-

THIRD EDITION

Carmelita Seit-Chavez, PhD, CSP, CST

Marilyn B. Fetalvo-Balares, PhD
Ruby L. Tamayo, PhD, CSP, CST, CCS
 Carmelita Seit-Chavez, PhD, CSP. CST is the Dean of the College of Criminal
Justice Education of the University of M indanao. She is a graduate of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology from the Ramon Magsaysay Memorial
Colleges, Master of Arts in Criminology, and Doctor of Philosophy in
Criminology from the Philippine College of Criminology, Manila. She was the
8th placer in the 1997 Criminologist Licensure Examination. Because of her
professional competence and managerial acumen, she became the PCAP
Regional Director of Region 11 , Vice President for Mindanao of the Philippine Society of
Criminologists and Criminal Justice Professionals, Inc. (PSCCJP), S4 of the 2202nd Brigade
with the rank of Lieutenant Colone;I of the Reserve force, Philippine Army and serve as a member
of CHED Regional Quality Assurance Team (RQAT), Regio1 n 11 .

Marilyn B. Fetalvo-Balares, PhD is the dean of the College of Criminal

Justice Education of her alma mater, the Naga College Foundation (NCF)
since June 1998 where she began as a faculty member 1988 until her
elevation to the deanship. Professor Bal:ares, PhD graduated with a
Bachelor's Degree in Criminology from NCF in 1986 and obtained her
Master's Degree in Criminology from the University of Saint Anthony in
1996. She completed her Doctorate degree in Criminology from the
Philippine College of Criminology in 2004.

Dean Balares is also the concurrent Assistant Vice President for Tertiary of NCF. A seasoned
academic, she also serves as the National Treasurer of the Professional Criminologists
Association of the Philippines (PCAP), Member of the Regional Quality Assessment Team
(RQAT) of the Commission on Higher Education in Bicol. Likewise, she is a member of the Asian
Criminological Society (ACS) and the Philippine Association of Graduate Education (PAGE).

Ruby L. Tamayo, PhD, CSP, CST, CCS is the current dean of the College of
Criminal Justice Education of Holy Trinity College in General Santos City.
She is a licensed criminologist and graduated with the following degrees:
Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Ramon Magsaysay Memorial
Colleges in 1987, Master of Science in Criminology Major in Criminalistics
at University of Cebu in 2002, and Doctor of Philosophy in Criminology at
Philippine College of Criminology in 2008.

Dean Ruby is an active member of the following professional organizations: Professional

Criminologists Association of the Philippines, Inc. (PCAP) as National Auditor, Philippine
Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE), Philippine Society of Criminologists
and Criminal Justice Professionals, Inc. (PSCCJP) as a Board Member, National Councils of
Deans for Criminology Education, Fingerprint Identification Society of the Philippines, Philippine
Criminalistics Society of the Philippines, Philippine Society for Industrial Security, Inc., and
Council of Deans for Criminology Education in Region XII. Her dynamic involvement in numerous
professional conferences, trainings, seminars, and research publications, as well as being the
President of PCAP SOCCSKSARGEN Chapter, Vice Presidents of PCAP and PEACE for Mindanao
were among her feats that led to her recognition as one of the Outstanding Criminologists and
Presidential Awardee in 2010 and 2012 to 2015, respectively, both by PCAP.
ISBN: 978-621-488-013-3

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Non-Institutional Corrections
Third Edition

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NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Overview of the Philippine Corrections System ............ 12

The Criminal Justice System of the Philippines ........................ 13
Five Pillars of the Philippine Criminal Justice System ............... 15
Law Enforcement .................................................................. 15
Prosecution .......................................................................... 15
Court ................................................................................... 18
Correction ........................................................................... 19
Community .......................................................................... 21
Early Forms of Punishment .................................................... 21
Blood Feuds ......................................................................... 22
Lex Talionis .......................................................................... 22
Corporal Punishment ............................................................ 22
Capital Punishment ............................................................... 23
Exile and Banishment ............................................................ 23
Philippine Corrections System ............................................... 23
Institutional Based Correction ................................................ 24
Two Categories of Inmates ..................................................... 24
Four Classes of Prisoners ........................................................ 25
Three Types of Detainees ....................................................... 25
Institutional Framework ....................................................... 25
Department of Justice (DOJ) .................................................. 25
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) ......... 26
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) ........... 26
Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) ................................................ 26
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 5

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) ..................... 27

Review Questions .................................................................. 28

Chapter 2: Non-Institutional based Correction ............................. 31

What is Non-Institutional based Correction? ........................... 32
Rationale for Non-Institutional Correction .............................. 32
Humanitarian Aspect ............................................................ 32
Restorative Aspect ................................................................ 32
Managerial Aspect ................................................................ 32
Advantages of Community Based Correction ............................ 34
Types of Community-Based Sanctions ..................................... 34
History of Community Based Correction ................................. 36
Early Alternative Sanctions .................................................... 36
History of Probation .............................................................. 38
Matthew Davenport Hill ........................................................ 38
John Augustus ...................................................................... 39
Killits Decision ..................................................................... 39
Probation of Offenders Act 1907 .............................................. 40
Probation Act of 1925 ............................................................. 40
History of Philippine Probation .............................................. 40
Provisions for Juvenile Probation ........................................... 40
Integration of Adult Probation ................................................ 41
Congressman Teodulo C. Nativi dad ........................................ 42
Institutionalization of Probation ............................................ 42
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules
for Non-custodial Measures .................................................... 43
Non-Institutional Correction in the Philippines ....................... 46
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 6

Legal Basis of Community based Correction ............................. 47

Review Questions .................................................................. 49

Chapter 3: Philippine Probation System ....................................... 53

What is Probation? ................................................................ 54
Advantages of Probation ........................................................ 54
Parole and Probation Administration ...................................... 54
Goals of Philippine Probation System ...................................... 55
Functions of PPA ................................................................... 55
Organizational Structure of Parole
and Probation Administration ................................................ 57
Legal Basis of Probation system ............................................... 58
Presidential Decree No. 968of1976 .......................................... 58
0 bj ectives of Probation Law ................................................... 58
Criteria for Placing an Offender on Probation ........................... 59
Conditions of Probation ......................................................... 60
Effectivity and Modification of Condition of Probation .............. 61
Period of Probation ............................................................... 61
Arrest and Subsequent Disposition of Probationer .................... 61
The Probation Administration ................................................ 62
Regional Office and Regional Probation Officer ......................... 62
Provincial and City Probation Officers ..................................... 63
Republic Act No. 10707 of 2015 ................................................ 64
Grant of Probation ................................................................ 64
Disqualified Offenders ........................................................... 65
Termination of Probation ...................................................... 65
Volunteer Probation Assistants (VPAs) ..................................... 65
Executive Order No. 292 of 1987 .............................................. 66
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 7

Republic Act No. 10389 of 2013 ................................................ 66

Requirements for Release on Recognizance .............................. 66
Disqualifications for Release on Recognizance .......................... 67
Qualifications of the Custodian of the
Person Released on Recognizance ............................................ 68
The Arrest of a Person Released on Recognizance ...................... 69
Review Questions .................................................................. 70

Chapter 4: Probation Rules ......................................................... 74

Parole and Probation Administration Omnibus Rules
on Probation Methods and Procedures ..................................... 75
Application for Probation ....................................................... 75
Effects of Filing and Receipt of the Application for Probation ..... 76
Post Sentence Investigation (PSI) ............................................ 76
Investigation Strategies ......................................................... 77
Assignment and Initial Interview Worksheet ........................... 78
Scope and Extent of PSI .......................................................... 78
Post Sentence Investigation Report ......................................... 79
Contents of Post Sentence Investigation Report ........................ 79
Full Blown Courtesy Investigation .......................................... Bo
Probation Order .................................................................... 81
Terms and Condition of Probation .......................................... 82
Supervision of Probationer/s .................................................. 83
Objectives of Probation Supervision ........................................ 83
Levels of Supervision ............................................................. 84
Outside Travel During Probation ............................................ 84
Change of Residence During Probation .................................... 85
Absconding Probationer ........................................................ 85
Violation of Probation ........................................................... 85
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 8

Violation Report ................................................................... 86

Arrest and Hearing of the Violation of Probation ...................... 87
Effect of Revocation ............................................................... 87
Early termination of Probation ............................................... 87
Probation Aides .................................................................... 8g
Termination of the Probation Supervision Service .................... 8g
Termination Report .............................................................. go
Final Discharge and Its Legal Effects ........................................ go
Review Questions .................................................................. g1

Chapter 5: Parole and Pardon Administration

Rehabilitation Program ............................................................. g5
Maj or Rehabili tati on Programs ............................................... g5
Harmonization of Three Programs .......................................... g7
Objective of PPA's Rehabilitation Program ............................... g7
Therapeutic Community Modality ......................................... g8
What is a Therapeutic Community? ........................................ g8
Five Treatment Categories ..................................................... g8
Therapeutic Community Modality Intervention Strategies ........ 100
Restorative Justice ................................................................ 102
Basic Elements of Restorative Justice ...................................... 103
Goals of Restorative Justice .................................................... 104
Benefits of Restorative Justice ................................................ 104
Principles of Restorative Justice ............................................. 105
Peacemaking Encounter ........................................................ 105
Basic Procedures ................................................................... 106
Investigation Stage ................................................................ 106
Supervision Stage ................................................................. 107
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 9

Supervision Process with Restorative Justice Impact ................ 108

Procedural Safeguards ........................................................... 110
Restorative Justice Outcomes ................................................. 111
. .
Rest1tut1on .......................................................................... . 111
Community Work Service ...................................................... 111
Counseling .......................................................................... 112
Family Therapy Session ......................................................... 112
Review Questions .................................................................. 113

Chapter 6: Volunteerism, Suspended Sentence,

and Indeterminate Sentence Law ................................................ 118
What is Volunteerism? ........................................................... 119
0 bj ectives of Volunteerism ..................................................... 120
Advantages of Volunteerism ................................................... 121
Characteristics of VPA ........................................................... 121
Qualifications to be VPA ......................................................... 122
Roles of Volunteer Probation Aides .......................................... 122
Functions and Responsibilities of Volunteer Probation Aides ..... 123
Volunteer Probation Aide Case Assignment Procedures ............. 124
Suspended Sentence .............................................................. 125
Suspension of Sentence of a First-Time Minor Drug Offender .... 126
Case for Disposition Conference ............................................. 127
Discharge of a First-Time Minor Offender ................................ 127
Voluntary Confinement ......................................................... 128
Rehabilitation Program ......................................................... 129
Condition of Probation .......................................................... 129
Community Service .............................................................. 130
Goals of Community Service .................................................. 130
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 10

Indeterminate Sentence Law .................................................. 131

Non Applicability of the Indeterminate Sentence ...................... 131
Board of Pardons and Parole ................................................... 132
Board Composition ............................................................... 133
Review Questions .................................................................. 134

Chapter 7: Executive Clemency, Parole and Revised Rules

and Regulations of the Board of Pardons and Parole ...................... 140
What is Clemency? ................................................................ 141
Executive Clemency .............................................................. 141
Sentence Commutation ......................................................... 142
Pardon ................................................................................ 142
Amnesty .............................................................................. 143
Difference between Amnesty and Pardon ................................. 144
Reprieve .............................................................................. 145
Parole .................................................................................. 145
Similarities of Parole and Probation ........................................ 146
Difference between Parole and Probation ................................. 147
History of Parole ................................................................... 147
Ticket of Leave ...................................................................... 148
Release on License ................................................................. 148
Captain Alexander Maconochie .............................................. 148
Sir Walter Frederick Crofton .................................................. 149
Zebulon Brockway................................................................. 149
Rules and Regulations of the Board of Pardons and Parole .......... 150
General Provisions ................................................................ 150
Petitions for Executive Clemency/ Parole .................................. 151
Filing of Petition ................................................................... 151
Contents of Petition .............................................................. 152
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 11

Supporting Documents of Petition for Absolute Pardon ............. 152

Referral of Petition for Absolute Pardon to
a Probation and Parole Officer ................................................. 153
Referral of Petition for Executive Clemency/Parole
to Other Government Agencies ............................................... 153
Review of Cases for Executive Clemency .................................. 154
Extraordinary Circumstances ................................................. 154
Other circumstances ............................................................. 155
Review of Cases for Parole ...................................................... 157
Grant of Parole ..................................................................... 157
Disqualification for Parole ...................................................... 157
Proceedings of the Board ........................................................ 158
Interview of Prisoners ........................................................... 158
Publication of those Eligible for Executive Clemency/Parole ....... 159
Objections to Petitions ........................................................... 159
Factors to be Considered in Petition for Conditional
Pardon, Commutation of Sentence or Parole ............................ 159
Special Factors ...................................................................... 160
Board Action ........................................................................ 160
Executive Clemency/Parole of An Alien ................................... 161
Parole Supervision ................................................................ 162
Infraction/Violation of the Terms and
Conditions of the Release Document ....................................... 163
Cancellation of Pardon/Parole ................................................ 163
Termination of Parole and Conditional Pardon ......................... 164
Review Questions .................................................................. 166

Bibliography ............................................................................. 174

Image Credits ............................................................................ 183
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 12

CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE
CORRECTIONS SYSTEM

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:

I. Define Criminal Justice System;
2. Identify the Five Pillars of the Philippine Criminal
Justice System;
3. Identify and describe some of the early forms of Punishment;
4. Explain the salient points of Philippine Corrections System;
5. Describe the Institutional Based Correction; and
6. Identify the agencies related to Institutional Based Correction.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 13

The Criminal Justice System of the Philippines

The Criminal Justice System refers to the system or process in the
community by which crimes are investigated, and the persons suspected
thereof are taken into custody, prosecuted in court and punished, if found
guilty, provisions being made for their correction and rehabilitation. 1
It addresses the consequences of criminal behavior in society and has
the objective of protecting peoples' right to safety and the enjoyment of
human rights2 expresses two central ideas. The first is that criminals and
victims of crime have certain rights, while the second is that criminal
conduct should be prosecuted and punished by the state following set
laws.3
The Philippine criminal justice system is composed of five parts or
pillars, namely, Law Enforcement, Prosecution, Judiciary, Penology, and
the Community (Valle-Corpuz, 1998). These institutions are responsible
for preventing crimes, enforcement of laws, and apprehension and
prosecution of those who violate the law. 4 If the courts of law find them
guilty of committing a crime, they shall be confined in order for those
people to be rehabilitated and to be reintegrated into the community
as law abiding citizens (Bravo, 2019). These components operate in a
manner being interdependent and supportive of one another in order to
achieve the very purpose of the system.

Figure 1
Philippine Criminal Justice Process
Note: Parole and Probation Administration. (2014, September). Philippine
Criminal Justice Process [Illustration]. Probation.Gov.Ph/. https://probation.
gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2014/ 09/Phil-Crim-Justice-Process3.pdf

1 Valle-Corpuz, M. (1998 February). The Role and Function of the Prosecution in the Phil-
ippine Criminal Justice System. In UNAFEI ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1997 and RESOURCE
MATERIAL SERIES No. 53 . Retrieved February 28 2022, from https://www.unafei.or.jp/ publi-
cations/ pdf/ RS_No53/ No53_27PA_Corpuz.pdf

2 United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime. (n .d.). Crime prevention and criminal justice. Re-
trieved March 2 2022, from https://www.unodc.org/ e4j/ en/ secondary/ criminal-justice.html.

3 Wex Definitions Team. (2020 June). Criminal Justice. Retrieved March 2 2022, from https://
www.law.cornell.edu/ wex/ criminal_justice

4 Bravo, C.S. (2019, August). Philippine Criminal Justice System. In Resource Material No.90,
153rd International Senior Seminar Participant's Papers. Retrieved March 2 2022, from
https://www.unafei.or.jp/ publications/ pdf/ RS_No90/ No90_22PA_Bravo.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 14

PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS

a person who has
violated the law is
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 15

FIVE PILLARS OF THE PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

I. Law Enforcement
The law enforcement consists of the officers and men of the
Philippine National Police (PNP), the National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI), and other agencies. Law Enforcement effects the arrest of those
people who violated the law (Bravo, 2019). When they learn of the
commission of crimes or discover them, their duty is to (Valle-Corpuz,
1998):
1. Investigate the crime which may take the form of surveillance
and observation of suspects, other persons and premises;
interviewing persons with knowledge of facts directly or
indirectly connected with the offense; taking photographs
(surreptitiously or otherwise); arranging for entrapment;
searching premises and persons subject to constitutional
and statutory safeguards; and examining public and other
available records pertaining to the persons involved and
getting copies of pertinent entries.
2. Arrest suspects by virtue of a warrant of arrest issued by a
judge on the basis of evidence submitted by them or under
circumstances justifying a warrant's arrest.
3. Refer the case and the suspects to the Office of the Public
Prosecutor or Municipal Trial Court for preliminary
investigation or directly to the Municipal Trial Court for trial
and judgment.

II. Prosecution
The Prosecution considers the background to determine whether
the person arrested for violating a law should be prosecuted (Bravo,
2019). The investigation and prosecution of all cases involving violations
of penal laws are lodged with the Department of Justice (DOJ) through
its National Prosecution Service (NPS).
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is headed by the Secretary of
Justice with three Undersecretaries assisting him. It is mandated
to uphold the rule of law and ensure the effective and efficient
administration of justice. It acts as the principal law agency and legal
counsel of the government.s Aside from being the prosecution arm of

5 DOJ The Planning Staff Management Services Office. (2007, June 30). Department of
Justice ANNUAL REPORT CY 2007. Retrieved March 2 2022, from https://www.doj.gov.ph/
files/2007 Annual.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 16

the government, the DOJ shall have the following powers and functions
(Valle-Corpuz, 1998):
1. Act as principal law agency of the government and as legal
counsel and representative thereof, whenever so required;
2. Administer the probation and correction system;
3. Extend free legal assistance/ representation to indigents and
poor litigants in criminal cases and noncommercial civil
disputes;
4. Preserve the integrity of land titles through proper
registration;
5. Investigate and arbitrate untitled land disputes involving
small landowners and members of indigenous cultural
communities;
6. Provide immigration and naturalization regulatory services
and implement the laws governing citizenship and the
admission and stay of aliens;
7. Provide legal services to the national government and its
functionaries, including government owned or controlled
corporations and their subsidiaries; and
8. Perform such other functions as may be provided by law. It
consists of the following constituent units:
a. Department proper;
b. Office of the Government Counsel;
c. National Bureau of Investigation;
d. Public Attorney's Office;
e. Board of Pardons and Parole;
f. Parole and Probation Administration;
g. Bureau of Corrections;
h. Land Registration Authority;
i. Bureau of Immigration; and
j. Commission on the Settlement of Land Problems.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 17

The National Prosecution Service (NPS) is mandated to assist the

Secretary of Justice in the performance of powers and functions of the
Department relative to its role as the prosecution arm of the government,
particularly the investigation and prosecution of criminal offenses
(DOJ, 2007). It is composed of the Prosecution Staff in the Office of the
Secretary of Justice headed by the Chief State Prosecutor, the Regional
State Prosecution Offices headed by Regional State Prosecutors, and
the Provincial and City Prosecution Offices headed by the Provincial
Prosecutor and City Prosecutor, respectively (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).
The Prosecution Staff or State Prosecutors perform the following
functions (Valle-Corpuz, 1998):
1. Investigate administrative charges against prosecutors and
other prosecution officers;
2. Conduct the investigation and prosecution of all crimes;
3. Prepare legal opinions on queries involving violations of the
Revised Penal Code and special penal laws; and
4. Review appeals from the resolutions of prosecutors and
other prosecuting officers in connection with criminal cases
handled by them.

Regional State Prosecutors have the following functions (Valle-

Corpuz, 1998):
1. Implement policies, plans, programs, memoranda, orders,
circulars and rules and regulations of the DOJ relative to the
investigation and prosecution of criminal cases in his region;
2. Exercise immediate administrative supervision over all
Provincial and City Prosecutors and other prosecuting
officers of provinces and cities comprised within his region;
3. Prosecute any case arising within the region.

Provincial and City Prosecutors have the following functions

(Valle-Corpuz, 1998):
1. Be the law officer of the province or city, as the case may
be. He shall have charge of the prosecution of all crimes,
misdemeanors and violations of city or municipal ordinances
in the courts of such province or city and shall therein
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 18

discharge all the duties incident to the institution of criminal

prosecutions;
2. Investigate and/or cause to be investigated all charges of
crimes, misdemeanors and violations of all penal laws and
ordinances within their respective jurisdictions and have
the necessary information or complaint prepared or made
against the persons accused.
3. Investigate commissions of criminal acts and take an active
part in the gathering of relevant evidence.
4. Act as legal adviser of the municipality, and municipal district
of the provinces or the provincial or city government and its
officers or of the city.
5. Assist the Solicitor General, when so deputized in the
public interest, in the performance of any function or in the
discharge of any duty incumbent upon the latter, within the
territorial jurisdiction of the former.

III. Court
The Court or Judiciary is the cornerstone of the system wherein it
determines whether the person charged with a criminal offense is guilty
or not. Its function is to conduct cross examination of the witness before
the issuance of the warrant either warrant of arrest or search warrant; to
conduct arraignment and to hold trial before giving final decision of the
case (Bravo, 2019).
If the preliminary investigation results in the finding that a crime
has been committed and the suspect is probably guilty thereof, the public
prosecutor will file the corresponding information in the proper court;
thus, activating the judicial process (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).
The case shall then be set for arraignment which is the first stage
of a criminal action. It consists of the reading of the information or
criminal complaint in court to the accused in open court. The accused
is then asked how he pleads. The accused may plead guilty or not guilty
to the offense charged. If he refuses to plead, a plea of not guilty will be
entered for him. If the accused pleads guilty, the court shall sentence
him to the corresponding penalty if it is satisfied of the voluntariness of
the plea, and otherwise, of the guilt of the accused. If the accused pleads
not guilty, the case is set for pre-trial and/or trial (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).
No agreement or admission during the pre-trial shall be used in evidence
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 19

against the accused unless reduced in writing and signed by him and his
counsel.
After the pre-trial stage, trial follows. The prosecution commences
the presentation of evidence, followed by the accused. Prosecution
may present rebuttal evidence. The parties may also present written
arguments or memoranda after which the case is deemed submitted for
decision (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).
After the reception of the contending parties' pieces of evidence,
the case is now submitted for decision which the court must render
within ninety days after trial. If the court acquits the accused because
in its view he is innocent or his guilt is not proven beyond reasonable
doubt, the case is definitely ended. Appeal by the prosecution is barred
by the principle of double jeopardy. On the other hand, if it convicts
the accused because in its view his guilt of the crime charged has been
established beyond reasonable doubt, the latter may move for a new trial
or reconsideration (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).
The motion for reconsideration may be based on the errors of
law or fact in judgment. In connection to moving for a new trial or
reconsideration or after denial of such motion, the convicted accused
may appeal to the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court within the
time fixed by law. If the appeal of the convicted accused is unsuccessful
and his conviction is affirmed, the case will be remanded to the court of
origin for the execution of the judgment (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).

IV. Correction
It is considered as the weakest pillar in the Philippine Criminal
Justice System because they fail to reform offenders and prevent them
from returning to criminal life. Its function is to reform the convicted
offender through the rehabilitation program inside the correction. The
function of the correction in our criminal justice system is to reform the
offender through rehabilitation programs such as giving an opportunity
to every convicted offender to continue his study by way of Vocational
training program.
Three major government functionaries are involved in the
Philippine correctional system, namely: the Department of Justice
(DOJ), Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and
the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). 6 The

6 Baquilod Alvor, M.B. (2005, December). The Philippine Corrections System: Current Situa-
tion and Issues. In UNAFEI Resource Material No.67. Retrieved March 3 2022, from https://
www.unafei.or.jp/english/publications/Resource_Material_67.html
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 20

DOJ supervises the national penitentiaries through the Bureau of

Corrections, administers the parole and probation system through the
Parole and Probation Administration, and assists the President in the
grant of executive clemency through the Board of Pardons and Parole.
DILG supervises the provincial, district, city and municipal jails through
the provincial governments and the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology, respectively. DSWD supervises the regional rehabilitation
centers for youth offenders through the Bureau of Child and Youth
Welfare (Baquilod Alvor, 2005).

