CSA 102: Study Guide in Music

A. Philippine Music

Rondalla - ensemble of string instruments with a pick. It came from the Spanish word “ronda” meaning
"serenade".

 Banduria - 14-stringed pear-shaped Iute that plays the main melody –

 Laud - 14-stringed pear-shaped Iute with f-holes that plays the alto part or counter melody.
 Octavina -14-stringed lute shaped like a guitar that plays the counter melody or harmony fill-in
 Guitar - six-stringed instrument played by strumming or plucking that provides the chordal or
arpeggiated underpinnings in the ensemble.
 Double Bass or Bajo de Unas - bass guitar played by a plectrum which provides the lower bass
notes

Folk Song - uses simple melodies and harmonies. It is an old song handed down orally from generation
to generation of a nation or a smaller community.

 Leron Leron Sinta - folksong from the Tagalog region handed down through oral tradition, often
presented as a children's folk song but is actually a courtship song.
 Bahay Kubo - it is a song depicting a small hut with a variety of vegetables.
 Sitsiritsit - Filipino folksong that dates back to the Spanish period and talks about the ordinary
life during that time
 Atin Cu Pung Singsing – popular Kapampangan folk song which literally means “I have a ring". It
speaks of a girl who lost the beautiful ring she inherited from her mother.

Instruments in Cordillera

 Gangsa - single handheld smooth surfaced gong with a narrow rim.

 Diw-diwas - five or more different sizes of slender bamboos that are tied together.
 Tongatong - set of five to six bamboo tubes with one hole on top and comes in graduated sizes.
 Bunkaka - bamboo buzzer

Instruments of Muslim Indigenous Groups

 Agung - one or two suspended gongs.

 Dabakan – goblet-shaped drum used by the Maranao
 Babandil - single, narrow-rimmed Philippine gong used as the timekeeper of the Maguindanao
kulintang ensemble. This is similar to the Gangsa of the Cordillera.
 Gandingan – It is a set of four large hanging gongs which is played as part of the kulintang
ensemble of Magindanao
 Kulintang – eight horizontally arranged gongs of different sizes.

Types of Sacred Music in the Philippines

 Mass - sacrament of the Eucharist mostly celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church.
 Pastores - Christmas season folk dance and song. It reenacts how the shepherds visited the child
Jesus in the manger.
  Senakulo - done on stage, it portrays events about the life, sufferings, and death of Jesus.
 Pasyon - Philippine epic that narrates the life, passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Its
recitation is known as the “pabasa” and the chanting is done in shifts.
 Flores de Mayo - Spanish term for "Flowers of May", this is a festival in honor of the Blessed
Virgin Mary every May
 Sta Cruzan - a colorful event during the celebration of Flores de Mayo that recalls the finding of
the Holy Cross by Queen Helena and her son, Emperor Constantine. After the cross was found in
Jerusalem, it was brought back to Rome and a celebration was given.
 Salubong - It is celebrated during the pre-dawn of Easter Sunday and depicts the Risen Christ
meeting with His mother Mary.

Philippine Festivals

 Ati-atihan Festival (January) - During the 17"century, the Moro raiders from the south were
attacking Panay. The defenders of the island used arms with the battlecry "Hala bira!” which
means "Hit them!". Ifluence of Spain, celebration of Child Jesus.
 Kadayawan Festival (August) - central theme is the multicolored mix of Davao and Mindanao’s
indigenous communities and the migrant settlers who are part of the rich cultural heritage of
Davao. No religious influence.
 Sinulog Festival (January) - came from the Cebuano word, "sulog" which means "like water
current movement". This describes the forward and backward step of the Sinulog dance. Largest
and most popular.
 Moriones Festival (Holy Week) - men and women of Maninduque wear costumes and masks to
replicate the garb of biblical Roman soldiers. Morion means masks. This is “senakulo-like” but
performed in the streets.

Musical Theaters

 Comedia - early form of thẹater introduced by the Spaniards in the Philippines in the 16 th
century.
 Sarswela - melodrama introduced by the Spaniards accompanied by songs and dance.
 Bodabil- indigenized form of the vaudeville, which was introduced in the Philippines during
American occupation but reached its height during the Japanese period. This is the reason why
Zarzuela vanished.
o Queen of Bodabil – Katy Dela Cruz
 Moro-moro – type of secular komedya which depicts the battle between Christians and Muslims.

