advantages Disadvantages

• Cheaper • Slower
Dynamic RAM
• High Density • Needs continuous power
• Faster • More expensive
Static RAM
• No need to refresh • Low density

ROM (Read Only Memory)

It stores a set of pre-defined instructions for the internal operations of a computer. It is also referred to as non-volatile
memory, or firmware.
Once the user switches ON the computer, the computer automatically does a series of sequential
tasks known as POST (Power on Self Test) before the user starts its operation. The instructions
for such a predefined set of tasks are stored in the ROM. Such information in this memory can
only be read. There are different types of ROM, like PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash ROM.
BIOS, pronounced as ‘Bye-ose’, is stored in ROM and it operates when the computer is switched
ON. It contains a set of essential software that tests the setup of hardware devices during
startup. It helps start the operating system and supports the transfer of data among the hardware devices.
Cache Memory
Besides RAM and ROM, there are some other primary memories like the cache or buffer memory. Cache Memory is a
part of the CPU and is used when there is information swapping between the primary memory and the ALU.

Computer Organisation 119

Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the main memory. The cache is a smaller
and faster memory that stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. There are various
independent caches in a CPU that store instructions and data:

Cache Memory
CPU Primary Memory Secondary Memory

Levels of memory
ÐÐLevel0 or Register – It is a type of memory in which data is stored and accepted that is immediately stored in the
CPU. The most commonly used registers are accumulators, Program counters, address registers, etc.
ÐÐLevel 1 or Cache memory – It is the fastest memory that has a faster access time where data is temporarily stored
for faster access.
ÐÐLevel
2 or Main Memory – It is the memory on which the computer is currently working. It is small in size and once
power is off, data no longer stays in this memory.
ÐÐLevel3 or Secondary Memory – It is an external memory that is not as fast as the main memory, but data stays
permanently in this memory.

Level 0 CPS

Level 1
Cache Memory

Level 2
Main Memory

Level 3
Secondary Memory

Secondary Memory/Auxiliary Memory

Secondary memory refers to the permanent storage of data. During the operation of a computer, the currently used
data resides in the temporary memory. It may be lost if the computer is suddenly switched off. For such a purpose,
secondary memory is required, as it provides the necessary backup and storage of instructions, or data that are
permanent and can be retrieved as and when required. It is also known as ‘backup memory.’ It has a higher storage
capacity than the primary storage/memory. There are various types of secondary storage devices.

Secondary
Memory

Magnetic
Optical Disc Flash Memory
Tapes

120 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Magnetic Disks
Magnetic Disks are data storage devices that are made up of magnetic coated material.
Platter
Spindle

Head

Head Actuator Arm

Actuator Axis
and Pivot Screw

Voice Coil Power Connector

Actuator
Jumper Block
Ide Connector On Printed
Circuit Board (Interface)

The surface of each disk is marked with invisible circular tracks. The data is stored in the form of magnetic spots on
the disk.
Hard disk is the most widely used internal storage magnetic disk. It is made up of spindles of smooth metallic plates
coated with a thin layer of magnetic material. Each plate of a hard disk is called a platter. Each platter has two
(read/write) heads, one on each side. Over the years, hard disks have been available in various storage capacities. eg.
20 MB in earlier days to 20 GB, 40 GB, 80 GB, 160 GB, 320 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB, 5 TB, 6 TB, 12 TB and more in recent times.
Hard Disk is also known as a Winchester Disk.
Optical Disc
An optical disc is commonly used as an external storage device in which a laser beam helps read data from the flat
surface of the optical disc.

ÐÐCD: A CD, or Compact Disc, is a common optical disc. It is made up of lightweight plastic
material with a chemical coating on one side where data is stored. It is inserted into a CD/DVD
drive or CD/DVD writer of a CPU. A CD ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) reads the
data, whereas in a CD writer, data can be read as well as written. The capacity of a standard
120 mm CD is 700 MB.
CD

ÐÐDVD: A DVD, or Digital Versatile/Video Disc, is an optical disc that looks like a CD but has the
capacity to store data up to 17.1 GB. A DVD is the merging of video and audio in a common
format. To read information stored on a DVD, it has to be inserted into a DVD ROM, DVD
Writer, or DVD Player (to copy information to a DVD, one has to use a DVD writer).

DVD

ÐÐBlu-ray Disc: Blu-ray discs can store data of up to 128 GB. It has been developed by the
Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA). It is much more advanced than CDs or DVDs. A blue-violet
laser is used to read or write data on the Blu-ray disc.

Blu-ray Disc

Computer Organisation 121

 Do you know?
 T he diameter of a CD, DVD, or Blu-ray disc is 120 mm. A DVD can also be 80 mm in diameter and can hold
data of up to 1.5 GB.
 CDs can be used or played on a DVD-ROM or a DVD player, but DVD cannot be operated on a CD player.
 A combo drive is a device that contains all the features of a CD-Writer and a DVD-ROM.

Flash Memory
Flash memory is also known as a memory card or SD card (Secure Digital Card), which is a small-sized external storage
device that is commonly used in digital cameras, mobile phones, MP3 players, etc. that allows us to save and delete
information. It can be plugged into the USB or Firewire port of a computer to fetch or transfer data to the computer.
Pen/Flash Drive is small in size, handy, and is a detachable device from which data
can be read, copied, or transferred from one system to another. It is re-writable and
weighs less than 25 gm.
Nowadays, pen drives are the most commonly used external storage and data
transfer devices. It has an attachment slot that can be easily inserted or attached to the computer’s USB (Universal
Serial Bus) port.

1.5 UNITS OF COMPUTER MEMORY

A computer understands its own language. All the data and information that are fed into a computer are converted into
its own (machine) language. Its language consists of two digits, i.e., 0 and 1, which are called Binary Digits. Each digit, i.e.,
0, or 1, is known as a Bit.
A group of four (4) bits is called a Nibble. A group of eight (8) bits is called a Byte. Conventionally, a byte is also known
as the length of a word on a computer.
The storage of data is measured in multiples of bytes. Different units of storage of data are:

No. of bits/bytes Equivalent to No. of bits/bytes Equivalent to

8 Bits 1 Byte 1024 Petabytes (PB) 1 Exabyte

1024 Bytes (B) 1 Kilobyte 1024 Exabytes (EB) 1 Zettabyte

1024 Kilobytes (KB) 1 Megabyte 1024 Zettabytes (ZB) 1 Yottabyte

1024 Megabytes (MB) 1 Gigabyte 1024 Yottabytes (YB) 1 Brontobyte

1024 Gigabytes (GB) 1 Terabyte 1024 Brontobytes (BB) 1 Geopbyte

1024 Terabytes (TB) 1 Petabyte 1024 Geopbytes (GB) 1 Saganbyte

1.6 MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that lies inside the CPU and to which all the hardware is
connected. It is in the form of a large multilayered printed circuit which contains connectors (sockets) for attaching
additional devices.

122 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 Keyboard and
Audio Port Network Port USB Slot
Parallel Port Mouse Slot

Processor Power
Control

SMPS Slot

PCI Slot Processor

Graphics Slot
CMOS Battery
RAM Slot

Hard Drive Slot Floppy Drive Slot

Typically, a motherboard contains slots for the processor, BIOS, ROM chip, CMOS setup, mass storage interfaces, serial
and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required for standard peripheral devices like monitors,
keyboards, disc drives, etc. The chips that are attached to the motherboard are known as the ‘Motherboard Chipset’.

1.7 SMPS (SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY)

SMPS is an electric regulator component that receives electricity from the main power
supply and then supplies appropriate power to the other components of the computer.
It takes the required amount of electricity from the mains or UPS and converts the AC
current into DC current with the required voltage. It also regulates the voltage to eliminate
spikes and surges inside the computer. It supplies power (i.e., +3V to +5V) to different
devices inside the computer.

1.8 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

A large amount of data is stored in the computer’s memory with the help of primary and secondary storage devices.
The CPU is like the heart or brain of the computer. The user does not get the desired output without the necessary
option being taken by the CPU. The CPU is responsible for the processing of all the instructions that are given by the
user to the computer system.
Block Diagram of Computer System
Central Processing Unit

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic
Logic Unit

Main Memory
Input Output
mouse, keyboard monitor, printer
Auxiliary Storage

Control Flow
Data Flow

Computer Organisation 123

 1.9 PROCESSES OF TASK EXECUTION
The cycle of activities performed by a computer is referred to as the Input-Process-Output cycle, or I-P-O cycle.
A computer has four functions:
Input Output
Data Process Information

Storage

Input–Process–Output Cycle

Let us learn the steps involved in the Input-Process-Output cycle:

1.9.1 Input
It is the process of entering data and program into the computer system. Since the computer is an electronic machine
like any other machine, it takes raw data as input and processes it to give out processed data as output. The input unit
takes data from the user and puts it into the computer in an organised manner for processing. Raw data is entered into
the computer through input devices such as keyboard, mouse, etc.

1.9.2 Processing
It is the process of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations. The CPU, or central processing unit,
takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given
and the type of data provided. The result of processing is then sent back to the storage unit.

1.9.3 Output
This is the process of producing a result from the data in order to get useful information. Output devices display results
on the screen (monitor) or the printer and send information to other computers. They also display a message about
what errors may have occurred and bring up a message or a dialogue box asking for more information to be input if
required. Also, the output is stored inside the computer for further use.

1.9.4 Storage
It is the process of saving data and instructions permanently. It provides necessary backup and storage of instructions
and can be retrieved as and when required.

1.10 DISK SPACE MANAGEMENT

Direct access to the disk and keeping files in the adjacent area of the disk is highly desirable. But the problem is how to
allocate space to files for effective disk space utilisation and quick access. Also, as files are allocated and freed, the space
on a disk becomes fragmented. The major methods of allocating disk space are:
1. Continuous 2. Non – Continuous (Indexing and Chaining)

1.10.1 Continuous
This is also known as “contiguous allocation,” as each file in this scheme occupies a set of contiguous blocks on the disk.
A linear ordering of disk addresses is seen on the disk. It is used in VM/CMS, an old interactive system.
The advantage of this approach is that successive logical records are physically adjacent and require no head movement.
So, disk seek time is minimal and speeds up access to records. Also, this scheme is relatively simple to implement.

124 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

The technique in which the operating system provides units of file space on demand by user-running processes is
known as the dynamic allocation of disk space. Generally, space is allocated in units of a fixed size, called allocator units
or “clusters” in MS-DOS. A cluster is a simple multiple of the disk physical sector size, usually 512 bytes. Disk space can
be considered as a dimensional array of data stores, each store being a cluster. A large cluster size reduces the potential
for fragmentation but increases the likelihood that a cluster will have unused space. Using a cluster larger than one
sector reduces fragmentation and reduces the amount of disk space needed to store the information about the used
and unused areas on the disk.
Contiguous allocation merely retains the disk address (start of file) and length (in block units) of the first block. If a file
is in ‘n’ block and it begins with location ‘b’ (blocks), then it occupies b, b+1, b+2………, b+n-1 blocks.
First-fit and best-fit strategies can be used to select a free hole from available ones. But the major problem here is
searching for sufficient space for a new file.
Directory

File start length

count count 0 2
0 1 2 3 tr 14 3
f
mail 19 6
4 5 6 7
list 28 4
8 9 10 11 f 6 2
tr
12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19
mail
20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27
list
28 29 30 31

This scheme exhibits similar fragmentation problems as in variable memory partitioning. This is because allocation and
deal location could result in regions of free disk space being broken into chunks (pieces) within active space, which is
called external fragmentation. A repacking routine called compaction can solve this problem. In this routine, an entire
file system is copied onto another disk and the original disk is freed completely. Then, from the copied disk, files are
again stored back using contiguous space on the original disk. But the approach can be very expensive in terms of time.
Also, declaring the size in advance is a problem because each time the size of the file is not predictable. But it supports
both sequential and direct access. For sequential access almost no seeks are required. Even direct access with seek
and read is fast. Also, the calculation of blocks holding data is quick and easy as we just need to offset from the start
of the file.