Figure 2
Correction Pillar

Corrections

Correctional
Administration

Institution- based Non Institution-

Corrections based Corrections

Petitioners for
LGU Parole, Probation,
BJMP BUCOR Provincial PPA and EC; Probationers,
Jails Parolees, and
Pardoneers
Detainees Detainees Detainees & Children in Conflict
DSWD
& & Prisoners with the Law (CICL)
Prisoners Prisoners (3 yrs and
(3 yrs and (3 yrs + 1 below.) Petitioner for Parole
BPP
below.) day) and EC.

First time drug

DOB offender (minor), and
Voluntary Surrender

Note: Based on Santos-Padua, J. (2013). Correction Pillar [Chart].

In Parole Rules, Probation Law and Executive Clemency (Non-
Institution-Based Corrections) (1st ed., p. 9).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 21

V. Community
The function of the community pillar is to help and coordinate the
program of the government specifically on the maintenance of peace and
order. After the convicts have passed through the correction component
(either unconditionally, as by full service of the term of imprisonment
imposed on them; or by parole or pardon: they go back to the community
and either lead normal lives as law-abiding citizens in their barangays,
or, regrettably, commit other crimes and thus, go back through the same
processes and stages of the criminal justice system (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).
The community through the appropriate legislative agencies,
public and private educational institutions, parents and guardians,
churches, religious organizations, civic associations, etc. develops and
exacts conformity with acceptable moral and ethical values, creates the
environment for the development of civic-spirited citizens, and fosters
respect for and observance of the Rule of Law (Valle-Corpuz, 1998).

Early Forms of Punishment

Society is judged by how it treats its prisoners and that the methods
employed in the past were harsh in terms of treatment of its prisoners.7
For those living in the twentieth century it may be difficult to envision
the savage treatment of offenders in the past. The absence of Prison and
Jails or even courts and trials to hear the side of the offenders is difficult
in order to achieve fair judgment. Since everything from clothing to
child-rearing has changed with the times, so has our concept of ''cruel
and unusual'' and along with it our correctional practices. The torture,
floggings and public humiliations that characterized ''correction'' of the
past conflict with today's concept of the worth of life and human dignity
(Stinchcomb, 2011).

7 Stinchcomb, J.B. (2011 May 3). Corrections: Foundations for the Future. Second Edition.
Routledge. p. 45.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 22

Blood Feuds
Ancient culture developed the idea of justice based on vengeance,
retribution and compensation. When a crime is committed; the victim is
expected to dole out justice with his own hands. Punishment was carried
out by the victim personally, along with help provided by one's family.
The offender will seek refuge in his family and friends; as a result of
this system, blood feuds developed. Blood Feud is a continuing state of
conflict between two groups within a society (typically kinship groups)
characterized by violence, usually killings and counter killings. 8

Lex Talionis
Lex Talionis or Law of Retaliation, is a principle developed in early
Babylonian law and present in both biblical and early Roman law that
criminals should receive as punishment precisely those injuries and
damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Many early societies
applied this ''eye-for-an-eye'' principle literally.9

Corporal Punishment
Corporal punishment is the dispensing of bodily harm in response
to or as a deterring measure against crime. 1° Corporal punishments
include flogging, beating, branding, mutilation, blinding, and the use
of the stock and pillory. 11 From ancient times through the 18th century,
corporal punishments were commonly used in those instances that
did not call for the death penalty or for exile or transportation. But the
growth of humanitarian ideals during the Enlightenment and afterward
led to the gradual abandonment of corporal punishment, and by the
later 20th century it had been almost entirely replaced by imprisonment
or other nonviolent penalties.

8 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2013, October 8). feud. Encyclopedia Britannica.

Retrieved March 3 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/feud-private-war

9 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2011, February 22). talion. Encyclopedia Britannica.

Retrieved March 3 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/talion

10 Geitner G. (2014) History of Corporal Punishment. In: Bruinsma G., Weisburd D. (eds) Ency-
clopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-
5690-2_276

11 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2016, February 22). corporal punishment. Encyclo-

pedia Britannica. Retrieved March 3 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/corpo-
ral-punishment
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 23

Capital Punishment
Capital punishment, often referred to as the death penalty, has
been used as a method of crime deterrence since the earliest societies.
Historical records show that even the most ancient primitive tribes
utilized methods of punishing wrongdoers, including taking their lives,
to pay for the crimes they committed. Murder most often warrants this
ultimate form of punishment. ''A life for a life'' has been one of the most
basic concepts for dealing with crime since the start of recorded history. 12
Early forms of capital punishment were designed to be slow, painful,
and torturous. In some ancient cultures, law breakers were put to death
by stoning, crucifixion, being burned at the stake, and even slowly being
crushed by elephants. Later societies found these methods to be cruel and
unusual forms of punishment, and sought out more humane practices
(Crime Museum, LLC., 2021).

Exile and Banishment

Exile and banishment is a punishment by prolonged absence from
one's country imposed by vested authority as a punitive measure. It
most likely originated among early civilizations from the practice of
designating an offender an outcast and depriving him of the comfort and
protection of his group. 13

Philippine Corrections System

It is composed of the institutions in the government, civil society
and the business sector involved in the confinement, correction and
restoration of persons charged for and/or convicted of delinquent
acts or crimes. The public sector formulates sound policies and rules
on corrections, penology and jail management, rehabilitation and
restoration. All prisons or penitentiaries, jails and detention centers are
under the direct control and supervision of the government (Baquilod
Alvor, 2005).
It is important to note that The Philippines adheres to the provisions
of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and
UN Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (the Tokyo

12 Crime Museum, LLC. (2021 ). ORIGINS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Retrieved March 3 2022,
from https://www.crimemuseum.org/ crime-library/ execution/ origins-of-capital-punish-
ment/

13 Abbott, G. (2014, November 25). exile and banishment. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved
March 3 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/ topic/ exile-law
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 24

Rules) and other international human rights instruments which define

and guarantee the rights of inmates (Baquilod Alvor, 2005).
The Philippine corrections system adopted two approaches for
treatment of offenders. These are the Institutional-based treatment
program and the Community-based treatment programs (Non-
Institutional). These programs aimed towards the improvement of
offender's attitude and philosophy of life. Reformation and rehabilitation
of inmates as well as preparation for the reintegration in the community
are the ultimate goals of the programs. 14

Institutional Based Correction

In the Philippines, there is a distinction between a ''jail'' and
''prison''. Jail is defined as a place of confinement for inmates under
investigation or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences.
This includes provincial, district, city and municipal jails managed
and supervised by the Provincial Government and the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology (BJMP), respectively, which are both under
the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Prison
on the other hand, refers to the national prisons or penitentiaries
managed and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under
the Department of Justice (DOJ) (Baquilod Alvor, 2005).

Two Categories of Inmates

According to the BJMP Comprehensive Operations Manual 2015
Edition, there are two general categories of inmates they are1s:

a. Prisoner - inmate who is convicted by final judgment; and

b. Detainee - inmate who is undergoing investigation/trial or

awaiting final judgment.

14 Escabel, E., Abliter, P.J., Asi, R. and Dimaano, R. etal. (2015, April). EFFECTIVENESS OF
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY PROGRAM IMPLEMENTED IN BATANGAS CITY
JAIL, PHILIPPINES. Retrieved March 3 2022, from http://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/
wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EJRSS EFFECTIVENESS-OF-THERAPEUTIC-COMMUNl-
TY-MODALITY-PROGRAM-IMPLEMENTED-IN-BATANGAS-CITY-JAIL-PHILIPPINES.pdf

15 Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. (2015). BJMP Comprehensive Operations

Manual 2015 Edition. Retrieved March 3 2022, from https://www.bjmp.gov.ph/images/f1les/
Downloads/BJMP_OPERATIONAL_MANUAL_2015.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 25

Four Classes of Prisoners

There are four classes of prisoner (BJMP, 2015, Section 17), they are:
I. Insular or National prisoner - one who is sentenced
to a prison term of three years and one day to death;
2. Provincial Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a
prison term of six months and one day to three years;
3. City Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term
of one day to three years; and
4. Municipal Prisoner- one who is sentenced to a prison
term of one day to six months.

Three Types of Detainees

There are three types of prisoner (BJMP, 2015, Section 18), they are:
1. Those undergoing investigation;
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
3. those awaiting final judgment.

Institutional Framework
The treatment of offenders and individuals who are in conflict with
the law is undertaken by the government through the Department of
Justice (DOJ), the Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG), and the Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD). 16

Department of Justice (DOJ)

The DOJ supervises the national penitentiaries through the Bureau
of Corrections, administers the parole and probation system through
the Parole and Probation Administration, and assists the President
in the grant of executive clemency through the Board of Pardons and
Parole (Baquilod Alvor, 2005).

16 Herradura,. l.J. (2009, December). Improving the Treatment of Offenders through the En-
hancement of Community-Based Alternatives to Incarceration: The Philippine Experience.
In UNAFEI Resource Material No.79. Retrieved March 3 2022, from https://unafei.or.jp/pub-
lications/pdf/RS_No 79/No 79_27VE_Herradura.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 26

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)

The DILG, through the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
(BJMP), supervises and controls city, municipal and district jails. The
Philippine National Police (PNP), also under the supervision of the
DILG, manages the municipal jails that cannot yet be supervised by the
BJMP, including lock-up jails or precinct jails that are used as temporary
detention centers for arrested individuals under investigation. The
Offices of the Provincial Governor, also under the DILG, manage the
provincial jails which, by law, keep convicted offenders with prison
sentences that range from six months and one day to three years
(Herradura, 2009).

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

The DSWD operates and monitors rehabilitation centers nationwide
for juveniles in conflict with the law (JICL) whose cases are still pending
in court through the Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare (Baquilod Alvor,
2005).

Bureau of Corrections (BuCor)

BuCor is an agency under the Department of Justice that is charged
with custody and rehabilitation17 of national offenders, that is, those
sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment of more than three (3) years. 18
To carry out its mandate, the Bureau undertakes the following 19:

• Safekeep prisoners convicted by courts three (3) years

and one (1) day and above to serve sentence in prison.

• Prevent prisoners from committing crimes.

• Provide inmates basic needs.

17 Sec. 26, Chap. 8, Title 111, Book IV of Executive Order No. 292, otherwise known as the "Ad-
ministrative Code of 1987".

18 No Author. (n.d.). BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS - (BuCor). Retrieved March 3 2022, from

https://www.chanrobles.com/ legal3dojbucor.html#.YiJ1 KDjMKM9

19 Bureau of Corrections (BuCor). (2012). Functions. Retrieved March 3 2022, from

http:/1202.124.131 .11 / about.html
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 27

• Ensure rehabilitation programs are made available

to the inmates for their physical, intellectual and
spiritual development.

• Develop livelihood programs to assist inmates earn a

living and develop their skills while in prison.

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was created on
January 2, 1991 pursuant to Republic Act 6975, replacing its forerunner,
the Jail Management and Penology Service of the defunct Philippine
Constabulary Integrated National Police. The BJMP exercises
administrative and operational jurisdiction over all district, city and
municipal jails. It is a line bureau of the Department of the Interior and
Local Government (DILG) (BJMP, 2015, Section 1).

The functions of BJMP are (BJMP, 2015, Section 5):

1. To enhance and upgrade organizational capability
on a regular basis; thus, making all BJMP personnel
updated on all advancements in law enforcement
eventually resulting in greater crime solution
efficiency and decreased inmate population;
2. To implement strong security measures for the
control of inmates;
3. To provide for the basic needs of inmates;
4. To conduct activities for the rehabilitation and
development of inmates; and
5. To improve jail facilities and conditions.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 28

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 1

Name:

Section: Date:

Rating: Professor:

1. What is a Criminal Justice System?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

2. What are the Five Pillars of the Philippine Criminal Justice System?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 29

3. What are some of the early forms of Punishment?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

4. What are salient points of the Philippine Corrections System?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 30

5. What is an Institutional Based Correction?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

6. What are the government agencies related to Institutional

Based Correction?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 31

CHAPTER2
NON-INSTITUTIONAL BASED CORRECTION

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Define Non-Institutional based Correction;

2. Explain the Rationale for Non-Institutional Correction;

3. Identify and appreciate the Advantages of Community

Based Correction;

4. Enumerate and explain the Types of Community

Based Sanctions;

5. Explain the salient points on the History of Community

Based Correction;

6. Identify the key points on the development of community

based Correction in the Philippines;

7. Enumerate the Community based Corrections in the

Philippines; and

8. Identify the important concepts in the Tokyo rules.

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 32

What is Non Institutional-based Correction?

Corrections refers to the supervision of persons arrested
for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses. Correctional
populations fall into two general categories: institutional corrections
and non institutional corrections. 20 Non-Institutional based correction
or Community based correction refers to correctional activities that
may take place within the community or the method of correcting
sentenced offenders without having to go to prison. 21
Itis the supervision of criminal offenders in the resident population,
as opposed to confining offenders in secure correctional facilities (BJS,
2021). This includes all non incarceration correctional sanctions imposed
upon an offender for the purpose of reintegrating that offender within
the community22 ; such as pardon, probation, and parole activities,
correctional administration not directly connected to institutions, and
miscellaneous activity not directly related to institutional care. 2 3

RATIONALE FOR NON INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION

Humanitarian Aspect
Imprisonment is not always advisable. Placing a person to custodial
coercion is to place him in physical jeopardy, thus drastically narrowing
his access to sources of personal satisfaction and reducing his self
esteem. Imprisonment leads to other problems related to an offender's
stigmatization and desocialization. Often, prisons thwart the offenders'
potential for growth and excellence, and spawn dependence and mistrust
on their part instead. Prisons usually alienate offenders from their
family, friends and acquaintances. Due to overcrowding, prisons lead to
dehumanizing conditions, which make reintegration and resocialization
even more difficult (Yangco, 1999, p. 284).

20 United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2021, February 18.). Cor-
rections. Retrieved March 4 2022, from https://bjs.ojp.gov/topics/ corrections

21 Yangco, C.C. (1999, September). Community-Based Treatment for Offenders in the Phil-
ippines: Old Concepts, New Approaches, Best Practices. In UNAFEI, Resource Material
No.54. Retrieved March 4 2022, from https://www.unafei.or.jp/ publications/ pdf/ RS_No54/
No54_22VE_Yangco.pdf

22 Hanser, R.D., and Barton-Bellessa, S. (2011, January 6). Community-Based Corrections: A

Text/ Reader. Sage. p. 2.

23 Ortmeier, P.J . (1995, September 24). Public Safety and Security Administration. Elsevier. p.
84
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 33

Restorative Aspect
There are measures expected to be achieved by the offender, such
as an establishment of a position in the community in which he does
not violate the laws. These measures may be directed at changing and
controlling the offender. The failure of the offender to achieve these can
result in recidivism.
Recidivism refers to a person's relapse into criminal behavior,
often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a
previous crime. It is measured by criminal acts that resulted in rearrest,
reconviction or return to prison with or without a new sentence during a
three-year period following the person's release (BJS, 2021).
Community based correction helps the offenders conform to the
behavioral expectations while keeping the public safety in mind through
specific deterrence. Specific deterrence 24 will keep supervised offenders
from falling back to their old habits and behaviors by supervision,
unannounced visits, and letting offenders know in advance what the
consequences will be for their actions. 2 s

Managerial Aspect
Managerial skills are of special importance because of the sharp
contrast between the per capita cost of custody and any kind of
community program. It is easier to manage those undergoing community
based treatment programs than that of custodial control. The burden of
maintaining an entire prison bureaucracy is eliminated in community
based treatment. The cost of assisting and supervising offenders is
supplemented and complemented by existing community resources
and infrastructures, which are otherwise not present in institutional
arrangements (Yangco, 1999, p. 284).

24 Specific Deterrence Theory states that an offender on community supervision will refrain
from committing technical violations and/ or new crimes if, after considering the cost and
benefits, the consequences for misbehavior are certain and severe enough that the sanc-
tions outweigh the benefits.

25 Alarid, L.F. (2016, January 1). Community Based Corrections. CENGAGE. p. 15.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 34

Advantages of Community Based Correction

1. Community based correction can ease jail and prison
crowding by allowing convicted offenders the chance to
complete a drug program, boot camp, or other corrections
program, and are thus another form of cost savings. 26

2. Family members need not be victims also for the

imprisonment of a member because the convict can still
continue to support his/ her family (Yangco, 1999, p. 284).

3. Rehabilitation will be more effective as the convict will not

be exposed to hardened criminals in prisons who will only
influence him to a life of crime (Yangco, 1999, p. 284).

4. Rehabilitation can be monitored by the community thus

corrections can be made and be more effective (Yangco, 1999,
p. 284).

5. It is less costly on the part of the government. Cost of

incarcerations will be eliminated which is extremely
beneficial on the part of the government (Alarid, 2016, p. 15).

6. Community based sanctions provide offenders opportunities

to repay their victims and their communities (Alarid, 2016,
p. 16).

Types of Community Based Sanctions

Here are some of the general descriptions of potential continuum
of sanctions offered in communities (Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011,
p. 17):
1. Probation- it is considered as a least severe sanction, and
may be used in conjunction with suspended sentence and
other options. Offenders meet with their probation officers
periodically, either in person or via call-in supervision
(Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 17).

26 No author.(2022). Advantages and Disadvantages of Community Corrections Programs.

Retrieved March 7 2022, from https://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/ system/ communi-
ty-correcti ons/ 6/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 35

2. Intensive Supervision-itis an enhanced version of probation,

where offenders have increased contact with their probation
officers. Normally, the contacts begin with three to five times
a week with regular drug and alcohol screenings. Contacts
are diminished as offenders demonstrate success on this
option (Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 17).

3. Restitution and Fines- this option typically used in

conjunction with probation or may be used as stand alone
sanctions. It is the most commonly used sanction (Hanser
and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 17). Restitution is the repayment
of the offender to victims who have suffered financial losses
as a result of the offender's crime. 2 7

4. Community Service-this option typically used in conjunction

with probation or may be used as stand alone sanctions. It
requires the offenders to voluntarily donate their time back
to serving their community (Hanser and Barton-Bellessa,
2011, p. 17).

5. Substance Abuse Treatment- referrals are often provided

when the offense either includes some substance or there is
evidence during the intake process that an offender needs
such referral (Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 17).

6. Day Reporting Centers- it requires the offenders to report

to a centralized location on a daily basis to receive treatment
and/or education (Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 17).

7. House Confinement- It is a program that requires offenders

to remain in their homes except for approved periods of
absence commonly used in combination with electronic
monitoring.

8. Halfway House- it is used in residential settings. Offenders

are required to remain in the house at night but are allowed
to obtain employment in their respective communities. Its
goal is to provide offenders with a temporary period of highly
structured and supportive living so that they will be better
prepared to function independently in the community upon
discharge (Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 17).

27 Findlaw Staff. (2021, December 14). Restitution. Retrieved March 8 2022, from www.f1nd-
law.com/criminal/-procedure/restitution.html
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 36

9. Boot Camp- It incorporates rigorous military style

punishments. It is designed as a short term residential option
whereby offenders are given acceptable punishment and
discipline (Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 17).

10. Diversion- A process whereby an alleged offender (usually a

juvenile delinquent) is ''turned away'' from further movement
into the justice system.

History of Community Based Correction

The historical development of community based alternatives can
be traced back to the four specific sanctions used in European countries
namely: sanctuary, benefit of clergy, judicial reprieve, and recognizance
(Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 4).

Early Alternative Sanctions

1. Sanctuary
Sanctuary is one of the earliest forms of leniency, and came
into two forms: secular and religious. Secular Sanctuary
28

existed through the various cities or regions that were set

aside as a form of neutral ground, safe havens from criminal
prosecution. Accused criminals could escape prosecution
by fleeting to these cities and maintaining residence there.
Religious Sanctuaries began during the 4th century and
were grounded in European Christian beliefs that appealed
to the kind of mercy of the church. It consisted of a place,
usually a church or monastery, where the king's soldiers
were forbidden to enter for the purpose of taking an accused
criminal into custody (Hanser, 2015, p.5).

2. Benefit of Clergy
Benefit of Clergy was initially a form of exemption from
criminal punishment that was provided for clergy in
Europe during the i2th century. This alternative to typical
punishment required church representatives to be delivered
to church authorities for punishment, avoiding criminal
processing through the secular court system (Hanser, 2015,

28 Hanser, R.D. (2013, August 6). Community Corrections. SAGE Publication. p. 5

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 37

p.6). By the 14th century it had been made available to all who
were literate. Judges in secular courts provided this option
but required the offenders to demonstrate that they were
indeed literate by reading out loud Psalm 51 (Hanser, 2015,
p.7).

3. Judicial Reprieve
During the latter part of 17oo's, Judicial Reprieves were used
at the full discretion of judges, in cases where they did not
believe that incarceration was proportionate to the crime
or where no productive benefit was expected. It simply
suspended sentences of incarceration as an act of mercy or
leniency (Hanser, 2015, p.9). Reprieve means the temporary
suspension or delay in the implementation of a criminal
sentence ordered by the court. During the time of the
reprieve, the implementation of the sentence is postponed.
Nevertheless, that does not imply that the sentencing and
its legal effects are no longer enforceable. Once the reprieve
expires, the criminal sentence will be executed as ordered by
the court unless there are legal circumstances that change
the initial sentencing, like the result of an appeal. 2 9

4. Recognizance
Recognizance or binding over for good behavior, is a method
of assuring good behavior extended at an early date to a
person charged with or convicted of misdemeanor and was
used in addition to or in substitutions for other punishment.
It involves the use of a bond or obligation entered into by a
defendant, who is bound to refrain from doing, or is bound to
do, something for a stipulated period, and to appear in court
on a specific date of trial or for final disposition of the case
(Hanser and Barton-Bellessa, 2011, p. 8). It is the antecedent
to the development of Probation in the United states (Hanser,
2015, p.11)

29 Wex Definitions Team. (2021, August). Reprieve. Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://www.
law.cornell.edu /wex/reprieve
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 38

History of Probation
Probation is a correctional method under which the sentences of
selected offenders may be conditionally suspended upon the promise of
good behavior and agreement to accept supervision and abide by specified
requirements.3° Probation as it is known today can be traced to the use
of several judicial practices exercised in English and later, American
courts.31 In English Common Law, the Courts could temporarily suspend
the execution of a sentence to allow the defendant to appeal to the Crown
for a pardon.

Matthew Davenport Hill

He was a lawyer in England, held the judicial post of recorder in
the City of Birmingham. He was considered as a Father of Probation in
England. Hill did not refer to his work as probation. He did, however,
provide services for young offenders, using many components of today's
probation work.32
Hill supported the concept of supervision of certain offenders while
in the community. If the crime was minor, the juvenile was not viewed
as congenitally amoral, and there was hope for rehabilitation, and needs
the supervision of a guardian. He viewed supervision as consisting not
merely of law enforcement monitoring the behavior of the offender,
but also as providing social service assistance. Hill insisted that
incarceration, regardless of how well conducted, cannot permanently
change the behavior of the offender. He believed that unofficial agencies,
staffed by volunteers, should serve to improve the miserable conditions
of the prisons, and secondly, after the prisoner has become a free man
(Linder, 2007, p. 6-9).