Other Musical Instruments

 Gitgit (Mindoro) - is a three-stringed indigenous violin with human hair as strings.

 Kudyapi (Maranao) – two-stringed, fretted violin-like boat-lute. It is four to six feet long with nine
frets made of hardened beeswax.
 Lantoy (Bagobo-Tagabanwa) – nose-flute made with a thin species of bamboo called “Badek”.
This type of bamboo is also known to be used in weaving baskets.
 Kalutang (Marinduque) – Yoke bars; percussion instrument
Secular Music - (being separated from religion), is a form of nonreligious music.

Examples of Secular Music

 Harana – traditional Filipino serenade sung by a man to show his love for a woman.
o Characteristics of Harana:
 Usually in habanera and danza tempo
 Duple meter
 Cheerful commitment to love
 Usually accompanied by a guitar and other string instruments
 Balitaw - traditionally associated with Visayan region, this music became popular in the lowland
areas of Luzon. It is a dialogue song in which a woman and a man compete to see who is better
at improvising romantic verses.
 Kumintang - Tagalog national chant about love and courtship and a dance-song performed by
pairs of men and women. It is also a popular wedding song in Batangas and in Bulacan.
 Kundiman - art song that speaks about love of a man for a woman. It is written in ¾ time
signature and is usually in a minor key then shifts to a major key.

Characteristics of Vocal Music of Northern and Southern Mindanao

 It is done either in solo or call-and-response format

 It is used to sing epics from several generations handed down through oral tradition.
 It uses the melisma and tremolo vocal technique

B. Asian Music

 Peking Opera (Ming Dynasty) – formerly known as “Beijing Opera”, the most influential opera in
China. It was born when the "Four Great Anhui Troupes" brought Anhui opera, or what is now
called Huiju, in 1790 to Beijing, for the eighteenth birthday of the Qianlong Emperor on
September 25. is a musical art form that combines singing, heightened speech. mime, dancing,
literature, theatre, and acrobatics.
 Wayang Kulit - Indonesian shadow puppetry that uses flat puppets that are cut and designed
with intricate patterns. This stories are based on two epic stories of Hinduism “Mahabharata and
Ramayana”.
 Gagaku -ancient Imperial court music of Japan
 Chong-ak – Korean music for the elite and ruling class.

Indonesian Instrumentation

 Gamelan - heart of art music of Indonesia. Consisting of 40 instruments, the word "gamelan”
comes from gamel, a Javanese word for a type of hammer used by a blacksmith. It is the
orchestra of Indonesia that accompanies the shadow puppet show, dances, wedding and other
celebrations
 Angklung - originated from Indonesia, it makes a sound when you shake it as you hold the
bottom end with one hand while the other hand holds the top corner. It is made of two bamboo
tubes connected to a bamboo frame
Thai Music

 Muang Thai or Land of the Free

 Tonal, melodic, and uses pentatonic scale

Musical Periods

a. Sukothai Period (1257-1378) - introduced instruments such as drums, trumpets, bells and
other string and percussion instruments for entertainment.
b. Ayuthaya Period (1350-1767) - Thais enjoyed creating and performing music. It was during
this time that the instrumental group first emerged. (pi phat, khruang saay, mahori)
c. Krungthep Period (1782-1900) - proved that the art was accorded high status with the
patronage of the king. King Rama l invented new instruments which gave rise to the
development of music and dance.

Three types of musical ensemble in Thailand

a. Piphat - woodwind and percussion instruments.

b. Khruang-Sai - combines some of the percussion and wind instruments of the piphat with a
stretched string section. It mainly uses stringed instruments; typically uses fiddles, zithers, flutes,
drums and cymbals.
c. Mahori - combination of Piphat and Khruang - Sai and is played by women in courts.

Chinese Music

 Ai Ha Yo - Chinese folk song used as a blessing towards a bountiful harvest and a good harvest
and a good year.
 Mo Li Hua - It is a Chinese folk song that means "Jasmine flower”
 Zhugongdiao - narrative song about a romantic legend accompanied by drums.
 Ya-yiieh - music played in the court of China

Chinese Musical Instruments

 Sheng - It is one of the oldest Chinese instruments and is named as "Chinese Mouth Organ”.
 Dizì - traditional Chinese transverse bamboo flute with a stop hole and six finger holes.
 Xiao - long flute played in Chinese classical music for solo music.
 Chin - Chinese classical stringed instrument similar to the Koto of Japan and Kayagum of Korea.