1.10.2 Non-Continuous (Chaining and Indexing)

This scheme has replaced the previous one. The popular non-contiguous storage allocation schemes are:
ÐÐLinked/ Chained Allocation  Indexed Allocation

Linked/ Chained allocation

All files are stored in fixed-size blocks, and adjacent blocks are linked together like a linked list. The disk blocks may be
scattered anywhere on the disk. The directory contains a pointer to the first and last blocks of the file. Also, each block
contains a pointer to the next block, which is not made available to the user. There is no external fragmentation in this
as any free block can be utilised for storage.

Computer Organisation 125

So, compaction and relocation are not required. But the disadvantage here is that it is potentially inefficient for
direct-accessible files since blocks are scattered over the disk and have to follow pointers from one disk block to the
next. It can be used effectively for sequential access only, but there also it may generate long seeks between blocks.
Another issue is that extra storage space is required for the pointer. Yet the reliability problem is also there due to the
loss/damage of any pointer.
The use of a doubly linked list could be a solution to this problem, but it would add more overhead for each file.
A doubly linked list also facilitates searching as blocks are threaded both forward and backward. Figure 3 depicts
linked/chained allocation where each block contains information about the next block (i.e., a pointer to the next block.)
Directory

File Start End

moo 5 1
0
snow 30 0
4 fall 14 15

12

16

20

24

28

MS-DOS and OS/2 use another variation on a linked list called FAT (File Allocation Table). The beginning of each partition
contains a table having one entry for each disk block and is indexed by block number. The directory entry contains the
block number of the first block in the file. The table entry indexed by block number contains the block number of the
next block in the file. The table pointer of the last block in the file has an EOF (end of file) pointer value. This chain
continues until an EOF table entry is encountered. We still have to linearly traverse to the next points, but at least we
don’t have to go to the disk for each of them. 0 (zero) table value indicates an unused block. So, the allocation of free
blocks with the FAT scheme is straightforward. Just search for the first block with 0 table pointer. MS-DOS and OS/2 use
this scheme. This scheme is depicted in the figure below.
directory entry
test … 217
name start block
0

217 618

339 end-of-file

618 339

no. of disk blocks –1

FAT
126 Touchpad Information Technology-XI
Indexed Allocation
In this, each file has its own index block. Each entry of the index points to the disk blocks containing actual file data,
i.e., the index keeps an array of block pointers for each file. So, the index block is an array of disk block addresses. The
ith entry in the index block points to the ith block of the file. Also, the main directory contains the address where the
index block is on the disk. Initially, all the pointers in the index block are set to NIL. The advantage of this scheme is
that it supports both sequential and random access. The searching may take place in the index blocks themselves. The
index blocks may be kept close together in secondary storage to minimise seek time. Also, space is wasted only on the
index, which is not very large, and there is no external fragmentation. But a few limitations of the previous scheme still
exist in this one. Like, we still need to set a maximum file length and we can have an overflow scheme for a file larger
than the predicted value. Insertion can require complete reconstruction of index blocks as well. The indexed allocation
scheme is diagrammatically shown below.
directory
Index
File block
car 8
0 1 2

3 4 5
10
6 7 8 4
12
8 19
9 10 11
–1
–1
12 13 14

15 16 17

18 19 20

1.11 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

These days, computers are available in many sizes and types. Some computers can fit in the palm of your hand, and
some can occupy the entire room. Computers can also differ based on their processing abilities. Based on physical
size, performance, and applications, computers can be divided into four main categories: micro, mini, mainframe, and
supercomputers.

Classification of
Computers

Micro Mini Mainframe Supercomputer

1.11.1 Micro Computers

A microcomputer is meant for a personal or single user. It is a small-sized computer that has a microprocessor chip as
its CPU. It was first developed by IBM (International Business Machines) Corporation and it was the first to name such
computers “Personal Computers” or “Desktop Computers” as they are designed to be used by individual users.

Computer Organisation 127

Microcomputers are comparatively common, economical, and easier to use. Operating systems like DOS, MS-Windows,
Linux, MAC OS, etc. easily run on such types of computers. Some examples of microcomputers are IBM PC 100 and
200, Apple Macintosh, and personal computers, which are used in homes, schools, and offices, including desktops,
laptops, and tablet PCs.
ÐÐDesktop Computer: A desktop computer, also known as a PC (Personal Computer), is designed to fit conveniently
on top of a typical desk. These are the most common types of microcomputers.
A desktop computer typically comes in several units that are connected together during
installation. Unlike a laptop, a desktop computer doesn’t have a battery and is kept at a
fixed location. It is a popular choice for business workstations. Most desktop computers
offer more power, storage, and versatility for a lower cost than portable laptops. The first
personal computer was the Hewlett-Packard 9100A, introduced in 1968.

ÐÐLaptop: A laptop is a portable, lightweight, and compact personal computer that

integrates the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory,
and hard drive all in a battery-operated package. Laptop computers have a thin screen
that can be closed over the keyboard to enable easy transportation of the machine.
Laptops can work using an internal battery or an external power adaptor.
Laptops are more expensive than desktop computers because they require much smaller hardware components,
which are more expensive to design and make. IBM 5100 was the first commercially available portable computer
that came out in 1975.
ÐÐHandheld Computer: A handheld computer is a small and lightweight computing or
electronic device that can be carried and held in one’s palm. Handheld computers, which
are also called personal digital assistants (PDAs), can be divided into two categories: the
ones on which a user can type with a stylus as input and the ones that have small keypads.
Handheld computers are commonly used for organising address books, calendars, data
management, internet access, messaging, handling email applications, etc. Some of the most
common handheld computers are smartphones.
ÐÐTablet Computer: A tablet is a type of computer that has an LCD touchscreen on which
the user can write and swipe actions by using a finger or by using a special-purpose
pen, or stylus. Tablet computers are commonly known as Tablet PCs or Tablets. Since
tablet PCs provide a different interface than traditional computers, they offer unique
possibilities for graphics applications, games, and other programs. Because of their small
size, they are extremely portable and can be easily kept in a backpack or a briefcase.
The tablet PC relies on digital ink technology, where a digitizer is laid under or over an LCD screen to capture and record
the movement on the screen. The effect is like writing on paper with liquid ink. A digitizer is a device that is used to
convert analog signals into digital signals. In the case of Tablets, the glass that covers the LCD acts as a Digitizer.

1.11.2 Minicomputers
A minicomputer supports the work of several users at a time. It has a larger memory, a
high storage capacity, and greater computing power than a microcomputer.
It is a multiprocessing system and is capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously.
Some examples of minicomputers are HCL Magnum, VAX 7500, etc.

128 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Minicomputers are used:
ÐÐfor data processing and research work.
ÐÐin big organisations, for computer-aided design, industrial applications, storage of huge data volumes, etc.
ÐÐin engineering firms and colleges as they support the networking of a large number of computers.

1.11.3 Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers are generally 32-bit machines or on the higher side. These
are for big organisations to manage high-volume applications. A mainframe is a very
large-sized, ultra-high-performance computer that is capable of supporting hundreds
or even thousands of users simultaneously. It is designed for specific purposes.
It has a very high storage capacity and can process a large set of data quickly in
comparison to other types of computers. Mainframes are very expensive. They are
sensitive to variations in temperature, dust, etc.
Some examples of Mainframe computers are the IBM 4381, the CDC Cyber Series,
etc. Mainframe computers are used:
ÐÐto link nationwide networks through satellite.
ÐÐin advanced scientific research, nuclear studies, and weather forecasting.
ÐÐin organisations like banks, government departments, etc.
Some of the popular mainframe series are DEC, IBM, HP, HCL, Hitachi, Amdahl, and Unisys.

1.11.4 Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the largest and fastest of all types of computers. Even
some supercomputers require much space as that of a floor of a building. The
cost of a supercomputer is very high. They can process a very large amount of
data quickly.
They are used in very big organisations and government departments to do
tasks such as weather forecasting and rocket launching. PARAM was India’s
first supercomputer developed in 1991. Some other examples of supercomputers are PACE, Titan, Sunway TaihuLight,
Pratyush, Mihir, etc.

1.12 COMPUTER PERFORMANCE

The performance of a computer depends on the configuration of its different components. Continually upgrading one
part of the computer while leaving other parts outdated does not improve the overall performance of a computer. Some
of the important components that contribute to the overall performance of a computer are:
ÐÐProcessor: The operations related to computation are done by the processor, viz., the CPU. Faster processors are
better in performance as they can quickly retrieve data from hardware and send it to the monitor. The speed of the
CPU is also known as the clock speed of the CPU. The clock speed of the CPU is the frequency at which the processor
executes instructions or the frequency at which data is processed. It is measured in Gigahertz (GHz). Processors
with more than one core improve a computer’s performance as they can perform multiple tasks at the same time.
ÐÐHard Disk Factor: The higher the capacity of the hard disk, the higher the data storage. The higher the RPM of the
hard disk, the greater the speed of reading and writing data.
ÐÐRAM: The RAM has the capability of storing data that the computer is currently using. It takes less time to retrieve
data stored in the RAM. A large storage capacity of RAM leads to faster computer processing, and a smaller storage
capacity of RAM would result in slower processing of the computer.

Computer Organisation 129

 1.13 OPERATING SYSTEM
In the early days of computer use, computers were huge machines that were expensive End User
to buy, run, and maintain. The user at that time interacted directly with the hardware
through machine language. The software was required to perform basic tasks such
as recognising input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen,
keeping track of files on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as printers Application Program
and scanners. The search for such software led to the evolution of the modern-day
operating system. This software is loaded on top of the memory and performs all the
basic tasks.
Utilities
An operating system is a collection of system programs that together control the
operation of a computer system. It is the most important part of any computer system.
It acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer hardware. The operating
system has two major objectives. Firstly, an operating system controls the computer’s
Operating System
hardware. The second objective is to provide an interactive interface to the user and
interpret commands so that they can communicate with the hardware.

1.13.1 Need for Operating System

Computer Hardware
Some of the needs for an operating system are as follows:
ÐÐManaging Hardware: The prime objective of the operating system is to manage and

control the various hardware resources of a computer system. These hardware resources include the processor,
memory, disc space, and so on. It receives the user’s input from the keyboard and then outputs the data to the
monitor. The operating system supervises which input device’s data is requested to be processed and which
processed data is ready to be displayed on the output device. In addition to communicating with hardware, the
operating system provides an error handling procedure and displays an error notification.
ÐÐProviding an Interface: The operating system organises applications so that users can easily access, use, and store
them. When an application is opened, the operating system assists the application by providing the major part of
the user interface. It provides a stable and consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware without the
user having to know all the details of the hardware. If the program is not functioning properly, the operating system
again takes control, stops the application, and displays an appropriate error message.
Notes
Gary Arlen Kiddle is known as the father of OS.

ÐÐOS as a Platform for Application Programs: An operating system is needed as a platform to run application programs

that help users perform specific tasks easily. It acts as an interface between the computer and the user, and is
designed in such a manner that it operates, controls, and executes various applications on the computer.
ÐÐManaging Input-Output Unit: The operating system also allows the computer to manage its own resources, such
as memory, monitor, keyboard, printer, etc. Management of these resources is required for effective utilisation. The
operating system controls the various system input-output resources and allocates them to the users or programs
as per their requirements.
ÐÐConsistent User Interface: The operating system provides the user with an easy-to-use user interface, so the user
doesn’t have to learn a different UI every time and can focus on the content and be productive as quickly as possible.
The operating system provides templates and UI components to make the working of a computer really easy for
the user.