30 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2015, December 28). probation. Encyclopedia

Britannica. Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/ topic/ probation

31 No author. (n.d.). Probation and Parole: History, Goals, and Decision-Making. Retrieved
March 8 2022, from https://law.jrank.org/ pages/ 1817/ Probation-Parole-History-Goals-Deci-
sion-Making-Origins-probation-parole.html

32 Lindner, C. (2007). Thacher, Augustus, and Hill-The Path to Statutory Probation in the Unit-
ed States and England. In Federal Probation Journal. Volume 71, Number 3. Retrieved Mach
8 2022, from https://www.uscourts.gov/ sites/ default/ f11es/ 71_3_6_0.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 39

John Augustus
John Augustus, the ''Father of Probation," is recognized as the first
true probation officer. Augustus was born in Woburn, Massachusetts in
1785. By 1829, he was a permanent resident of Boston and the owner of a
successful boot-making business (Hanser, 2015, p.11). A good deal of his
time was spent in attempting to reform alcoholics, and he generally used
the pledge to refrain from alcoholic beverages as a tool in his efforts at
rehabilitation (Linder, 2007, p. 3).
Augustus initiated his voluntary probation work in 1841 when he
requested a judge to defer the sentencing for three weeks of a man found
guilty of being a common drunkard. He requested that the defendant be
placed in his custody during this time period and with the consent of the
judge, Augustus bailed him out of court. Augustus had the defendant sign
the pledge of sobriety. At the end of three weeks, Augustus accompanied
the defendant back to court for sentencing, and the success of his
supervision was significant (Linder, 2007, p. 3).
Augustus did not recommend everyone for probation. He carefully
screened prospective candidates through interviews, checks of their
background, and social histories. For the most part, the offenders
he sponsored were low-risk, nonviolent criminals. One of the most
important components of his work was supervision of the offender. Not
content to merely bail out the offender, Augustus sought to improve his
behavior and keep him crime free. To this end, he continued his contacts
with the probationer, not only to monitor his conduct, but to bring about
change by meeting his social needs (Linder, 2007, p. 4).

Killits Decision
In 1916, the U. S. Su pre me Court held that a federal judge was with out
power to suspend a sentence indefinitely. This famous court decision led
to the passing of the National Probation Act of 1925, thereby, allowing
courts to suspend the imposition of a sentence and place an offender on
probation which is known as the Killits Decision.33

33 Latessa, E.J., and Smith, P. (2011, January 17). Corrections in the Community. Fifth Edition.
Anderson Publishing
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 40

Probation of Offenders Act 1907

The Probation of Offenders Act 1907 is an act of the United
Kingdom Parliament, commonly referred to as just the Probation Act.34
It established probation officers in the U.K. This act allows courts
to suspend punishment and discharge offenders if they enter into a
recognizance between one and three years, one condition of which was
supervision by a person named in the probation order (Hanser, 2015,
p.16).

Probation Act of 1925

The Probation Act of 1925, signed by President Calvin Coolidge,
provided for a probation system in the federal courts in the United
States (except in the District of Columbia). It gave the courts the power
to suspend the imposition or execution of sentence and place defendants
on probation for such period and on such terms and conditions as they
deemed best. The Act also authorized courts to appoint one or more
persons to serve as probation officers without compensation and one
salaried probation officer.35

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE PROBATION

Provisions for Juvenile Probation
In the Philippines, provisions for juvenile probation have been
embodied in Article 80 of the Revised Penal Code since its enactment in
1932.36 It states that sentence was suspended for offenders under 16 years
of age accused of a grave or less grave felony, who were then placed in the
care and custody of public or private entities.37 This was later amended
on December 10, 1974 by Presidential Decree No. 603, known as the

34 Probation of Offenders Act 1907. Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://www.legislation.

gov.uk/ukpga/1907/17/pdfs/ukpga_19070017_en.pdf

35 Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. (n.d.). Beginnings of Probation and Pretrial
Services. Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/proba-
tion-and-pretrial-services/probation-and-pretrial-services-history

36 Parole and Probation Administration. (n.d.). Establishment and Development of Probation

Administration. Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/establishment-de-
velopment-probation-administration/#:-:text=4221 %20on%20August%207%2C%20
1935,were%20convicted%20of%20certain%20crimes.

37 Republic Act 3815. (1932) Revised Penal Code. Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://www.
un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revised_penal_code.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 41

Child and Youth Welfare Code38 , and by Presidential Decree No. 117939
which set the age of minority to below 18 years of age at the time of the
commission of the offense.
Moreover, Republic Act No. 6425 or the Dangerous Drugs Act of
197240 provided for the suspension of sentence and probation of a first-
offender under 18 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense
but not more than 21 years at the time when judgment should have been
promulgated (RA 6425, 1972, Section 32).

Integration of Adult Probation

According to the Parole and Probation Administration (PPA), the
move to integrate adult probation in the Philippine criminal justice
system began early in the 20th century when the Philippine Legislature
approved Act No. 4221 on August 7, 193541 • This created a Probation
Office under the Department of Justice, and provided probation for first
offenders 18 years of age and above who were convicted of certain crimes
(Act 4221, 1935, Section 10). However, two years after its implementation,
on November 16, 1937, the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional
because of its constitutional and procedural defect. 42
In 1972, Congressman Teodulo C. Natividad and Cong. Ramon
D. Bagatsing introduced House Bill No. 393 was filed in the Congress
with the purpose of establishing a probation system in the country.
Its provisions removed the defects of the previous law that made it
constitutionally and procedurally defective. Despite the Congress
passing the bill, HB No. 393 was halted in the Senate of the Philippines
upon declaration of Martial Law (PPA, 2018).

38 Presidential Decree No. 603. (197 4). Child and Youth Welfare Code. Retrieved March 8
2022, from https://www.off1cialgazette.g0v.ph/ downloads/ 1974/ 12dec/ 19741210-PD-
0603-FM.pdf

39 Presidential Decree No. 1179. (1977) Amending Certain Provisions of Chapter 3 of P.O. No.
603 or the Child and Youth Welfare Code and for other Purposes. Retrieved March 8 2022,
from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ 1977/ 08/ 15/ presidential-decree-no-1179-s-1977I

40 Republic Act No. 6425. (1972). Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972. Retrieved March 8 2022, from
https://lawphil.net/ statutes/ repacts/ ra1972/ ra_6425_1972.html

41 Act No. 4221 . (1935). An Act Establishing Probation for Persons, Eighteen Years of Age
or Above, Convicted of Certain Crimes by the Courts of the Philippine Islands, Providing
Probation Officers Therefor; and for Other Purposes. Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://
lawyerly.ph/ laws/view/ 1384f

42 Public Information Section, Parole and Probation Administration.(2018). Brief History.

Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2018/ 12/
Agency_Prof1le_a.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 42

Congressman Teodulo C. Natividad

Cong. Natividad was a former NAPOLCOM commissioner and
former Congressman of Bulacan. He is also known as the Father of
Probation in the Philippines. In 1975, he introduced another proposed
probation decree. The proposed decree was presented on April 24, 1976,
at the seminar on the probation system sponsored by the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) at the UP Law Center. It was also presented at
the First National Conference on Crime Control on July 22-24, 1976. The
bill underwent eighteen (18) technical hearings and was submitted to a
selected group of jurists, penologists, civil leaders, social and behavioral
scientists and law practitioners before it was endorsed for approval (PPA,
2018).

Institutionalization of Probation
On July24, 1976, PresidentFerdinandE. Marcos signed the proposed
decree known as Presidential Decree No. 968 (PD 968) or the Adult
Probation Law of 197643 • With its enactment, it created the Probation
Administration (PD 968, 1976, Section 18). The late Congressman
Teodulo C. Natividad, recognized as the Father of Philippine Probation,
was appointed as its first Administrator (PPA, 2018). Through this decree
probation became an added component of the Philippine Corrections
System and proved its institutional worth.
The operation of the probation system in 1976-1977 was a massive
undertaking during which all judges and prosecutors nationwide were
trained in probation methods and procedures; administrative and
procedural manuals were developed; probation officers were recruited
and trained; and the central office and also the probation field offices
were organized throughout the country. Fifteen probation officers were
selected from the first batch of trainees for an observation tour to the Los
Angeles Training Academy, April 1, 1977. Upon their return, they were
assigned to train the newly recruited probation officers. The probation
system started to operate on January 3, 1978. As more probation officers
were recruited and trained as more probation field offices were opened. At
present there are 183 field offices spread all over the country, supervised
by 15 regions. 44

43 Presidential Decree No. 968. (1976). Adult Probation Law of 1976. Retrieved March 8 2022,
from https://www.officialgazette.gov. ph/ 1976/ 07/ 24/ presidential-decree-no-968-s-1976/

44 No Author. (n.d.). Overview of the Community Corrections System of the Philippines.

Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://www.unafei.or.jp/ english/ activities/ pdf/ other/ Over-
view_of_CommunityCorrections_Philippines_E.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 43

On November 23, 1989, with the passage of Executive Order No.

292 or The Administrative Code of 19874 s, the Probation Administration
became Parole and Probation Administration (PPA). EO 292 expanded
PPA's mandate to include supervised treatment of released prisoners,
who after serving a part of their sentence are released on parole or
granted presidential pardon with parole conditions (EO 292, 1987, BOOK
IV/Title III/Chapter 7, Section 23).

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures

The Philipp in es has been supportive ofthe goals ofcommunity-based
treatment and has continuously adopted measures consistent with the
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non Custodial measures
or the Tokyo Rules. 46 It provides a set of basic principles to promote
the use of non-custodial measures and sanctions, as well as minimum
safeguards for persons subject to alternatives to imprisonment.
It has three stages in dealing with offenders, they are (Tokyo Rules,
1990, pp. 2-4):
Pre trial Stage
Pre-trial Dispositions
- Where appropriate and compatible with the legal
system, the police, the prosecution service or other
agencies dealing with criminal cases should be
empowered to discharge the offender if they consider
that it is not necessary to proceed with the case for
the protection of society, crime prevention or the
promotion of respect for the law and the rights of
victims.

Avoidance of Pre-trial Detention

- Pre-trial detention shall be used as a means of last
resort in criminal proceedings, with due regard for
the investigation of the alleged offense and for the
protection of society and the victim.

45 Executive Order No. 292. (1987). The Administrative Code of 1987. Retrieved March 8 2022,
from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07 /25/executive-order-no-292-book-ivti-
tl e-i i ichapter-7-parol e-a nd-probati on-administration/

46 United Nations General Assembly. (1990, December 14). United Nations Standard Minimum
Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules). Retrieved March 8 2022, from https://
www.ohchr.org/documents /professionalinterest/tokyorules.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 44

Trial and Sentencing Stage

Social inquiry Reports
If the possibility of social inquiry reports
exists, the judicial authority may avail itself of
a report prepared by a competent, authorized
official or agency. The report should contain
social information on the offender that is
relevant to the person's pattern of offending
and current offenses. It should also contain
information and recommendations that
are relevant to the sentencing procedure.
The report shall be factual, objective and
unbiased, with any expression of opinion
clearly identified.

Sentencing Dispositions
- The judicial authority, having at its disposal
a range of non-custodial measures, should
take into consideration in making its decision
the rehabilitative needs of the offender, the
protection of society and the interests of the
victim, who should be consulted whenever
appropriate.

- Sentencing authorities may dispose of cases

in the following ways:
• Verbal sanctions, such as
admonition, reprimand
and warning;

• Conditional discharge;

• Status penalties;

• Economic sanctions and

monetary penalties, such
as fines and day-fines;

• Confiscation or an
expropriation order;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 45

• Restitution to the victim or a

compensation order;

• Suspended or deferred sentence;

• Probation and judicial

• •
superv1s1on;

• A community service order;

• Referral to an attendance center;

• House arrest;

• Any other mode of non-

insti tutional treatment;

• combination of the measures

listed above.

Post Sentencing Stage

- The competent authority shall have at its disposal a
wide range of post-sentencing alternatives in order
to avoid institutionalization and to assist offenders in
their early reintegration into society.

- Post-sentencing dispositions may include:

• Furlough and half-way houses;

• Work or education release;

• Various forms of parole;

• Remission;

• Pardon

- The decision on post-sentencing dispositions, except

in the case of pardon, shall be subject to review by a
judicial or other competent independent authority,
upon application of the offender.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 46

Non-Institutional Correction in the Philippines

According to the Parole and Probation Administration (PPA),
here are the Non Institutional/ Community based Corrections in the
Philippines (PPA, 2018).
1. Probation
It is a privilege granted by the court to a person convicted
of a criminal offense to remain in the community instead of
actually going to prison I jail.

2. Parole
It is the conditional release of a prisoner from a correctional
institution after serving the minimum period of prison
sentence.

3. Executive Clemency
Under Section 19, Article VII of the Constitution, the
President may grant reprieves, commutations and pardons,
and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final
judgment. Executive clemency rests exclusively within the
sound discretion of the President.

4. Suspended Sentence for First-time Minor

Drug Offender (FTMDO)
It is availed only once by an accused drug dependent who
is a first-time offender over fifteen (15) years of age at the
time of commission of the violation of Section 15 of RA 9165
(Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002) but not more
than eighteen (18) years of age at the time when judgment
should have been promulgated.

5. Major Rehabilitation Programs

It is the ''meat and bone'' of community -based correction.
PPA employs community-based intervention through a three-
pronged approach: Restorative Justice (RJ), Therapeutic
Community (TC), and Volunteerism through Volunteer
Probation Assistant (VPA).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 47

Legal Basis of Community based Correction

The figure below shows the legal Basis of Community based
Correction in the Philippines.

Laws/Rules/Regulations Description

Presidential Decree No. 968 The Probation Administration was created by

"The Probation Law of 1976" virtue of Presidential Decree No. 968, otherwise
July 24, 1976 known as "The Probation Law of 1976" to
administer the probation system.

Executive Order 292 The Probation Administration was renamed

"The Administrative Code "Parole and Probation Administration" and given
of 1987" the added function of supervising prisoners who,
November 23, 1989 after serving part of their sentence in jails are
released on parole or are granted pardon with
parole conditions.

Sections 66- 70 of Republic The Parole and Probation Administration was

Act No. 9165 given the duty of investigating and supervising
"The Comprehensive first-time minor drug offenders placed under
Dangerous Drugs Act of suspended sentence.
2002"
August 30, 2002

Dangerous Drugs Board

Resolution No. 2
July 19, 2005

Memorandum of Agreement
between Dangerous Drugs
Board and Parole and
Probation Administration
August 17, 2005

Sections 54 and 57 of The Parole and Probation Administration was

Republic Act No. 9165 given the task to supervise a person who is
"The Comprehensive placed on probation or community service under
Dangerous Drugs Act of the voluntary service program.
2002"
August 30, 2002
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 48

Republic Act No. 10389 The Parole and Probation Administration was
"Recognizance Act of 2012" given the responsibility of monitoring and
March 26, 2014 evaluating the activities of the person released
•
on recognizance.

Executive Order No. 468 The Parole and Probation Administration was
"Revitalization of Volunteer mandated to revitalize the Volunteer Probation
Probation Aide Program" Aide Program to heighten and maximize
October 11, 2005 community involvement and participation in the
community-based program of the Agency in the
prevention of crime, treatment of offenders, and
criminal justice administration.

Republic Act No. 10707 The amendments to P.D. 968 were: a) Section
"An Act Amending 4- Grant of Probation, b) Section 9 - Disqualified
Presidential Decree No. 968, Offenders, c) Section 16 - Termination of
otherwise known as the Probation, d) Section 24 - Miscellaneous Powers
Probation Law of 1976, as of Regional, Provincial and City Probation
amended" Officers, e) Field Assistants, Subordinate
November 26, 201 5 Personnel, and f) Section 28 - Volunteer
Probation Assistants

Figure 3
Legal Basis of Community based Correction
Note: Parole and Probation Administration. (2017, April). Legal Basis of
Community based Correction [Table]. www.Probation.Gov.Ph. https://
probation.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017104/Legal_Basis.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 49

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 2

Name:

Section: Date:

Rating: Professor:

1. What is Non Institutional-based Correction?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

2. What is the rationale for Non Institutional Correction?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 50

3. What are the advantages of Community Based Correction?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

4. What are the examples of Community Based Sanctions?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 51

5. What are the salient points on the History of Community

Based Correction?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

6. What are the key points on the development of community based

Correction in the Philippines?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 52

7. What are the Community based Corrections in the Philippines?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

8. What are the important concepts in the Tokyo rules?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 53

CHAPTER3
PHILIPPINE PROBATION SYSTEM

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Define Probation;

2. Explain the Advantages of Probation;

3. Identify the goals and functions of Parole and
Probation Administration;

4. Enumerate Legal Basis of the Philippine Probation System;

5. Explain the salient points of the Probation Law of 1976;

6. Identify the key points of the Republic Act No. 10707
of 2015; and

7. Identify the important concepts in the Recognizance Act

of 2012.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 54

What is Probation?
According to the Parole and Probations Administration (PPA),
probation is a privilege granted by the court to a person convicted of a
criminal offense to remain in the community instead of going to prison/
jail. 47 According to the Presidential Decree 968 also known as Probation
Law of1976, 48 probation is a disposition under which a defendant, after
conviction and sentence, is released subject to conditions imposed by the
court and to the supervision of a probation officer (PD 968, 1976, Section
3).

Advantages of Probation
The advantages of a Probation System are as follows (PPA, n.d.):
1. The government spends much less when an offender is
released on probation than that offender is placed behind
bars (jails/ prisons).

2. The offender and the offender's family are spared the

embarrassment and dishonor of imprisonment.

3. The offender is able to continue working and can

therefore earn income, pay taxes and pay damages to the
victim of the crime.

Parole and Probation Administration

The Probation Administration was created by virtue of Presidential
Decree No. 968, also known as The Probation Law of1976, to administer
the probation system (PD 968, 1976, Section 18). Then, under Executive
Order No. 292, also known as The Administrative Code of 198749 which
was promulgated on November 23, 1989, the Probation Administration
was renamed Parole and Probation Administration (EO 292, 1987,
BOOK IV, Title III, Chapter 7, Section 23) and given the added function

47 Parole and Probations Administration. (2017). FAQ on Probation. Retrieved March 10 2022,
from https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2017/ 02/ FAQ_Probation.pdf

48 Presidential Decree 968. (1976). Probation Law of 1976. Retrieved March 10 2022, from
https://lawphil.net/ statutes/ presdecs/ pd1976/ pd_968_1976.html

49 Executive Order No. 292. (1987). The Administrative Code of 1987. Retrieved
March 10 2022, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ 1987/ 07/ 25/ executive-or-
der-no-292-book-ivtitl e-i iicha pt er-7-parole-and-probation-ad ministration/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 55

of supervising prisoners who, after serving part of their sentence in jails

are released on parole pardon with parole conditions.so

Goals of Philippine Probation System

The Parole and Probation Administration has the following goals:s1
1. Promote the correction and rehabilitation of offenders
by providing them with individualized treatment in a
community-based setting and reduced the incidence of
recidivism;

2. Provide a cheaper alternative to the institutional

confinement of offender who are likely to respond to
individualized community-based treatment; and

3. Prevent further commission of crime by promoting their

development utilizing innovative interventions and
techniques with the end goal of transforming them into
productive, law abiding and self respecting individuals.

Functions of PPA
To achieve these goals the PPA has the following functions:s 2
1. To administer the parole and probation system

2. To exercise supervision over parolees, pardonees

and probationers

3. To promote the correction and rehabilitation of

criminal offenders

50 Parole and Probations Administration. Mandate/Mission/Vision. Retrieved March 10 2022,

from https://probation.gov.ph/mandatemissionvision/

51 Co, M.G. (2016). Probation System and Offenders Rehabilitation in the Philippines. Re-
trieved March 10 2022, from http://164.115.41.115/dopintra/index.php/2016-12-27-02-14-
19/334-philippine/file

52 Parole and Probation Administration. (2014). Functions. Retrieved March 10 2022, from
https://probation.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Functions.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 56

Office of the Administrator

-----------------------------
Office of the Deputy
Administrator

Financial Case
Ad min- Community Technical
and Man- Planning Management Service Legal
istrative Service
agement Division and Records Division
Division Division Divs ion
Division Division

Regional Parole and

Probation Off1ces(16)

Provincial/ City Parole and

Probation Off1ces(222)

Sub Offices (16)

---------------------
Extension Offices (64)

Figure 4

PPA Organizational Chart

Note: This is based on the Powerpoint Presentation entitled: "Probation
System and Offenders Rehabilitation in the Philippines" of Dr. Manuel G. Co,
CESO I, Retrieved March 102022, from http:/1164.115.41.115/dopintra/index.
php/2016-12-27-02-14-191334-philippine!file
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 57

Organizational Structure of Parole and Probation Administration

The following is the organizational structure of Parole and
Probation Administration and their functions in general (Co, 2016)
1. Office of the Administrator- acts as Head of the Agency
Executive Officer of the Administration

2. Office of the Deputy Administrator- assists the

Administrator and performs such duties as may be
assigned by the Administrator.

a. Administrative Division- provides general

support services namely: management of
disbursement and collection, public information
dissemination through quadric media, records
management, screening of applicants for hiring
and promotion through psychological testing
and evaluation, and capability enhancement of
personnel.

b. Financial Management Division- provides the

administration with advice and assistance in
budgeting and sound financial management.

c. Planning Division- develops the Agency s

thrusts, strategies, and priority Programs/
Activities/ Projects, and monitors and evaluates
performance

d. Regional Parole and Probation Offices- exercises

supervision and control over all Provincial/
City Parole and Probation Offices within their
jurisdiction, and performs such duties as may be
assigned by the Administrator
Provincial/ City Parole and Probation
Offices- undertakes the investigation
of petitioners for probation and
applicants for Parole/ Executive
Clemency referred by courts/ Board
of Pardons and Parole, supervises and
rehabilitates probationers/ parolees/
first-time minor drug offenders, and
performs such other duties as may be
assigned by the Regional Director
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 58

e. Case Management and Records Division-

provides assistance to field offices to improve
investigation and supervision procedures,
caseload recording and casework services, and
manages case documents of clients.

f. Community Services Division- strengthens

community involvement in the rehabilitation of
clients, and generates and mobilizes resources.

g. Legal Division- provides legal opinion/advice/

counsel to the Administration.

h. Technical Service Division- evaluates and

manages reports on the application for Parole/
Executive Clemency, and functions as the service
arm of the Agency to the Board of Pardons and
Parole.

LEGAL BASIS OF THE PHILIPPINE PROBATION SYSTEM

Presidential Decree No. 968 of1976
Presidential Decree No. 968 also known as the Probation Law of
1976, was signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on July 24, 1976.53
It is a decree that establishes a probation system in the Philippines.This
is to establish a more enlightened and humane correctional systems
that will promote the reformation of offenders and thereby reduce the
incidence of recidivism; and to provide a less costly alternative to the
imprisonment of offenders who are likely to respond to individualized,
community-based treatment programs.

Objectives of Probation Law

The objectives of the Probation law are (PD 968, 1976, Section 2):
1. To promote the correction and rehabilitation of
an offender by providing him with individualized
treatment;

53 Presidential Decree No. 968. (1976). Adult Probation Law of 1976. Retrieved March
11 2022, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ 1976/ 07/ 24/ presidential-de-
cree-no-968-s-1976/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 59

2. To provide an opportunity for the reformation of a

penitent offender which might be less probable if he
were to serve a prison sentence; and

3. To prevent the commission of offenses.

Aside from defining probation, it also defined the following terms:

• Probationer- means a person placed on probation.
• Probation Officer- means one who investigates for the
court a referral for probation or supervises a probationer
or both.

According to Section 5 of PD 968 (1976), No person shall be placed

on probation except upon prior investigation or a Post-sentence
Investigation by the probation officer and a determination by the court
that the ends of justice and the best interest of the public, as well as that
of the defendant, will be served.

Criteria for Placing an Offender on Probation

The court needs to consider all information relative to the
character, antecedents, environment, mental and physical condition
of the offender, and available institutional and community resources in
determining whether an offender may be placed on probation. Probation
shall be denied if the court finds that (PD 968, 1976, Section 8):
1. The offender is in need of correctional treatment that can
be provided most effectively by his commitment to an
institution; or

2. There is undue risk that during the period of probation the

offender will commit another crime; or

3. Probation will depreciate the seriousness of the offense

committed.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 60

Conditions of Probation
According to Section 10 of PD 968 (1976), every probation order issued
by the court shall contain conditions requiring that the probationer
shall:
• Present himself to the probation officer designated
to undertake his supervision at such place as may be
specified in the order within seventy-two hours from
receipt of said order; and

• Report to the probation officer at least once a month at

such time and place as specified by said officer.