Japanese Musical Instruments

 Koto - 13-string zither, played using the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand
 Shakuhaçhi - bamboo flute with four finger hole
 Taiko - means "drum" in Japanese.
 Shamisen – It is a long slender three-sting plucked lute covered with animal skin.
Japanese Music

 Sakura - Japanese folk song means cherry blossom flowers in English.

 Tsuki - it is a popular song describing the shape and beauty of the moon.
 Jan Ken Pon Yo - famous children's game of paper, scissors, and stones.
 Kagura - sacred Japanese dance and music ritual dedicated to the gods of Shinto.

Korean Musical Instruments

 Kayagum - 12-stinged Ziher similar to the Chinese instrument of China and Koto of Japan.
 Changgo - an hour-glass shaped drum mostly played in all Korean court and folk pieces
 Saeng-hwang - mouth organ with 17 bamboo tubes played like a harmonica.
 Haegum - two-stringed fiddle instrument from China.

Korean Music

 Doraji - popular Korean folk song that tells the sad story of North and South Korea. It means wild
flower in Korea.
 Pansori - Korean music where one person performs an operatic song with a barrel drum as
musical accompaniment.
 Arirang - Korean folksong means "Dear and Beautiful Korea' in English.
 Salpuri - Korean dance originally performed in shamanic ceremonies to expel evil spirits.

Four Stages or Period of Music in China

 Formative Period(3000 BCE – 4th Century CE) – for folk festival

 International Period (4th – 9th Century) - for musical ideas of the Wester and Asian trade
 National Period (9th – 19th Century) - for the development of Capitalism ; vocal music
 World Music Period (20th – 21st Century) - for the new kind of music from traditional to western
forms

C. Western and Afro-Latin Music

 Symphony- It has four movements with the first movement in sonata form.
 Opera - A drama set to music with characters, costumes, scenery and orchestra accompaniment.
 Concerto - classical music that features a soloist accompanied by an orchestra and is in three
movements.
 Sonata Form (has three movements)
o (Exposition) There are two subjects, basically binary form
o (Development) The music modulates to foreign keys, new themes appear, and may not
even be remotely related to the exposition.
o (Recapitulation)The original themes from the exposition are repeated, although this
time, both themes are in the tonic key.

Musicians in the Baroque Period

  Claudio Monteverdi (Baroque) - wrote Orfeo in 1607, referred to as the first great opera. He is
also referred to as the “inventor of opera”.
 George Frederic Handel (Baroque) - master of Italian opera, English oratorios, anthems and
organ concertos. Famous for composing the "Messiah" and "Hallelujah Chorus".
 Antohio Vivaldi (Baroque) - nicknamed II Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest"), was a Venetian priest.
Famous virtuoso violinist.
 Johann Sebastian Bach (Baroque) - one of the main contributors of Baroque music, composed
1,128 pieces of music. Famous for the Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major.

Musicians in the Romantic Period

 Frederic Chopin (Romantic) “Poet of the Piano” - genius of the piano, who created a romantic
style of keyboard music. His famous works include Nocturne in E flat Major, Etude in C minor,
and Polonaise in A flat Major.
 Niccolo Paganini (Romantic) - Known by the name of “The Devil's Violinist" - his amazing violin
skills were believed to be a gift from the devil.
 Johan II Strauss (Romantic) “Waltz King”- also known as Johann Strauss the Younger, Johann
Strauss Jr., and Johann Sebastian Strauss, Austrian composer known especially for his waltzes,
such as The Blue Danube 4.
 Franz Liszt (Romantic) “Virtuoso Pianist” – Hungarian composer and a famous virtuoso pianist.

