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Tutorial3 Ans

The document is a tutorial on digital communication principles, covering various problems related to discrete-time sequences, Nyquist rates, auto-correlation functions, minimum sampling frequencies for bandpass signals, and conditions for perfect reconstruction of signals. It includes detailed solutions for each problem, providing mathematical relationships and formulas. The tutorial is intended for students in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at IIT Roorkee.

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54 views3 pages

Tutorial3 Ans

The document is a tutorial on digital communication principles, covering various problems related to discrete-time sequences, Nyquist rates, auto-correlation functions, minimum sampling frequencies for bandpass signals, and conditions for perfect reconstruction of signals. It includes detailed solutions for each problem, providing mathematical relationships and formulas. The tutorial is intended for students in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at IIT Roorkee.

Uploaded by

mayankkapil2130
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ECN-311: Principles of Digital Communication

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering


Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Tutorial 3
By
Prof. Ekant Sharma

Problem 1. Given a discrete-time sequence


 nπ 
x(n) = cos
8
i) Find a continuous time signal that produced x(n) when sampled at fs = 10Hz.

ii) True or False: The signal obtained in (i) is unique. If True, prove it. If False, find
another signal that produces x(n).

Solution: (i)
x(n) = xa (nTs ) = xa ( fns )
f0 = 10
16
= 0.625Hz
(ii)
Use cos(2π ff0s n) = cos(2π f0 +kf
fs
s
n), k ∈ 1, 2, ....
Sinusoids with the following frequencies: 20.625Hz, 30.625Hz, . . . have the same samples.

Problem 2. Find the Nyquist rate of the following signals:


sin (500πt) sin (700πt)
i) y(t) = πt
. πt .

ii) y(t) = sinc(700t) + sinc(500t).

iii) y(t) = sinc3 (400t) ∗ sinc3 (100t), where ∗ denotes the convolution operation.

iv) y(t) = x(t)x(1 + 2t ), where x(t) is a base-band signal band limited to 10kHz.

v) y(t) = x(2t + 5), where x(t) = cos (6πt) + sin (8πt).

Solution: (i) fs,min = 2fm = 1200Hz


(ii)fs,min = 2 × fm = 700Hz
(iii) fs,min = 2fm = 300Hz
(iv) fs,min = 30kHz
(v) fs = 2fm = 16Hz

1
Problem 3. X(n) is a discrete-time stochastic process which is periodically sampled from
a zero-mean continuous-time stationary process X(t), i.e. X(n) ≜ X(nT ), where T is the
sampling time-interval.

i) Establish the relationship between the auto-correlation function of X(t), i.e. Rc (τ )


and auto-correlation sequence of X(n), i.e. Rd (k).

ii) Express the power density spectrum of X(n) in terms of the power density spectrum
of the process X(t).

iii) Determine the conditions under which the power density spectrum of X(n) equals the
power density spectrum of X(t).

Solution: (i)Rd (k) = E[X ∗ (nT )X(nT + kT )] = Rc (kT )


∞
(ii) Sd (fd ) = T1 Sa fdT+l
P 
l=−∞
(iii)Sd (fd ) = T Sa fTd iff Sa (f ) = 0 ∀f : |f | > 2T
1 1


Problem 4. Find the minimum sampling frequency for the following bandpass signals:

i) x(t) is real; X(f ) is non-zero only for 9kHz ≤ |f | ≤ 12kHz.

ii) x(t) is real; X(f ) is non-zero only for 18kHz ≤ |f | ≤ 22kHz.

iii) X(f ) is non-zero only for 30kHz ≤ f ≤ 35kHz.

Solution: (i) fs,min = 2B = 6kHz


(ii) fs,min = 2B ′ = 8.8kHz
(iii) fs = 5kHz

Problem 5. x(t) is a low pass signal, band-limited to W , which is sampled with a sampling
interval of T . The output after sampling
∞
X
xp (t) = x(nT )p(t − nT )
n=−∞

is generated, with p(t) is an arbitrarily shaped pulse (not necessarily limited to the interval
[0, T ])

i) Find the Fourier transform of xp (t).

ii) Find the conditions for perfect reconstruction of x(t) from xp (t).

iii) Determine the required reconstruction filter.

2
∞
1 n
P
Solution: (i) Xp (f ) = Ts
P (f ) X(f − Ts
)
n=−∞
(ii) In order to avoid aliasing T1s ≥ 2W . Furthermore the spectrum P (f ) should be invertible
for |f | ≤ W .
f
(iii) X(f ) can be recovered using the reconstruction filter Π( 2W n
) with W ≤ Wn ≤ T1s − W

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