In addition to this, the court may also require the probationer to:
• Cooperate with a program of supervision;

• Meet his family responsibilities;

• Devote himself to specific employment and not to change

said employment without the prior written approval of
the probation officer;

• Undergo a medical, psychological, or psychiatric

examination and treatment and enter and remain in a
specified institution, when required for that purpose;

• Pursue a prescribed secular study or vocational training;

• Attend or reside in a facility established for instruction,

recreation or residence of persons on probation;

• Refrain from visiting houses of ill-repute;

• Abstain from drinking intoxicating beverages to excess;

• Permit to a probation officer or an authorized social

worker to visit his home and place or work;

• Reside at premises approved by it and not to change his

residence without its prior written approval; or

• Satisfy any other condition related to the rehabilitation

of the defendant and not unduly restrictive of his liberty
or incompatible with his freedom of conscience.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 61

Effectivity and Modification of Condition of Probation

A probation order will take effect upon its issuance, the court shall
inform the offender of the consequences and explain that upon his failure
to comply with any of the conditions prescribed in probation order or
his commission of another offense, he shall serve the penalty imposed
for the offense under which he was placed on probation (PD 968, 1976,
Section 11).
During the period of probation, the court may revise or modify
the conditions or period of probation, upon application of either the
probationer or the probation officer. The court shall notify either the
probationer or the probation officer of the filing such an application so
as to give both parties an opportunity to be heard for it (PD 968, 1976,
Section 12).

Period of Probation
The period of probation of a defendant sentenced to a term of
imprisonment of not more than one year shall not exceed two years,
and in all other cases, said period shall not exceed six years. In addition,
when the sentence imposes a fine only and the offender is made to serve
subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, the period of probation
shall not be less than nor to be more than twice the total number of
days of subsidiary imprisonment as computed at the rate established, in
Article thirty-nine of the Revised Penal Code, as amended (PD 968, 1976,
Section 14).

Arrest and Subsequent Disposition of Probationer

The court may issue a warrant for the arrest of a probationer
for violation of any of the conditions of probation, At any time during
probation. The probationer, once arrested and detained, will be brought
immediately before the court for a hearing, which may be informal and
summary, of the violation charged.
The defendant may be admitted to bail pending such a hearing. In
such a case, the provisions regarding release on bail of persons charged
with a crime shall be applicable to probationers arrested. If the violation
is established, the court may revoke or continue his probation and modify
the conditions of it. If revoked, the court shall order the probationer to
serve the sentence originally imposed. An order revoking the grant of
probation or modifying the terms and conditions thereof shall not be
appealable (PD 968, 1976, Section 15).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 62

The Probation Administration

The PD 968 of 1976 created the Probation Administration under
the Department of Justice (DOJ), which exercises general supervision
over all probationers (PD 968, 1976, Section 18). It will be headed by
the Probation Administrator, who is appointed by the President of the
Philippines. The Probation Administrator has the following duties (PD
968, 1976, Section 19):
1. Act as the executive officer of the Administration;

2. Exercise supervision and control over all probation officers;

3. Make annual reports to the Secretary of Justice, in such

form as the latter may prescribe, concerning the operation,
administration, and improvement of the probation system;

4. Promulgate, subject to the approval of the Secretary of

Justice, the necessary rules relative to the methods and
procedures of the probation process;

5. Recommend to the Secretary of Justice the appointment of

the subordinate personnel of his Administration and other
offices established in PD 968of1976; and

6. Generally, perform such duties and exercise such powers as

may be necessary or incidental to achieve the objectives of
the PD 968of1976.

An Assistant Probation Administrator shall assist the

Administrator to perform his/ her duties as may be assigned to him by the
latter and as may be provided by law. In the absence of the Administrator,
he shall act as head of the Administration (PD 968, 1976, Section 20).

Regional Office and Regional Probation Officer

The Probation Administration has Regional Offices organized
in accordance with the field service area patterns established under
the Integrated Reorganization Plan. The Regional Office is headed by
a Regional Probation Officer who is appointed by the President of the
Philippines in accordance with the Integrated Reorganization Plan and
upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Justice.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 63

The Regional Probation Officer exercises supervision and control

over all probation officers within his jurisdiction and such duties as may
be assigned to him by the Administrator. He/ She may be assisted by an
Assistant Regional Probation Officer who shall also be appointed by the
President of the Philippines, upon recommendation of the Secretary of
Justice; whenever necessary (PD 968, 1976, Section 22).

Provincial and City Probation Officers

The Secretary of Justice upon recommendation ofthe Administrator
and in accordance with civil service law and rules appoints at least
one probation officer in each province and city. The Provincial or City
Probation Officer has the following duties (PD 968, 1976, Section 23):
1. Investigate all persons referred to him for investigation by
the proper court or the Administrator;

2. Instruct all probationers under his supervision of that of

the probation aide on the terms and conditions of their
probations;

3. Keep himself informed of the conduct and condition of

probationers under his charge and use all suitable methods to
bring about an improvement in their conduct and conditions;

4. Maintain a detailed record of his work and submit such

written reports as may be required by the Administration or
the court having jurisdiction over the probationer under his
• •
superv1s1on;

5. Prepare a list of qualified residents of the province or city

where he is assigned who are willing to act as probation aides;

6. Supervise the training of probation aides and oversee the

latter's supervision of probationers;

7. Exercise supervision and control over all field assistants,

probation aides, and other personnel; and

8. Perform such duties as may be assigned by the court or the

Administration.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 64

Republic Act No. 10707 of 2015

The Republic Act No. 10707 was signed on November 26, 2015, by
President Benigno S. Aquino 11154 • It was an Act amending Presidential
Decree No. 968, otherwise known as the Probation Law of 1976.

Grant of Probation
The court may suspend the execution of said sentence and place
the defendant on probation for such period, only after it convicted and
sentenced a defendant for a probationable penalty and upon application
by said defendant within the period for perfecting an appeal. No
application for probation shall be entertained or granted if the defendant
has perfected the appeal from the judgment of conviction: provided, that
when a judgment of conviction imposing a non-probationable penalty
is appealed or reviewed, and such judgment is modified through the
imposition of a probationable penalty, the defendant shall be allowed to
apply for probation based on the modified decision before such decision
becomes final.
The application for probation based on the modified decision shall
be filed in the trial court where the judgment of conviction imposing a
non-probationable penalty was rendered, or in the trial court where
such case has since been re-raffled. In a case involving several defendants
where some have taken further appeal, the other defendants may apply
for probation by submitting a written application and attaching thereto
a certified true copy of the judgment of conviction.
Moreover, the trial court, upon receipt of the application filed,
suspended the execution of the sentence imposed in the judgment.
Consequently, the accused shall lose the benefit of probation should
he seek a review of the modified decision which already imposes a
probationable penalty.
It is important to note that probation may be granted whether the
sentence imposes a term of imprisonment or a fine only. The filing of
the application shall be deemed a waiver of the right to appeal. An order
granting or denying probation shall not be appealable (RA 10707, 2015,
Section 1).

54 Republic Act No. 10707. (2015). Act Amending Presidential Decree No. 968, Otherwise
Known as the Probation Law of 1976. Retrieved March 10 2022, from https://www.official-
gazette.gov.ph/ 2015/ 11 / 26/ republic-act-no-10707I
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 65

Disqualified Offenders
According to Section 2 of RA 10707 (2015), the benefits of Probation
shall not be extended to the following:
1. Offenders sentenced to serve a maximum term of
imprisonment of more than six (6) years;

2. Offenders convicted of any crime against the

national security;

3. Offenders who have previously been convicted by final

judgment of an offense punished by imprisonment of more
than six (6) months and one (1) day and/or a fine of more
than one thousand pesos (P1,ooo.oo);

4. Offenders who have been once on probation under the

provisions of this Decree; and

5. Offenders who are already serving sentences at the time

the substantive provisions of the Probation law of 1976.

Termination of Probation
After the period of probation and upon consideration of the report
and recommendation of the probation officer, the court may order the
final discharge of the probationer upon finding that he has fulfilled
the terms and conditions of his probation, hence the case is deemed
terminated.
The final discharge of the probationer operates to restore to him all
civil rights lost or suspended as a result of his conviction and to totally
extinguish his criminal liability as to the offense for which probation
was granted. The probationer and the probation officer shall each be
furnished with a copy of such order (RA 10707, 2015, Section 3).

Volunteer Probation Assistants (VPAs)

The Probation Administrator may appoint citizens of good repute
and probity, who have the willingness, aptitude, and capability to act as
Volunteer Probation Assistants (VPAs); to assist the Chief Probation and
Parole Officers in the supervised treatment program of the probationers.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 66

In order to strengthen the functional relationship of VPAs and the

Probation Administrator, the latter shall encourage and support the
former to organize themselves in the national, regional, provincial, and
city levels for effective utilization, coordination, and sustainability of
the volunteer program (RA 10707, 2015, Section 6).

Executive Order No. 292of1987

Executive Order No. 292 of 1987 or the Administrative Code of
1987 was signed July 25, 1987, by President Corazon C. Aquino. It is an
Executive order instituting the Administrative code of 1987.ss
It renamed Probation Administration to Parole and Probation
Administration (EO 292, 1987, Book IV, Title III, Chapter 7 Section 23)
and as a consequence it was given an added mandate of administering
the parole system and assists the Board of Pardons and Parole in the
performance of its functions and responsibilities.

Republic Act No. 10389 of 2013

Republic Act No.10389 also known as the Recognizance Act of 2012,
was signed on March 14, 2013, by President Benigno S. Aquino III. It is
an Act institutionalizing recognizance as a mode of granting the release
of an Indigent Person in Custody as an accused in a criminal case.s6
Recognizance is a mode of securing the release of any person in
custody or detention for the commission of an offense who is unable to
post bail due to abject poverty. The court where the case of such person
has been filed may allow the release of the accused on recognizance, to
the custody of a qualified member of the barangay, city or municipality
where the accused resides (RA 10389, 2013, Section 3).

Requirements for Release on Recognizance

The release on recognizance of any person in custody or detention
for the commission of an offense is a matter of right when the offense is
not punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or life imprisonment (RA
10389, 2013, Section 5).

55 Executive Order No. 292 (1987). Administrative Code of 1987. Retrieved March 10 2022,
from https://mirror.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07 /25/executive-order-no-292-s-1987I

56 Republic Act No. 10389 (2013). Recognizance Act of 2012. Retrieved March 10 2022, from
https://www.off1cialgazette.gov.ph2013/03/14/republic-act-no-10389/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 67

In addition to this, all of the following requirements must be

complied with (RA 10389, 2013, Section 6):
1. A sworn declaration by the person in custody of his/ her
indigency or incapacity either to post a cash bail or proffer
any personal or real property acceptable as sufficient sureties
for a bail bond;

2. A certification issued by the head of the social welfare and

development office of the municipality or city where the
accused actually resides, that the accused is indigent;

3. The person in custody has been arraigned;

4. The court has notified the city or municipal sanggunian

where the accused resides of the application for recognizance;

5. The accused shall be properly documented, through

such processes as, but not limited to, photographic image
reproduction of all sides of the face and fingerprinting; and

6. The court shall notify the public prosecutor of the date of

hearing therefor within twenty-four (24) hours from the
filing of the application for release on recognizance in favor
of the accused.

Disqualifications for Release on Recognizance

The following circumstances are valid ground for the court to
disqualify an accused from availing for release on recognizance (RA
10389, 2013, Section 7):
1. The accused had made untruthful statements in his/ her
sworn affidavit;

2. The accused is a recidivist, quasi-recidivist, habitual

delinquent, or has committed a crime aggravated by the
circumstance of reiteration;

3. The accused had been found to have previously escaped

from legal confinement, evaded sentence, or has violated the
conditions of bail or release on recognizance without valid
justification;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 68

4. The accused had previously committed a crime while on

probation, parole, or under conditional pardon;

5. The personal circumstances of the accused or nature of the

facts surrounding his/ her case indicate the probability of
flight if released on recognizance;

6. There is a great risk that the accused may commit another

crime during the pendency of the case; and

7. The accused has a pending criminal case that has the same or
higher penalty to the new crime he/she is being accused of.

Qualifications of the Custodian of the Person Released on Recognizance

Here are the qualifications to consider for custodians of the person
released on recognizance (RA 10389, 2013, Section 8):
1. A person of good repute and probity;

2. A resident of the barangay where the applicant resides;

3. Must not be a relative of the applicant within the fourth

degree of consanguinity or affinity; and

4. Must belong to any of the following sectors and institutions:

church, academe, social welfare, health sector, cause-
oriented groups, charitable organizations, or organizations
engaged in the rehabilitation of offenders duly accredited by
the local social welfare and development officer.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 69

The Arrest of a Person Released on Recognizance

Here are the circumstances where the court can arrest the accused,
who is a Person Released on Recognizance (RA 10389, 2013, Section 9):
1. If it finds meritorious a manifestation made under oath by
any person after a summary healing, giving the accused an
opportunity to be heard;

2. Ifthe accused fails to appear at the trial or whenever required

by the abovementioned court or any other competent court
without justification, despite due notice;

3. If the accused is the subject of a complaint about the

commission of another offense involving moral turpitude
and the public prosecutor or the mayor in the area where the
offense is committed recommends the arrest to the court; or

4. If it is shown that the accused committed an act of harassment

such as, but not limited to, stalking, intimidating or otherwise
vexing private complainant, prosecutor, or witnesses in the
case pending against the accused
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 70

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 3

Name ••

Section •• Date ••

Rating: Professor:

1. What is Probation?

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2. What are the Advantages of Probation?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 71

3. What are the goals and functions of Parole and

Probation Administration?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

4. What are the Legal Bases of the Philippine Probation System?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 72

5. What are the salient points of the Probation Law of 1976?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

6. What are the key points of the Republic Act No. 10707of2015?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 73

7. What are the important concepts in the Recognizance Act of 2012?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 74

CHAPTER4
PROBATION RULES

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Define Probation;
2. Explain the Probation Rule;
3. Explain the process and effects of filling of Application
for Probation;
4. Explain the Post Sentence Investigation;
5. Enumerate the Contents of a Post Sentence
Investigation Report;

6. Explain the Terms and Conditions of a Probation Order;

7. Identify and Appreciate the Objectives of Supervision
of ProbationerIs;
8. Identify the contents of a Violation Report; and

9. Identify the conditions for Early Termination of Probation.

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 75

Parole and Probation Administration Omnibus Rules

on Probation Methods and Procedures
Probation Rule pertains to the ParoleandProbationAdministration
Omnibus Rules on Probation Methods and Procedures,s7 These Rules
are adopted to carry out the goals of PD 968. These goals are:
1. To promote the correction and rehabilitation of an offender
by providing him with individualized community based
treatment;

2. To provide an opportunity for his reformation and re-

integration into the community; and.

3. To prevent the commission of offenses.

Application for Probation

The applicant needs to file his application with the Trial Court at any
time after conviction and sentence but within the period for perfecting
his appeal as provided by the Rules of Court (Probation Rules, 2014,
Section 7). Application for probation must be filed with the Trial Court
which has jurisdiction over the case (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 6).
The application for probation must be in the form approved by the
Secretary of Justice, as recommended by the Administrator, or as may
be prescribed by the Supreme Court. Official application form or Xerox
copy of the same may be obtained or secured from any City or Provincial
Parole and Probation Office for free (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 8).
The Trial Court will notify the concerned Prosecuting Officer of the
filing of the application at a reasonable time it deems necessary, before
the scheduled of its hearing (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 9). The
Prosecuting Officer may submit his comment(s), if any, on the application
within a reasonable time given to him by the Trial Court from his receipt
of the notice to comment (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 10).

57 Parole and Probations Administration. (2014). "Parole and Probation Administration Omni-
bus Rules on Probation Methods and Procedures. Retrieved March 12 2022, from https://
probation.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/0mnibus-Rules-on-Probation.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 76

If the Trial Court finds that the application is in due form and the
applicant appears to be qualified for the grant of probation, they will order
the City or Provincial Parole and Probation Office within its jurisdiction
to conduct a Post-Sentence Investigation (PSI) on the applicant and
submit the Post-Sentence Investigation Report (PSIR) within sixty (60)
days from receipt of the order of said court to conduct such investigation
with findings and recommendation as stated in PD 968 (Probation Rules,
2014, Section 11).

Effects of Filing and Receipt of the Application for Probation

After the filing and the receipt of the application for Probation the
following will happen (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 13):
1. The execution of the sentence imposed in the judgment is
suspended; and

2. The applicant may be allowed on temporary liberty under his

bail filed in the criminal case,or

3. In cases where no bail was filed or the applicant is incapable of

filing one, the trial court may allow the release of the applicant
on recognizance to the custody of a responsible member of the
community who shall guarantee his appearance whenever
required by the trial court.

Post Sentence Investigation (PSI)

The Post Sentence Investigation (PSI) of court referrals is a
substantive area in the Parole and Probation Administration's workload.
The investigation of an applicant or petitioner for probation involves
a thorough study of his criminal record, family history, educational
background, married life, occupational record, interpersonal
relationships and such other aspects of his life which may have a bearing
in the assessment of his suitability for probation.s8

58 Parole and Probations Administration. (2014). Frontline Services: Investigation of Court

Referrals Retrieved March 15 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ up-
loads/ 2014/ 09/ Court-Referrals.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 77

The probation and parole officers conduct a records-check on

the petitioner in the local police files, courts, NBI, etc. Other sources
of information such as relatives or neighbors are also consulted. In
certain instances, the petitioner may also be asked to undergo a drug-
dependency test or psychological evaluation to better assess his potential
for rehabilitation (PPA, 2014). Its goal is to provide the courts with
relevant information and judicious recommendations for the selection
of offenders to be placed on probation (PPA, 2014). All offenders except
those entitled to the benefits under the provisions of Presidential Decree
No. 603 and similar laws.s9

Investigation Strategies
Here are some of the investigation practices that the PPA employs
(PPA, 2014):
• Establishment of sub-offices in far-flung areas of certain
provinces; creation of additional field offices in places where
caseload is consistently very heavy;

• Creation of Jail Probation Units to provide vital linkages

among the various probation offices, the Courts and the
probationable detainees in the jails;

• Reassignment of field workers and Courts to the appropriate

field offices;

• Requirement of speedy courtesy investigation reports to the

requesting probation office;

• Firming up of linkages and continuous coordination with

criminal record agencies;

• Continuous coordination with judges or Court personnel to

thresh out problems in investigation; and

• Revision of investigation forms.

59 Co, M.G. (2016). Probation System and Offenders Rehabilitation in the Philippines. Re-
trieved March 10 2022, from http://164.115.41 .115/ dopintra/ index. php/ 2016-12-27-02-14-
19/ 334-philippine/ file
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 78

Assignment and Initial Interview Worksheet

After receipt from the Trial Court, the City or Provincial Parole and
Probation Office concerned, through the Chief Probation and Parole
Officer CPPO shall assign the same to the office clerk for docketing and
eventual assignment to a subordinate investigating Probation Officer for
the conduct of the PSI or conduct such investigation himself (Probation
Rules, 2014, Section 14).
The investigating Probation Officer on case or CPPO shall initially
interview the applicant if he appeared in the Probation Office upon
response to the seventy-two (72) hours limitation given to him by the
Trial Court; Within five (5) working days from receipt of said delegated
assignment or self-assignment. If not, the Probation Officer on case may
write the applicant in his court given address, or personally visit the
applicant's place to schedule an initial interview at the Probation Office.
(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 15.a).
During the initial interview, the Probation Officer on case or CPPO
shall require the applicant to accomplish and sign a Post-Sentence
Investigation Worksheet or PPA Form I. The investigating Probation
Officer on case or CPPO shall conduct further investigation based on
the information contained on it. Additionally, The applicant shall sign
a Waiver-Cum-Authorization or PPA Form 2, authorizing the PPA and/
or the Probation Office to secure any and all information on the applicant
(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 15.a-b).

Scope and Extent of PSI

After accomplishing the Post-Sentence Investigation Worksheet
and the Waiver Cum Authorization, it should be immediately submitted
to the Probation Office. The investigating Probation Officer on case
or CPPO shall conduct a thorough investigation on the antecedents,
mental and physical condition, character, socio-economic status,
and criminal records, if any, of the applicant and the institutional
and community resources available for his rehabilitation. If in case
the applicant has a criminal record(s), it should be verified with the
proper government agency(ies) as to its disposition/ resolution which
has/ have to be properly reflected in the Post-Sentence Investigation
Record PSIR. The investigating Probation Officers on case may conduct
further investigation and interview to avoid discrepancies of facts/
information. The investigating Probation Officer on case or CPPO shall
assess and recommend or prescribe the suitable probation treatment
and supervision program upon the applicant, if granted probation
(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 16).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 79

During the PSI, collateral information60 must be gathered from

those persons who have direct personal knowledge of the applicant,
offended party, family member, and/or their relatives, including
barangay officials and disinterested persons (Probation Rules, 2014,
Section 17). Furthermore, the Investigating Probation Officer on case or
CPPO may conduct subsequent or further interviews on the applicant
and/or other persons as deemed appropriate; this is to obtain additional
data, counter check, or clarify discrepancy/ies between the information
received from the applicant and those secured from other sources
(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 18).

Post Sentence Investigation Report

Post Sentence Investigation Report (PSIR) enables the Trial Court
to determine whether or not the ends of justice and the best interest of
the public primarily, as well as that of the applicant, would be served by
the grant or denial of the application (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 23).
The probation officer must submit to the court the investigation report
on a defendant not later than sixty (60) days from receipt of the order
of said court to conduct the investigation. The court shall resolve the
petition for probation not later than five days after receipt of said report
(PD 968, 1976, Section 7).

Contents of Post Sentence Investigation Report

The contents of PSIR are as follows (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 24):
1. The circumstances surrounding the crime or offense for
which the applicant was convicted and sentenced, taken from
the applicant himself, offended party and others, who might
have knowledge of the commission of the crime or offense,
and pertinent information taken from the police and other
law enforcement agencies, if any, and Trial Court records;

2. The details of other criminal records, if any;

3. Personal circumstances, educational, economic and socio-

civic data and information about the applicant;

60 Collateral information is vital to the process of trying to assess the credibility and validity
of information obtained from the primary parties in a dispute. Information that is from more
neutral parties has higher credibility and when the party has access to key information it
produces more discriminant validity.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 80

4. The characteristics of applicant, employable skills,

employment history, collateral information;

5. The evaluation and analysis of the applicant's suitability

and legal capacity for probation and his potential for
rehabilitation, reform, development, transformation and re-
integration into the community;

6. Recommendation to:
a. Grant the application, including probation
period, probation conditions and probation
treatment and supervision plan/ program; or
b. Deny the application;

7. Data and information on the applicant's financial condition

and capacity to pay, his civil liability, if any;

8. The results of findings of drug, psychological and clinical

tests conducted, if any;

9. The results of criminal records, if any, whether decided or

still pending furnished by various law enforcement agencies
tapped by the Probation Office for such purpose;

10. The result(s) of courtesy investigation if any, conducted in

the birth place or place of origin of the applicant especially
if he plans to reside there while on probation, if ever his
application will be granted; and

11. Other analogous and related matters.

Full Blown Courtesy Investigation

The Full Blown Courtesy Investigation (FCBI) is a General
Courtesy Investigation (GCI) from another City or Provincial Parole
and Probation Office which requests for a complete PSIR on a petition
for probation pending referral investigation in the Probation Office of
origin. It can only take place if upon the initial investigation it is gathered
that (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 27);
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 81

1. The applicant for probation is a transient offender in the

place of commission of the crime and/or a permanent
resident of another place;

2. The applicant spent his pre-adolescent and/or adolescent life

in the province or city of origin;

3. The applicant attended and/or finished his education

thereat; and

4. The applicant's immediate family members, collateral

informants or disinterested persons and officials who can
best authenticate the inter-family relationship, upbringing,
behavior of the applicant for probation in the community are
residents of the place of his origin.