Musicians in the Classical Period

 Wolfgang Amadeus Theophilus Mozart (Classical) - prolific Austrian composer revered as the
greatest musical genius of all time. He became a child prodigy as he was able to play the piano at
age 3, compose at age 4, toured at age 6, and performed for royalty at age 12.
 Ludwig Van Beethoven (Classical) - Geman deaf (became deaf at the age of 14, composer and
pianist, who is arguably the defining figure in the history of Western classical music.
 Franz Joseph Haydn (Classical) – Austrian composer considered to be the “Father of Symphony”
and “Father of String Quartet”. He is famous for his 94 in G Major, also known as Surprise
Symphony.
 Richard Wagner (Classical) - Geman composer and opera conductor who wrote Die Mestersinger
von Numberg, considered as the longest commonly performed opera in history (5 hrs and15
minutes).

Musicians in the Contemporary Period

 Edgard Varese (Contemporary) - French composer and proponent of the word "organized sound',
which means grouping of rhythms and timbers to define music itself.
 John Cage(Contemporary)-Father of Indeterminism and pioneer of Chance Music, which often
relies on coin flips and dice rolls to decide where or how to place a certain note.
 Aaron Copland (Contemporary) - Jazz music composers also known as the "Dean of American
Composers".
 Bela Bartok (Contemporary) - Hungarian composer known for his folk style in music.

Historical Periods of Music History

 Medieval Period (450-1400 A.D.) “Most Religious”
o Musical texture was monophonic.
o Simple tunes and chant music.
o Passing of music through the word of mouth.
o Compositions are religious and most composers are anonymous
 Renaissance Period (1400-1600) “Most Rich”
o Renaissance comes from the word “renaitre” which means "rebirth" - looking back to
the Golden Age of Greece and Rome.
o The invention of printing (Johannes Gutenberg).
o Women were allowed to sing with men.
o Polyphonic music.
o Aristocrats hire musicians for events: Sacred music (Mass); Secular Music (Madrigals).
o "Golden age of acapella choral music – Presence of SATB (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass)
 Baroque Period (1600-1750) “Most Bongga”
o From the Portuguese word “barroco” which means “pearl of irregular shape”.
o “Age of Absolutism”, where monarchs had absolute control and power.
o Polyphonic and chords were used
o Musical compositions were grandiose and elaborate
o Melodies are not easy to sing and remember
o Venice, Italy Was the center of Baroque music
o Opera was introduced.
 Classical Period (1750-1820) “Most Influential and Structured”
o Most influential period of all times.
o Conveyed balance and order so music was simple and clear.
o Homophonic music.
o Music was written for everyone so public concerts emerged.
o Emotions were controlled.
o period that gives impression of greater stability, repose, clarity, balance, objectivity and
traditionalism, composers attempted to create music which is formal, strict in
proportion, and moderate in expression.
 Romantic Period (1830-1900) “Most Emotional”
o Emotional expression was more important.
o Big expansion in size of orchestra.
o Compositions highlighted nationalism, nature scenes, feelings, individuality, and
imagination.
 20 and 21st Century Music
th

o Age of musical diversity

o Experimental music
o Music performances became increasingly visual with the broadcast and recording of
music videos and concerts.
o Headphones and sound systems flourished.
African Music

 Soul - combines the basics of rhythm and blues and gospel music, which was popularized by the
African Americans. Performers associated are Aretha Franklin, Marvin Gaye, and James Brown. is
characterized by vocal emphasis and an emotional and improvised delivery.
 Blues - gloomy folk music of African-American origin developed in the rural areas of the United
States. Bobby McFerrin's music is an example of this.·
 Spiritual - Christian and religious themed and monophonic in nature, it is done in acapella and
provides comfort and expression of spiritual devotion.
 Call and Response - a person leads by singing a phrase and followed and answered by group of
singers

Latin Music

 Reggae - in the 1960s, it was known as the ska and is a variation of rhythm and blues. a Jamaican
form of music and dance with strong accented and supplementary beats.
o Bob Marley
 Cumbia -type of dance and music similar to salsa and is one of the music origins of Zumba.
o Alberto “Beto” Perez – Accidentally discovered Zumba.
 Bossa Nova - derived from samba, it is an original Brazilian music which gives more emphasis on
percussion and melody.
 Foxtrot - ballroom dance of two quick slow steps and two quick steps in 4/4 time signature.
 Ragtime - popular American music in 1890-1915 and has a steady syncopation and melody with
a 2/4 time signature.
 Bebop-introduced in the 1940s by Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker, it is the kind of music for
the solo musician to show brilliance and harmonic knowledge.
 Big Band - produced by the African Americans it commonly uses ragged rhythm, which is
syncopated in beat and also performed in larger group.
 Jazz Rock - It is a type of music that is produced when funk and R&B are combined.