130 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

ÐÐMultitasking:The operating system manages memory and allows multiple programs to run in their own space and
even communicate with each other through shared memory. Multitasking gives users a good experience as they can
perform several tasks on a computer at a time.

1.14 FUNCTIONS OF AN OS
An operating system has a variety of functions to perform. Some of the prominent functions of an operating system can
be broadly outlined as:

Memory Management

Process Management File Management

Functions
I/O Management of Error Detection
OS
Communication Accounting

Resource Allocation

ÐÐProcess Management: A program in execution is known as a “process.” It deals with the scheduling and
synchronisation of processing suspension and resumption of the process. A process needs certain resources,
including CPU time, memory, and file I/O devices, to accomplish its task. These resources are given either at the
time of the creation of the process or allocated when it is running. The operating system independently prioritises
jobs for processing inside a computer.
ÐÐMemory Management: It manages the Primary Memory or MAIN Memory. It is the process of coordinating and
controlling the use of memory in a complete system. This memory management component of the OS deals with
the following activities:
l Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom
l Selection of processes that are to be loaded into memory when memory is available
l Allocating the memory to a process when the process is requested and deallocates the memory when the process

has terminated.
ÐÐFileManagement: A file is a collection of related information created by the user. It can be numeric, alphabetic, or
alphanumeric. The OS performs the functions of retrieving, storing, renaming, and protecting files.
OS is responsible for the following activities:
l Creation and deletion of files
l Creation and deletion of directories
l Taking up the backup of data on various secondary storage devices, user access settings, and the status of every file.
ÐÐI/O Device Management: It controls the different input-output devices. It acts as a controller program as it controls
the various peripherals attached to the computer system.
ÐÐError Detection: The Operating System should be aware of the possible errors. Errors may occur in the CPU, memory

hardware (memory error, power failure), errors in the I/O device (lack of paper in the printer), and programming
errors (such as an attempt to access illegal memory, arithmetic overflow).
ÐÐCommunication: It assists in inter-process communication through message passing or shared memory techniques.
Here, packets of information are moved between processes by the OS.
Computer Organisation 131
ÐÐResource allocation: When multiple users are logged on to the system, resources must be allocated to each program

(such as file storage, main memory, and CPU cycles).

ÐÐAccounting: OS helps in keeping track of how many users have logged in and what computer resources are used by
them. It keeps details of user statistics.
ÐÐProtection: It provides security to the system against unauthorised access. It provides the facility of giving protection

to the data using passwords. It protects I/O devices such as modems, network adapters, etc.

1.15 CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system can be classified on the basis of:
ÐÐProcessing method
ÐÐUser interface
ÐÐNumber of users

1.15.1 Classification of OS Based on the Processing Method

Based on the processing method, the operating systems can be classified into the following types:
ÐÐBatch processing OS: In this operating system, the programmer/operator batches (groups) jobs with similar needs
for running through the computer as a group. In this kind of environment, the CPU is late as the speed of mechanical
I/O devices is slower than that of electronic devices. It is not interactive.
ÐÐMultiprogramming: In this, two or more programs reside in the computer’s memory and the CPU jumps from one
job to another given by different users when the job is busy doing I/O operations.
ÐÐSingle Task Operating System: Such operating systems allow execution of only a single program at any given instant.

Wait Wait
Program A Run Run

Wait Wait Wait

Program B Run Run

Wait Wait Wait

Program C Run Run

Wait Wait
Combined Run A Run B Run C Run A Run B Run C

From the loaded programs, once the portion of one program is executed, and after the completion of the previous
program, the portion of another program is executed, and this process will go on until all the programs don’t get
executed. Thus, it refers to the concurrent execution of several programs. The purpose of multiprogramming is to
increase the utilisation of the computer’s memory and its resources.
ÐÐMultitasking: Here, multiple tasks are executed at the same time by switching the CPU between the tasks. A
multitasking OS allows more than one program to run concurrently, mainly in a single user system. Multitasking
computers are capable of running several tasks or programs at the same time. For executing several tasks, it can
be a single or multiprocessing system. In some systems, one of the processes is called the foreground (front panel
or active), which accepts input from the keyboard, mouse, and other input devices. The background processes the
data for video display. For example, some word processors print files in the background, (Simultaneous Peripheral
Operation On-Line).

132 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 Process 1 – Program 1
Task 1 Registers
Task 1 Stock
Program 1
Process 2 – Program 2
Program 2
OS Task 1 Registers
Task 1 Stock
Program 3
Process 3 – Program 3
Task 1 Registers
Task 1 Stock

ÐÐMultiprocessing: A system that contains multiple processors is called multiprocessing. This type of operating system

supports the simultaneous processing of more than one program. It shares the system bus, clock, and memory. It is
also called a tightly coupled system as the memory is shared.

CPU 1 Main Memory CPU 2

I/O Processors I/O Processors

I/O Units I/O Units

ÐÐTime-sharing OS: In this OS, multiple processes run simultaneously I/O Request
Running Blocked
but for a short period of time called a “time quantum” or “time
slot,” and then the CPU serves another process. It is useful for an
interactive system. Time Out
It takes a very small fraction of time for each action or command.
Dispatch I/O Complete
Only a little time is needed for each user. The CPU switches
so rapidly from one user to another that each user is given the
Ready
impression that he/she has his/her own computer, while actually,
it is one computer being shared among many users.
ÐÐReal-Time OS: It serves real-time applications. It is a time-bound system as it has fixed time constraints. It processes
instructions and produces a response within a specified time, e.g., an ATM or traffic signal. Here, response time
is less. It can be a single or multiprocessing system that performs multiple tasks. In some systems, one of the
processes is called the foreground (front panel or active) which accepts input from the keyboard, mouse, and other
input devices. Background processes data to the video display. For example, some word processors print files in the
background (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line).
ÐÐDistributed OS: In this operating system, the processing is carried out independently in more than one location but
with shared and controlled access to some common facilities. It gives the user an impression that he is working on
a single system.

1.15.2 Classification of OS Based on User Interface

Based on the user interface, the operating systems can be classified into the following types:
ÐÐGUI (Graphical User Interface): In this operating system, the user interface is graphical, i.e., the user interacts with
figures and graphs on the screen. It is basically menu-based or button-based. A user can use the options in the menu
to execute different functions. GUI operating systems are interactive and user-friendly. Examples are Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, and LINUX (Redhat, Ubuntu, BOSS, etc.).
Computer Organisation 133
ÐÐCUI (Character User Interface): In the CUI operating system, the user sends commands and instructions to the
computer in character form, i.e., by typing commands at the command prompt. The display on the screen does not
contain any graphics or pictures, but only a line or character. Examples are PC-DOS, MS-DOS, and UNIX.

1.15.3 Classification of OS Based on Number of Users

On the basis of number of users, OS can be classified into following types:
ÐÐSingle User System: Provide only one user with a platform at a time. They are popularly associated with the DeskTop

operating system, which runs on standalone systems where no user accounts are required. Example: DOS.
ÐÐMulti-User System: Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a database of known users.
It refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users. Another term for multi-user is
time-sharing. All mainframes are multi-user systems. Example: Unix.

1.16 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Nowadays, operating systems are used in both mobile phones and computer systems. The operating system used in
mobile phone is different from the operating system used in computer system. Let us first understand different operating
systems used in computer systems.

1.16.1 Operating Systems used in Computer

There are various operating systems that are used in computer. Some of them are as follows:
ÐÐUnix

ÐÐSolaris

ÐÐMicrosoft Windows
ÐÐLinux

ÐÐMacintosh

Let us learn about these one by one.

Unix
Unix is among the first known operating systems that have been in use on mainframes, minicomputers, and
microcomputers. It has been a more popular operating system in universities, big business houses, etc., and is widely
used in servers, workstations, and mobile devices. It was originally developed in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs. Initially, it was
developed in assembly language, but by 1973 it was re-coded in C, which opened the scope for further development
and helped in making it portable.
Unix happens to be the greatest contributor in the OS community, as it was the first to be developed before WINDOWS,
DOS, or Linux. The Linux that we see today is the outcome of the Unix operating system. The Unix environment and
the client-server program model were essential elements in the development of the internet.
Unix OS is made of three major components, i.e., the kernel, standard utility programs, and system configuration files.
Features of Unix
The main features of the Unix operating system are:
ÐÐIt is a ‘Multi User’ operating system, which means that many users can share the operating system at the same point

in time from different terminals.

ÐÐUnix is a ‘multi-tasking’ operating system, which means that many applications can be open at the same point in
time.

134 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

ÐÐIt has a hierarchical directory structure that helps in the proper maintenance of files.
ÐÐIt is a portable operating system.
ÐÐIt has a wide range of supporting tools in itself, like debuggers, compilers, etc.
Notes
In many places, the term “Unix” refers more to a class of operating systems than to its particular and specific
implementation, i.e., Unix is used as a generic term that defines a different operating system that is based
on it, for example, Solaris, which is an operating system that is based on Unix (a commercial variant of Unix).
Solaris is licensed to use the Unix trademark as it is commonly prefixed as ‘Unix like’.

Solaris
Solaris is a Unix-based operating system that was originally developed
by Sun Microsystems and was called SunOS in 1993. At present, it is
known as Oracle Solaris after its acquisition by Oracle in January 2010.
Solaris was historically developed as proprietary software. Then, in
June 2005, Sun Microsystems released and founded OpenSolaris as
an open-source project. After the acquisition by Oracle in January
2010, it decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and its
development model. In August 2010, the new version of Solaris 11,
was introduced as a closed-source proprietary operating system.
Features of Solaris
Some of the features of the Solaris operating system are as follows:
ÐÐIt is known for its scalability and for originating many innovative features.
ÐÐIt supports workstations and servers that are established by Sun Microsystems and other vendors.
ÐÐIthelps symmetric multiprocessing, where two or more identical processors are connected to a shared main
memory and a single operating system controls all the processors.

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a widely used graphical user interface operating system for personal computers and mobile
phones that provides a standard appearance on a rectangular screen.
In windows, the user need not remember all the commands but needs to recognise the graphical representation for
the application on the screen in order to use them.
The ease of its use has made Windows a very popular operating system among users.
Windows was developed in 1985. Windows, as of now, is the outcome of many changes in its version over the years.
Since its inception, the following versions of Windows have been released:

Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1

Windows 95 Windows 98
Windows NT Windows 2000
Windows ME Windows XP
Windows Vista Windows Server 2008
Windows 7 Windows 8
Windows 10 Windows 11

Computer Organisation 135

Among all its versions, Windows 11 is the latest version of the Windows Operating System.

Features of Windows
Some of the features of the Microsoft Windows operating system are as follows:
ÐÐIt is a user-friendly operating system.
ÐÐIt provides a ‘Multi-tasking’ feature that means many applications can be open at the same point in time.
ÐÐIt is available in GUI (Graphical User Interface) form.
ÐÐIt is network-friendly, i.e., it provides easy access to the internet and LAN.
ÐÐUsing and removing peripheral devices can be done easily in Windows.
ÐÐIt supports the latest graphics, sound, and multimedia software to run on itself.
ÐÐIt is portable and compatible, reliable and seldom crashes.

