Mood Disorders (extended)
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1. major depressive includes being in a "depressed mood most of the day,
disorder (MDD) nearly every day" (feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or ap-
pearing tearful to others), and loss of interest and pleasure
in usual activities.
2. causes of major believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental,
depressive disor- and psychological factors. Risk factors include a family
der (MDD) history of the condition, major life changes, certain med-
ications, chronic health problems, and substance abuse.
3. symptoms/diag- one must experience a total of five symptoms for at least
nosis of major a two-week period that are not caused by substances or
depressive a medical condition:
disorder (MDD)
• significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain
and/or significant decrease or increase in appetite
• difficulty falling asleep or sleeping too much
• fatigue or loss of energy
• feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• difficulty concentrating and indecisiveness
• thoughts of death (not just fear of dying)
4. anxious distress a depression subtype where a person experiences anxiety
in the form of tenseness, restlessness, lack of focus, fear,
or of losing control
5. mixed features a depression subtype where a person experiences some
manic symptoms such as elevated moods, increased en-
ergy, or talkativeness
6. melancholic fea- a depression subtype where a person experiences lack of
tures interest or pleasure in activities
7. atypical features a depression subtype where a person may experience
elevated moods for certain periods of time or around
particular people, or may show weight gain, increased
appetite, or excessive sleep
8. a depression subtype where a person may experience
delusions or hallucinations
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mood-congruent
psychotic
features
9. catatonia a depression subtype where a person may show catatonic
symptoms, such as staying still or immobilized for long
periods of time
10. seasonal pattern (seasonal affective disorder) a depression subtype where
a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive
disorder only during a particular time of year (e.g., fall or
winter). In everyday language, people often refer to this
subtype as the winter blues
11. peripartum onset a depression subtype where symptoms appear during
pregnancy or in the weeks following birth
12. persistent de- a person experiences mild to moderate depressed moods
pressive disor- for most of the day nearly every day for at least two
der years, and displays at least two of the symptoms of major
depressive disorder
13. symptoms of per- requires at least two symptoms for diagnosis:
sistent depres-
sion disorder • decreased or increased appetite
• decreased or increased sleep (insomnia or hypersom-
nia)
• fatigue or low energy
• reduced self-esteem
• decreased concentration or problems making decisions
• feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
14. disruptive mood is a childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger, and
dysregulation frequent, intense temper outbursts. symptoms typically
disorder (DMDD) begin before the age of 10 and symptoms go beyond just
a "moody" child. Children with this diagnosis experience
severe impairment that requires clinical attention
15. symptoms of • irritability or angry moods for most of the day, nearly
disruptive mood every day
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dysregulation • severe temper outbursts (verbal or behavioral) at an
disorder (DMDD) average of three or more times per week that are out of
keeping with the situation and the child's developmental
level
• Trouble functioning due to irritability in more than one
place (e.g., home, school, with peers)
16. premenstrual a health problem that is similar to premenstrual syndrome
dysphoric (PMS) but more serious, it causes severe irritability, de-
disorder (PMDD) pression, or anxiety in the week or two before your period
starts. it causes severe and disabling form of premenstrual
syndrome
17. symptoms of pre- • Lasting irritability or anger that may affect other people
menstrual dys- • Feelings of sadness or despair, or even thoughts of
phoric disorder suicide
(DMDD) • Feelings of tension or anxiety
• Panic attacks
• Mood swings or crying often
• Lack of interest in daily activities and relationships
• Trouble thinking or focusing
• Tiredness or low energy
• Food cravings or binge eating
• Trouble sleeping
• Feeling out of control
• Physical symptoms, such as cramps, bloating, breast
tenderness, headaches, and joint or muscle pain
18. bipolar I disorder which was previously known as manic-depression, is char-
acterized by a single or recurrent manic episode. A de-
pressive episode is not necessary but commonly present
for the diagnosis
19. bipolar II disor- is characterized by single (or recurrent) hypomanic
der episodes and depressive episodes. The mood distur-
bances must be present for one week or longer in mania
(unless hospitalization is required) or four days or longer
in hypomania.
20.
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symptoms of a at least three of the following symptoms must be present in
euphoric or irrita- the context of euphoric mood (or at least four in the context
ble mood of irritable mood):
• inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor agita-
tion
• reduced need for sleep
• racing thoughts or flight of ideas
• distractibility
• increased talkativeness
• excessive involvement in risky behavior
21. etiology of bipo- Genetic influences are believed to account for 73-93% of
lar disorder the risk of developing the disorder.
22. epidemiology of The co-occurrence of BD with other psychiatric disorders
bipolar disorder is associated with poorer illness course, including higher
rates of suicidality
23. cyclothymic dis- a mental disorder that involves numerous periods of symp-
order toms of depression and periods of symptoms of hypoma-
nia. Symptoms, however, are not sufficient to be a major
depressive episode or a hypomanic episode and they
must last for more than one year in children and two years
in adults
24. diagnostic cri- • Periods of elevated mood and depressive symptoms for
teria for cy- at least half the time during the last two years for adults
clothymic disor- and one year for children and teenagers.
der • Periods of stable moods last only two months at most.
• Symptoms create significant problems in one or more
areas of life.
• Symptoms do not meet the criteria for bipolar disorder,
major depression, or another mental disorder.
• Symptoms are not caused by substance use or a medical
condition.
25. Depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpreta-
tions, self-evaluations, and expectations.
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cognitive per-
spective on
mood disorders
26. sociocultural Depression is more prevalent in women than in men in
perspective on individualist and collective cultures.
mood disorders
27. psychodynamic Depression is caused unresolved unconscious conflict or
perspective on repressed anger towards others.
mood disorders
28. humanistic per- Involves Abraham Maslow's emphasis on a hierarchy
spective on of needs and motivations and the person-centered or
mood disorders client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered
on the client's capacity for self-direction and understand-
ing of their own development.
29. behavioral per- Depression emphasizes the role maladaptive actions play
spective on in the onset and maintenance of depression
mood disorders
30. genetic explana- Relatives of those with major depressive disorder have
tion for mood dis- double the risk of developing major depressive disorder,
orders whereas relatives of patients with bipolar disorder have
over nine times the risk
31. biological expla- People with mood disorders often have imbalances in
nation for mood certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and
disorders serotonin, and depressed individuals have abnormal lev-
els of cortisol, a stress hormone released into the blood
by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress
32. treatments for SSRIs, SNRIs, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcra-
major depressive nial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and deep brain stimula-
disorder tion.
33. selective sero- the most commonly prescribed antidepressant medica-
tonin reuptake in- tion, block the reabsorption of serotonin
hibitors (SSRIs)
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34. serotonin and block the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine
norepinephrine
reuptake
inhibitors
(SNRIs)
35. treatments for pharmacotherapy (lithium, a mood stabilizer)
bipolar disorder
36. lithium a mood stabilizer that act on several neurotransmitter
systems in the brain through complex mechanisms, in-
cluding reduction of excitatory (dopamine and glutamate)
neurotransmission, and increasing of inhibitory (GABA)
neurotransmission.
37. SSRIs and SNRIs not recommended for treatment of BD as they have the
potential to induce mania and hypomania
38. suicide defined by the CDC as "death caused by self-directed
injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the
behavior"
39. suicide requires that a person be biologically and psychologically
vulnerable as well as has the means to perform the suici-
dal act
40. suicide results in a lack of the necessary protective factors that
provide comfort and enable one to cope during times of
crisis or great psychological pain
41. suicide risk is especially high among people with substance abuse
problems and among those who have made a prior suicide
attempt.
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