Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 1: Introduction to Python IDEs and Writing Basic Scripts

• Aim: To familiarize students with Python IDEs and write basic scripts for simple
applications.

• Theory:

o Python IDEs and their usage (e.g., PyCharm, VSCode)

o Variables, data types, and basic operators in Python

o Basic input/output functions

o Writing and executing basic Python programs

• Python Program:

# Temperature Conversion: Celsius to Fahrenheit

celsius = float(input("Enter temperature in Celsius: "))

fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32

print(f"{celsius} Celsius is {fahrenheit} Fahrenheit")

# Area of a Circle

radius = float(input("Enter radius of the circle: "))

area = 3.14 * radius**2

print(f"Area of the circle: {area}")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 2: Implementing Control Structures for Simple Agricultural Decision-Making Scenarios

• Aim: To implement control structures for agricultural decision-making (e.g., irrigation

scheduling based on soil moisture levels).

• Theory:

o Conditional statements (if-else)

o Logical operators for decision making

o Loops for repetitive tasks

o Application of control structures in real-world agricultural problems

• Python Program:

# Irrigation Scheduling based on soil moisture levels

moisture_level = float(input("Enter soil moisture level (%): "))

if moisture_level < 30:

print("Irrigation Required.")

else:

print("No Irrigation Needed.")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 3: Manipulating and Analyzing Agricultural Datasets Using Lists, Tuples, and Dictionaries

• Aim: To manipulate and analyze agricultural datasets using Python’s built-in data
structures.

• Theory:

o Lists, tuples, and dictionaries in Python

o Accessing and manipulating data in lists and dictionaries

o Basic data analysis techniques

o Use of data structures in agricultural data processing

• Python Program:

# Example agricultural dataset using a dictionary

crops = {

"Mango": {"production": 200, "area": 50},

"Wheat": {"production": 500, "area": 100},

"Rice": {"production": 400, "area": 150}

# Accessing data

crop = "Mango"

print(f"Production of {crop}: {crops[crop]['production']} tons")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 4: Writing Python Programs for File Handling

• Aim: To write Python programs that read and process crop data from text files.

• Theory:

o File handling in Python (open, read, write, close)

o Processing data from text files

o Handling different file formats (e.g., CSV, TXT)

o Applications of file handling in agriculture

• Python Program:

# Reading crop data from a text file

with open('crop_data.txt', 'r') as file:

for line in file:

print(line.strip())

# Writing data to a text file

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write("Crop Yield: 500 tons\n")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 5: Creating and Manipulating Pandas DataFrames with Agricultural Datasets

• Aim: To create and manipulate Pandas DataFrames for agricultural datasets.

• Theory:

o Introduction to Pandas library

o Creating and indexing DataFrames

o Data cleaning and manipulation techniques

o Analyzing agricultural data using Pandas

• Python Program:

import pandas as pd

# Creating a DataFrame

data = {'Crop': ['Mango', 'Wheat', 'Rice'],

'Production': [200, 500, 400],

'Area': [50, 100, 150]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Displaying the DataFrame

print(df)

# Manipulating DataFrame (e.g., filtering data)

high_yield = df[df['Production'] > 300]

print(high_yield)
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Lab 6: Data Visualization Using Matplotlib

• Aim: To visualize crop yield trends over time using Matplotlib.

• Theory:

o Introduction to Matplotlib for plotting

o Line, bar, and scatter plots

o Customizing plots (labels, title, etc.)

o Visualizing agricultural data for better decision making

• Python Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Example crop yield data

years = [2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022]

yields = [200, 250, 300, 350, 400]

# Plotting crop yield over time

plt.plot(years, yields, marker='o')

plt.title('Crop Yield Over Time')

plt.xlabel('Year')

plt.ylabel('Yield (in tons)')

plt.show()
 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 7: Object-Oriented Programming

• Aim: To design a class for farm equipment and simulate operations using Object-Oriented
Programming.

• Theory:

o Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

o Classes and objects

o Methods and attributes

o Simulating real-world agricultural scenarios with OOP

• Python Program:

# Farm Equipment Class

class FarmEquipment:

def __init__(self, name, type_of_equipment):

self.name = name

self.type_of_equipment = type_of_equipment

def operate(self):

print(f"Operating {self.name} ({self.type_of_equipment})")

# Creating an object

tractor = FarmEquipment("Tractor", "Plowing")

tractor.operate()
 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 8: Automating Data Collection: Writing Scripts to Scrape Weather Data

• Aim: To automate data collection by writing scripts to scrape weather data for a specific
region.

• Theory:

o Web scraping concepts and libraries (e.g., BeautifulSoup)

o Data extraction from websites

o Storing and processing scraped data

o Applications of automated data collection in agriculture

• Python Program:

import requests

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# Scraping weather data

url = 'https://weather-website.com'

response = requests.get(url)

soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')

weather = soup.find('div', class_='weather-info').text

print(f"Weather Info: {weather}")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 9: Working with Excel Files

• Aim: To import and export crop production data from Excel files.