GNU-Linux
GNU-Linux is a popular operating system that comes in various distributions. The Linux operating system is similar to
the Windows operating system but with some exceptional features that make it a useful and flexible operating system.
The Linux operating system comes as open-source, i.e., its programming code is available for free. Anyone can use it
and add features to it to enhance its functionality to suit their needs. One can also re-design it and distribute or release
its developed version to others.
Another significant feature of Linux is that it is quite reliable, and if a bug occurs, one can easily contact the
open-source community and resolve the problem. It is the backbone of many major computing centres around the
world.
History of Linux
In 1969, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie developed a small general-purpose operating system called Unix. Around
1974, Unix was licensed to universities for educational purposes, and after a few years, it was commercially available.
In 1984, Richard Stallman’s Free Software Foundation (FSF) began the GNU (Genuinely Not Unix) project to create a
free version of the Unix operating system, but it was not fully completed.

Do you know?
‘Tux’ the penguin is the official mascot of the Linux operating system.

In 1984, a Dutch professor, Andrew S. Tannenbaum, developed a clone of Unix and named it Minix. The code of the
Minix operating system was freely available to all aspirants.

136 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

The Linux operating system was developed by a young second-year student of Computer Science, Linus Benedict Torvalds,
at the University of Helsinki, Finland in the year 1991. Linus developed a kernel and named it Linux, around 1992, the
Linux kernel was combined with the not-quite-complete GNU system, resulting in the GNU-Linux Operating System.
The first fully functional version of Linux was released in 1994. At the time of the release of version 1.0, it was decided
that the Linux kernel code would remain open source, and anyone who wants to use and modify it would get it free
of cost.
The free availability of the code has led to fast improvement in the development of the Linux Operating System.
Notes
Kernel is the code that constitutes the core of an operating system.

Linux is improving every day because I.T. professionals from all over the world are contributing to its code out of
curiosity, experiment, and social value.
Distributions of Linux
A Linux distribution (also called a GNU/Linux distribution) is a member of the family of Unix-like software distributions
that are built on the Linux kernel. Such distributions (often called distros) even consist of a collection of software
applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, media players, database applications, server software, etc. Linux
distributions are available in a wide variety of forms, from fully-featured desktop and server operating systems to
simple operating systems. It is assumed that there are over seven hundred types of Linux distributions as of 2012. Over
three hundred of those are under development and are constantly being revised and improved.
Some well-known Linux distributions are:

Slackware Solaris
BOSS Mandrake
SUSE Ubuntu
Red Hat Red Flag
Fedora

The Indian distribution of LINUX is BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions), which has recently been developed by
CDAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing), India, and is being promoted by the Ministry of I.T., Govt. of
India for use and application in India. It is available for free download from the website ‘www.bosslinux.in’.

Features of Linux
Some of the features of Linux operating system are as follows:
ÐÐIt is a multitasking operating system, which means many applications can be opened at the same point in time.
ÐÐIt is available in GUI (Graphical User Interface) form.
ÐÐLinux is network-friendly, i.e., it provides easy accessibility to the internet and LAN.
Computer Organisation 137
ÐÐIt is a “multi-user” operating system, which means that multiple users can access the operating system from
different terminals at the same time.
ÐÐItis an ‘Open Source’ operating system, which means the source code of Linux is freely available. The user can
modify and customise it as per personal requirements.
ÐÐIt has a strong security system that restricts intrusion into a computer system.
ÐÐIt is portable and compatible, reliable and seldom crashes.

Macintosh
The Macintosh Operating System was developed by Apple Inc in 1984 with the name “Classic” Mac OS. Later in 1996,
renamed as Mac OS. The latest version of Mac OS is macOS Monterey which was released on October 25, 2021.
Mac OS is a GUI based operating system. It is considered the pioneer of GUI based operating systems, as it was
introduced when MS-DOS was the industry standard.
macOS.jpg

Features of Macintosh
Some of the features of the Macintosh operating system are as follows:
ÐÐIt allows users to run multiple full screen apps and switch between them.
ÐÐIt can save our work automatically.
ÐÐIt gives information about what we were doing and where we are, at the time of launch an app in Lion.

1.16.2 Mobile Operating Systems

Computers are used in different forms and are also used along with different kinds of devices. The most common
computer device that we see every day is the mobile. As computers operate with operating systems, there are operating
systems for mobile phones too.
A mobile operating system typically starts up with icons or tiles that provide application access. Mobile operating
systems manage cellular and wireless network connectivity, multimedia functions, and internet connectivity. Most
mobile operating systems are tied to specific hardware, with little flexibility. Modern mobile operating systems combine
the features of a personal computer operating system with the features of a touch screen, Bluetooth, wi-fi, GPS mobile
navigation, camera, video camera, speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), etc.

Do you know?
Some OS, such as Microsoft’s Windows 8.1, function as both, i.e., a traditional desktop OS and a mobile
operating system.

Android
Android is a Linux-based mobile operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile
devices and tablet computers. It contains a rich set of application interfaces that allow
third-party developers to develop useful applications.
It was initially developed by Android Inc., which was supported by Google. Later, Google
purchased it in 2005. Android was released in 2007 by Google during the formation of the
‘Open Handset Alliance’ consortium. The ‘Open Handset Alliance’ consortium is a group of 84
companies that are based on hardware, software, and telecommunication that are working
to regulate open standards and for the development of mobile devices.

138 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Google released the Android code as open-source under the Apache License. The Android Open-Source Project (AOSP),
led by Google, is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.
Additionally, Android has a large community of developers who write applications (‘apps’) primarily in a customised
version of Java that extend the functionality of devices.

Do you know?
Android 12 is the latest version of Android, the mobile operating system. The first beta version was released
on May 18th, 2021. Android 12 was released publicly on October 4, 2021.

Symbian
Symbian is a mobile operating system that is specially designed for smartphones. It is a useful operating system for
phones that offers a high level of integration with communication and personal information management (PIM)
functionality.
Symbian OS combines middleware (which enables data transfer between two different applications) with wireless
communications through an integrated mailbox. This OS is, at present, maintained by Accenture, though originally
it was developed by Symbian Ltd. Symbian was the most popular smartphone OS till the end of 2010, when it was
overtaken by Android.

Apple iOS
Apple iOS is an operating system for iPhone, iPad, and other Apple mobile devices. This operating system is based on
Mac OS, which runs on Mac desktops and laptops. Apple iOS is designed for easy and seamless networking between
a range of Apple products.

Blackberry
BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system designed specifically for Research In Motion’s (RIM) BlackBerry
devices. The BlackBerry OS runs on Blackberry variants like the BlackBerry Bold, Curve, Pearl, and Storm series. The
BlackBerry OS is designed for smartphone environments and is best known for its robust support for push Internet
email facilities.

1.17 TROUBLESHOOTING AND UTILITIES

In this digital era, we are almost dependent on gadgets, electronic devices, and especially computers, for various jobs.
While working with a computer, you will undoubtedly run into issues with hardware, software, and networking. This
chapter’s major goal is to guide you through solving some commonly occurring issues. After reading this chapter, you
will be able to identify and address small problems.
Troubleshooting is a form of problem-solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a
system. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to solve it and make the product or process
operational again.
Troubleshooting generally involves a process of trial and error that requires perseverance and patience. We apply the
method of elimination to determine the problem’s cause, starting with the most basic possibility. In order to determine
the root of the issue, you must identify the components of the computer system that are malfunctioning.

1.18 COMMON TROUBLESHOOTING STEPS

When the system is turned on, the power supply detects the CPU and the peripherals (the other connected devices).
Most computers will beep when the system boots up if all peripheral devices have been correctly detected. If a connected
device (such as a printer, keyboard, mouse, or monitor) does not turn on, try the following:

Computer Organisation 139

ÐÐCheck the Cables and Power Card: If a piece of computer hardware isn’t working, check the cables. Make sure the
power button for these devices is turned ON and that all the connections are secure and properly plugged in. Ensure the
batteries are charged and that the wireless gadgets are turned on.
ÐÐUse Help: By using the F1 key, you can open the Help window. This window assists in identifying a solution to the
issue.
ÐÐRecord Error Messages: For future reference, keep a record of the entire error message.
ÐÐRestart the Computer: Restart the computer system. Shut down the computer and restart it if the device still does
not turn on.
ment
t Enrich
Lab Assignment ‘n Activity Subjec

Complete the following activities and tick on the circle.

ÐÐOpen a text editor on your computer.

ÐÐList three common computer issues related to hardware, software, or networking that users may

encounter.
ÐÐProvide a brief description for each issue and explain why it could occur.

ÐÐSave the document with the name 'Common Computer Issues'.

1.19 HARDWARE TROUBLESHOOTING

Hardware troubleshooting is the process of reviewing, diagnosing, and identifying operational or technical problems
within a hardware device or equipment. It aims to resolve physical and/or logical problems and issues within computing
hardware. Hardware troubleshooting processes use a systematic approach.
The process starts by first identifying the problem and then finding different possibilities of issues that can cause such a
problem, which eventually leads to implementing a solution.
Hardware troubleshooting is generally done on hardware equipment installed on a computer, server, laptop, or any
other related device.
Some processes for hardware troubleshooting include:
ÐÐRemoving, repairing, or replacing defective RAM, hard disk, or video/graphic card
ÐÐCleaning dust from RAM slots, video card ports, and the cooling fan
ÐÐTightening cables and jumpers on the motherboard and other components
ÐÐSoftware-related hardware problems, such as updating or installing device drivers
While working on a computer, various technical issues arise. A few are hardware-related and a few are software-related.
Here, we will see a few hardware issues that arise, as well as their causes and ways to resolve them.

1.19.1 The Monitor is not Showing the Display Screen

The monitor is not showing any dispalay/The screen is blank.
ÐÐCheck All Connections: Check that the cable connecting the monitor and the computer cabinet is properly connected

on a desktop. Also, make sure the monitor and cabinet’s power cables are plugged into the electric socket and that
the power is turned on.
ÐÐThe System is in Sleep Mode: The computer might be in sleep mode. Click the mouse or press any key on the
keyboard to wake it up.
ÐÐLaptop’s Battery is Low: The laptop might have turned off due to a low battery. Connect the laptop to the charging
cable and plug it into the electric socket. The laptop will start charging and, in a few minutes, will be switched on again.
140 Touchpad Information Technology-XI
The keyboard is not responding
ÐÐCheck Connections: Check the keyboard’s connection to the computer. If it is not connected, or if the connection is
loose, connect it properly to the computer.
ÐÐCheck for any damage: Make sure the keyboard cord is free of damage. The keyboard may need to be repaired or
replaced if any damage is discovered.
ÐÐKeys are stuck: You need to clean the keyboard if any keys are stuck on it.
You must first shut down the computer. If necessary, you may have to use a mouse since the keyboard is stuck. Dust
should be removed using a brush, and the keyboard should be cleaned with a moist cloth (water should not be
dripping from the cloth).

The mouse is not working

ÐÐCheck Connections: Ensure that the mouse is properly plugged into the CPU socket.
ÐÐCheck for any Damage: Check the mouse cord for any damage. If there is any damage, then the mouse may need
to be changed.
ÐÐCheck the Cordless Mouse: If a cordless mouse isn’t working, turn it off and then on again. This should re-establish
a connection with the system.
ÐÐClean the Mouse: Clean the mouse with a damp moist. Clean the surface surrounding the mouse’s base button.