Probation Order
Probation is a mere privilege and its grant or denial rests solely
upon the sound of discretion of the Trial Court. The grant of probation
has the effect of suspending the execution of sentence/s. The Trial Court
shall order the release of the probationer's cash or property bond upon
which he was allowed temporary liberty as well as release the custodian
on Release on Recognizance from his undertaking (Probation Rules,
2014, Section 32.a-b).
The application for probation must be resolved by the Trial Court
not later than fifteen (15) days from the date of its receipt of the PSIR
(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 31). A probation order shall take effect
upon its issuance, at which time the court shall inform the offender of
the consequence thereat and explain that upon his failure to comply with
any of the conditions prescribed in the said order or his commission of
another offense under which he was placed on probation (Probation
Rules, 2014, Section 33).
Upon receipt of the Probation Order granting or denying probation,
it must be entered in a Docket Book for proper recording. The Order of the
court granting or denying probation shall not be appealable (Probation
Rules, 2014, Section 34).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 82

Terms and Condition of Probation

Here are the mandatory conditions that a probationer must met
during the Probation period (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 35):
1. To present himself to the Probation Office for supervision
within 72 hours from receipt of said order; and

2. To report to the assigned Parole and Pardon Officer (SPPO,

SrPPO, PPOII or PPOI) on case at least once a month during
the period of probation at such time and place as may be
specified by the Probation Office.

The other conditions of Probation are as follows (Probation Rules,

2014, Section 36):

1. To cooperate with his program of probation treatment

and supervision;

2. To meet his family responsibilities;

3. To devote himself to a specific employment and not to

change said employment without prior written approval
of the CPPO;

4. To undergo medical, or psychological, or clinical, or drug

or psychiatric examinations and treatment and remain in a
specified institution, when required for that purpose;

5. To comply with a program of payment of civil liability to the

offended party or his heirs, when required by the Trial Court
as embodied in its decision or resolution;

6. To pursue a prescribed secular study or vocational training;

7. To attend or reside in a facility established for instruction,

recreation or residence of persons on probation;

8. To refrain from visiting houses of ill repute;

9. To abstain from drinking intoxicating beverages to excess;

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 83

10. To permit the Supervising Probation Officer on case or an

authorized social workers to visit his home and place of work;

11. To reside at premises approved by the Trial Court and not to

change his residence without prior written approval of said
court; and/or

12. To satisfy any other conditions related to his rehabilitation

into a useful citizen which is not unduly restrictive of his
liberty or incompatible with his freedom of conscience.

Supervision of Probationer/s
Supervision of probationer/s involved monitoring the actual
behavior of client-offender/s and compliance with all the conditions of
their temporary liberty as implemented in the supervision process (Co,
2016). Supervision service shall commence on the day of initial interview
or reporting of a probationer (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 39).

Objectives of Probation Supervision

The primary purposes of probation supervision are (Probation
Rules, 2014, Section 38):
1. To ensure the probationer's compliance with the probation
conditions specified in the Probation Order and the prescribed
probation treatment and supervision program/plan;

2. To manage the process of the probationer's rehabilitation

and reintegration into the community; and

3. To provide guidance for the probationer's transformation

and development into a useful citizen for his eventual
reintegration to the mainstream of society.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 84

Levels of Supervision61

A. Maximum Supervision
This requires personal contact at least once a week with the
probationer/parolee including at least a once a month report in person at
the probation office to attend to the ladderized therapeutic community
program. This also requires multiple services from the probation office
and the community resources available. The probation officers provide
their clients with services such as employment assistance, vocational
training, education, medical assistance and seed money for livelihood
activities and home industries.

B. Medium Supervision
This requires once a month personal contact with the probationer/
parolee and attendance of a therapeutic community ladderized program
and few services from the probation office and/or community resources.

C. Minimum Supervision
This requires once a month personal contact and attendance of the
therapeutic community ladderized program.

Outside Travel During Probation

A Probation Officer may authorize a probationer to travel outside his
area of operational/territorial jurisdiction for a period of more than ten
(10) days but not exceeding thirty (30) days. If the requested outside travel
is for more than thirty (30) days, said request shall be recommended by
the CPPO and submitted to the Trial Court for approval. Outside travel
for a cumulative duration of more than thirty (30) days within a period of
six (6) months shall be considered as a courtesy supervision.
A Probationer who seeks to travel for up to thirty (30) days outside
the operational/territorial jurisdiction of the Probation Office shall file
at least five (5) days before the intended travel schedule a Request for
Outside Travel or PPA Form 7 with said Office properly recommended
61 Manuel Jr., R.G. (2015, September). Overview of the Community-Based Treatment System
of the Philippines. In UNAFEI, Resource Material No. 96, Participants' Papers. Retrieved
March 15 2022, from https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No96/No96_PA_Manu-
el.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 85

by the Supervising Probation Officer on case and approved by the CPPO

(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 41.a-d).

Change of Residence During Probation

A Probationer may file a Request for Change of Residence or PPA
Form 24 with the City or Provincial Parole and Probation Office, citing
the reason(s) therefore this request shall be submitted by the Supervising
Probation Office for the approval of the Trial Court. If it gets approved,
the supervision and control over the probationer shall be transferred
to the concerned Executive Judge of the RTC, having jurisdiction
and control over said probationer, and under the supervision of the
City or Provincial Parole and Probation Office in the place to which he
transferred (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 42.a-b).
The receiving City or Provincial and Parole and Probation Office
and the receiving court shall be duly furnished each with copies of the
pertinent Probation Order, PSIR or PPA Form 3, and other investigation
and supervision records by the sending Probation Office for purposes
and in aid of continuing effective probation supervision treatment over
said probationer (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 41.c).

Absconding Probationer
An Absconding Probationer/s is/ are probationer/s who has/ have
not reported for initial supervision within the prescribed period and/or
whose whereabouts could not be found, located or determined despite
best diligent efforts within a reasonable period of time shall be declared
by the proper Office (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 43.a).
The Parole and Probation Office shall file with the proper
court a Violation Report or PPA Form 8, containing its findings and
recommendation, duly prepared and signed by the Supervising Parole
and Probation Officer and duly noted by the Chief Parole and Probation
Officer (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 43.b).

Violation of Probation Condition

Based on reasonable cause reported by a reliable informant or on
his own findings, the SPPO, SrPPO, PPOII, PPOI concerned or the CPPO
himself shall conduct or require the Supervising Probation Officer on
case to immediately conduct a fact-finding investigation on any alleged
or reported violation of probation condition/s to determine the veracity
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 86

and truthfulness of the allegation (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 47). A

probationer's specific act and/or omission/s constitutive of a violation
of probation condition/s set forth in the original, modified or revised
Probation Order shall be reported to the Trial Court, taking into account
the totality of the facts and surrounding circumstances and all possible
areas of consideration (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 46).
After the completion of the fact-finding investigation, the
Supervising Probation Officer on case must prepare a violation report
thereon containing his findings and recommendations and submit
the same to the CPPO for review and approval. Then, the Parole and
Probation Office shall file with the trial court a Violation Report or PPA
Form 8, containing its findings and recommendation, duly prepared and
signed by the SPPO, SrPPO, PPOII, PPOI concerned and duly noted by the
CPPO for the court's resolution (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 48.a and
c).

Violation Report
The contents of the Violation Report includes (Probation Rules,
2014, Section 49):
A. Accurate and complete statement of the facts and surrounding
circumstances, c including but not limited to the:
a. nature, character and designation of the violation;
b. specific acts and/or omissions constitutive of
the violation;
c. place, date and time of commission or omission;
d. statements or affidavits of apprehending officers
and offended parties and
e. other related data and information.

B. Probationer's response, explanation and clarification duly

sworn to before a notary public and other supporting
testimonial, documentary and objective evidence;

C. Findings, assessment and recommendation of the

Probation Office.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 87

Arrest and Hearing of the Violation of Probation

The Trial Court may issue a warrant for the arrest of the probationer
for serious violation of his probation condition after having duly
considered the nature and gravity of such reported violation based on
the submitted Violation Report (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 50). Once
arrested and detained, the probationer must immediately be brought
before the Trial Court for a hearing of the violation charged.
In the hearing which shall be summary in nature, the probationer
shall have the right to be informed of the violation charged and to adduce
evidence in his favor. The court shall not be bound by the technical rules
of evidence, but may inform itself of all the facts which are material and
relevant to ascertain the veracity of the charge. The probationer may
be admitted to bail pending such hearing. In such a case, the provisions
regarding release on bail of persons charged with the crime or offense
shall be applicable to probationers arrested under this rule (Probation
Rules, 2014, Section 51).

Effect of Revocation
After a serious violation of a probation condition has been
established in the hearing, the Trial Court may order the continuance of
the probationer's probation or modification of his probation conditions
or revoke his probation whichever is proper and just under in judicial
discretion. If the probation period has been revoked, the Trial Court
shall order the probationer to serve the sentence originally imposed in
the judgment of his case for which he applied for probation (Probation
Rules, 2014, Section 52).

Early Termination of Probation

The following are the conditions for probationers who may be
recommended for the early termination of their probation period
(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 55):

1. Those who are suffering from serious physical and/or mental

disability such as deaf-mute, the lepers, the crippled, the
blind, the senile, the bed-ridden, and the like;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 88

2. Those who do not need further supervision as evidenced by

the following 62 :
a. Consistent and religious compliance with
all the conditions imposed in the order
granting probation;
b. Positive response to the programs of supervision
designed for their rehabilitation;
c. Significant improvements in their social and
economic life;
d. Absence of any derogatory record while
under probation;
e. Marked improvement in their outlook in life
by becoming socially aware and responsible
members of the family and community; and
f. Significant growth in self-esteem, self-discipline
and self-fulfillment;

3. Those who have 63:

a. To travel abroad due to any of the following:
•
1. An approved overseas job contract or any
other similar documents; or
••
11. An approved application for scholarship,
observation tour or study grant for a
period not less than six (6) months; or
•••
111. An approved application for immigration.
•
IV. An approved application to take the Bar
and Board Examinations.
b. To render public service
i. Having been elected to any public office; or
ii. Having been appointed to any public office.

62 Provided that, the probationers involved have already served one-third (1 /3) of the imposed
period of probation; and provided further, that, in no case shall the actual supervision period
be less than six (6) months.

63 Provided, however, that the probationers involved have fully paid their civil liabilities, if any.
And, that the probationers were not convicted for offenses involving moral turpitude
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 89

4. Other probationers who have fully cooperated with/

participated in the programs of supervision designed for
their rehabilitation and who are situated under conditions/
circumstances similar in nature to those above-described at
the discretion of the proper authorities.

Probation Aides
The Probation Aides are citizens of good repute and probity, at least
18 years of age on the date of appointment, at least high school graduates
and preferably residence of the same locality or community covering
the place of residence of the probationer and/or the CPPOs, SPPOs, and
SrPPOs, PPOsII, and PPOsI. Their functions are (Probation Rules, 2014,
Section 57):
1. To assist in the supervision of probationers, assigned up to a
maximum caseload64 subject to administrative and technical
supervision by the Probation Officers,

2. To prepare records of their activities and accomplish related

reports and prompt submission of it; and undertake other
related activities.

3. To identify, generate, tap local community resources or

conduct such activities on skills training and sports and
cultural programs for clients.

Termination of the Probation Supervision Service

The Probation Service may be terminated on the following grounds
(Probation Rules, 2014, Section 60):
1. Successful completion of probation;

2. Probation revocation for cause under Section 49 (a-c) of

the Probation Rules;

3. Death of the probationer;

4. Early termination of probation; or

64 The maximum supervision caseloads of a Probation Aide at any given time, shall be ten
(10) probationers on minimum case classification or three (3) probationers on maximum
case classification in addition to other duties.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 90

5. Other analogous cause/s or reason/son a case-to-case basis as

recommended by the probation Office and approved by the
trial court.

Termination Report
The City and Provincial Parole and Probation Office shall submit to
the Trial Court a Probation Officer's Final Report or PPA Form 9, thirty
(30) days before the expiration of the period of probation. The contents
of the final report are (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 61):
• Brief personal circumstances of the probationer;

• Brief criminal circumstances about his case (i.e. criminal

case number, court, branch, period of probation, initial and
last date of probation);

• Prescribed probation treatment and supervision program;

• Probationer's response to the treatment plan/ program;

• Recommendation to discharge the probationer from

probation and the restoration of all his civil rights.

• Other relevant and material facts and information which

may be required by the Trial Court.

Final Discharge and Its Legal Effects

After the expiration of the original or extended probation period
and based on due consideration of the POs final report, the Trial Court
may order the final discharge of the probationer upon finding that he
has fulfilled the probation terms and conditions, and the probation
supervision case is deemed terminated (Probation Rules, 2014, Section
62).
The final discharge of a probationer restores to him all civil rights
lost or suspended as a result of his conviction, and fully discharges his
liability for any fine imposed as to the crime or offense for which probation
was granted without prejudice to his civil liability. It is important to note
that the probationer's political rights are not lost or suspended even
during the probation period (Probation Rules, 2014, Section 63).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 91

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 4

Name:

Section: Date:

Rating: Professor:

1. What is the Probation Rule?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

2. What are the processes and effects of filing an Application

for Probation?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 92

3. What is the Post Sentence Investigation?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

4. What are the Contents of a Post Sentence Investigation Report?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 93

5. What are the Terms and Conditions of a Probation Order?

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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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6. What are the Objectives of Supervision of Probationer/s?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 94

7. What are the contents of a Violation Report?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
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- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

8. What are the conditions for Early Termination of Probation?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 95

CHAPTERS
PAROLE AND PARDON ADMINISTRATION
REHABILITATION PROGRAM

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Identify the 3 Major Rehabilitation Programs of Parole and
Pardon Administration;

2. Describe the Objective of PPA's Rehabilitation Program;

3. Define Therapeutic Community Modality;
4. Identify the Five Treatment Categories of Therapeutic
Community Modality;

5. Enumerate some of the Therapeutic Community Modality

{TCM) Intervention Strategies;
6. Define Restorative Justice;
7. Identify the Goals, and Basic Elements of
Restorative Justice;
8. Enumerate the process on Peacemaking Encounter; and
9. Identify some of the outcomes of Restorative Justice.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 96

Major Rehabilitation Programs

One of the goals of Parole and Probation Administration is to
promote the correction and rehabilitation of offenders by providing
them with individualized treatment in community based settings and
reducing the incidence of recidivism. 6 5 In its rehabilitation initiative,
PPA employs the Community-Based treatment through a three pronged
intervention such as: Restorative Justice (RJ) as the Philosophical
Framework; Therapeutic Community (TC) as its treatment modality of
choice; and Volunteerism as the lead community resource. 66

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Victim Offender

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65 Co, M.G. (2016). Probation System and Offenders Rehabilitation in the Philippines. Re-
trieved March 15 2022, from http:J/164.115.41.115/dopintra/index.php/2016-12-27-02-14-
19/334- philippine/f1le

66 Parole and Probation Administration. (2014). Rehabilitation Program. Retrieved March 15

2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Rehabilitation-Logo.png
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 97

Figure 5
PPA's Rehabilitation Program
Note: Parole and Pardons Administration. (2014, September). PPA's
Rehabilitation Program [Illustration]. Www. Probation. Gov.Ph. https://
probation.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014109/Rehabilitation-Logo.png

Harmonization of Three Programs

The integration of the three programs is depicted by the diagram of
the umbrella (See Figure 4). The rod holding up the umbrella represents
RJ which is the philosophical foundation of the agency mission and
provides the unifying principle for all rehabilitation activities integrated
within the TC modality. 67
The five-paneled canopy represents the TC Modality with its
five distinct but overlapping categories of activities for offenders'
reformation and rehabilitation. While the two figures holding up the
umbrella represent the PPO and the VPA who work collaboratively in
order to bring about the social transformation of offenders, victims and
community (Co, 2018).

Objective of PPA's Rehabilitation Program

The main objective of PPA's Rehabilitation Program is to effect the
rehabilitation and reintegration of probationers, parolees, pardonees,
and first-time minor drug offenders as productive, law-abiding and
socially responsible members of the community through 68 :
• Well-planned supervision programs for probationers,
parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders
which are aligned to national program thrusts of the
government, such as, the Sariling-Sikap, Jail Decongestion,
etc.

• Establishment of innovative and financially and technically

feasible projects for the moral, spiritual and economic
upliftment of probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-
time minor drug offenders utilizing available community
resources.
67 Co, M.G. (2018, October). The DOJ-PPA Community-Based Treatment Program for
Clients. Retrieved March 15 2022, from https://www.cep-probation.org/wp-content/up-
loads/2018/10/WC2Revised-World-Congress-LA-Presentation.pdf

68 Parole and Probation Administration. (n.d.). Corrections and Rehabilitation of Penitent Of-
fenders. Retrieved March 15 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/correction-rehabilitation/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 98

Therapeutic Community Modality

Therapeutic Community Modality (TCM) is a self-help social
learning treatment model used for clients with problems of drug abuse
and other behavioral problems such as alcoholism, stealing, and other
anti-social tendencies (PPA, n.d.). It utilizes the TC Family/Community
of staff (PPOs and VPAs) and clients as the primary therapeutic vehicle
to foster behavioral and attitudinal change. Its rules and norms, shared
beliefs, tools and processes combine to enable clients to actively work
toward their individual goals for ''right living." 69

What is a Therapeutic Community?

Therapeutic Community (TC) is an environment that helps people
get help while helping others. It is a treatment environment, where
the interactions of its members are designed to be therapeutic within
the context of the norms that require for each to play the dual role of
client-therapist. At a given moment, one may be in a client role when
receiving help or support from others because of a problem behavior or
when experiencing distress. At another time, the same person assumes a
therapist role when assisting or supporting another person in trouble.70

Five Treatment Categories

1. Relational/ Behavior Management
• Clients are expected to be (Co, 2018):
- Integrated into the community;
- Upright, law-abiding,productive;
- Maintains family solidarity; and
- Take concrete steps to repair the damage done to
the victim, family & community.

69 Parole and Probation Administration. (2017). Therapeutic Community Modality. Retrieved

March 15 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2017/ 04/ TC_Primer.pdf

70 Parole and Probation Administration (n.d.). What is TC? Retrieved March 15 2022, from
https://probation.gov. ph/ therapeutic-community/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 99

2. Affective/Emotional/ Psychological
• Clients are expected to be (Co, 2018):
Self-respecting;
Responsible;
Respectable; and
- Personally effective.

3. Cognitive/ Intellectual
• Clients are expected to be (Co, 2018):
- Functionally literate;
- Can read, write, compute, analyze, discern;
Use other thought processes; and
Can apply what he has learned.

4. Spiritual
• Clients are expected to be (Co, 2018):
- Integral person
- Practices truthfulness, openness, righteousness.
- Quality of being complete, unimpaired;
- Of sound moral principle;
- Value system in harmony with the Divine Law.

•
5. Psychomotor/Vocational-Survival Skills
• Clients are expected to (Co, 2018):
Demonstrates self-sufficiency
To have a right income, right employment,
right living.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 100

Therapeutic Community Modality Intervention Strategies

Therapeutic Community Modality provides a well-defined
structure for a synchronized and focused implementation of the various
intervention strategies/activities undertaken by the PPA this includes
(PPA, n.d.):

A. Individual and Group Counseling

Its goal is to assist the clients in trying to sort out their
problems, identify solutions, reconcile conflicts and help
resolve them. This could be done either by individual or
group interaction with the officers of the PPA.

B. Moral, Spiritual, Values Formation

This includes seminars, lectures or training offered and
arranged by the PPA. Active NGOs, schools, civic and religious
organizations are tapped to facilitate the activities.

C. Work or Job Placement/ Referral

It is an informal program wherein a client is referred for
work or job placement through the officer's own personal
effort, contact or information.

D. Vocational/ Livelihood and Skills Training

This includes seminars and skills training classes like food
preservation and processing, candle making, novelty items
and handicrafts making, etc., to help the clients earn extra
income. Likewise, vocational and technical trade classes are
available such as refrigeration, automotive mechanics, radio/
television and electronics repairs, tailoring, dressmaking,
basic computer training, etc. through coordination with local
barangays, parish centers, schools and civic organizations.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 101

E. Health, Mental and Medical Services

These are medical missions that are organized to provide
various forms of medical and health services including
physical examination and treatment, free medicines
and vitamins, dental examination and treatment, drug
dependency test and laboratory examination.
This also includes psychological testing and evaluation as
well as psychiatric treatment that are provided for by the
Agency's Clinical Services Division and if not possible by
reason of distance, referrals are made to other government
accredited institutions.

F. Literacy and Education

In coordination with LGU programs, adult education classes
are available to help clients learn basic writing, reading and
arithmetic. Likewise, literacy teach-ins during any sessions
conducted for clients become part of the module. This is
particularly intended for clients who are ''no read, no write''
to help them become functionally literate.

G. Community Service
It refers to the services in the community rendered by
clients for the benefit of society. It includes tree planting,
beautification drives, cleaning and greening of surroundings,
maintenance of public parks and places, garbage collection,
blood donation and similar socio-civic activities.

H. Client Self-Help Organization

This program takes the form of cooperatives and client
associations wherein the clients form cooperatives and
associations as an economic group to venture on small-scale
projects. Similarly, client associations serve another purpose
by providing some structure to the lives of clients where they
re-learn the basics of working within a group with hierarchy,
authority and responsibility much like in the bigger society.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 102

I. Payment of Civil Liability

The payment of civil liability or indemnification to victims of
offenders are pursued despite the economic status of clients.
Payment of obligations to the victims instills in the minds of
the clients their responsibility and the consequences of the
harm they inflicted to others.

J. Environment and Ecology

These seminars/ lectures tackle anti-smoke belching
campaigns, organic farming, waste management, segregation
and disposal and proper care of the environment. Its objective
is to instill awareness and concern in preserving ecological
balance and environmental health, seminars/ lectures are
conducted wherein clients participate.

K. Sports and Physical Fitness

These are activities that provide physical exertion like sports,
games and group play are conducted to enhance the physical
well being of clients. Friendly competition of clients from
the various offices of the sectors, together with the officers,
provide an enjoyable and healthful respite.

Restorative Justice
Restorative Justice is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing
the harm caused or revealed by criminal behavior. It is best accomplished
through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders.71 Restorative
justice differs from contemporary criminal justice in several ways,
namely (Prison Fellowship International, 2005):
1. It views criminal acts more comprehensively rather than
defining crime as simply lawbreaking, it recognizes that
offenders harm victims, communities and even themselves;

2. It involves more parties in responding to crime rather than

giving key roles only to government and the offender, it
includes victims and communities as well; and
71 Center for Justice & Reconciliation at Prison Fellowship International (CJRPFI). (2005,
May). What is Restorative Justice? Retrieved March 17 2022, from https://www.d.umn.
edu/ ~jmaahs/Correctional %20Assessment/ rj %20brief. pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 103

3. It measures success differently rather than measuring how

much punishment is inflicted, it measures how much harm
is repaired or prevented.

According to PPA, Restorative Justice is a process through which

remorseful offenders accept responsibility for their misconduct,
particularly to their victims and to the community.72 Through proactive
involvement of victims, ownership of the offender of the crime and
the community in search for solutions; it creates an obligation to make
things right, and promote repair, reconciliation and reassurance (PPA,
n.d.).
The Philippines is a member-country of the Commission on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice, thus it adopted the resolution of the
Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programs in Criminal
Matters13.

Basic Elements of Restorative Justice

A restorative effort is a holistic response to crime or conflict which
needs to be attended to in all these relationships to be able to strengthen
community fabric. The repairing relationships of stakeholders do not
mean creating a friendly and positive attitude between them. It means
restoring appropriate ''balance of power'' among stakeholders.74 The
basic elements of Restorative Justice are (PPA, 2017):
1. Encounter
It creates opportunities for victims, offenders and community
members who want to meet and discuss the crime and its
aftermath;

2. Amends
It expects offenders to take steps to repair harm they have
caused to their victims;
72 Parole and Probation Administration (n.d.). What is Restorative Justice? Retrieved March
17 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/ therapeutic-community/

73 Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programs in Criminal Matters is the
document is a formulation of the UN Standard in the field of mediation and restorative
justice.