Popular Music

 Ballad - light, simple, narrative poem of folk origin, composed of short stanzas and adapted for
singing.
 Alternative music – DIY or “do-it-yourself” type of music of different musical bands and is
expressed by distorting the guitar sound in a different and defiant attitude.
 Disco - derived from the word "discotheque", it refers to nightclubs in the 60s and 70s and is a
music that encourages people to dance.
 Rock and Roll - It is a type of popular music which is a combination of white country music,
rhythm and blues.
o King of Rock and Roll – Elvis Presley
o Queen of Rock and Roll – Tina Turner
 Popular Music - is a genre characterized by its catchy melodies and hooks, often featuring
elements of dance music and appeal to the tastes of a large segment of the population.
o King of Pop – Michael Jackson
o Queen of Pop – Madona; Asia’s Queen of Pop – Sarah Geronimo
 I. MUSIC ADD-ONS PHILIPPINES

1. Sua-ku-sua – It literally means “My Pomela Tree”. It is a courtship song and dance of the Tausug
tribe, in Jolo, Sulu.
2. Oyayi – It is a lullaby song
3. Hudhud – It is chanted only during harvesting of rice, weeding of rice, funeral wakes, and bone-
washing rituals, by the Ifugao.
4. Cañao - a pagan religious feast and service during which the natives butcher pigs, Chickens, and
even carabaos as forms of thanksgiving, offering, and for other relevant purposes, by the
indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines.
5. Kudyapi – An instrument in Northern Philippines that is similar in structure to Violin.
6. Lumad – a Visayan word for native or indigenous, and also refers to the non-Christian and non-
Muslim ethnic groups of Mindanao.
7. B’laan – “Bla” means opponent, “An” means people.
8. Subanon – Lumad people from Zamboanga
9. Manobo – “Manuvu” which means people; Lumad from Southern Mindanao.

Prominent People

1. Atang dela Rama – Queen of Kundiman; First Filipina Actress

2. Sylvia Latorre – TV Artist; Soprano voice from opera
3. Lucresia Kasilag – National Artist for Music (1989); style of Composition is mixing the concepts in
music of the Western and Eastern countries
4. Pilita Corales - Asia's Queen of Songs
5. Lucio San Pedro – National Artist for Music (1991); Teacher, conductor, and composer whose
music evokes the folk elements of the Filipino heritage. Composed the song “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan”,
which due to its popularity, it has been regarded by one writer as being “as familiar as our
national anthem”.
6. Julian Felipe – Composer of the tune (Marcha Nacional Filipina) of the Philippine National
Anthem “Lupang Hinirang”.
7. Jose Palma – Composer of the lyrics of Lupan Hinirang, where the lyrics of the song is based on
the Spanish poem “Filipinas”.
8. Levi Celerio – National Artist for Music and Literature (1997); Name was placed in the Guinness
Book of World Records for being the only man who could play music with a leaf.
9. Ramon Tapales – 1st Filipino to compose music for Ballet
10. Jose Maceda – Known for his avant-garde music; Composed the song “Ugnayan”, during the
Marcos dictatorship.
11. Ramon Santos – National Artist for Music (2014); Composer, conductor and musicologist who is
the foremost exponent of contemporary Filipino music.
12. Francisco Santiago – One of the Triumvirate of Filipino Composers; Composed the song
“Pilipinas Kong Mahal”
13. Antonio Molina - One of the Triumvirate of Filipino Composers; Father of Impressionism; Dean of
Filipino Composers; 1st National Artist for Music (1973).
14. Nicanor Abelardo - One of the Triumvirate of Filipino Composers; Father of Philippine Kundiman
and Sonata. Popular his song “Nasaan ka Irog”.
15. Freddie Aguilar – Famous for his work “Anak”, a song popular in 56 countries and translated in 26
languages (56:26), and performance “Bayan Ko”, an Anti-Marcos protest song.
16. Bonifacio Abdon – First Filipino to conduct and opera.
17. Ryan Cayabyab – National Artist for Music (2018); One of the Pillars and Icons of Original Pilipino
Music (OPM).
18. Constancio de Guzman – Popular for his song “Maala-ala Mo Kaya”.
19. George Canseco – Paid by Former President Ferdidnand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. for 1.5
Million pesos to compose the song “Ako ay Pilipino”.
20. Felipe de Leon – National Artist for Music (1997); Popular for his agricultural song “Magtanim ay
Di Biro”.

