Personality Disorders
Introduction
Personality disorders are enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience
that deviate markedly from cultural expectations. These disorders impact an individual's
ability to function in personal, social, and occupational settings. They typically emerge in
adolescence or early adulthood and persist over time, causing distress and impairment. The
DSM-5 categorizes personality disorders into three clusters based on shared characteristics.
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Disorders
Schizoid Personality Disorder – Characterized by detachment from social relationships and
a limited range of emotional expression. Individuals with this disorder often prefer solitude
and have little interest in forming close bonds.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder – Involves eccentric behavior, unusual beliefs, and
discomfort in social situations. Individuals may have odd speech patterns and appear
socially anxious.
Paranoid Personality Disorder – Marked by distrust and suspicion of others. People with
this disorder often misinterpret benign actions as malicious and struggle with interpersonal
relationships.
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder – Characterized by a disregard for the rights of others, lack
of empathy, and impulsivity. Individuals may engage in criminal behavior, deceitfulness,
and aggression.
Borderline Personality Disorder – Involves emotional instability, fear of abandonment,
impulsivity, and difficulty maintaining relationships. Mood swings and self-destructive
behaviors are common.
Histrionic Personality Disorder – Defined by excessive attention-seeking, emotional
overreaction, and a strong need for approval.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder – Marked by a grandiose sense of self-importance, need
for admiration, and lack of empathy. Individuals may exhibit arrogance and exploit others
for personal gain.
Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Disorders
Avoidant Personality Disorder – Involves social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and
hypersensitivity to criticism. People with this disorder often avoid social interactions due to
fear of rejection.
Dependent Personality Disorder – Characterized by excessive reliance on others for
emotional and decision-making support. Individuals often fear being alone and may tolerate
unhealthy relationships.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder – Defined by a preoccupation with order,
perfectionism, and control. Unlike OCD, this disorder involves rigid adherence to rules and
difficulty delegating tasks.
Areas of Dysfunction
Individuals with personality disorders often experience difficulties in various areas of life,
including:
• Interpersonal Relationships – Difficulty maintaining stable relationships due to distrust,
emotional dysregulation, or manipulation.
• Work and School – Problems with authority, cooperation, and adaptability in structured
environments.
• Emotional Regulation – Extreme mood swings, impulsivity, or emotional detachment.
• Self-Perception – Distorted self-image, unstable self-worth, or an inflated sense of
superiority.
Conclusion
Personality disorders significantly impact an individual's daily life and relationships. Early
intervention, therapy, and sometimes medication can help individuals manage their
symptoms and improve functioning. Understanding these disorders is essential for reducing
stigma and providing effective support.