74 Parole and Probation Administration. (2017). Restorative Justice. Retrieved March 17 2022,
from https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2017/ 04/ Restorative-Justice.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 104

3. Reintegration
It seeks to restore victims and offenders as a whole and help
them become contributing members of society; and

4. Inclusion
Provides opportunities for parties with a stake in a specific
crime to participate in the resolution.

Goals of Restorative Justice

The primary objective of Restorative Justice (RJ) is to repair the
harm. The criminal justice professional applying the RJ philosophy
needs to understand the impact of crime on the victims, and the latter's
family and future. By helping the victim the system can:
• Exert efforts to appropriately respond to the victim's harm;
• Accordingly hold offenders accountable;
• Reduce the victimization of the victim again;
• Improve active involvement and cooperation of the victim; and
• Protect and empower victims.

Benefits of Restorative Justice

According to PPA the advantages of Restorative Justice as part of
Rehabilitation process are as follows (PPA, n.d.):
a. Reintegration of the offenders to the social mainstream and
encouraging them to assume active responsibility for the
injuries inflicted to the victims;

b. Proactive involvement of the community to support and

assist in the rehabilitation of victims and offenders;

c. Attention to the needs of the victims, survivors and other

persons affected by the crime as participating stakeholders
in the criminal justice system, rather than mere objects or
passive recipients of services of intervention that may be
unwanted, inappropriate or ineffective;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 105

d. Healing the effects of the crime or wrongdoing suffered by

the respective stakeholders; and

e. Prevention of further commission of crime and delinquency.

Principles of Restorative Justice

The core principle of restorative justice according to PPA are (PPA, 2017):
1. Justice requires that we work to restore those who have
been injured;

2. Those most directly involved and affected by crime should

have the opportunity to participate fully in the response, if
they wish; and

3. Government's role is to preserve a just public order, and the

community's role is to build and maintain a just peace.

Peacemaking Encounter
Peacemaking Encounter is a restorative process employed by
the PPA. It is a community-based gathering that brings the victim,
the victimized community, and the offender together. It supports the
healing process of the victims by providing a safe and controlled setting
for them to meet and speak with the offender on a confidential and
strictly voluntary basis. It also allows the offender to learn about the
impact of the crime to the victim and his/ her family, and to take direct
responsibility for his/ her behavior. In addition to this, it provides a
chance for the victim and the offender to forge a mutually acceptable
plan that addresses the harm caused by the crime (PPA, n.d.).
The following processes is being implemented by the PPA's
Peacemaking Encounter as a community-based decision model:
1. Mediation
Often referred to as Victim-Offender-Mediation (VOM). It is
a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).75 Typically,
a third stakeholder, the moderator, assists the parties to
negotiate a settlement. The moderator may mediate disputes
in a variety of fields, such as commercial, legal, diplomatic,
75 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a way of resolving disputes between parties with
concrete effects.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 106

workplace, community and family matters. This is a process

that provides interested victim/s an opportunity to meet the
offender in a safe and structured setting, and engage in a
discussion of the crime.

2. Conferencing
It is a voluntary, structured meeting between offender/s,
victim/s and/or both parties' family and friends, in which
they address consequences as restitution and other outcomes.

3. Circle of Support
It is a model of RJ which provides an opportunity for victims,
offenders and community to discuss the crime, and its
aftermath, particularly its effect on the relationships in the
community.

4. Indigenous Practices
Its goal is to preserve, protect and respect Indigenous
Practices of DOJ-PPA tribal clients. PPA adopts and adheres
to prescribe mechanisms customary to their beliefs but
ensuring and guaranteeing the due exercise of the concerned
tribal community to reject or allow the intervention,
documentation and publication of the DOJ-PPA of the
indigenous conciliation practice undertaken.

Basic Procedures
The following is the stages and basic procedures in undergoing
Restorative Justice according to PPA.
1. Investigation Stage
At this stage, the following steps are observed:
• Orientation of the victim on the restorative
Justice concept;

• Getting the victim's version of the offense, and

the effect of victimization to their lives, families,
future and plans.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 107

• Obtaining the victims' suggestions on how the

damage/ harm inflicted by the crime could be
repaired, and healed accordingly;

All this information should be incorporated in the

investigation reports or Courtesy Investigation (Cl), Post-
sentence investigation (PSI), and Pre-parole/executive
Clemency Investigation (PPCI) to be submitted to the
concerned offices by the DOJ-PPA. Moreover, on this report
the victim will manifest whether or not he/she is amenable
to the grant of probation of the petitioner and state the
corresponding reasons. It is advisable to gather information
if reconciliation is possible with the petitioner (PPA, 2017).

2. Supervision Stage
The Restorative Justice Program such as payment of
civil liability or any Restorative Justice outcome as a result of
an Restorative Justice process during this stage could be part
of the condition of client's release or probation conditions,
and should be incorporated in his My Personal Development
Plan (MPDP) previously called Supervision Treatment Plan
(STP) (PPA, 2017). At the supervision stage:

• The parties should be brought within the

program of their own free will. Parties should
have the right to seek legal advice before and after
the restorative process;

• Before agreeing to participate in the restorative

process, the parties should be fully informed of
their rights, the nature of the process, and the
possible consequences of their decision;

• Neither the victim nor the offender should

be induced by unfair means to participate in
restorative justice processes or outcomes;

• If there is no agreement can be made between the

parties, the case should be withdrawn from the
restorative process;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 108

• In the event agreement was reached by parties,

this should be put in writing to give substance/
essence to the agreement. The failure to
implement any provision of the agreement made
in the course of the restorative process is a basis
for the withdrawal of the case from the program;
and

• Discussions and disclosures made during the

process shall be treated with strict confidentiality
and shall be disclosed and used against the parties
involved.

3. Supervision Process with Restorative Justice Impact

A Probation and Parole Officer (PPO) individually
assigned to handle investigation and supervision caseloads
shall act as restorative justice planner. The following are the
responsibilities of a PPO:
• Identifies and recommends to Chief Probation
and Parole Officer (CPPO) a potential case for
Peacemaking Encounter;

• Conducts dialogue to explore together the

possibility of restorative justice process;

• Coordinates/collaborates with responsible

members and leaders of community for their
participation in the conference;

• Serves as facilitator-strength in the conference;

• Assists in the healing process of stakeholders

based on the MPDP; and

• Prepares casenotes reflective of restorative justice

values and anchored on following points:

- Impact of crime and effect of

victimization;

- Victim inputs and involvement

opportunities; and
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 109

Offender opportunity to take direct

responsibility for the harm.

A Chief Probation and Parole Officer (CPPO) has the

following responsibilities:
• Approves case for Peace Encounter conference
and issues office order; and

• Monitorsplansandagreementforimplementation
achieved during the conference and sets direction
to realize success of the process.

A Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs) has the following

responsibilities as assigned or designated by the CPPO or
Officer-in-Charge (OIC):
• Works in close consultation and cooperation
with the Supervising Officer in the conduct
of RJ process;

• Keeps all information about the supervisee in

strict confidentiality;

• Makes reports of activities in relation to the

RJ process;

• Denotes a substantial and quality time for

supervision of clients;

• Acts as resource individual, donor, lecturer,

speaker, organizer, coordinator, facilitator,
mediator and planner for RJ activities;

• As may be deputized, secures Circle of Support

venue and provides refreshments, etc. when
assigned to supervise clients;

• Endeavors to heal the victim, client and

community relationships; and

• Attends RJ activities as may be required.

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 110

4. ProceduralSafeguards
The following is the safeguards in the Restorative
Justice Procedure according to PPA (PPA, 2017):
a. The DOJ-PPA clients must admit the offense to be
eligible for the conference, and if possible, they
should be encouraged to take full responsibility;

b. A personal visit by the RJ planner may be

necessary to solicit interest and willingness of
stakeholders to participate in the restorative
process;

c. The victims' preference for the time, date and

place of the meeting should be given greatest
weight;

d. RJ planners should also get in touch with the

community strengths to serve as facilitators
such as local officials, members of the Lupong
Tagapamayapa or any responsible and respected
personalities in the locality;

e. A pre-conference meeting with the selected

facilitators prior to the actual conduct of
Peace Encounter conference should be set to
carefully plan for all the details, from the seating
arrangements and refreshments to the box of
tissue papers, which incidentally let participants
know that display of emotion is all right;

f. A pre-conference meeting could likewise be

arranged separately with individual stakeholders
to explain the process and other vital details of
the conference;

g. RJ planners should ensure that everyone knows

how to reach to the location site of the conference;

h. Facilitators should ensure that the conference

shall be conducted without interruption in a
comfortable location and shall secure the safety
of all stakeholders;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS Ill

i. Stakeholders shall be consulted relative to the

composition of the panel of facilitators. Any party
may move to oppose the inclusion of persons by
reason of relationship, bias, interest or other
similar grounds that may adversely affect the
process; and

j. Indigenous systems of settling differences or

disputes shall accordingly be recognized and
utilized to conform with the customs and
traditions of that particular cultural community.

Restorative Justice Outcomes

As a result of the restorative justice process, the following outcomes
or interventions may be agreed upon by parties in a Restorative Justice
discussion, such as, but not limited to (PPA, n.d.):
1. Restitution
It is a process upon which the offender accepts
accountability for the financial and/or non-financial losses
he/she may have caused to the victim. Restitution is a ''core''
victim's right which is very crucial in assisting the redirection
of the victim's life. Part of the conditions of probation as
imposed by the Court is the payment of civil liability to
indemnify the victim of the offender, and to inculcate to the
offender a sense of responsibility and obligation towards
the community. The PPO should see to it that the offender
complies with this condition (PPA, 2017).

2. Community Work Service

It is a work performed without compensation by the
offender for the benefit of the community as an outcome of
a RJ process reached through restorative agreement among
stakeholders (PPA, 2017). In its application, the offender can
be subjected to perform work service measures, including,
but not limited to any of the following:
a. Mentoring and Intergenerational Service -
Offenders will develop their nurturing needs
through caring for other people; example: with
senior citizens, with orphanages, or with street
children.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 112

b. Economic Development - Offenders link directly

with the business project; examples: cleaning
downtown area, tree planting, maintenance of
business zones, housing restoration, garbage
and waste management, cleaning of esteros,
recycling, construction, repair of streets, and the
like.

c. Citizenship and Civic Participation - It includes

experiential activities which involve solving
community problems; examples: puppet shows
that showcase values, street dramas, peer
counseling.

d. Helping the Disadvantaged - Its goal is to

enhance an offender's self esteem; examples:
assist handicapped, assist in soup kitchen, tutor
peers, visit the aged in jail and hospitals.

e. Crime Prevention Project - This includes, Brgy.

Ronda, and giving testimony to the youth.
The PPO should ensure the adoption of these community
work services to facilitate the reintegration of the offender in
the community.

3. Counseling
Counseling whether it is individual, group or family,
its goal is to enhance the client's interpersonal relationship
and it will help him/ her become more aware of his/ her
shortcomings/weaknesses. This will also help him/ her
overcome painful experiences that drove him/ her to commit
a crime/ offense.

4. Family Therapy Session

It aims to develop healthy personal relationships within
the family and to establish open positive communication
between family members and significant others.
Family members should be oriented in their individual
responsibilities and roles.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 113

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 5

Name:

Section: Date:

Rating: Professor:

1. What are the 3 Major Rehabilitation Programs of Parole and

Pardon Administration?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

2. What is the Objective of PPA's Rehabilitation Program?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 114

3. What is Therapeutic Community Modality?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

4. What are the Five Treatment Categories of Therapeutic

Community Modality?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 115

5. What are some of the Therapeutic Community Modality (TCM)

Intervention Strategies?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

6. What is Restorative Justice?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 116

7. What are the Goals, and Basic Elements of Restorative Justice?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

8. What are the processes in the Peacemaking Encounter?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 117

g. What are some of the outcomes of Restorative Justice?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 118

CHAPTER6
VOLUNTEERISM, SUSPENDED SENTENCE,
AND INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Define Volunteerism;

2. Identify the objectives and advantages of Volunteerism;

3. Enumerate the characteristics and qualifications to

become a VPA;

4. Identify the Roles of Volunteer Probation Aides;

5. Enumerate the Functions and Responsibilities of Volunteer

Probation Aides;

6. Define Suspended Sentence

7. Explain the Suspension of Sentence of a First-Time Minor

Drug Offender;

8. Define Voluntary Confinement;

9. Explain the concept and the goals of Community Service;

10. Describe the concept of Indeterminate Sentence; and

11. Identify and appreciate the roles of Board of Paroles

and Pardons.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 119

What is Volunteerism?
Volunteerism refers to an act involving a wide range of activities,
including traditional forms of mutual aid and developmental
interventions that provides an enabling and empowering environment
both on the part of the beneficiary receiving and the volunteer rendering
the act, undertaken for reasons arising from sociodevelopmental,
business or corporate orientation, commitment or conviction for the
attainment of the public good and where monetary and other incentives
or reward are not the primary motivating factors (RA 9418, 2007, Section
4).
It is a program of the Parole and Probation Administration
(PPA) aimed at generating maximum, effective and efficient citizen
participation and community involvement in the process of client
rehabilitation, prevention of crime and the overall administration of
criminal justice76 •
It was first established under Section 28 of Presidential Decree No.
968, the Probation Law of 197677, which authorizes the appointment
of citizens of good repute and probity to act as probation aides to assist
in the supervision of probationers, parolees and pardonees. They were
referred to as Probation Aides.
Under the Volunteer Act of 200778 , the concept of volunteerism
in the community was enhanced and encouraged. The Act provides for
National Government Agencies and Local Government Units to establish
volunteer programs in their respective offices to promote and encourage
volunteering in government programs and projects as well as enjoin
government employees to render volunteer service in social, economic
and humanitarian development undertakings in the community (RA
9418, 2007, Section 12.c).
Volunteer Probation Assistants (VPAs) is the new name for
Probation Aides after the amendment made on Presidential Decree
968, through the Republic Act No. 10707. VPAs are to assist the Chief
Probation and Parole Officers in the supervised treatment program of
the probationers (RA 10707, 2019, Section 6).

76 Parole and Probation Administration. (n.d.). What is Volunteerism? Retrieved March 18

2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/volunteerism/

77 Presidential Decree No. 968. (1976). Adult Probation Law of 1976. Retrieved March 8 2022,
from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/07/24/presidential-decree-no-968-s-1976/

78 Republic Act No. 9418. (2007). Volunteer Act of 2007. Retrieved march 17 2022, from
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9418_2007.html
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 120

Through the Executive Order No. 468 of 2005, the Volunteer

Probation Aide (VPA) Program of the Parole and Probation Administration
(PPA) was revitalized79 . It tasked the PPA to vigorously recruit, select,
train and appoint citizens of good repute and probity to effectively
provide assistance and other specialized services to the Administration
in the supervision and rehabilitation of offenders and along the area of
crime prevention (EO 468, 2005, Section 2).

Objectives ofVolunteerism
According to PPA the objectives ofVPA are 80 :
• To amplify the extent of services rendered to the clients in an
effective yet economical means through the use of volunteers;

• To develop a competent corps of VPA who will assist the

Parole and Pardon Officers in the effective supervision of
its clients;

• To inculcate greater citizen awareness and understanding of

the criminal justice system and its components;

• To enhance community participation in crime

prevention, treatment of offenders and criminal justice
administration; and

• To foster an attitude of meaningful involvement in the social,

economic, cultural and political affairs of the community.

79 Executive Order No. 468. (2005) Revitalizing the Volunteer Probation Aide (VPA) Program
of the Parole and Probation Administration . Retrieved March 18 2022, from https://www.
officialgazette.gov.ph/ 2005/ 10/ 11 / executive-order-no-468-s-2005/

80 Parole and Probation Administration.(2019). Volunteerism. Retrieved March 18 2022, from

https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2019/ 09/ Volunteerism.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 121

Advantages of Volunteerism
The advantages ofVPA are 81 :
1. Opens new fields for community involvement
in corrections and for training youth leaders,
barangay organizations, and civic groups in social
development; and

2. Makes it possible for the correctional system to exercise

supervision of offenders at less cost to the government.

Characteristics ofVPA
Aside from being a citizen of good repute and probity, here are the
characteristics of a VPA (PPA, n.d.):
1. Give continued affection to the client, even when specific
behavior is unacceptable and build on whatever good
points there are;

2. Introduce new positive experiences into the client's life;

3. Be aware of the primary responsibilities to PPA

and clients;

4. Respect confidentiality;

5. Honor all commitments and be on time for

all appointments;

6. Consult with the PPA staff if in doubt on any matter;

7. Keep PPA staff informed of any important change in the

client's situation or of any significant incident;

8. Be a good behavior model for the client in action

and word;

81 Co, M.G. (2018, October). The DOJ-PPA Community-Based Treatment Program for
Clients. Retrieved March 18 2022, from https://www.cep-probation.org/wp-content/up-
loads/2018/10/WC2Revised-World-Congress-LA-Presentation.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 122

9. Participate enthusiastically in volunteer meetings and

training sessions; and

10. Believe that human beings can change their behavior

patterns since the primary objective is to help the client's
reentry into society.

Qualifications to be a VPA
According to PPA the following are the qualifications to be a VPA
(PPA, 2019):
1. 35 years old or older

2. Reputable member of the community and of good

moral character

3. A resident of the same community as the client

4. With adequate source of income or financially able

5. Willing to serve without compensation

6. Willing to prepare reports

7. No criminal record or conviction except former clients with

exemplary behavior fit to be role models

8. With adequate good health.

Roles of Volunteer Probation Aides

There are two primary roles of a VPA (PPA, 2019, p. 3):
1. As Direct Supervisor:
a. Supervise a maximum of five clients at any
given time;

b. Work closely with officer-on-case and CPPO/OIC,

and discuss treatment plan and status of clients;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 123

c. Submit monthly accomplishment report to

officer-on-case or CPPO/OIC, and other reports
required; and

d. Perform such other tasks as may be assigned by the

officer-on-case or CPPO/OIC.

2. As a Resource Individual:
a. Resource Speaker on Volunteerism, Restorative
Justice, Therapeutic Community and other topics;

b. Counselor to other clients/ people who need help;

c. Donor, sponsor or referring person;

d. Program coordinator of client activities;

e. Act as a Mediator, Restorative Justice implementer,

and Therapeutic Community facilitator.

Functions and Responsibilities of Volunteer Probation Aides

The functions and responsibilities ofVPA are as follows (PPA, 2019, p.4):
1. Work in close consultation and cooperation with the
Supervising Officer;

2. Keep all information about the supervisee in strict

confidentiality;

3. Maintain an honest recording and monthly reporting of

activities to the Supervising Officer;

4. Devote substantial and quality time for supervision of

clients and perform the following tasks:
a. Offer guidance and counseling;
b. Act as placement facilitator;
c. Implement treatment objectives as provided in
the program of supervision;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 124

d. Refer to appropriate agencies clients with various

spiritual, mental, social, emotional, physical or
health needs; and
e. Act as a resource individual.

5. Endeavor to heal relationships among the victim, client and

community

6. Attend TC and RJ sessions/ activities as may be required and

7. Assist in other rehabilitation activities for clients, as necessary.

Volunteer Probation Aide Case Assignment Procedures

According to PPA, here is how the case/s are being assigned to VPA
(PPA, 2019, p. 6):
1. Supervising Officer (SO) identifies a suitable match ofVPA
and client.

2. CPPO or SO informs the VPA and the client individually of

the planned assignment of the case to the VPA and explains
the program and process.

3. CPPO assigns case/s of VPA under the charge of a SO by way

of an Office Order.

4. SO formally introduces the client and the VPA to each other.

5. VPA conducts initial interview/s to get to know basic

information and circumstances of the client.

6. VPA and client make tentative plans on how to facilitate and

undertake the supervision process.

7. VPA takes time to study client's records, investigation

report and supervision history, MPDP, supervision case
Notes, Payment Plan, etc. which shall be treated with strict
confidentiality.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 125

8. VPA conducts subsequent supervision interviews and

periodic house and workplace visits, results of which to be
reported to the SO and recorded in the Supervision Case
Notes (SCN) of the client.

9. VPA attends and performs allied supervision activities and

accomplishes VPA Monthly Reports.

Suspended Sentence
Suspended Sentence is a legal arrangement in which a person
who has been found guilty of a crime is not sentenced to jail but may be
sentenced for that crime at a future time if he or she commits another
crime during a specified period. 82 It is an alternative to imprisonment
where a judge may partially or entirely suspend the convicted individual's
prison or jail sentence so long as they fulfill certain conditions. 83 If
the conditions are violated, then the state may petition to revoke the
suspended sentence and reimpose the original term of the sentence by
proving, in an evidentiary hearing and by a preponderance of evidence
standard, that the defendant indeed violated the condition(s).
In the Philippines, Suspended sentence is the holding in abeyance
of the service of the sentence imposed by the court upon a finding of guilt
of the juvenile in conflict with the law who will undergo rehabilitation. 84
In pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) entered into by
DOJ-PPA with Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), the PPA has an added
task of conducting investigation of first-time minor drug offenders
who apply for suspended sentence under Republic Act No. 9165 or the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. 8 5

82 Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Suspended sentence. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Re-

trieved March 20, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suspended%20
sentence

83 Wex Definitions Team. (2021, October). suspended sentence. Retrieved March 19 2022,
from https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/suspended_sentence

84 A.M. NO. 02-1-18-SC. (2002, February 28). Rule on Juveniles in Conflict with the Law.
Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://lawphil.net/courts/supreme/am/am_02_1_18_
sc_2002.html

85 Parole and Probation Administration. (2017). Investigation of Dangerous Drugs Board

Referrals. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/wp-content/up-
loads/2017/04/Suspended_Sentence_lnvestigation.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 126

Suspension of Sentence of a First-Time Minor Drug Offender

First-time minor offenders refers to a natural person who commits
a crime or an offense in violation of the Act86 for the first-time when he is
over 15 but under 18 when the decision should have been promulgated87•
According to Section 66 of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002, an accused who is over fifteen (15) years of age at the time of the
commission of the possession of dangerous drugs, but not more than
eighteen (18) years of age at the time when judgment should have been
promulgated after having been found guilty of said offense, may be given
the benefits of a suspended sentence, subject to the following conditions:
1. He/she has not been previously convicted of violating any
provision of this Act, or of the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972,
as amended; or of the Revised Penal Code; or of any special
penal laws;

2. He/she has not been previously committed to a Center or to

the care of a DOH-accredited physician; and

3. The Board favorably recommends that his/her sentence be

suspended.

While under suspended sentence, he/she shall be under the

supervision and rehabilitative surveillance of the Dangerous Drugs
Board (DDB), under such conditions that the court may impose for
a period ranging from six (6) months to eighteen (18) months. Upon
recommendation of DDB, the court may commit the accused under
suspended sentence to a Center88 , or to the care of a DOH-accredited
physician for at least six (6) months, with after-care and follow-up
program for not more than eighteen (18) months (RA 9165, 2002, Section
66). It is important to note that the privilege of suspended sentence to
be availed of only once by a first-time minor offender (RA 9165, 2002,
Section 68).

86 Refers to the comprehensive Dangerous drugs Act of 2002

87 Board Regulation No. 2. (2006). Regulation Governing the Implementation of Section 57

(Probation and Community Service under the Voluntary Submission Service under the
Voluntary Submission Program) and Section 70 (Probation or Community Service for a
First- time Minor Offender in Lieu of Imprisonment) of RA 9165. Retrieved March 18 2022,
from https://www.ddb.gov.ph/images/Board_Regulation/2006/Bd. %20Reg. %202%2006.pdf

88 Center Any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 127

Case for Disposition Conference

According to the Revised Rule on Children in Conflict with the Law
(CICL), the court shall set the case for disposition conference within 15
days from the promulgation of sentence with notice to the social worker
of the court, the child and the parents or guardian of the child and the
child's counsel, the victim and counsel. At the conference, the court shall
proceed to determine and issue, any or a combination of the following
disposition measures best suited to the rehabilitation and welfare of the
child: 89
1. Care, guidance, and supervision orders;

2. Community service orders;

3. Drug and alcohol treatment;

4. Participation in group counseling and similar activities; and

5. Commitment to the Youth Rehabilitation Center of the

Department of Social Welfare and Development or other
centers for children in conflict with the law authorized
by the Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and
Development.

