Most common tips

Just remember
• The vertex of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝑏
Is (−𝑎, 𝑏)

• When 𝑏 is the minimum value

The vertex of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)
−𝑎 − 𝑏 −𝑎 − 𝑏
Is ( ,𝑓( ))
2 2

• The vertex of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

−𝑏 −𝑏
Is ( , 𝑓 ( ))
2𝑎 2𝑎

Ex what is the maximum value of

𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 9

Solution
−(−8)
= −4 ⇒ −(−4)2 − 8(−4) + 9
2(−1)

If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑥 =
2𝑎
−𝑏
The sum of two solutions
𝑎
𝑐
The product of two solutions is
𝑎

1
If (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥 ) then 𝑓 (𝑎) = 0

If 𝑓(𝑥 ) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑏) with remainder 𝑘 then 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑘

Functions transformations

1- 𝑓 (𝑥 )

2- 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑎
Range “all real numbers
greater than or equal to 𝑎”
𝒂

3- 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑎

−𝒂

2
 4- −𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎
𝒂
Range “all real numbers
Smaller than or equal to 𝑎”

5- 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎)

−𝒂

6- 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)

3
7- −𝑓(𝑥 )

8- 𝑎𝑓(𝑥 )
If 𝑎 > 1

9- 𝑎𝑓(𝑥 )
If 𝑎 < 1

4
Equation of straight line:-
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Slope y-intercept
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑑
𝑎
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = −
𝑏
To find 𝑦-intercept put 𝑥 = 0
To find 𝑥-intercept put 𝑦 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = −𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = −𝑚𝑥 − 𝑐

Distance
D

2𝜋𝑟 n No of
rotations

Radius of
the tire 5
 Distance D

Velocity (speed) V T Time

360

𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟. N

Measure of one exterior No. of sides of a regular polygon

Quantity

𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 time

6
Sum of measures of interior angles of a polygon = (𝑛 − 2) × 180
Notes:-
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
1 1 𝑥+𝑦
+ =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦

𝑖→𝑖
𝑖 2 → −1
𝑖 3 → −𝑖
𝑖4 → 1

𝑖 4𝑛+3 = 𝑖 3 = −𝑖

7
The number of possible solutions in different cases:-
If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑓
Then
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
If = =
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
The system has infinite number of solutions
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
If = ≠
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
The system has no solutions
𝑎 𝑏
If ≠
𝑑 𝑒
There is only one solution

For the equations 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 there is only one solution
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 there is no solution
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 there is two different solutions

If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
If 𝑎 = 𝑐 , 𝑏 = 𝑑 → the equation has infinite number of solutions
If 𝑎 = 𝑐 , 𝑏 ≠ 𝑑 → the equation has no solution
If 𝑎 ≠ 𝑐 → the equation has only one solution

8
The circle equation
(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2

Center = (−𝑎, −𝑏)

𝑟 = √𝑟 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑎 −𝑏
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( , )
2 2

−𝑎 2 −𝑏 2
𝑟 = √( ) + ( ) − 𝑐
2 2

The distance formula

distance = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
Slope = Mid-point formula is ( , )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 2
𝑚
̂ =
The length of an arc 𝐴𝐵 (2𝜋𝑟)
360

𝑚
area of a sector = (𝜋𝑟 2 )
360 M
Or
A B
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
=
2𝜋 100
𝑚 𝑎
= 2=
𝐿 L
360 𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟

Radian measure =
𝐿 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑 r
𝑟

9
Similarity
A C

D E
If ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 // 𝐷𝐸
𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐵 𝐴𝐶
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 = =
𝐵𝐸 𝐵𝐷 𝐷𝐸

A B
D

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐷𝐸
= =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
[Link]
𝐴

𝑥
𝐷 𝐸
3𝑥
𝐵 𝐶

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸 1

= =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 4 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 3

10
The special Pythagorean Triangles

5 13
4 12

3 5
25 17
24 15

7 8
A

C D B

𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐷 =
𝐶𝐵
(𝐴𝐶 )2 = 𝐶𝐷 × 𝐶𝐵

(𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐵𝐷 × 𝐵𝐶
(𝐴𝐷)2 = 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐷𝐶

__________________________________________________________________________________
𝑠𝑜ℎ 𝐶𝑎ℎ 𝑇𝑜𝑎
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑝𝑝
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗

sin 𝜃
= tan 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
cos 𝜃
sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
sin ( − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos ( − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
2 2
11
 sin 𝑎 = cos 𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 90
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 90 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 sin 𝑎 = cos 𝑏
𝜋 180
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑 × 180
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝜋
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 × 𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
180
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ×100
Gradian measure =
90