II. MUSIC ADD-ONS ASIA

1. Chinese Music – it uses pentatonic scale, founded by Ling Lun, and it is believed that every tone
has symbolic attributes. The five-tone scale called Wu-Sheng and the remaining two tones are
used through changing tones or pien.
a. Kung – primary tone; the note corresponds to the emperor, the ruler, or the chief
b. Shang – the note corresponds to the minister
c. Chaio – the note is related to the people
d. Chih – the note represents the affairs of the state
e. Yu – the note represents material objects
2. Countries with large influence on Cambodian and Burmese Music:
a. China
b. India
c. Thailand
3. Korean Music
a. Chong-ak – Music for the elite
b. Song-ak – Music for the common people
c. Hyang-ak – Native Korean music
d. Tang-ak – Combination of Chinese and Korean influences
4. Gagaku – a classical Japanese music that was historically used for imperial court music and dance
5. Togaku – Highest musical style of Gagaku
6. Shomyo – Japanese Buddhist chant. There are two styles: ryokyoku and rikkyoku, described as
difficult and easy to remember, respectively.
7. Komagku – Gagaku from Korea
8. Japanese Drama
a. Noh – earliest form of Japanese drama performed on an almost bare stage by a small
but elaborately costumed cast of actors wearing masks.
b. Kabuki – Performed by male by dressing as female and wearing heavy make-up; The
term kabuki originates from a verb that was used to describe young samurai patrons,
meaning "being weird" or "offbeat."
c. Bunraku – a sophisticated form of puppet theater which ranks along with Noh and
Kabuki as one the three great theatrical traditions of Japan.
d. Kyogen – Slapstick comedy or Farce interlude played during a Japanese Noh as an
intermission.
9. Indian Music
a. 8 Basic Notes of Indian Music (Sargam): Sa – Re – Ga – Ma – Pa – Dha – Ni – Sa
b. Stringed Instruments from India: Tabla, Sitar, Tambura
c. Laya – it means Tempo
d. Matra – it means Beat
e. Shruti – Smallest interval tone
f. Gamaka – Musical decoration
10. Harp of David – An ancient lyre or “Kinnor” found in Israel.
11. Indonesian Music
a. Gamelan – the heart of art music in Indonesia
b. Slendro – Pentatonic scale (5) in Gamelan Music
c. Pelog – Diatonic Scale (7) in Gamelan Music
d. Wayang Kulit - a classical Javanese puppet drama that uses the shadows of leather
puppets against a screen.
e. Dalang – Puppeter in Wayang Kulit

III. MUSIC ADD-ONS WESTERN

1. Gregorian Chant – Liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church

2. Claude Debussy – Father of Impressionism in Music; introduced and used Whole Tone Scale in
his compositions like “Reflect dans L’eau”, “Claire de Lune”, “La Mer” etc.
3. Ludwig van Beethoven – he primarily earned a living as a concert pianist; Popular for his
composition Symphony No. 9 or “Fur Elise”
4. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Popular for her Ballet Music compositions such as “Sleeping Beauty”,
“Swan Lake”, and “The Nutcracker”
5. Franz Schubert – Expressionistic music; Popular for his work Symphony No. 8 or The Unfinished
Symphony
6. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Popular for his composition “The Magical Flute”
7. Guido of Arezzo – He invented the Music Notation
8. Giovanni Da Palestrina – Greatest Master of Roman Catholic Church Music
9. Bel Canto – It is a term popularized in the Romantic Period which means “beautiful singing”
10. Motet – Choral composition based on a sacred Latin text
11. Sprechstimme – style of performing the lyrics of the song in half-sung, half-spoken manner.
12. Sonata - is a composition for one or more instruments only
13. Aria – Solo song with instrumental accompaniment, an important element of opera but also
found extensively in cantatas and oratorios
14. Cantata – vocal composition with instrumental accompaniment,
15. Opera - Is a theatrical drama set to music, often with costumes and staging
16. Oratorio- Similar to opera, but without staging and scenery