The social worker assigned to the child shall monitor the compliance
by the child in conflict with the law with the disposition measures and
shall regularly submit to the court a status and progress report on the
matter. The court may set a conference for the evaluation of such report
in the presence, if practicable, of the child, the parents or guardian,
counsel and other persons whose presence may be deemed necessary
(Revised Rule on CICL,Section 50)

Discharge of a First-Time Minor Offender

If the first time minor offender under suspended sentence
complies with the applicable rules and regulations of the DDB, including
confinement in a Center, the court, upon a favorable recommendation

89 P&L Law. (2019, May 30). Automatic Suspension of Sentence and Disposition Orders upon
Conviction of Children in Conflict With the Law. Retrieved March 18 2022, from https://
pnl-law.com/blog/automatic-suspension-of-sentence-and-disposition-orders-upon-con-
viction-of-children-in-conflict-with-the-law/#:,...,:text=Suspension%20of%20sentence%-
20can%20be,in%20the%20interest%20of%20justice.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 128

of the DDB for the final discharge of the accused, shall discharge the
accused and dismiss all proceedings.
Upon the dismissal of the proceedings against the accused, the
court shall enter an order to expunge all official records, other than the
confidential record to be retained by the DOJ relating to the case. Such
an order, which must be kept confidential, must restore the accused to
his/ her status prior to the case. He/she shall not be held to be guilty of
perjury or of concealment or misrepresentation by reason of his/ her
failure to acknowledge the case or recite any fact related to it in response
to any inquiry made of him for any purpose (RA 9165, 2002, Section 67).
The child shall be brought before the court for execution of the
judgment if the court finds that the child (Revised Rule on CICL, Section
51):
* Is incorrigible; or
* Has not shown the capability of becoming a useful member
of society; or
* Has willfully failed to comply with the conditions of the
disposition or rehabilitation program; or
* The child's continued stay in the training institution is not in
the child's best interest,

Voluntary Confinement
Voluntary Confinement is an intervention activity where any
drug dependent or any person who violates Sec. 15 of RA 9165 or Use
of Dangerous Drugs, either by himself or through his parents, spouse,
guardian or relative within the fourth degree of consanguinity or
affinity, shall apply to the Board or its duly recognized representative, for
treatment and rehabilitation (DDB, 2006, Section 3).
This is applicable to those who have been discharged as rehabilitated
by the DOH-Accredited Center under Voluntary Submission Programs,
but failed to qualify for exemption from criminal liability under Section
55. As a consequence, they were charged and convicted for violation of
Section 15 of RA 9165, however, instead of serving sentence, they were
placed on probation and required to undergo community service as an
alternative to imprisonment (DDB, 2006, Section 2.a).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 129

Rehabilitation Program
The Probation Officer assigned to conduct supervision of the
probationer will prepare a rehabilitation program for strict compliance
by the probationer. The rehabilitation program must be prepared
after proper consultation with the probationer, and his relative, or a
significant other who is a responsible and permanent resident of the
place where the probationer resides (DDB, 2006, Section 13).
The goals of the rehabilitation program are:
1. To fix or, as needed, adjust/ readjust the level of
supervisory control required to address the overall
danger posed by the probationer to the community.

2. To assess/ reassess how the probationer will make amends

for the harm he may have inflicted and what strategies
will be used to increase his understanding of the impact
of his behavior to himself, his family and his community;

3. To identify the behavior gaps, problematic mindset and/

or inadequacy in skills that contributed to his delinquency
and involvement in drug, and set intervention and
treatment measures and solutions thereafter; and

4. To select appropriate community-work service which

will help probationer/s make up for their wrongdoing.

Condition of Probation
These additional condition incorporated in every probation order
issued by the Court with respect to drug cases:
1. Submit himself to an accepted treatment modality
implemented by the Probation Office for probationer
with drug cases;

2. Perform community-work service; and

3. Submit himself for drug testing at least once a year or as

the need requires.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 130

Community Service
Community Service is a free public labor or work with therapeutic
purpose as a sanction for an offense committed to be performed by an
offender for the benefit of the community designed as an aftercare
intervention program for the rehabilitation of offender/s placed on
probation (DDB, 2006, Section 2).

Community Service under the Voluntary Submission Programs

Community Service is an integral part of his after-care and follow-
up program, as indicated in the Section 57 of RA 9165 (2002); a probationer
who is placed on probation shall likewise undergo community service
under the supervision of the Probation Office. It may be done in
coordination with nongovernmental civil organizations accredited by
the DSWD, with the recommendation of the Board (DDB, 2006, Section
16).

Community Service for First-time Minor Offender

A first-time minor offender may be placed on probation or perform
community service in lieu of imprisonment. In case the first time
minor offender is sentenced to perform community service, the order
of the Court shall be complied with under such conditions, time and
place as may be determined by the Court in its discretion and upon the
recommendation of the DDB (DDB, 2006, Section 17).

Goals of Community Service

Community service, either under the Voluntary Submission
Program or for first-time minor offender is a free public labor which
seeks to achieve the following (DDB, 2006, Section 18):
1. To hold offender accountable for the harm indirectly caused
by him to the community;

2. To present a meaningful lesson for offender to realize that

crime/offense he has committed has a public repercussion,
and therefore, on his part, incurred restorative obligation to
settle;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 131

3. To help offender develop new skills and practical experiences

which he could acquire for reintegration to the societal
mainstream;

4. To provide the community with human resources that can

improve the quality of life in public environment, business
and even individual residences; and

5. To be a mechanism that can be used by the community to

foster/enhance public safety and order.

Indeterminate Sentence Law

Indeterminate Sentence is a term of imprisonment with no definite
duration within a prescribed maximum.9° A prison sentence that consists
of a range of years such as five to ten years. The state parole board holds
hearings that determine when, during that range, the convicted person
will be eligible for parole. The principle behind indeterminate sentences
is the hope that prison will rehabilitate some prisoners; those who show
the most progress will be paroled closer to the minimum term than those
who do not.91
In the Philippines, the Act No. 4103 or Indeterminate Sentence
Law, provided the framework on the process for the Indeterminate
Sentence, and created the Board of Pardons and Parole.92

Non Applicability of the Indeterminate Sentence

Indeterminate Sentence is not applicable to persons who are (Act
4103, 1933, section 2):
1. Convicted of offenses punished with death penalty or
life-imprisonment;

2. Convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to commit

treason;
90 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2015, August 7). indeterminate sentence. Encyclo-
pedia Britannica. Retrieved March 18 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/indeter-
minate-sentence

91 Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Indeterminate Sentence. Retrieved March 19 2022, from
https://www. Iaw. corn el I. ed u/wex/i ndeterm i nate_sentence

92 Act No. 4103. (1933). Indeterminate Sentence Law. Retrieved march 19 2022, from https://
www.bjmp.gov.ph/EPLM/resource_center/All%20documents/Laws%20and%20Policies%20
on%20Decongestion/RA %204103%20Parole.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 132

3. Convicted of misprision of treason, rebellion, sedition or

espionage;

4. Convicted of piracy;

5. Habitual delinquents;

6. Have escaped from confinement or evaded sentence;

7. Having been granted conditional pardon by the Chief

Executive shall have violated its terms; and

8. Whose maximum term of imprisonment does not exceed

one year.

Board of Pardons and Parole

The Board of Pardons and Parole is an agency under the Office of the
Secretary of Justice.93 Its main function is to uplift and redeem valuable
human material to economic usefulness and to prevent unnecessary and
excessive deprivation of personal liberty by way of parole or through
executive clemency.94 Their responsibilities are as follows:
1. Looks into the physical, mental and moral records of
prisoners who are eligible for parole or any form of executive
clemency and determines the proper time of release of such
prisoners on parole;

2. Assists in the full rehabilitation of individuals on parole or

those under conditional pardon with parole conditions, by
way of parole supervision; and,

3. Recommends to the President of the Philippines the grant of

any form of executive clemency to prisoners other than those
entitled to parole.

93 Parole and Probation Administration. (n.d.). PAROLE AND EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY Q AND A.
Retrieved March 19 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/ parole-executive-clemency/

94 Revised Rules and Regulations of the Board of Pardons and Parole. (2002). Retrieved
March 20 2022, from https://www.chanrobles.com/ REVISED%20RULES%20AND%20REGU-
LATIO NS%200 F%20TH E%20 BOARD%200F%20PARDO NS%20AN D%20 PARO LE.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 133

Board Composition
The Board of Parole and Pardons is composed of the Secretary as
Chairman and six (6) members consisting of: The Administrator of the
Parole and Probation Administration as ex-officio member, a sociologist,
a clergyman, an educator, a person with training and experience in
correction work, and a member of the Philippine Bar; Provided, that one
of them is a woman. The members of the Board shall be appointed by
the President upon the recommendation of the Secretary and shall hold
office for a term of six (6) years, without prejudice to reappointment.
In case of vacancy by reason of death, incapacity, resignation or
removal of any of the Board members, the Secretary shall have the
authority to designate a temporary member possessing the qualifications
of his predecessor and to serve out his unexpired term or until the
President shall have appointed a regular member to fill the vacancy (EO.
292, 1987, Book IV/Title III/Chapter 6, Section 18).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 134

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 6

Name ••

Section •• Date ••

Rating: Professor:

1. What is Volunteerism?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

2. What are the objectives and advantages of Volunteerism?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 135

3. What are the characteristics and qualifications to become a VPA?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

4. What are the Roles of Volunteer Probation Aides?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 136

5. What are the functions and responsibilities of Volunteer

Probation Aides?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

6. What is a Suspended Sentence?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 137

7. What is the Suspension of Sentence of a First-Time Minor

Drug Offender?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

8. What is Voluntary Confinement?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 138

g. What is the concept and the goals of Community Service?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

10. What is the concept of Indeterminate Sentence?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 139

11. What are the roles of Board of Paroles and Pardons?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 140

CHAPTER7
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY, PAROLE AND
REVISED RULES AND REGULATIONS OF
THE BOARD OF PARDONS AND PAROLE

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Define Clemency;

2. Define Executive Clemency;

3. Define Sentence Commutation;

4. Differentiate the two types of Pardon;

5. Explain the similarities and distinction between Amnesty

and Pardon;

6. Define Reprieve;

7. Discuss the similarities and differences between Parole

and Probation;

8. Identify some of the predecessors of the concept of Parole;

9. Identify the steps in filing Petitions for Executive

Clemency/Parole;

10. Enumerate the Extraordinary Circumstances in granting of

Executive Clemency;

11. Enumerate the minimum requirements for Commutation

of Sentence;

12. Identify the criteria in Disqualification for Parole;

13. Identify the Factors and Special Factors to be Considered

in Petition for Conditional Pardon, Commutation of
Sentence or Parole;

14. Identify the salient points in Parole Supervision; and

15. Differentiate the Cancellation and the Termination of Parole.

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 141

What is Clemency?
Clemency is an act or instance of leniency.95 It is a mechanism for
granting a person convicted of a criminal offense relief from a court-
ordered sentence or punitive measure.96 It is a power given to a public
official, such as governor or the president, to some way lower or moderate
the harshness of punishment imposed upon a prisoner (Lo, Betsy, and
Amaning, 2020). It is considered as an act of grace, since it is based on
the policy of fairness, justice, and forgiveness. It is not a right but rather
a privilege.
According to the Section 19 of the Article VII (Executive Department)
of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, the President may grant
reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures,
after conviction by final judgment. He also has the power to grant
amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the
Congress. 97

Executive Clemency
Executive Clemency refers to Reprieve, Absolute Pardon,
Conditional Pardon with or without Parole Conditions and Commutation
of Sentence as may be granted by the President of the Philippines.98 It is a
tool of justice, premised on the tacit admission that human institutions
are imperfect and there are infirmities in the administration of justice.
Its exercise is guided by principles of Restorative Justice concerned
not only with granting offenders a reprieve or freeing the wrongfully
convicted, but also with facilitating the healing of the harm that crime
causes to families of both the victim and the offender, to communities,
and to society at large.99

95 Merriam-Webster. (n.d .) . Clemency. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March

20, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/ clemency

96 Lo, B., Betsy, P., and Amaning, A. (2020, May 1). Clemency 101: How Sentences Can Be
Pardoned or Commuted. Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://www.americanprogress.
org/ article/ clemency-101 I

97 Article VII- Executive Department, 1987 Philippine Constitution. Retrieved March 20 2022,
from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ constitutions/ the-1987-constitution-of-the-repub-
lic-of-the-philippines/ the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-vii/

98 Revised Rules and Regulations of the Board of Pardons and Parole. (2002). Retrieved
March 20 2022, from https://www.chanrobles.com/ REVISED%20RULES%20AND%20REGU-
LATIO NS%200 F%20TH E%20BOARD%200F%20PARDO NS%20AN 0 %20 PARO LE. pdf

99 Review of Policy Guidelines on the Grant of Executive Clemency. (2011 November 2).
Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2016/ 10/ An-
nexes.pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 142

Sentence Commutation
Sentence Commutation is the shortening of a term of punishment or
lowering of the level of punishment. For example, a Io-year jail sentence
may be commuted to 5 years, or a sentence of death may be commuted
to life in prison. I00 According to the Revised Rules and Regulations of
the Board of Pardons and Parole (RRRBPP), commutation refers to the
reduction of the duration of a prison sentence of a prisoner.

Pardon
A pardon is the use of executive power that exempts the individual
to whom it was given from punishment.IOI In the Philippines there are
two types of pardon:
1. Absolute Pardon
It is the total extinction of the criminal liability of the
individual to whom it is granted without any condition.I02
It restores to the individual his civil and political rights and
remits the penalty imposed for the particular offense of
which he was convicted (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 2).

2. Conditional Pardon
This refers to the exemption of an individual, within certain
limits or conditions, from the punishment which the law
inflicts for the offense he had committed resulting in the
partial extinction of his criminal liability (RRRBPP, 2002,
Section 2).

100 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2018, April 12). commutation . Encyclopedia Britan-
nica. Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/ topic/ commutation-law

101 Wex Definitions Team. (2020, August) . Pardon. Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://www.
law.cornell.edu/ wex/ pardon

102 Parole and Pardons Administration. (2017). FAQ on Parole/ Executive Clemency. Retrieved
March 20 2022, from https://probation.gov.ph/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2017/ 02/ FAQ_Parole.
pdf
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 143

Amnesty
Amnesty refers to an act of pardoning an offense usually for political
crimes during a period of insurrection or revolt to subjects concerned in
an insurrection, which is granted by a sovereign power and is usually
exercised in favor of a group of persons.
In the Philippines in accordance to Proclamation 724 (1996) 103 ,
Amnesty is granted to all persons who shall apply for it and who have or
may have committed crimes in pursuit of their political beliefs, whether
punishable under the Revised Penal Code or special laws, including but
not limited to the following:
a. Rebellion or insurrection;

b. Coup d'etat;

c. Conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion, insurrection,

or coup d'etat;

d. Disloyalty of public officers or employees;

e. Inciting to rebellion or insurrection;

f. Sedition;

g. Conspiracy to commit sedition;

h. Inciting to sedition;

i. Illegal assembly;

j. Illegal association;

k. Direct assault;

1. Indirect assault;

m. Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority or

agents of such person;

n. Tumults and other disturbances of public order;

103 Proclamation 724. (1996). Amending Proclamation no. 347 dated March 25 1995.
Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1996/05/17/proclama-
tion-no-724-s-1996/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 144

o. Unlawful use of means of publication and unlawful

utterances;

p. Alarms and scandals; and

q. Illegal possession of firearms, ammunitions, and explosives,

committed in furtherance of, incident to, or in connection
with the crimes of rebellion and insurrection; and violations
of Articles 59 (desertion), 62 (absence without leave), 67
(mutiny or sedition), 68 (failure to suppress mutiny or
sedition), 94 (various crimes), 96 ( conduct unbecoming an
officer and gentleman), and 97 (general article) of the Articles
of War

Difference between Amnesty and Pardon

Here are some distinction between Amnesty and Pardon: 104
1. The President may grant amnesty with the concurrence of
the majority of all the members of Congress while granting
pardon does not need congressional approval.

2. Amnesty covers political offenses, while pardon refers to any

infraction of peace and order in the State.

3. Amnesty is generally addressed to a group or a community,

while pardon is granted to an individual or a limited number
of individuals.

4. Amnesty is a public act of which the court may take judicial

notice, while pardon is a private act which must be pleaded
and proved by the person pardoned because the courts take
no notice of it.

5. Amnesty is granted either before or after conviction while

pardon is given only after conviction.

6. Pardon looks forward and relieves the offender from the

consequences of an offense of which he has been convicted.
It abolishes or forgives the punishment, and for that reason
it does not work the restoration of the rights to hold public
office, or the right of suffrage unless such rights be expressly
restored by the terms of the pardon, and in no case exempts
104 Patajo-Kapunan, L. (2018, October 8). Pardon and amnesty. Retrieved March 20 2022, from
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/08/pardon-and-amnesty/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 145

the culprit from the payment of the civil indemnity imposed

upon him by the sentence (Article 36, Revised Penal Code).

7. On the other hand, amnesty looks backward and abolishes

and puts into oblivion the offense itself so much so that the
person released by amnesty stands before the law precisely
as though he had committed no offense (Barrioquinto v.
Fernandez, 82 Phil. 642).

8. In no case does pardon exempt the culprit from the payment

of civil indemnity imposed upon him by the sentence
(Article 36, Revised Penal Code). Amnesty, likewise, does not
extinguish civil liability (Article 113, Revised Penal Code).

Reprieve
A reprieve is a postponement of the punishment for someone
convicted of a crime. This temporarily delays the imposition of a sentence
after a judge orders the sentence. A reprieve remains in place for a certain
period of time. It cannot go on indefinitely so that the defendant never
served his sentence. 10s
In the Philippines reprieve refers to the deferment of the
implementation of the sentence for an interval of time; it does not annul
the sentence but merely postpones or suspends its execution (RRRBPP,
2002, Section 2).

Parole
In French parole means ''word," and its use in connection with the
release of prisoners was derived from the idea that they were released
on their word of honor that they would commit no further crimes. 106
According to Revised Rules and Regulation of the Board of Pardons and
Parole, Parole refers to the conditional release of an offender from a
correctional institution after he has served the minimum of his prison
sentence. Paroled prisoners are supervised by a public official, usually

105 Brandon, S. (2018, December 28). Reprieves Definition - Reprieves Meaning & Legal Gov-
ernment Definition. Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://clemency.com/reprieve-def1ni-
tion

106 Bernard, T. J. (2015, December 28). parole. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 20
2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/parole-penology
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 146

called a parole officer. If paroled prisoners violate the conditions of their

release, they may be returned to prison. 10 1

Similarities of Parole and Probation

Here are some of the similarities of Parole and Probation: 108
· Both are not a Right
Neither prisoners nor probationers have the right for a
release from incarceration or punishment. Instead, a parole
board (PPA), in the case of prisoners, will determine whether
they should be released and what conditions should be placed
upon them just the same as a judge will determine whether
an individual convicted of a misdemeanor should be released
or given probation instead of jail time (Synytska, 2021).

· Both can be Revoked

A judge can revoke both probation and parole at any
time. For lesser misdemeanor infractions, a judge will tell
individuals like the minor convicted of a drug charge that
they are on probation instead of jail time, but any violation of
their probation will result in them serving out the remainder
of their sentence in jail. Similarly, a prisoner who applies for
parole, and the parole board grants it, can have it revoked if
they violate the conditions of their release (Synytska, 2021).

· Both are Conditional

Probation and parole are conditional. An individual
granted probation instead of jail time doesn't get away
for free. They still have to abide by the conditions of their
probation, which can include certain community service
activities or a number of hours volunteering, no convictions
of another crime within a certain time frame, and checking
in with a probation officer, or passing drug tests (Synytska,
2021).

107 Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Parole. Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://www.law.
cornell.edu/ wex/ parole

108 Synytska, M. (2021, August 5). Probation vs. Parole: What is the Difference? Retrieved
March 20 2022, from https://lawrina.com/ blog/ probation-vs-parole-what-is-the-difference/
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 147

· Both Serves as Part of a Sentence

Probation and parole can both serve as part of a sentence,
meaning someone could go to jail and midway through a jail
sentence be granted probation for the remainder of their
sentence. Similarly, someone who is a prisoner can be granted
parole for the duration of their sentence (Synytska, 2021).

Difference between Parole and Probation

Here are some of the distinction between Parole and Probation: 109
• A convict who has been sentenced to less than 6 years
imprisonment without recourse to an appeal may apply for
probation. On the other hand, parole may be applied for only
after a person has served the minimum of the imposed prison
sentence (Evangelista, 2018).
• Probation can be awarded to first-time offenders, while
parole is allowed for individuals who have had previous, but
no pending, criminal cases (Evangelista, 2018).
• Parole acts as temporary liberty, still holding the person
under continuous custody of the state. While probation is a
privilege of remaining in the community instead of going to
prison after conviction.

History of Parole
Prior to the mid-nineteenth century most offenders were sentenced
to flat or determinate sentences in prison. Under this type of sentencing,
an offender received a specific amount of time to serve in prison for
a specific crime. This created a major problem when prisons became
crowded. Governors were forced to issue mass pardons or prison
wardens had to randomly release offenders to make room for entering
prisoners. Parole is a part of the Reformatory trend in igth century
110

109 Evangelista, A. (2018, December 7). FAST FACTS: Know the difference between commonly
confused legal terms. Retrieve March 20 25022, from https://www.rappler.com/news-
break/218269-things-to-know-commonly-confused-legal-terms/

110 No author. (n.d.). Probation and Parole: History, Goals, and Decision-Making. Retrieved
March 20 2022, from https://law.jrank.org/pages/1817 /Probation-Parole-History-Goals-De-
cision-Making-Origins-probation-parole.html
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 148

criminology. As a practice, Parole originated almost simultaneously in

Spain, Germany and England. 111

Ticket of Leave
In England at that time, nearly all serious crimes were punishable
by death, though relatively few offenders were actually executed. The
king granted the majority of those sentenced to death a pardon on the
condition that the offender agree to be transported to a penal colony
like, Australia or America for English convicts; Africa, New Caledonia,
or French Guiana for French convicts. Eventually the courts were
given the power to pronounce sentences of transportation themselves,
usually for a period specified in the sentence, though most sentences of
transportation were modified by executive action. England developed a
system of ticket of leave, in which convicts detained under a sentence of
transportation were allowed a measure of freedom or the right to return
to England in return for good behavior (Bernard, 2015).

Release on License
England abolished the sentence of transportation in the mid-19th
century while French penal colonies continued to operate into the mid-
2oth century, and replaced it with penal servitude, which incorporated
a similar procedure under a different name, release on license. Through
good behavior in custody, a convict sentenced to penal servitude could
earn release from a penitentiary. The release was conditional on good
behavior outside prison; if another offense was committed, the convict
could be returned to prison to serve out the rest of his sentence known as
the remanet (Bernard, 2015).