Area of special figures:-

1
area of trapezoid is (𝑏 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ)
2 1
1 1
area of triangle is (𝑏)(ℎ) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑠 )(𝑠 )(sin 𝜃 )
2 2 1 2
√3 2
area of equilateral triangle is 𝑠
4
√3 2
area of regular hexagon is 𝑠 ×6
4
volume of cube 𝐿3

total area of cube is 6𝐿2

diagonal of rectangular prism (cuboid) is √𝐿2 + 𝑤 2 + 𝐻 2

in the opposite figure 𝑦

𝑥
𝑥+𝑦 =𝑧+𝑙

𝑧 𝑙 12
Percentages
To find 𝑎% of 𝑦
𝑎
( )𝑦
100
If 𝑦 increased by 𝑎% then it will be
𝑎
𝑦 (1 + )
100
If 𝑦 decreased by 𝑎% then it will be
𝑎
𝑦 (1 − )
100
Exponential growth

𝑎 𝑎

Exponential decay Exponential growth

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎(𝑏)𝑥 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎(𝑏)𝑥
𝑏<1 𝑏>1
NOTE:-
𝑡
If 𝑃 = 𝑥 (1.03) 8

“Where 𝑡 is the number of years “The relation means that 𝑥 increases

by 3% every 8 years
𝑃 = 𝑥 (1.03)8𝑡
Means the increase by 3% 8 times per year

13
Correlation coefficient

𝑟=1 𝑟 = −1

𝑟 ≅ +0.8 𝑟 ≅ −0.8

Correlation coefficient = 0

14
Skew to the right
Mean > median
More 𝑥 getting small value of 𝑦

Skew to the left

Mean< median
More 𝑥 getting larger value of y

15
Drawing inequalities
𝑦 ≤ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

𝑎→+
𝑏→+

𝑦 ≥ 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

𝑐→+
𝑑→−

16
The smaller and greater standard deviation

Largest standard deviation

Get smaller

Then smaller

Smallest standard deviation

17
The relation between height of projectile and time:
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐

• 𝑐 → initial height

• 𝑏 → initial velocity

• To find the time needed to reach the maximum height →

𝑥- coordinate of the vertex

• To find maximum height → the y-coordinate of the vertex

• To find the time needed to reach the ground let → ℎ(𝑡) = 0

18
19
20
 Different types of functions and different graphs
(1)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2

(2)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = |𝑥 |

(3)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3

(4)
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥

(5)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎>1

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥
𝑎<1

21
(6)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎>1

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎<1

(7)

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥

(8)
3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥

22
(9)
(a)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥

(b)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥

(c)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = tan 𝑥

(d)
If 𝑦 = 𝑘 sin(𝑚𝑥) + 𝑑 if 𝑘 > 0
2𝜋
Period of the function is , amplitude is 𝑘
𝑚

Max is 𝑘 + 𝑑 , min is −𝑘 + 𝑑
23
(10)
The graph of any polynomial written in the factors form as
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

24
Note
The absolute overall strategy

|𝑥 2 − 4|

−4

||𝑥| − 5|
5

−5

25
 now
How to use the graphs to solve an equation “this method is preferred in
the case of asking about the no. of solutions”

Ex (1)
3𝑥 = 𝑥 + 5
How many different real values for 𝑥 ?

Solution
after graphing the L.H.S and R.H.S on
the same graph, it is clear that it has two
5
intersection points so (two solutions)
1

Ex (2)

√𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 4

One Solution
−1
−4

26
Ex (3)
1
√𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 − 1
2
2

Two Solutions

Ex (4)
𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
1st make it 𝑒 3𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2

So two solutions
1

Ex (6)
log(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 + 8

No solution 8

27
Asymptotes
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑑
𝑦= 𝑦 = 𝑥−𝑐 𝑦= +𝑑 𝑦=
𝑏𝑥−𝑐 𝑏𝑥−𝑐 𝑥−𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
∗ 𝑉𝐴 𝑥=𝑏 ∗ 𝑉𝐴 𝑥=𝑐 ∗ 𝑉𝐴 𝑥=𝑏 ∗ 𝑉𝐴 𝑥=𝑐
∗ 𝐻𝐴 𝑦=0
𝑦 = 𝑏 + 𝑑 ∗ 𝐻𝐴 not exist
𝑎 𝑎
∗ 𝐻𝐴 𝑦=𝑏 ∗ 𝐻𝐴
* oblique asymptote
is getting by
synthetic division
method

Note
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)
If 𝑦 =
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−5)

Then Domain is 𝑅 − {3, 5}

But 𝑉𝐴 𝑥 = 5 only
“Domain before simplifying but 𝑉𝐴 after”

* If 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑏 , then 𝑓 −1 (𝑏) = 𝑎

* 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑥

* Domain of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = Range of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 )

* Range of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = Domain of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

28