Troubleshooting Printer Problems

Printing is not Responding (not printing)
Problems with the printer could occur for a number of reasons. Check for each of the following causes, and take the
necessary action as required:
ÐÐCheck Connection or Not Switched On: Verify that the printer’s cords are securely connected. If the printer isn’t
already on, turn it on.
ÐÐThe Printer is Out of Paper: If the printer is out of paper, put paper in the paper tray and try printing again.
ÐÐThe Printer Paper Jam (Paper is jammed/caught in the Printer): Open the printer and pull out the paper that is
stuck in the printer. Then close the printer and try printing again.
The Ink Cartridge of Printer is Empty: The majority of printers printers give a warning message when the ink levels are
low (insufficient for printing). Change the ink cartridge and try printing again.
Incorrect Printer Driver: It is possible that the printer driver is incorrect. You would need to install a new printer driver.
Download the latest driver from the manufacturer’s website. When driver updates are available, some printers that
are online will display a notification.
The Printer and Computer are Communicating Properly: This is the most common problem caused when a wireless
connection is being used to connect a PC/ laptop to a printer. Verify that the IP address configured on your computer
matches the printer’s dynamic IP address. The configured IP address for a printer connected via WI-FI (a wireless
network) might not match the one on your computer.
You can access your printer’s settings, check its IP address, and make changes to the settings (if required).
Perform the following steps to do so:
1 Click on the Start button.
2 Select Control Panel from the menu.
3 Search for the Hardware and Sound option.
4 Select the Devices and Printers option.
5 Select the printer whose IP address you wish to check or change.

Computer Organisation 141

 6 Select the desired Printer. A screen opens which shows the programs that can be selected to manage the printer,
change its settings, etc.
7 Run the Print Assistant. This program manages the printer and gives access to the information given in ‘Help’. The Print
Assistant program may take some time to open, as your PC/ laptop tries to establish a connection with the printer.
8 Click on the Utilities icon to get the printer utilities screen.
9 Run the ‘Update IP Address’ utility. Before the utility program begins, a pop-up window prompts, “Do you want
to allow the following program to make changes to your computer?” On confirmation, a screen displaying the
printer’s prior IP address is displayed.
10 We have to now verify that the printer’s Previous IP address matches the Printer’s current IP address. Your system
may be connected to the printer through a wireless or an Ethernet connection.
For Wireless Connection: Touch the wireless icon on the printer display or press the wireless button. The IP
address of the printer appears. If the printer does not have a display, print the Wireless Network Test Report. This
report includes the printer’s IP address.
For an Ethernet Connection: Press the Ethernet icon on the printer display. The printer’s IP address appears. If
the printer does not have a display, print the Network Configuration page. This report includes the printer’s IP
address.
11 Update HP Software with Printer IP Address.
Enter Printer’s current IP address or hostname in the box provided and click Test with the changed IP address.
The software shows a success message after successfully connecting to a printer with the current IP address.
12 To update the software with this new IP address, click Save.

Printer is Slow
The printing speed can be improved by reducing the printing quality and using Fast Draft/ Fast Printing. This works well
for everyday printing. Change the default printer quality setting from Normal to Fast Draft.
To do this, click the Preferences button. This will open the Printing Preferences screen. Under the Printing Shortcuts
Tab choose Fast/ Economical Printing.

Print Jobs are Being Sent to the Wrong Printer

When there are multiple printers on a network, a possible problem could be that a print job is being sent to a wrong
printer. This is because your system has set the default printer as Printer A, but you had actually wanted the print job
to go to Printer B. You could either change the default printer to Printer B or choose Printer B for the current job.

142 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

Change the Default Printer
To change the Default Printer:
1 Click on the ‘Start’ button.
2 Go to ‘Control Panel’ and choose the
option ‘Hardware and Sound’.
3 Select ‘Devices and Printers’.
The screen below shows the default printer
(Printer A). There is a tick inside a small
green circle next to its icon (this signifies
that it is the default printer).
Suppose you wish to change the default
printer. Right-click on the icon for this printer, and a pop-up menu is displayed (as shown on screen in Figure). Select,
Set as default printer from this pop-up menu. The screen will now look like the one below. The tick next to the icon
shows that it is now the default printer.

Sound Troubleshooting
When you are not getting sound from the speakers, troubleshoot using the suggestions given below:
Check the volume level of the speakers: Click the Audio button in the Task Bar to switch on the sound and increase
the volume.

Check the Cables: If you use external speakers, make sure they are plugged into the correct electric socket, turned on,
and connected to the correct audio port or a USB port on your system. If your computer has color-coded ports, the
audio output port will usually be green.
Computer Organisation 143
Check Audio Player Controls: There are separate audio controls on many audio and video players. Ensure that the
sound is turned on and that the volume is set high enough to be heard.
Check the Sound Using Headphones: Check to see whether you can hear sound coming from your headphones by
connecting them to the computer’s audio output port. If you can, that means there is something wrong with your
speakers.

1.19.2 Troubleshooting Software Problems

A simple troubleshooting technique would be to close the application/program and reopen it. Try different
troubleshooting techniques if the issue still exists.

1.19.3 An Application is Running Slow

Check for Available Updates
After restarting the application if it does not improve the speed of the application, check for updates. Click the Help
menu and look for an option to check for Updates. If this option is unavailable, you can search online for application
updates.

Forcefully End the Application

On a PC or laptop keyboard, press (and hold) Ctrl + Alt + Delete (the Control, Alt, and Delete keys). Windows Task
Manager will open. Open the Applications tab on this screen. A list of applications will appear. The status of the
applications should be “Running.” The status of a non-responding application would be “Not Responding.” Click the
End Task button after choosing the non-responding program from the list. The application is forcibly terminated as a
result. Now restart the application.

Restart the Computer

If you are unable to forcefully terminate an application, close all currently open applications and restart the computer.
If you are unable to shutdown/ restart your system, perform a hard reboot by pressing the Power button, i.e., manually
turning off the computer. This step should be used as a last resort in extreme situations. Keep in mind that a hard
reboot may cause data loss.
Once the system is responding, run the antivirus and scan the system for viruses.

1.20 TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORKING PROBLEMS

Troubleshooting networking problems is a systematic process of identifying and resolving issues which may arise in a
computer network, ensuring smooth and efficient communication between devices.

1.20.1 Unable to Connect to the Network

Checking for Network Connectivity: The most common problem is that you are unable to open a web page that
you have requested. The reason for this could be that you are unable
to connect to the Internet. To check the internet connection, view the
Network icon present on the Task Bar (bottom right of the screen).
Another method to check for network connectivity is:
1 Click on the Start button.
2 Go to Control Panel.
3 Go to Network and Internet. Select Network and Sharing Centre.
The message under 'View your active networks' indicates that the computer is not connected to the Internet. You would
need to establish an internet connection. You may need to run a diagnosis to find out why the problem has occurred.

144 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

On the Task Bar, click the Network icon to see the available Internet connections. To open the ‘Network and Sharing’
dialog box.
1 Click on the ‘Start’ button.
2 Go to ‘Control Panel’.
3 Go to ‘Network and Sharing Center’.
4 Click on the link Connect to a network. This will open a list of Wireless Network Connections.
5 Click on one of the connections and then click on the Connect button.
The troubleshooting application will show a few windows as the system tries to identify the problem when you seek
network connectivity:
Windows Network Diagnostics: Investigate router or access point issues, detect problems, resolve the problems,
detect additional problems, etc. You can follow the instructions on these screens to set up a connection.
If you are still unable to connect to the internet, the troubleshooting application will report the problem in network
connectivity. After a few attempts, your network connectivity problem should be resolved.

Check for the Validity of IP Address

If the preceding steps are unsuccessful in establishing a network connection, you will need to verify a few additional
system settings. First, check the validity of the IP address of your system.
1 Step 1 Open the Command Prompt. The Command Prompt (an MS-DOS window) will open.
2 Type IPconfig and press Enter. The results should show the Connection-specific DNS Suffix, IP Address, etc. This
information will only show if your system is connected to the internet, else, it will show Media State: Media
disconnected.

Computer Organisation 145

The Network Fly lead is Not Working Properly
The fly lead is the cable that connects the network card in your computer to a network point. The failure of the Internet
connection could also be caused by a non-functional network fly lead. The network fly lead is seated in the network
slot on your computer.
This slot is located either at the back of the computer or on the side, depending on your PC/laptop. Make sure that the
fly lead is plugged securely into the network point on the wall. Check to see if there is any damage to the cable or the
point. If so, seek assistance from a network administrator.
Your fly lead could be faulty or damaged. Borrow a working fly lead from someone, then perform the previous
procedures using the borrowed fly lead to see if your fly lead is defective. If this borrowed fly lead works, your own fly
lead is faulty. Seek assistance from a network administrator.

Network Card is Not Working Properly

To connect to the Internet, you must have a functional network card. The network card’s lights must be on or flashing.
If there aren’t any lights, either the network card is malfunctioning or there isn’t a network available. You should either
fix or replace a damaged network card.
Seek assistance from a network administrator to check whether the fly lead is plugged into the correct network card. If the
machine has more than one network card, you need to ensure that the cable is plugged into the network card configured
for it (i.e., the fly lead should connect the network card to the network point on the wall, for which it is configured).
To check whether the network card is working open a command prompt window:
1 Open the Start menu.
2 Open Run window.
3 Type CMD in the Run window.
4 An MS-DOS window will open, type ping 127.0.0.1 at the prompt.
Alternatively, click Start and in the Search box type ping 127.0.0.1 and press Enter. This will run the ping command in
the command prompt window.

If there is no reply when you ping, contact a Service Engineer Network Administrator.

146 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 1.21 UTILITIES
Utilities are special programs that make computer systems operate more smoothly,
effectively, and efficiently. Utility software programs aid in the following tasks:
ÐÐImproving the performance of computer
ÐÐProvide security from virus
ÐÐManage disk space
ÐÐFree disk space on hard Disk, provide backup, etc.
1. Check for Viruses: The applications on your system may be getting slowed down
as you might have malware running in the background. Viruses generally lower the
system’s performance. Run the virus scanner installed on your computer.
2. Free Space on the Hard Drive: There should be at least 200–500 MB of free hard
drive space on your system. The lack of available free space slows the computer’s
functioning. To check the amount of disk space available, open the Windows Explorer
Application and click on My Computer. This will show the different hard disk partitions
such as C and D. To check the amount of disk space available on the C drive, right-click
to get a pop-up menu as shown below:
Select the Properties option from this pop-up menu. Choose the ‘General’ Tab of this application. From here you can
check the used space and free space.

1.21.1 Run a Disk Clean Up Application

Start the Disk Cleanup Application to free up some disc space. To begin disk cleanup, click the Disk Cleanup button on
the General tab.
Once the Disk Cleanup is complete, the Disk Cleanup dialog box opens. Click on the Clean up system files button. This
will delete any unnecessary system-related files from the local disk.

Computer Organisation 147

Delete Unused Files and Programs
Delete unused programs and data on a regular basis. Your disk’s free space will increase as a result, improving computer
performance. Videos and images occupy a lot of space. It is advisable to move these to an external drive. This will free
some space on the disk drive.

Empty your Recycle Bin

This can be done by right-clicking on the Recycle Bin icon (usually on the desktop) and then selecting Empty Recycle
Bin.

Remove Temporary Files

Temporary files and Internet surfing history should be regularly deleted. This too, will increase the free space on your
disk. To do this:
1 Click on the Start button.
2 Go to Control Panel.
3 Go to the Network and Internet option.
4 Network and Sharing Center opens.

148 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 5 On In the bottom left corner of this screen, click on the for Internet Options. The Internet Properties dialog box
will open.
6 Select the General tab. Under Browsing History, check the Delete browsing history on exit checkbox.
7 Click on the Delete button. This deletes the browsing history.
8 Click the OK button to exit.

1.21.2 Disk Defragmentation

The data in the file is constantly changing. As a result, there are gaps or spaces in the file stored in the memory (hard
disk). Because of this, the file uses up more storage space and could slow down the machine. You need to run a ‘Disk
Defragmentation’ program to reclaim these gaps in space. To do this:
1 Double-click on My Computer or This PC.
2 Highlight the D drive and right-click to get a pop-up menu.
3 From the popup menu, select the Properties option.
4 Choose the Tools Tab. Click the Optimize now button.