Captain Alexander Maconochie

Alexander Maconochie (1787-1860), the originator of the Mark
System, is a major figure in the history of penal discipline and is best
known for his attempt to implement it at the Norfolk Island penal station
from 1840 to 1844. Mark system is a penal method where prisoners
were held until they had earned a number of marks, or credits, fixed in
proportion to the seriousness of their offenses instead of serving a fixed

111 Cromwell, P.F., Killinger, G.G., and Kerper, H. (1978). History and Concept of Parole (from
Corrections in the Community- Alternatives to Imprisonment. Retrieved March 20 2022,
from https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/history-and-concept-parole-correc-
tions-community-alternatives
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 149

sentence. A prisoner became eligible for release when he had obtained the
required number of credits, which were accumulated for good conduct,
hard work, and study and could be denied or subtracted for indolence or
misbehavior. 112

Sir Walter Frederick Crofton

Sir Walter Frederick Crofton (1815-1897) was chair of the Board
of Directors of Convict Prisons for Ireland between 1854 and 1862. 113 He
developed the Irish System, a system of prison management noted for its
mark system and commutation of sentences, classification of prisoners,
military discipline, trade and academic training, preparation for free
self-control, and release under police supervision. 114 It is consisted of
three phases: 1) a period of solitary confinement; 2) a period of congregate
work, in which the prisoner advanced to higher levels by credits, or
''marks," earned for industry and good behavior; and, finally, 3) a period
in ''intermediate prisons'' with minimal supervision, during which
the prisoner demonstrated his dependability and employability in the
outside world. Release was conditional upon the continued good conduct
of the offender, who could be returned to prison if it seemed advisable.
Prisoners deemed eligible for release were issued ''tickets of leave'' and
put under the supervision of an inspector who verified employment
status and conducted periodic visits to their new places of residence. 11s

Zebulon Brockway
Zebulon Reed Brockway (April 28, 1827 - October 21, 1920), a
Michigan penologist, he is usually credited with initiating indeterminate
sentences and parole release in the United States. He established
the Elmira system, an American penal system named after Elmira
Reformatory, in New York. It is influenced by the mark system, where
credits, or marks, were awarded for good behavior, a certain number
of marks being required for release. To this system Brockway added a
new regimen of moral, physical, and vocational training. The Elmira

112 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, January 10). mark system. Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved March 20 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/mark-system

113 Goldman, L. (2004). "Crofton, Sir Walter Frederick (1815-1897)". Oxford Dictionary of Na-
tional Biography. Oxford University Press.

114 Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Irish system. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March

22, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lrish%20system

115 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2012, September 4). Irish system. Encyclopedia
Britannica. March 20 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/lrish-system
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 150

system classified and separated various types of prisoners, gave them

individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and industrial
employment, used indeterminate sentences, rewarded good behavior,
and paroled inmates under supervision. 116

Rules and Regulations of the Board of Pardons and Parole

The rules and regulation of the Board of Pardons and Parole
promulgated to govern the actions and proceedings of the Board of
Pardons and Parole in pursuant to the provisions of Section 4 of Act No.
4103, ''The Indeterminate Sentence Law'', as amended.

General Provisions
The objective of the Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) is to uplift
and redeem valuable human material to economic usefulness and to
prevent unnecessary and excessive deprivation of personal liberty by
way of parole or through executive clemency. To accomplish this the BPP
undertakes the following (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 1):
1. Looks into the physical, mental and moral records of
prisoners who are eligible for parole or any form of executive
clemency and determines the proper time of release of such
prisoners on parole;

2. Assists in the full rehabilitation of individuals on parole or

those under conditional pardon with parole conditions, by
way of parole supervision; and,

3. Recommends to the President of the Philippines the grant of

any form of executive clemency to prisoners other than those
entitled to parole.

The BPP may not consider the release on pardon/ parole of a

national prisoner who is serving sentence in a municipal, city, district or
provincial jail unless the confinement in said jail is in good faith or due to
circumstances beyond the prisoner's control. A national prisoner refers
to (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 3):

116 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, May 15). Elmira system. Encyclopedia Britan-
nica. https://www.britannica.com/ topic/ Elmira-system
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 151

a. One who is sentenced to a maximum term of imprisonment

of more than three (3) years or to a fine of more than five
thousand pesos; or

b. Regardless of the length of sentence imposed by the Court,

to one sentenced for violation of the customs law or other
laws within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or
enforceable by it, or

c. One sentenced to serve two (2) or more prison sentences in

the aggregate exceeding the period of three (3) years.

The BPP may consider the case of a prisoner for executive clemency
or parole only after his case has become final and executory. It will not
take action on the petition of a prisoner who has a pending criminal case
in court or when his case is on appeal (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 4).

Petitions for Executive Clemency/Parole

I. Filing of Petition
A formal petition for executive clemency addressed as follows shall
be submitted to the Board before the question of said clemency will be
considered.
The President of the Philippines
Through: The Chairman
Board of Pardons and Parole,
DOJ Agencies Bldg., NIA Road cor. East Avenue,
Diliman, Quezon City

Petitions for parole shall be addressed to the Chairman or to the

Executive Director of the Board. However, the Board may, motu proprio,
consider cases for parole, commutation of sentence or conditional
pardon of deserving prisoners whenever the interest of justice will be
served thereby (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 5).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 152

2. Contents of Petition
A petition for parole/executive clemency shall state the following
(RRRBPP, 2002, Section 6):
• The name of the prisoner, his age,

• Previous criminal record, if any,

• Whether a Filipino citizen or an alien and, if a naturalized

Filipino, his former nationality and date of naturalization,

• His previous occupation,

• Place of residence,

• Present crime for which he was convicted,

• The trial/appellate court, his penalty of imprisonment, fine,

indemnity and the commencing date thereof,

• The jail or prison to which he was committed and/or where

he is presently confined,

• The date he was received for confinement,

• The grounds upon which executive clemency is being

asked and

• Certification from the trial court that his case is not on appeal.

Moreover, a petition for absolute pardon shall be under oath and

shall include the date the petitioner was released from prison after
service of sentence or released on parole/ pardon or terminated from
probation (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 6).

3. Supporting Documents of Petition for Absolute Pardon

The petition for absolute pardon shall be accompanied by the
following supporting documents (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 7):
• The affidavits of at least two (2) responsible members of
the community where the petitioner resides. The affidavits
shall, among others, state that the petitioner has conducted
himself in a moral and law-abiding manner since his release
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 153

from prison and shall indicate the petitioner's occupation

and his social activities including religious involvement;

• The clearances from the National Bureau of Investigation,

the Philippine National Police, the Prosecutor's Office, the
Municipal Circuit Trial Court, the Municipal Trial Court, the
Municipal Trial Court in Cities, the Metropolitan Trial Court
and the Regional Trial Court where petitioner resides;

• Proof of payment of indemnity and/or fine, or in lieu thereof,

certification from the City/ Municipal Treasurer or Probation
and Parole Officer on his financial condition; and

• Proof of service of sentence or certificate of Final Release and

Discharge or court's Termination Order of probation.

Referral of Petition for Absolute Pardon

to a Probation and Parole Officer
Upon receipt of a petition for absolute pardon, the Board must refer
the petition to a Probation and Parole Officer (PPO) who shall conduct
an investigation on the conduct and activities, as well as the social and
economic conditions, of the petitioner prior to his conviction and since
his release from prison and submit a report thereof within fifteen (15)
days from receipt of the referral (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 8).

Referral of Petition for Executive Clemency/

Parole to Other Government Agencies
A petition for executive clemency must be referred by the Board to
the Secretary of National Defense for comment and recommendation
if the crime committed by the petitioner is against national security
or public order or law of nations. In case of violation of election laws,
rules and regulations, a petition for executive clemency/ parole shall
be referred to the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) for favorable
recommendation, provided, however, that regardless of the crime
committed, a petition for executive clemency/parole may be referred for
a pre-parole/executive clemency investigation to a PPO who shall submit
a report on the behavior, character antecedents, mental and physical
condition of the petitioner within thirty (30) days from receipt of referral,
to include the results of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
records check. In case of an alien, the petition shall be referred to the
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 154

Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) for comment and recommendation

(RRRBPP, 2002, Section 9).

REVIEW OF CASES FOR EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY

Extraordinary Circumstances
The Board shall recommend to the President the grant of executive
clemency when any of the following extraordinary circumstances are
present117 :
a. The trial court or appellate court in its decision recommended
the grant of executive clemency for the inmate;

b. Under the peculiar circumstances of the case, the penalty

imposed is too harsh compared to the crime committed;

c. Evidence which the court failed to consider, before conviction

which would have justified an acquittal of the accused;

d. Inmates who were over fifteen (15) years but under eighteen
(18) years of age at the time of the commission of the offense;

e. Inmates who are seventy (70) years old and above whose
continued imprisonment is inimical to their health as
recommended by a physician of the Bureau of Corrections
Hospital and certified under oath by a physician designated
by the Department of Health;

f. Inmates who suffer from serious, contagious or life-

threatening illness disease, or with severe physical disability
such as those who are totally blind, paralyzed, bedridden, etc.,
as recommended by a physician of the Bureau of Corrections
Hospital and certified under oath by a physician designated
by the Department of Health;

g. Alien inmates where diplomatic considerations and amity

among nations necessitate review; and

h. Such other similar or analogous circumstances whenever the

interest of justice will be served thereby.

117 RESOLUTION NO. 24-4-10. (2010). Amending and Repealing Certain Rules and Sections of
the Rules on Parole and Amended Guidelines for Recommending Executive Clemency of
the 2006 Revised Manual of the Board of Pardons and Parole. Retrieved March 21 2022,
from https://lawphil.net/administ/doj/res_24-4-10_201 a.html
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 155

Other circumstances
If none of the extraordinary circumstances is present, petitions for
executive clemency may be reviewed if the prisoners meet the following
minimum requirements (Res. 24-4-10, 2010, Section VI):
1. For Commutation of Sentence
a. At least one-third (1/3) of the definite or
aggregate prison terms;

b. At least one-half (1/2) of the minimum of the

indeterminate prison term or aggregate minimum of
the indeterminate prison terms;

c. At Least ten (10) years for inmates sentenced to one (1)

reclusion perpetua or one (1) life imprisonment, for
crimes/offenses not punished under Republic Act No.
7659 and other special laws;

d. At least thirteen (13) years for inmates whose

indeterminate and/or definite prison terms were
adjusted to a definite prison term of forty (40) years
in accordance with the provisions of Article 70 of the
Revised Penal Code as amended;

e. At least fifteen (15) years for inmates convicted of

heinous crimes/offenses as defined in Republic Act
No. 7659 or other special laws, committed on or after
January 1, 1994 and sentenced to one (1) reclusion
perpetua or one (1) life imprisonment;

f. At least eighteen (18) years for inmates convicted and

sentenced to reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment
for violation of Republic Act No. 6425, as amended,
otherwise known as ''The Dangerous Drugs Act of
1972'' or Republic Act No. 9165 also known as ''The
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002'', and
for kidnapping for ransom or violation of the laws on
terrorism, plunder and transnational crimes;

g. At least twenty (20) years for inmates sentenced to two

(2) or more reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment
even if their sentences were adjusted to a definite
prison term of forty (40) years in accordance with the
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 156

provisions of Article 70 of the Revised Penal Code, as

amended;

h. At least twenty-five (25) years for inmates originally

sentenced to death penalty but which was
automatically reduced or commuted to reclusion
perpetua or life imprisonment.

2. For Conditional Pardon

a. An inmate should have served at least one half (1/ 2) of
the maximum of the original indeterminate and/or
definite prison term.

3. For Absolute Pardon

a. After he has served his maximum sentence or granted
final release and discharge or court termination
of probation. However, the Board may consider a
petition for absolute pardon even before the grant of
final release and discharge under the provisions of
Section 6 of Act No. 4103, as amended, as when the
petitioner:
•
I. is seeking an appointive/elective
public position or reinstatement in
the government service;
••
11. needs medical treatment abroad
which is not available locally,
•••
Ill. will take any government
examination; or
•
IV. is emigrating.

It is important to note that, prisoners who

escaped or evaded service of sentence are not eligible
for executive clemency for a period of one (1) year
from the date of their last recommitment to prison
or conviction for evasion of service of sentence
(RRRBPP, 2002, Section 11).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 157

Review of Cases for Parole

An inmate's case may be eligible for review by the board provided
(Res. 24-4-10, 2010, Section I):
1. Inmate is serving an indeterminate sentence the maximum
period of which exceeds one (1) year;

2. Inmate has served the minimum period of the

indeterminate sentence;

3. Inmate's conviction is final and executory;

In case the inmate has one or more co-accused who had been
convicted, the director/warden concerned shall forward their prison
records and carpetas/jackets at the same time.
4. Inmate has no pending criminal case; and

5. Inmate is serving sentence in the national penitentiary,

unless the confinement of said inmate in a municipal, city,
district or provincial jail is justified.

Grant of Parole
Whenever the Board of Pardons and Parole finds that there is a
reasonable probability that, if released, the prisoner will be law-abiding
and that the release will not be incompatible with the interest and
welfare of society (PPA, 2017, p.13).

Disqualification for Parole

In pursuant to Section 2 of Act No. 4103, as amended, otherwise
known as the ''Indeterminate Sentence Law'', parole shall not be granted
to the following inmates (Res. 24-4-10, 2010, Section II):
• Those convicted of offenses punished with death penalty of
life imprisonment;

• Those convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to commit

treason or espionage;

• Those convicted of misprision treason, rebellion, sedition or

coup d' etat;
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 158

• Those convicted of piracy or mutiny on the high seas or

Philippine waters;

• Those who are habitual delinquents, i.e., those who, within

a period of ten (10) years from the date of release from prison
or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious
physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa, and falsification, are
found guilty of any of said crimes a third time or oftener;

• Those who escaped from confinement or evaded sentence;

• Those who having been granted conditional pardon by the

President of the Philippines shall have violated any of the
terms thereof;

• Those whose maximum term of imprisonment does not

exceed one (1) year or those with definite sentence;

• Those convicted of offenses punished with reclusion

perpetua, or whose sentences were reduced to reclusion
perpetua by reason of Republic Act No. 9346 enacted on June
24, 2006, amending Republic Act No. 7659 dated January 1,
2004;and

• Those convicted for violation of the laws on terrorism,

plunder and transnational crimes."

Proceedings of the Board

I. Interview of Prisoners
Any Board member or government official authorized by the Board
may interview prisoners confined in prison or jail to determine whether
or not they may be released on parole or recommended for executive
clemency. The Board or its authorized representatives shall interview an
inmate who was sentenced to Reclusion Perpetua or Life imprisonment,
or whose sentence had been commuted from Death to Reclusion
Perpetua.
Before an interview, the Board may require a prisoner convicted of
a heinous crime as defined under Republic Act No. 7659 and other special
laws to undergo psychological/ psychiatric examination if the prisoner
has a history of mental instability, or in any case, ifthe Board finds a need
for such examination in the light of the nature of the offense committed
or manner of its commission (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 17).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 159

2. Publication of those Eligible for Executive Clemency/Parole

The Board will publish in a newspaper of general circulation the
names of prisoners convicted of heinous crimes or those sentenced by
final judgment to Reclusion Perpetua or Life imprisonment, who may be
considered for release on parole or for recommendation for absolute or
conditional pardon (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 18).

3. Objections to Petitions
When an objection is filed, the Board may consider the same by
requesting the person objecting to attach thereto evidence in support
thereof. In no case, however, shall an objection disqualify from
executive clemency/ parole the prisoner against whom the objection
is filed (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 19). The carpeta and prison record of
the prisoner and other relevant documents, such as the mittimus or
commitment order, prosecutor's information and trial/appellate court's
decision of the case of the prisoner shall be considered by the Board in
deciding whether or not to recommend executive clemency or to grant
parole (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 20).

Factors to be Considered in Petition for Conditional Pardon,

Commutation of Sentence or Parole
The following factors may be considered by the Board in the grant
of conditional pardon, commutation of sentence or parole (RRRBPP,
2002, Section 21):

• The age of the petitioner, the gravity of the offense and the
manner in which it was committed, and the institutional
behavior or conduct and previous criminal record, if any;

• Evidence that petitioner will be legitimately employed

upon release;

• A showing that the petitioner has a place where he will reside;

• Availability of after-care services for the petitioner who is

old, seriously ill or suffering from a physical disability;

• Attitude towards the offense and the degree of remorse; and,

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 160

• The risk to other persons, including the victim, his witnesses,

his family and friends, or the community in general, the
possibility of retaliation by the victim, his family and friends.

Special Factors
The BPP may give special consideration to the recommendation for
commutation of sentence or conditional pardon whenever any of the
following circumstances are present (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 22):
• Youthful offenders;

• Prisoners who are sixty (60) years old and above;

• Physical disability such as when the prisoner is bedridden, a

deaf mute, a leper, a cripple or is blind or similar disabilities;

• Serious illness and other life-threatening disease as certified

by a government physician;

• Those prisoners recommended for the grant of executive

clemency by the trial/appellate court as stated in the decision;

• Alien prisoners in which diplomatic considerations and

amity between nations necessitate review;

• Circumstances which show that his continued imprisonment

will be inhuman or will pose a grave danger to the life of the
prisoner or his co-inmates; and,

• Such other similar or analogous circumstances whenever the

interest of justice will be served thereby.

4. Board Action
A majority of the members of the Board, constituting a quorum118 ,
shall be necessary to recommend the grant of executive clemency or to
grant parole; to modify any of the terms and conditions appearing in a
Release Document, to order the arrest and recommitment of a parolee/
pardonee; and to issue certificate of Final Release and Discharge to a
parolee/pardonee. The minutes of the meeting of the Board shall show
the votes of its individual members and the reason or reasons for voting
against any matter presented for the approval of the Board. Any dissent
118 A majority of all the members of the Board shall constitute a quorum.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 161

from the majority opinion to grant or deny parole shall be reduced in

writing and shall form part of the records of the proceedings (RRRBPP,
2002, Section 25).

5. Executive Clemency/Parole of An Alien

The Board may recommend the grant of executive clemency or
grant parole to a prisoner who is an alien. In such a case, the alien
who is released on parole or pardon shall be referred to the Bureau of
Immigration for disposition, documentation and appropriate action
(RRRBPP, 2002, Section 26).

DIRECTOR OF PRISONS or WARDEN Concerned

(Forward Carpeta and Prison Records)

BOARD

REFERRAL

PPA
-Conduct Pre-Parole Investigation (PPI)
-Submit Pre-Parole/ Investigation Report (PPIR)
-Thirty (30) days - Investigation Period

BOARD

GRANT DENIAL DEFER

Discharge on Parole Retention in Jail or Prison Jail/Prison

WILL BE PLACED UNDER

PAROLE CONDITIONS

Figure 6

Parole Investigation Process

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 162

Note: Santos-Padua, J. (2013) . Parole Investigation Process [Chart]. In

Parole Rules, Probation Law and Executive Clemency (Non-Institution-Based
Corrections) (1st ed., p. 19).

Parole Supervision
After release from confinement, a client shall be placed under the
supervision of a Probation and Parole Officer so that the former may
be guided and assisted towards rehabilitation. The period of parole
supervision shall extend up to the expiration of the maximum sentence
which should appear in the Release Document119 (RRRBPP, 2002, Section
27).
The Board shall send a copy of the Release Document to the prisoner
named therein through the Director of Corrections or Warden of the jail
where he is confined who shall send a certification of the actual date of
release of prisoner to the Probation and Parole Officer (RRRBPP, 2002,
Section 28). Within the period prescribed in his Release Document,
the prisoner shall present himself to the Probation and Parole Officer
specified in the Release Document for supervision. If within forty
five (45) days from the date of release from prison or jail, the parolee/
pardonee concerned still fails to report, the Probation and Parole Officer
shall inform the Board of such failure, for appropriate action (RRRBPP,
2002, Section 30). The Probation and Parole Officer concerned shall
inform the Board through the Technical Service, Parole and Probation
Administration the date the client reported for supervision not later
than fifteen (15) working days therefrom (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 31).
It is mandatory for a client to comply with the terms and
conditions appearing in the release document. The BPP may, upon the
recommendation of the Probation and Parole Officer, revise or modify
the terms and conditions appearing in the Release Document (RRRBPP,
2002, Section 32-33). Without the prior written approval of the Regional
Director subject to the confirmation by the Board, a client may not
transfer from the place of residence designated in his Release Document
(RRRBPP, 2002, Section 34).
A Chief Probation and Parole Officer may authorize a client to travel
outside his area of operational jurisdiction for a period of not more than
thirty (30) days. Travel for more than 30 days shall be approved by the
Regional Director. Any parolee or pardonee under active supervision/
surveillance who has no pending criminal case in any court may apply
for overseas work or travel abroad. However, such applications for travel

119 The form of the Release Document shall be prescribed by the Board and shall contain the
latest 1" x 1" photograph and right thumbprint of the prisoner.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 163

abroad shall be approved by the Administrator and confirmed by the

Board (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 35-36).
If any case client dies during supervision, the Probation and Parole
Officer shall immediately transmit a certified true copy of the client's
death certificate to the Board recommending the closing of the case.
However, in the absence of a death certificate, an affidavit narrating the
circumstances of the fact of death from the barangay chairman or any
authorized officer or any immediate relative where the client resided,
shall suffice (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 37).

Infraction/Violation of the Terms and

Conditions of the Release Document
A Progress Report should be submitted by the PPO to the BPP in
case that a parolee/pardonee commits another offense during the period
of his parole surveillance, and the case filed against him has not yet been
decided by the court (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 38).
An Infraction Report (IR) is a report submitted by the PPO to the
BPP when the client has been subsequently convicted of another crime;
or any violation of the terms and conditions appearing in his Release
Document or any serious deviation or non-observance of the obligations
set forth in the parole supervision program. This IR should be reported
immediately to the BPP. (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 39). Upon receipt of an
IR, the BPP may order the arrest or recommitment of the client. The
client who is recommitted to prison by the Board shall be made to serve
the remaining unexpired portion of the maximum sentence for which he
was originally committed to prison (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 40-41).

Cancellation of Pardon/Parole
The BPP may recommend the cancellation of the pardon or cancel
the grant of parole of a client if it finds that material information given
by said client to the BPP, either before and after release, was false, or
incomplete or that the client had willfully or maliciously concealed
material information from the BPP. The BPP may consider the case of a
recommitted parolee for the grant of a new parole after the latter shall
have served one-fourth (1/4) of the unserved portion of his maximum
sentence (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 42-43).
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 164

Termination of Parole and Conditional Pardon

After the expiration of the maximum sentence of a client, the BPP
shall, upon the recommendation of the Chief Probation and Parole
Officer CPPO that the client has substantially complied with all the
conditions of his parole/ pardon, issue a Certificate of Final Release and
Discharge to a parolee or pardonee. However, even before the expiration
of maximum sentence and upon the recommendation of the CPPO, the
BPP may issue a certificate of Final Release and Discharge to a parolee/
pardonee pursuant to the provisions of Section 6 of Act No. 4103, as
amended (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 44).
Upon the issuance of a certificate of Final Release and Discharge,
the parolee/ pardonee shall be finally released and discharged from the
conditions appearing in his release document. However, the accessory
penalties of the law which have not been expressly remitted therein shall
subsist (RRRBPP, 2002, Section 45).

See Figure 7 on the next page.

NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 165

Note: Santos-Padua, J. (2013). Parole

Figure 7 Supervision Process [Chart]. In Parole Rules,
Probation Law and Executive Clemency (Non-
Parole Supervision Process Institution-Based Corrections) (1st ed., p. 25).

BOARD

Release Document (Discharge on Parole)

DIRECTOR OF CORRECTIONS OR WARDEN OF THE JAIL

Certification of Release of the Prisoner

PROBATION AND PAROLE OFFICER

PAROLE SUPERVISION

CLIENT - (Parole/ Pardonee)

CONDITIONS

COMPLIANCE NON-COMPLIANCE

SUMMARY REPORT REPORTS

1. Progress Report
2. Infraction Report
3. Violation Report
Certificate of Fl NAL RELEASE and
DISCHARGE (FRO)

'11 ORDER OF ARREST and

RECOMMITMENT (OAR)
FREEDOM '11
PRISON
-Serve the remaining portion of the
maximum sentence for which he was
originally committed to prison
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 166

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 7

Name ••

Section •• Date ••

Rating: Professor:

1. What is Clemency?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

2. What is Executive Clemency?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 167

3. What is Sentence Commutation?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

4. What are the two types of Pardon?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 168

5. What are the similarities and distinction between Amnesty

and Pardon?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

6. What is Reprieve?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 169

7. What are the similarities and differences between Parole

and Probation?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

8. What are the predecessors of the concept of Parole?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 170

g. What are the steps in filing Petitions for Executive Clemency/ Parole?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

10. What are the Extraordinary Circumstances in granting

Executive Clemency?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 171

11. What are the minimum requirements for Commutation of Sentence?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

12. What are criteria in Disqualification for Parole?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 172

13. What are the Factors and Special Factors to be Considered in Petition
for Conditional Pardon, Commutation of Sentence or Parole?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -

14. What are the salient points in Parole Supervision?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 173

15. What is the difference between Cancellation and the

Termination of Parole?

- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
- ·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·- -
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS 174

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