• Theory:

o Using Python libraries (e.g., openpyxl, pandas) to work with Excel files

o Importing data from Excel into Python

o Exporting processed data back into Excel

o Applications in agricultural data management

• Python Program:

import pandas as pd

# Importing data from Excel

df = pd.read_excel('crop_data.xlsx')

# Displaying the DataFrame

print(df)

# Exporting data to Excel

df.to_excel('processed_crop_data.xlsx', index=False)
 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 10: Introduction to NumPy: Array Operations for Statistical Analysis of Soil Data

• Aim: To perform statistical analysis of soil data using NumPy arrays.

• Theory:

o Introduction to NumPy library and arrays

o Basic operations on NumPy arrays (e.g., addition, subtraction)

o Statistical operations (mean, median, standard deviation)

o Using NumPy for data analysis in agriculture

• Python Program:

import numpy as np

# Example soil data

soil_data = np.array([18, 20, 19, 17, 21])

# Calculating mean and standard deviation

mean = np.mean(soil_data)

std_dev = np.std(soil_data)

print(f"Mean: {mean}, Standard Deviation: {std_dev}")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 11: Basic Image Processing with OpenCV

• Aim: To perform basic image processing and analyze leaf images for disease detection.

• Theory:

o Introduction to OpenCV and image processing techniques

o Reading and displaying images

o Basic image transformations (e.g., resizing, grayscale)

o Detecting patterns in agricultural images

• Python Program:

import cv2

# Reading and displaying an image

image = cv2.imread('leaf_image.jpg')

gray_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

# Displaying the image

cv2.imshow('Leaf Image', gray_image)

cv2.waitKey(0)

cv2.destroyAllWindows()
 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 12: Simple GUI Application: Developing a Crop Irrigation Scheduling Tool Using Tkinter

• Aim: To develop a graphical user interface (GUI) application for crop irrigation scheduling.

• Theory:

o Introduction to Tkinter for GUI development

o Creating windows, buttons, and labels

o Event-driven programming

o Designing applications for agricultural decision support

• Python Program:

import tkinter as tk

def irrigation_schedule():

moisture_level = int(entry.get())

if moisture_level < 30:

label_result.config(text="Irrigation Required.")

else:

label_result.config(text="No Irrigation Needed.")

root = tk.Tk()

root.title('Irrigation Scheduling')

label = tk.Label(root, text="Enter Soil Moisture Level:")

label.pack()

entry = tk.Entry(root)

entry.pack()

button = tk.Button(root, text="Check Irrigation", command=irrigation_schedule)

button.pack()

label_result = tk.Label(root, text="")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

label_result.pack()

root.mainloop()
 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 13: Time Series Analysis of Crop Production Data Using Python

• Aim: To perform time series analysis of crop production data using Python.

• Theory:

o Time series data structure and analysis techniques

o Plotting and visualizing trends in data over time

o Forecasting crop production

o Applications in agricultural yield prediction

• Python Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import pandas as pd

# Time series data

data = {'Year': [2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022],

'Yield': [200, 250, 300, 350, 400]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Plotting the data

plt.plot(df['Year'], df['Yield'], marker='o')

plt.title('Crop Yield Over Time')

plt.xlabel('Year')

plt.ylabel('Yield (in tons)')

plt.show()
 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 14: Introduction to Machine Learning

• Aim: To build a simple machine learning model for crop yield prediction.

• Theory:

o Introduction to machine learning algorithms

o Supervised learning: Regression and classification

o Model evaluation techniques

o Using machine learning for agricultural predictions

• Python Program:

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

import numpy as np

# Example data (Years vs Yield)

years = np.array([2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022]).reshape(-1, 1)

yields = np.array([200, 250, 300, 350, 400])

# Creating a linear regression model

model = LinearRegression()

model.fit(years, yields)

# Predicting crop yield for 2023

predicted_yield = model.predict(np.array([[2023]]))

print(f"Predicted crop yield for 2023: {predicted_yield[0]}")

 Practical Manual for Python Programming

Lab 15: GIS Data Processing: Plotting Spatial Data Related to Crop Distribution

• Aim: To process GIS data and plot spatial data related to crop distribution.

• Theory:

o Introduction to GIS data and spatial analysis

o Working with geospatial libraries in Python (e.g., GeoPandas)

o Plotting spatial data on maps

o Analyzing geographical patterns in agriculture

• Python Program:

import geopandas as gpd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load GIS data

world = gpd.read_file(gpd.datasets.get_path('naturalearth_lowres'))

# Plotting world map

world.plot()

plt.title('World Map - Crop Distribution')

plt.show()
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Lab 16: Final Project: Developing a Python Application for a Specific Agricultural Problem

• Aim: To develop a Python application addressing a specific agricultural issue.

• Theory:

o Identifying agricultural problems and solutions

o Project development life cycle

o Integrating various Python libraries for problem-solving

o Final project application in precision farming, pest monitoring, etc.