Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
College/ Department College of Accountancy and Business
Administration
Course Code MTN 9
Course Title Statistics for Research
Place of the Course in the
Program
Semester & Academic Year 2nd Semester, AY 2023-2024
Introduction
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - or the F-test was developed by R. A. Fisher
in l923.
The ANOVA is a statistical test which makes a single, overall
decision as to whether a significant difference is present among three or
more samples.
The ANOVA can test multiple groups to see if they differ on one or
more variables.
It can also be used to test between-groups and within-groups
differences.
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module the students are expected to:
1. Importance of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
2. Steps in Analysis of Variance of a Single Factor ANOVA (One
Way ANOVA)
3. To be able to test the Statistical Hypothesis in the sample
problem, write a summary statement and statement of
results.
Discussion
ONE-WAY (SINGLE FACTOR) ANOVA - This tests groups to determine if
there are differences on a single set of independent variables.
Sample Problem
Three groups of 15 students were receiving therapy for a severe test
anxiety. Group 1 received 5 hours therapy, Group 2, 10 hours and Group
3, 15 hours. At the end of the therapy, each student completed an
evaluation of test anxiety (dependent variable in the study). Did the
amount of therapy (independent variable) have an effect on the level of
test anxiety? (Pls. refer to table Critical Values of F)
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Now, we determine if the differences between these three means are
significant by using the one-way analysis of variance or
ANOVA.
Step 1. Calculate the SSb, the sum of squares between groups where;
X1 is a score from Group 1
X2 is a score from Group 2
X3 is a score from Group 3
XT is a score from any subject in the total
group of subjects
n1 is the number of subjects in Group 1
n2 is the number of subjects in Group 2
n3 is the number of subjects in Group 3
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Step 4 Calculate MSSb, the mean square between groups; MSSw, the
mean square within groups, and F, the F ratio. The formulas
are:
MSSb = SSB(Sum of Squares Between)
dfB (Degrees of Freedom Between)
= 25.2
2
= 12.60
MSSw = SSW(Sum of Squares Within
dfW (Degrees of Freedom Within)
= 29.2
12
= 2.43
F = MSSb = 12.60 = 5.178
MSSw 2.43
Step 5 Test the significance of the F value obtained which is 5.178 by
comparing the critical F value in the table with an alpha level of
.05, 2 degrees of freedom between groups (or degrees of
freedom in the numerator of the F ratio), and 12 degrees of
freedom in the denominator of the F ratio). Column 2 of the
table (2 degrees of freedom or the numerator) and row 12
(12 degrees of freedom for the denominator, and the critical
value for F at the .05 level is 3.88 or F.05(2,12) = 3.88.
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Module 8: Analysis of Variance
Application of Statistical Test - testing statistical hypothesis for our
research problem and analysis of individual mean.
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
based on the research question.
Ho : µ1 = µ2 = µ3 H1 : not Ho
Our null hypothesis for the F test states that there are no differences
among the three means; the alternate hypothesis states that there are
significant differences among some or all of the individual means (not Ho).
2. Set the alpha level;
α = .05 (we have 5 chances in 100 of making a type 1 error)
3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic, indicate the degrees
of freedom.
F(2,12) = 5.178 (2,12) means 2 dfB groups and 12 dfW groups
4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis
Reject Ho if F is > = 3.88
5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.
Reject Ho, p < .05
Since our calculated value of F (5.178) is greater than the tabular value
(3.88), we reject the null hypo- thesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis.
6. Write a statement of results.
There is a significant difference among the scores of the 3 groups of
students received on the Test Anxiety Index. We rejected the null
hypothesis. We found that there is a significant difference among the
three means. Group 1 had the lowest mean of 50.6, group 3 had a
higher mean of 51.2 and Group 2 had the highest mean of 53.6.
We would like to know which of these differences in means are significant
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Module 8: Analysis of Variance
by analyzing the difference between pairs of means in ANOVA by the use
of post hoc (after the fact) comparison.
Making Post Hoc Comparisons Among Pairs of Means with the
Scheffe Test
The Scheffe Test determines which specific cell mean differs from the other
cell mean if F is significant. We calculate an F ratio for the difference
between the means of two cells and test the significance of this F value.
1. Calculate F1 and 2 to see if there is a significant difference between the
means of groups 1 and 2.
The Formula is:
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Module 8: Analysis of Variance
Summary of Scheffe Test Results
Group 1 versus Group 2 = 4.63
Group 1 versus Group 3 = 0.18
Group 2 versus Group 3 = 2.96
We compare these values with the critical value for F .05(2,12) = 3.88
and the only significant difference is between Group 1 and Group 2 (4.63 is
greater than 3.88).
We have conducted an Ad Hoc Analysis of the significance of the
differences between pairs of group means and we can modify Steps 3 and
6 of our hypothesis testing to include the results of the Post Hoc Analysis,
so that our amended Steps for 3 and 6 should be:
Step 3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Indicate the
degrees of freedom for the statistical test if necessary.
F(2,12) = 5.178, value of the F ratio
F.05(2,12) = 3.88, critical value of F
F12 = 4.630, Scheffe test value for comparing means 1 and 2
F13 = 0.185, Scheffe test value for comparing means 1 and 3
F23 = 2.963, Scheffe test value for comparing means 2 and 3
Step 6. Write a statement of results.
There is a significant difference among the scores the 3 groups of
students received on the Test Anxiety Index.
Group 1(the 5-hour therapy group) has a significantly lower score on
the TAI than Group 2(the 10-hour therapy group).
Exercises
An educational psychologist is interested in evaluating 4 different
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types of standard training on teacher productivity. Using the given data,
determine whether there is a significant difference between the training
methods. Larger numbers on the dependent variable indicate higher
productivity.
Compute and have all the information needed to complete the six-step
statistical inference process.
1. State the Ho and H1 based on your research question.
2. Set the alpha level.
3. Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Indicate the df for
the statistical test if necessary.
4. Write the decision rule for rejecting the Ho. (conduct POST HOC
Comparison using the Scheffe Test if necessary.
5. Write a summary statement based on the decision.
6. Write a statement of results.
Resources and Additional Resources
Alamil, L. R., Antivola, H. M. & Rayel, J. J. 2015. Business Statistics: A
Modular
Approach. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City.
Reyes, C. Z. & Saren, L. L. 2007. Elementary Statistics text/ Workbook.
National
Bookstore. Metro Manila
Sirug, W. S. 2015. Introduction to Business Statistics A Comprehensive
Approach
Revised Edition. Mindshapers Co., Inc, Manila.
Prepared by:
GENE A. PERALTA, LPT., MBA
Instructor I
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