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A Study on Network Security and Cryptography

Conference Paper · January 2022

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 A Study on Network Security and Cryptography
Ms.S.Anitha1 Ms.R.Padmalatha2

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Applications Department of Computer Applications

Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
Network Security is a concept of securing data through wireless transmission with the help
is used to ensure the contents of a message which are confidentiality means of cryptography.
Data Security is the main aspects of secure data transmission over unreliable network. Network
Security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the
network administrator. Network Security is used in various computer network sectors such as
private and public. Networks used in the organizations, enterprises, institutions, etc..are in the
form of private and public. The task of network security is not only ensuring the security of end
systems but also to the entire network. Network Security is used in various applications like
Government agencies, Organization, Enterprises, Bank, Business etc. Cryptography nobody can
understand the received message expect the one who has the decipher key, this is done when the
sender includes a cryptographic operation called hash function on the original message. A hash
function is a mathematical representation of the information, when any information arrives to
receiver, the receiver calculates the value of this hash function. Security of data is done by a
technique called cryptography. So one can say that Cryptography is an emerging technology,
which is important for network security. In olden day’s cryptography was used to keep the
military information, diplomatic correspondence secure and in protecting the national security
but the usage was limited. Now-a-days, the range of cryptography applications have been
expanded a lot in this modern area after the development of communication. Cryptography is
essentially required to ensure that data’s are protected against penetrations and to prevent and it
is also a powerful meansin securing e-commerce.
INTRODUCTION
Network Security protects our network and data from breaches, intrusions and other threats. This
is a vast and overarching term that describes hardware and software solutions as well as
processes or rules and configurations relating to network use, accessibility and overall threat
protection. Network Security involves access control, virus and antivirus software, application
security, network analytics, types of network-related security [endpoint, web, wireless],
firewalls, VPN encryption and many more. Network Security is the most vital component in
information security because it is responsible for securing all the information passed through
networked computer. Network Security refers to hardware and software functions,
characteristics, features, operational procedures, accountability, measures, access control,
administrative and management policy required to provide an acceptable level of protection for
hardware and software in a network. Internet has become more widespread, if an unauthorized
person is able to get access to this network, he can not only spy on us but he can easily mess
upour lives. Network Security and Cryptography is a concept of protecting the network and data
transmission over a wireless network. A Network Security system typically relies on layers of
production and consists of multiple components including networking, monitoring and security
software in addition to hardware’s and appliances. All components work together to increase the
overall security of the computer network. Security of data can be done by a technique called
Cryptography.

Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code. Modern Cryptography exists at the
intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering.
Anapplication of cryptography includes ATM cards, computer password, and electronic
commerce. The development of the World Wide Web resulted in broad use of cryptography for
e-commerce and business applications. Cryptography is closely related to disciplines of
cryptology and cryptanalysis. Techniques used for decrypting a message without any knowledge
of the encryption details fail into the area of cryptanalysis. Cryptanalysis is what the layperson
calls “breaking the code”. The areas of cryptography and cryptanalysis together are called
cryptology. Cryptography means “Hidden Secrets” is concerned with encryption.

Encryption is the process of converting ordinary information (called plaintext) into

unintelligible text (called cipher text).

Decryption is the reverse process of encryption, moving from the unintelligible cipher text back
to plaintext.

Cryptosystem is the ordered list of elements of finite possible plaintext, cipher text, keys and the
encryption and decryption algorithms which correspond to each key.
The various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity,
authentication, and non-repudiation are central to modern cryptography.

The testing issue is the way to successfully share scrambled information. Encode message with
unequivocally secure key which is known just by sending and beneficiary end is a note worthy
perspective to get strong security in sensor organize. The safe trade of key amongst sender and
recipient is a lot of trouble some errand in as set imperative sensor arrange. information ought to
be scrambled first by clients before it is outsourced to a remote distributed storage benefit and
both information security and information get to security ought to be ensured to such an extent
that distributed storage specialist organizations have no capacities to unscramble the information,
and when the client needs to pursuit a few sections of the entire information, the distributed
storage framework will give the availability without recognizing what the segment of the
encoded information came back to the client is about.

METHODOLOGY:

Internet security is a tree branch of computer security specifically related to the Internet, often
involving browser security but also network security on a more general level as it applies to other
applications or operating systems on a whole. Its objective is to establish rules and measures to
use against attacks over the Internet. The Internet represents an insecure channel for exchanging
information leading to a high risk of intrusion or fraud, such as phishing. Different methods have
been used to protect the transfer of data, including encryption.

Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled
by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other
authenticating information that allows them access to information and programs within their
authority.
CRYPTOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES
A. Redundancy: All the encrypted message contain some redundancy, there is
no need of understanding the message by information.
B. Freshness: Time stamp is used in every message. For instance the time stamp
is of 10sec for every message. The receiver keeps the message around 10sec
to receive the message and filter the output within that10sec.The message
exceeds the time stamp it is throw out.

CRYPTOGRAPHY GOALS

By using cryptography many goals can be achieved, These goals can be either all achieved
at the same time in one application, or only one of them, These goals are:
a) Confidentiality: It is the most important goal, that ensures that nobody can
understand the received message except the one who has the decipher key.
b) Authentication: It is the process of proving the identity, that assures the
communicating entity is the one that it claimed to be, This means that the user or
the system can prove their own identities toot her parties who don’t have personal
knowledge of their identities
c) Data Integrity: Its ensures that the received message has not been altered in any
way from its original form, This can be achieved by using hashing at both sides the
sender and the recipient in order to create a unique message digest and compare it
with the one that received.
d) Non-Repudiation: It is mechanism used to prove that the sender really sent this
message, and the message was received by the specified party, so the recipient
cannot claim that the message was not sent.
e) Access Control: It is the process of preventing an unauthorized use of
resources. This goal controls who can have access to the resources, If one
can access, under which restrictions and conditions the access can be occurred,
and what is the permission level of a given access.
CRYPTOSYSTEM TYPES
1. Asymmetric cryptosystems
It uses two different keys to send and receive the messages. It
use public key for encryption and another key is used ford
encryption. Two user A and B needs to communicate, A use public
key of B’s to encrypt the message. B use private key to decipher the
text. It is also called as public key cryptosystems. Diffie-Hellman
key exchange generate both public and private key.

Fig. Asymmetric cryptosystems

2. Symmetric cryptosystems

In Symmetric cryptosystems both the enciphering and deciphering keys are

identical or sometimes bother related to each other. Both the key should be kept more secure
otherwise in future secure communication will not be possible. Keys should be more secure
and it should be exchanged in a secure channel between two users. Data Encryption
Standard(DES) is example of Symmetric cryptosystems.

Fig. Symmetric cryptosystems

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MODEL & ALGORITHM

A. Encryption model
There are two encryption models namely they are as follows: Symmetric encryption
and Asymmetric encryption. In Symmetric encryption, Encryption key=Decryption key. In
Asymmetric encryption, Encryption key Decryption key.

B. Algorithm

There are of course a wide range of cryptographic algorithms in use. The following
are amongst the most well-known:

1) DES: This is the 'Data Encryption Standard'. This is a cipher at operates on 64-bit
blocks of data, using a 56-bit key. It is a 'private key' system.
2) RSA: RSA is a public-key system designed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman.
3) HASH:A 'hash algorithm' is used for computing a condensed representation of a
fixed length message/file. This is sometimes known as a 'message digest', or a
'fingerprint'.
4) MD5:MD5isa128 bit message digest function. It was developed by Ron Rivest.
5) AES: This is the Advanced Encryption Standard(using the Rijndael block cipher)
approved by NIST.
6) SHA-1:SHA-1 is a hashing algorithm similar in structure to MD5, but producing a
digest of 160bits(20bytes).Because of the large digest size, it is less likely that two
different messages will have the same SHA-1 message digest. For this reasonSHA-1
is recommended in preference to MD5.
7) HMAC: HMAC is a hashing method that uses a key in conjunction with an
algorithm such asMD5 or SHA-1. Thus one can refer to HMAC-MD5 and HMAC-
SHA1.
CONCLUSION:

With the explosive growth in the Internet, network and data security have become an
inevitable concern for any organization whose internal private network is connected to the
Internet. The security for the data has become highly important. User’s data privacy is a central
question over cloud. With more mathematical tools, cryptographic schemes are getting more
versatile and often involve multiple keys for a single application. The various schemes which are
used in cryptography for Network security purpose. Encrypt message with strongly secure key
which is known only by sending and recipient end, is a significant aspect to acquire robust
security in cloud. The secure exchange of key between sender and receiver is an important task.
The key management helps to maintain confidentiality of secret information from unauthorized
users. It can also check the integrity of the exchanged message to verify the authenticity.
Network security covers the use of cryptographic algorithms in network protocols and network
applications. This paper briefly introduces the concept of computer security, focuses on the
threats of computer network security. In the future, work can be done on key distribution and
management as well as optimal cryptography algorithm for data security over clouds.
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