Computer Organisation 149

1.21.3 Remove Unused Programs
When you turn on your computer, there may be components of unused or outdated apps operating in the background.
This can slow down the system. To prevent these programs from running when your computer starts, turn off unused
program services. For this purpose:
1 Click on the Start button.

2 Right-click the program you no longer require.

3 Click on Uninstall button.

1.21.4 Disable Unused Program Services

This is done in two steps. First, the unused program service is stopped. It is then
disabled so that it does not run at Startup.
1 Click on the Start button.
2 Go to the Control Panel.
3 Go to Administrative Tools.
4 Go to the Services option. For each program/service that you are sure
that you do not need, click on the service to highlight it.
5 Click on the Stop link to stop the service from running.
6 Now double-click the stopped service and choose Startup Type as Disabled.
7 Click on OK.

150 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

1.21.5 The Computer Becomes Unresponsive
The computer may sometimes become totally unresponsive or freeze. This will prevent you from clicking anywhere on
the screen, using any application, closing any application, or accessing shut-down options.
You would have to force the system to shut down in this situation. Press and hold the Power button. The Power button
is usually located on the front or side of the desktop computer.
The power button on a laptop is usually located on the upper left or right corner of the keyboard. To force
the computer to shut down, press and hold the Power button for five to ten seconds. Turn the computer back on
after that.

1.22 USE OF COMMAND PROMPT TO SEARCH A FILE

Perform the following steps to use the Command Prompt to search a file:
1 First, open the Command Prompt on your PC by typing “cmd” in the Windows search bar and then selecting
“Command Prompt” from the search result.

With the command prompt open, it shows like this.

Computer Organisation 151
2 Now type the command “dir” and a space.
3 Type the name of the file that needs to be searched. For example,
Dir “\search term*” with a space and then type “/s”
4 Just replace “search term” with, of course, the actual file name. Let us suppose that the file name “fundamental”
is to be searched. Then use this command: dir “\example file*” /s (to search file).
Command Prompt will now search the term.

5 After writing this command, press enter.

152 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 Recap Zone
ÐÐComputers play a very important role in human lives.

ÐÐHardware is the physical components of a computer like a motherboard, memory devices, monitor, keyboard, etc., while
software is the set of programs or instructions.
ÐÐA computer performs actions and accomplishes its tasks in three basic stages, namely: Input, Process and Output.

ÐÐCPU(Central Processing Unit) is the “administrative” section of the computer system. It is also known as the ‘Brain of a
Computer’.
ÐÐThe functional elements of a CPU can be divided into three parts: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU) and Memory

Unit (MU).
ÐÐA computer processes the input data to produce some form of useful output.

ÐÐOutput is the information obtained after the processing of data. The user receives the result through output devices.

ÐÐA microcomputer is meant for a personal or single user. It is a small-sized computer that has a microprocessor chip as its CPU.

ÐÐA minicomputer supports the work of several users at a time. It has a larger memory, high storage capacity, and greater
computing power than a microcomputer.
ÐÐAn operating system is a collection of system programs that together control the operation of a computer system.

ÐÐThe prime objective of the operating system is to manage and control the various hardware resources of a computer system.

ÐÐThe operating system organises applications so that users can easily access, use, and store them.

ÐÐThe prominent functions of an operating system can be broadly outlined as: Process Management, Memory Management,
I/O Device Management, Error Detection, Communication, Resource Allocation, Accounting, and Protection.
ÐÐAn operating system can be classified based on three factors: processing method, user interface, and number of users.

ÐÐIn GUI operating system, the user interface is graphical, i.e., the user interacts with figures and graphs on the screen.

ÐÐInthe CUI operating system, the user sends commands and instructions to the computer in character form, i.e., by typing
commands at the command prompt.
ÐÐThe UNIX environment and the client-server program model were essential elements in the development of the internet.

ÐÐSolaris is a Unix-based operating system that was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and was called SunOS in 1993.

ÐÐGNU-Linux is a popular operating system that comes in various distributions.

ÐÐMicrosoft Windows is a widely used graphical user interface operating system for personal computers and mobile phones that

provides a standard appearance on a rectangular screen.

ÐÐThe most common computer device that we see every day is the mobile.

ÐÐAndroid is a Linux-based mobile operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices and tablet computers.

ÐÐSymbian is a useful operating system for phones that offers a high level of integration with communication and personal
information management (PIM) functionality.
ÐÐApple iOS is an operating system for iPhone, iPad, and other Apple mobile devices. This operating system is based on Mac OS,

which runs on Mac desktops and laptops.

ÐÐBlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system designed specifically for Research In Motion’s (RIM) BlackBerry
devices.
ÐÐTroubleshooting is a form of problem-solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes, on a machine or a system.

ÐÐHardware troubleshooting is the process of reviewing, diagnosing, and identifying operational or technical problems within
a hardware device or equipment.
ÐÐCommon Troubleshooting Technique for software problems: Close the application/program and reopen it.

ÐÐUtilities are the special programs that help computer systems to work more smoothly, efficiently and effectively.

Computer Organisation 153

 Solved Exercise
Section A
(Objective Type Questions)
A. Choose the correct option.
1 Nanosecond (1 ns) is equal to ................................ .
i. 0.000001 or 10–6 Second ii. 0.000000001 or 10–9 Second
iii. 0.001 or 10–3 Second iv. None of these
2. Which of the following is based on the English language and is the most commonly used keyboard?
i. QWERTY ii. QWERTZ
iii. AZERTY iv. DVORAK
3. The keyboard was invented by ................................ .
i. Douglas Engelbart ii. Charles Babbage
iii. Christopher Latham Sholes iv. Tim Berners Lee
4. Which of the following is not a measurement of the speed of a printer?
i. CPS ii. DPI
iii. PPM iv. LPM
5. Microcomputers were first developed by................................ .
i. Microsoft ii. IBM
iii. Dell iv. Apple
6. Which of the following is also known as the ‘Wire Matrix’ printer?
i. Line Printer ii. Character Printer
iii. Dot Matrix Printer iv. Inkjet Printer
7. Which of the following is another term for Flash memory?
i. Pen Drive ii. Flash Drive
iii. SD card iv. Random memory
8. Computers are used in the medical field for................................ .
i. Live Monitoring of Patients ii. Diagnosis of Diseases
iii. Perform Delicate Operations iv. All of these
9. Which of the following has numerous applications in the area of Research and Development (R&D)?
i. Minicomputers ii. Supercomputers
iii. Mainframe iv. Microcomputers
10. Which of the following is an output device that is attached to a computer for making vector graphics?
i. Plotter ii. Laser Printer
iii. Inkjet Printer iv. None of these
11. Which of the following is the Indian distribution of LINUX?
i. SUSE ii. Mandrake
iii. Ubuntu iv. BOSS
12. The Android Open-Source Project (AOSP) is being led by .................................
i. Android Inc. ii. Google
iii. Sun Microsystems iv. None of these
13. Which of the following is not a CUI?
i. PC-DOS ii. MS-DOS
iii. Ubuntu iv. UNIX

154 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

14. ................................ developed Minix?
i. Ken Thompson ii. Dennis Ritchie
iii. Richard Stallman iv. Andrew S. Tannenbaum
15. The first fully functional version of Linux was released in ................................ .
i. 1994 ii. 1984
iii. 1991 iv. 1992
16. Android is a ................................ mobile operating system.
i. Windows-based ii. Unix-based
iii. Linux-based iv. Mac OS
17. Android 12 was released publicly on ................................ .
i. May 18th, 2021 ii. October 4th, 2021
iii. October 18th, 2021 iv. May 4th, 2021
18. Which of the following is a distribution of Linux?
i. Slackware ii. Red Hat
iii. Red Flag iv. All of these
19. Which of the following is NOT a version of Windows?
i. Windows Vista ii. Windows 8
iii. Windows 11 iv. Windows 9
20. Which of the following is a feature of the GNU-Linux operating system?
i. It comes as open source.
ii. Anyone can use it and add features to it.
iii. One can also re-design it and distribute its developed version to others.
iv. All of these
21. Which of the following steps would you try if a connected device such as a printer or keyboard does not turn on?
i. Check the Cables and Power Card ii. Record Error Messages
iii. Restart the Computer iv. All of these
22. Which of the following would you do first when troubleshooting a faulty monitor?
i. Check its connections to the computer and power source
ii. Use a meter to check the CRT and internal circuitry for continuity
iii. Power down the monitor, then turn it on again to see if that corrects the problem
iv. Power down the computer, then turn it on again to see if that corrects the problem
23. A workstation has just been installed on an Ethernet LAN, but cannot communicate with the network. What should you
check first?
i. Reinstall the network protocols
ii. Reinstall the network interface card driver
iii. Verify the IP configuration on the workstation
iv. Verify the link status on the computer’s network card
24. Which of the following troubleshooting steps should you take if the mouse pointer is moving irregularly on the screen but
has not failed altogether?
i. Check its connection to the port. ii. Clean the mouse.
iii. Reinstall the drivers. iv. Check for a conflict with the modem.
25. If a printer connected to an ethernet connection does not have a display, which of the following will give you the printer’s IP
address?
i. Network configuration page ii. Wireless network test report
iii. Configure administrative settings iv. None of these

Ans. 1. ii 2. i 3. iii 4. ii 5. ii 6. iii 7. iii 8. iv 9. ii 10. i

11. iv 12. ii 13. iii 14. iv 15. i 16. iii 17. ii 18. iv 19. iv 20. iv
21. iv 22. i 23. iv 24. ii 25. i

Computer Organisation 155

B. Fill in the blanks.
1. The first calculating machine was known as the ................................ .
2. ................................ takes the image of the contents and converts them into a digital file.
3. The two main types of RAM that are used in computers are ................................ and ................................ .
4. The RAM chip is made of................................ .
5. Hard Disk is also known as a ................................ Disk.
6. ................................was the first commercially available portable computer that came out in 1975.
7. ................................ are small and fast memories that store copies of data for frequent use and act similarly to random
access memory (RAM).
8. ................................regulates the voltage to eliminate spikes and surges inside the computer.
9. The tablet PC relies on ................................technology.
10. Surgeons nowadays use ................................devices to perform delicate operations.
11. UNIX was originally developed in 1969 at ................................ .
12. ................................ is the code that constitutes the core of an operating system.
13. After being purchased by Oracle in January 2010, Solaris is now known as ................................ .
14. The Linux operating system was developed by ................................ .
15. Symbian OS is being maintained by ................................ .
16. Google released the Android code as open-source under the ................................ License.
17. ................................ can function as both a traditional desktop OS and a mobile operating system.
18. ................................ is the official mascot of the Linux operating system.
19. BOSS is available for free download from the website ................................ .
20. Unix was developed by ................................ and Dennis Ritchie.
21. To improve the printing speed, reduce the printing quality by using ................................ .
22. ................................ when the computer freezes.
23. To check the internet connection, view the ................................ on the Taskbar.
24. There should be at least ................................ MB of free hard drive space on your system.
25. ................................ is the software that acts as an interface between user and the hardware. [CBSE Handbook]

Ans. 1. Abacus 2. Scanner 3. Dynamic RAM, Static RAM

4. Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) 5. Winchester 6. IBM 5100
7. Caches 8. SMPS 9. digital ink 10. robotic surgical
11. AT&T Bell Labs 12. Kernel 13. Oracle Solaris 14. Linus Benedict Torvalds
` 15. Accenture 16. Apache 17. Microsoft’s Windows 8.1
18. Tux the penguin 19. www.bosslinux.in 20. Ken Thompson 21. Fast Draft/ Fast Printing
22. Force System Restart 23. Network icon 24. 200-500 25. Operating System

C. State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. The term ‘hardware’ refers to the intangible components of a computer.
2. When a computer is switched ‘OFF’ or the power supply is interrupted, all the stored information in ROM disappears or is
lost.
3. Magnetic Disks are data storage devices that are made up of magnetic coated material.
4. A microcomputer supports the work of several users at a time.

156 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 5. A group of four (4) bits is called a ‘byte’.
6. A computer can work even in places where human beings cannot.
7. Topographic images can be created using computers.
8. The main memory of the computer is relatively small and can store only a certain amount of information.
9. A computer is an “intelligent thinking machine”.
10. A cluster is a simple multiple of the disk physical sector size, usually 512 bytes.
11. The new version of Solaris 11 was introduced as a closed-source proprietary operating system.
12. In Linux, if a bug occurs, one can easily contact the open-source community and resolve the problem.
13. BOSS is a CUI-like DOS.
14. The Android Open-Source Project (AOSP) is being led by Sun Microsystems.
15. Blackberry OS is an open-source software.
16. Apple iOS works only on Apple devices.
17. Android was acquired by Google in 2005.
18. Solaris is licensed to use the Unix trademark.
19. Troubleshooting is generally a trial-and-error process.
20. The network fly lead is seated in the network slot on your computer.
21. To connect to the Internet, you must have a functional sound card.
22. When the computer becomes unresponsive you can shut it down from the start menu.

Ans. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. T
11. T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. F 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. T 20. T
21. F 22. F

Section B
(Subjective Type Questions)
A. Short answer type questions.
1. List a few ways in which computers help the education system.
Ans. Computers are used in the education sector to conduct online classes, online examinations, reference e-books, online
tutoring, etc.
2. Name the three parts of the functional elements of a CPU.
Ans. The functional elements of a CPU can be divided into three parts:
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

 Control Unit (CU)

 Memory Unit (MU)

3. What is the difference between a mouse and a joystick?

Ans. A mouse pointer stops moving on the screen as soon as the user stops moving it, while the joystick pointer continues to
move in the direction towards which the joystick has been pointed. To stop the pointer, the user has to bring the joystick to
its upright position.
4. What is the difference between LED and LCD monitors?
Ans. The difference between LED and LCD monitors is in backlighting, as LCD monitors use ‘Cold Cathode Fluorescent Light’ while
LED monitors are based on ‘Light Emitting Diode’.

Computer Organisation 157

 5. Give one difference between the drum plotter and the flatbed plotter.
Ans. In a drum plotter, the paper being printed moves, while in a flatbed plotter the paper remains stationary.
6. What is a combo drive?
Ans. A combo drive is a device that contains all the features of a CD-Writer and a DVD-ROM.
7. Why are laptops more expensive than desktop computers?
Ans. Laptops are more expensive than desktop computers because they require much smaller hardware components, which are
more expensive to design and make.
8. Define the clock speed of a computer.
Ans. The speed of the CPU is also known as the clock speed of the CPU. The clock speed of the CPU is the frequency at which the
processor executes instructions or the frequency by which data is processed. It is measured in Gigahertz (GHz).
9. List the four basic elements of a processor.
Ans. A processor is made of four basic elements: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the floating-point unit (FPU), registers, and the
cache memories.
10. How does RAM impact the performance of a computer?
Ans. The RAM has the capability of storing data that the computer is currently using. It takes less time to retrieve data stored in
the RAM. A large storage capacity of RAM leads to faster computer processing, and a smaller storage capacity of RAM would
result in slower processing of the computer.
11. What are the benefits of E-banking?
Ans. E-banking lets us access our accounts from our authorised device and lets us view our bank balance, request a transfer
between accounts, and pay bills electronically. Online banking offers more convenience and ease to customers.
12. Define GIGO.
Ans. Faulty instructions for data processing may lead to faulty results. This is known as GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out).
13. What is the purpose of multiprogramming OS?
Ans. The purpose of multiprogramming is to increase the utilisation of the computer’s memory and its resources.
14. What are peripherals?
Ans. Peripherals are any hardware device connected to a computer, any part of the computer outside the CPU and working
memory. Some examples of peripherals are a keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
15. List the advantages and disadvantages of Dynamic RAM and Static RAM.
Ans.
Type of RAM Advantages Disadvantages
Dynamic RAM • Cheaper • Slower
• High Density • Needs continuous power
Static RAM • Faster • More expensive
• No need to refresh • Low density
16. Which is the Indian distribution of LINUX and who developed it?
Ans. The Indian distribution of LINUX is BOSS (Bharat Operating System Solutions), which has recently been developed by CDAC
(Centre for Development of Advanced Computing), India.
17. What is the ‘Open Handset Alliance’ consortium?
Ans. The ‘Open Handset Alliance’ consortium is a group of 84 companies that are based on hardware, software, and
telecommunication that are working to regulate open standards and for the development of mobile devices.
18. What is Android?
Ans. Android is a Linux-based mobile operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices and tablet computers.
It contains a rich set of application interfaces that allow third-party developers to develop useful applications.
19. What are the components of Unix OS?
Ans. Unix OS is made of three major components, i.e., the kernel, standard utility programs, and system configuration files.
20. Why is Linux improving every day?
Ans. The free availability of the code has led to fast improvement in the development of the Linux Operating System. Linux
is improving every day because I.T. professionals from all over the world are contributing to its code out of curiosity,
experiment, and social value.

158 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 21. What is MINIX?
Ans. In 1984, a Dutch professor, Andrew S. Tannenbaum, developed a clone of Unix and named it Minix. The code of the Minix
operating system was freely available to all aspirants.
22. Who began the GNU project?
Ans. In 1984, Richard Stallman’s Free Software Foundation (FSF) began the GNU (Genuinely Not Unix) project to create a free
version of the Unix operating system, but it was not fully completed.
23. Write a short note on Apple iOS.
Ans. Apple iOS is an operating system for iPhone, iPad, and other Apple mobile devices. This operating system is based on Mac
OS, which runs on Mac desktops and laptops. Apple iOS is designed for easy and seamless networking between a range of
Apple products.
24. What is meant by ‘Open Source’ operating system?
Ans. ‘Open Source’ operating system means that its source code is freely available. The user can modify and customise it as per
personal requirements.
25. What is the latest version of Android?
Ans. The latest version of Android is Android 12.
26. What is a multiprocessing system?
Ans. A system that contains multiple processors is called multiprocessing. This type of operating system supports the simultaneous
processing of more than one program. It shares the system bus, clock, and memory. It is also called a tightly coupled system
as the memory is shared.
27. What does an operating system do if a program is not functioning properly?
Ans. If the program is not functioning properly, the operating system again takes control, stops the application, and displays an
appropriate error message.
28. What is troubleshooting?
Ans. Troubleshooting is a form of problem-solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a system. It
is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to solve it and make the product or process operational again.
29. How will you check the amount of disk space available on the C drive?
Ans. To check the amount of disk space available, open the Windows Explorer Application and click on My Computer. This will
show the different hard disk partitions such as C and D. To check the amount of disk space available on the C drive, right-click
to get a pop-up menu and select the Properties option from this pop-up menu. Choose the ‘General’ Tab of this application.
From here you can check the used space and free space.
30. List the common troubleshooting steps to follow if any of the keys on the keyboard are stuck.
Ans. You need to clean the keyboard if any keys are stuck on it.
You must first shut down the computer. If necessary, you may have to use a mouse since the keyboard is stuck. Dust
should be removed using a brush, and the keyboard should be cleaned with a moist cloth (water should not be dripping
from the cloth).
31. When should you perform a hard reboot?
Ans. If you are unable to shutdown/restart your system, perform a hard reboot by pressing the Power button, i.e., manually may
turning off the computer. This step should be used as a last resort in extreme situations. Keep in mind that a hard reboot
may cause data loss.
B. Long answer type questions.
1. List the benefits of LED over CRT and LCD Monitors.
Ans. The benefits of LED over CRT and LCD monitors are:
i. Of the three types of monitors, the LED monitor displays the best image quality, encompassing vibrant colours and
comfortable viewing.
ii. LCD monitors are unable to display black and white images, while LED monitors can produce true black hues.
iii. LED monitors consume less electrical energy compared to CRT and LCD monitors.
iv. LED monitors are environmentally friendly because they do not contain mercury, and their zero percent flickering
eliminates the possibility of eye strain.

Computer Organisation 159

 2. Explain the three main steps of the instruction cycle of the CPU.
Ans. The CPU carries out its operations through the three main steps of the instruction cycle: fetch, decode, and execute.
 Fetch: the CPU retrieves instructions, usually from RAM.
 Decode: a decoder converts the instructions into signals for the other components of the computer.
 Execute: the now decoded instructions are sent to each component so that the desired operation can be performed.

3. Explain the function of an SMPS.

Ans. SMPS is an electric regulator component that receives electricity from the main power supply and then supplies appropriate
power to the other components of the computer. It takes the required amount of electricity from the mains or UPS and
converts the AC current into DC current with the required voltage.
4. Explain briefly the functions of the Control Unit (CU).
Ans. The Control Unit checks the correctness of the sequence of operations. It coordinates and directs the operation of the
hardware devices. It also coordinates the flow and execution of the data and instructions that are fed into the computer’s
memory. CU functions in an F-D-E-S (Fetch-Decode-Execute-Store) cycle. It fetches the instructions and data from the
memory unit, decodes them, and passes them to the ALU for further processing. It also directs the ALU to execute the
instruction and perform the required operations on the data.
5. What are ‘buses’? Explain the types of buses.
Ans. The control unit and the internal storage are linked together by sets of parallel electrical conducting lines called Buses. The
buses that carry data are called ‘Data Buses’. To retrieve data from the memory, it is necessary to identify the address of the
data in the main memory. The address is identified by (the memory) ‘Address Buses’. The buses that carry control signals are
called ‘Control Buses’.
6. Explain how a keyboard works.
Ans. A keyboard is a series of switches connected to a small keyboard microprocessor that monitors the state of each switch and
initiates a specific response to a change in state. When the user presses a key, it causes a change in the amount of current
flowing through the circuit associated specifically with that key. The keyboard microprocessor detects this change in the
current flow. By doing this, the processor can tell when a key has been pressed and when it is being released.
7. What is a processor? Explain why it is the most important part of the computer system.
Ans. A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations that run a computer. It is the most important
component of a computer system as it performs arithmetical, logical, input/output (I/O), and other basic instructions that
are passed from an operating system (OS). Most other processes are dependent on the operations of a processor. It does
all calculations and comparisons at a rapid speed. Its speed is measured in higher units of hertz (Hz), i.e., 9 MHz. It is often
referred to as the CPU.
8. Define a computer.
Ans. The computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user, processes this data under the
control of a set of instructions (called a program), gives the result (output), and saves the output for future use. It can
process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
9. What is a Linux distribution? Give examples.
Ans. A Linux distribution (also called a GNU/Linux distribution) is a member of the family of Unix-like software distributions
that are built on the Linux kernel. Such distributions (often called distros) even consist of a collection of software
applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, media players, database applications, server software, etc. Linux
distributions are available in a wide variety of forms, from fully-featured desktop and server operating systems to simple
operating systems.
Some well-known Linux distributions are BOSS, Solaris, and SUSE.
10. List the main features of the Unix operating system.
Ans. The main features of the Unix operating system are:
 It is a ‘Multi User’ operating system, which means that many users can share the operating system at the same point in
time from different terminals.
 Unix is a ‘multi-tasking’ operating system, which means that many applications can be open at the same point in time.
 It has a hierarchical directory structure that helps in the proper maintenance of files.
 It is a portable operating system.
 It has a wide range of supporting tools in itself, like debuggers, compilers, etc.

160 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 11. List the features of Linux.
Ans. Features of Linux are:
 It is a multitasking operating system, which means many applications can be opened at the same point in time.
 It is available in GUI (Graphical User Interface) form.
 Linux is network-friendly, i.e., it provides easy accessibility to the internet and LAN.
 It is a “multi-user” operating system, which means that multiple users can access the operating system from different
terminals at the same time.
 It is an ‘Open Source’ operating system, which means the source code of Linux is freely available. The user can modify
and customise it as per personal requirements.
 It has a strong security system that restricts intrusion into a computer system.
 It is portable and compatible, reliable and seldom crashes.

12. Write a short note on Symbian and how it works.

Ans. Symbian is a mobile operating system that is specially designed for smartphones. It is a useful operating system for phones
that offers a high level of integration with communication and personal information management (PIM) functionality.
Symbian OS combines middleware (which enables data transfer between two different applications) with wireless
communications through an integrated mailbox. This OS is, at present, maintained by Accenture, though originally it was
developed by Symbian Ltd.
13. Explain Time-sharing OS.
Ans. Time-sharing OS: In this OS, multiple processes run simultaneously but for a short period of time called a “time quantum”
or “time slot,” and then the CPU serves another process. It is useful for an interactive system.
It takes a very small fraction of time for each action or command. Only a little time is needed for each user. The CPU switches
so rapidly from one user to another that each user is given the impression that he/she has his/her own computer, while
actually it is one computer being shared among many users.
14. List some common troubleshooting steps.
Ans. When you switch on the system, the power supply detects the CPU and the peripherals (the other connected devices).
The system boots, and if all peripheral devices have been successfully detected, most systems will produce a beep. If any
connected device (such as a monitor, keyboard, mouse, or printer) does not switch on, try the following:
Check the Cables and Power Card: Check the cables of the specific computer hardware which is not working. Ensure that all
the connections are tight and correctly plugged in and that the power button of these devices is ON. For wireless devices,
make sure they are turned on and that the batteries are charged up.
Use Help: Access the Help window by pressing the F1 key. This window helps find a solution to the problem.
Record Error Messages: Record the full error message for future reference.
Restart the Computer: Restart the computer system. If the device still does not switch on, shut down the computer and
start it again.
15. List the steps to check whether the network card is working.
Ans. To check whether the network card is working open a command prompt window:
 Open the ‘Start’ menu.
 Open the ‘Run window’.
 Type CMD in the Run window.
 An MS-DOS window will open, type ping 127.0.0.1 at the prompt.
Alternatively, click Start and in the Search box type ping 127.0.0.1 and press Enter. This will run the ping command in the
command prompt window.
16. Why do we need to run a disk fragmentation program?
Ans. The data in the file is constantly changing. As a result, there are gaps or spaces in the file stored in the memory (hard
disk). Because of this, the file uses up more storage space and could slow down the machine. You need to run a ‘Disk
Defragmentation’ program to reclaim these gaps in space. To do this:
 Click on ‘My Computer’ or ‘This PC’.
 Highlight the C drive and right-click to get a pop-up menu.
 From the popup menu, select the Properties option.
 The dialog box showing the properties of the local disk (C:) is displayed.
 Choose the Tools Tab of this application. Click the Defragment now button.

Computer Organisation 161

 17. List some processes for hardware troubleshooting.
Ans: Some processes for hardware troubleshooting include:
 Removing, repairing, or replacing defective RAM, hard disk, or video/graphic card
 Cleaning dust from RAM slots, video card ports, and the cooling fan
 Tightening cables and jumpers on the motherboard and other components
 Software-related hardware problems, such as updating or installing device drivers

18. What are utilities?

Ans. Utilities are special programs that make computer systems operate more smoothly, effectively, and efficiently. Utility
software programs aid in the following tasks:
 Improving the performance of computer
 Provide security from virus
 Manage disk space
 Free disk space on hard Disk, provide backup, etc.
lues a
ills & V
C. Competency-based/Application-based questions: Life Sk

1. Sometimes, a program works properly for some period of time and then suddenly produces an error. What is the reason and
solution for this problem?
Ans. This happens because of a rare combination of events or due to an error in the instructions provided by the user. Therefore,
computer parts require regular checking and maintenance to give correct results. Furthermore, computers need to be
installed in a dust-free place. Generally, some parts of computers get heated up due to heavy processing. Therefore, the
ambient temperature of the computer system should be maintained.
2. Divya is working on her father's computer. She realise that the performance of the computer is very low. She wants to
improve the performance of the computer. Suggest her any one way to do so.
Ans. She can increase the RAM of the computer to improve the performance of the computer.
3. An operating system that typically starts up with icons or tiles that provide application access. It manage cellular and wireless
network connectivity, multimedia functions, and Internet connectivity. It combine the features of a personal computer
operating system with the features of a touch screen, Bluetooth, wi-fi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera, speech
recognition, voice recorder, music player, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), etc. Which type of operating system are we talking
about?
Ans. Mobile Operating System
4. It is a widely used graphical user interface operating system for personal computers and mobile phones that provides a
standard appearance on a rectangular screen. It was developed by Microsoft in 1985. Which operating system are we talking
about?
Ans. Microsoft Windows Operating System

Unsolved Exercise
Section A
(Objective Type Questions)
A. Choose the correct option.
1. Which of the following is the primary input device for PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants)?
i. Trackball ii. Joystick
iii. Stylus iv. Mouse
2. Which of the following is the unit of measurement of resolution?
i. Cps ii. Dpi
iii. Ppm iv. Lpm
3. Drum Printer and Chain Printer are types of ................................ .
i. Line Printer ii. Character Printer
iii. Dot Matrix Printer iv. Inkjet Printer

162 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

 4. Which of the following was the first personal computer introduced in 1968?
i. IBM PC 100 ii. Apple Macintosh
iii. IBM 5100 iv. Hewlett-Packard 9100A
5. Which of the following is not a Microcomputer?
i. IBM PC 100 ii. HCL Magnum
iii. IBM PC 200 iv. Apple Macintosh
6. Which of the following is not an optical disc?
i. CD ii. DVD
iii. Hard Disk iv. Blu-Ray Disc
7. Which one of the following errors will be handled by the operating system?
i. Lack of paper in printer ii. Connection failure in the network
iii. Power failure iv. All of these
8. Which of the following is not an operating system?
i. Windows ii. Linux
iii. Oracle iv. DOS
9. Which of the following is a single-user operating system?
i. Windows ii. MAC
iii. Ms-DOS iv. None of these
10. The main memory accommodates ................................ .
i. Cpu ii. User processes
iii. Operating system iv. All of these
11. On a Laptop, the Power button is usually located in ................................ .
i. Top center ii. Left corner
iii. Right corner iv. Both ii and iii
12. Aniket is running an application, but it is working very slowly. He restarted the application to improve its speed, but it is still
causing trouble. What should he do to solve the problem?
i. Keep using the application ii. Check all the available updates
iii. Check the internet connectivity iv. All of these
13. Utility software program helps in:
i. Manage disk drive ii. Provide security from virus
iii. Provide backup iv. All of these
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. ................................ is a device that captures unique information from the human body.
2. A ................................ and a ................................ are two major components of the LCD.
3. An inkjet printer prints photo-quality images with a resolution of ................................ dpi (dots per inch).
4. The higher the ................................ of the hard disk, the greater the speed of reading and writing data.
5. A ................................ laser is used to read or write data on the Blu-ray disc.
6. A ................................ is a multiprocessing system and is capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously.
7. The chips that are attached to the motherboard are known as the. ............................... .
8. The cycle of activities performed by a computer is referred to as the ................................ cycle.
9. CU functions in an ................................ cycle.
10. The address is identified by the ................................ Buses.
11. ................................ is known as the father of the Operating system.
12. ................................ computer are capable of running several tasks or programs at the same time.
13. ................................ and ................................ are the examples of CUI operating system.

Computer Organisation 163

 14. Unix was developed in .................................
15. ................................ is the code that constitutes the core of an operating system.
16. On the Taskbar, click on ................................ icon to see the internet connections.
17. There should be at least ................................ MB of free hard drive space on your system.

C. State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. AZERTY type keyboard is mostly used in Germany and Central Europe.
2. Dynamic RAM needs a continuous power supply.
3. 1024 Yottabytes (YB) is equivalent to 1 Geopbyte (GB).
4. Flash memory is also known as a Secure Digital Card.
5. Blu-ray discs can store data of up to 128 GB.
6. Change the default printer quality setting from Fast Draft to Normal.
7. The results of the processed data are transferred from internal storage to an output device.
8. A joystick is generally used to control the velocity of the screen cursor’s movement rather than its absolute position.
9. The handheld scanner looks similar to a photocopier machine.
10. A character printer is also known as a serial printer.

D. Expand the following:

1. RAM 2. ROM
3. CD 4. DVD
5. BDA 6. SMPS
7. CAM 8. CAD

E. Give two examples of:

1. Mobile OS
2. Linux Distribution
3. GUI Based OS
4. Real-time OS

Section B
(Subjective Type Questions)
A. Short answer type questions.
1. Explain the characteristics of a computer.
2. List the limitations of a computer.
3. Draw the block diagram of the computer.
4. Explain the functions of the CPU.
5. What is an operating system?
6. How many types can an operating system be classified into?
7. Define ‘Troubleshooting’?
8. List some troubleshooting steps that you should keep in mind.
9. Write the steps to change the default printer.
10. How can you check the network connectivity of your system? [CBSE Handbook]
11. Why is RAM known as a Volatile Memory?
12. Why is the OS considered a platform for the application program?

164 Touchpad Information Technology-XI

B. Long answer type questions.
1. Explain Cache Memory in brief.
2. Explain the working of a Motherboard.
3. Write about Flash Memory in brief.
4. Differentiate between CUI and GUI.
5. Write a few features of Windows OS.
6. What will you do if the network card is not working properly?
7. Sometimes computers become totally unresponsive or freeze. What should you do to make the computer work again?
8. What could be the reasons for the print jobs being sent to the wrong printer?
9. What would you do when your keyboard or mouse is not responding/working properly?
10. Describe the function of ALU and CU in short. [CBSE Handbook]
11. What are the different functions of the operating system? Explain.
12. Differentiate between:
i. Stylus and Trackball
ii. Impact and Non-Impact Printer
iii. Handheld Computer and Micro Computer
iv. Primary Memory and Secondary Memory arning
ntial Le
Experie
C. Competency-based/Application-based questions:
1. It is a Unix-based operating system that was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and was called SunOS in 1993. Which
operating system is this?
2. It is an operating system for iPhone, iPad, and other Apple mobile devices. This operating system is based on Mac OS, which
runs on Mac desktops and laptops. Which operating system are we discussing about?
3. A user complains that they cannot hear any sound on their computer. What are the simple things you should consider
concerning this problem? State any two.

LAB ACTIVITY ment

t Enrich
Subjec

1. Create a PowerPoint presentation with 10 slides on the topic of Classification of Computers.

2. Imagine you are tasked with setting up a computing environment for a large organisation with diverse computing
needs. The organisation is considering multiple operating systems to meet various requirements. Based on the
provided list of operating systems (Unix, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, Linux, Macintosh), each system has unique
strengths and weaknesses. How would you assess the compatibility and integration of each operating system with
existing hardware and software in the organisation? Consider factors such as device drivers, application support,
and ease of integration into the existing infrastructure. Write it in your practical notebook.

Computer Organisation 165