Cells and genetics

Section 1.1

1. Complete:
a. Almost all energy used by organisms comes from the ____sun____
b. _____stimulus__ is any physical or chemical change in an organism’s external or
internal environment that causes a response in the organism.
c. The reaction of an organism to the stimulus is its ____response_______
d. The ability of an organism to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is
called ______homeostasis____

2. Compare between unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Unicellular Multicellular
Composed of one cell Composed of many cells

Microscopic Larger organisms

The single cell must carry all basic Cells are organized and specialized to
functions perform specific functions

3. Summarize the three parts of the cell theory.

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
2. Cells carry out the functions needed to support life
3. Cells come only from pre-existing cells.

4. List the six characteristics of living things.

a. Organisms grow and develop
b. Organisms can reproduce
c. Organisms respond to their surrounding
d. Organisms use energy to maintain homeostasis
e. Organisms are adapted to their environment
f. Organisms are made up of cells

5. List the needs of living things.

Energy, space, raw materials, food, water, and gases.

6. For each statement, write growth or development:

a. An organism increases in size: …Growth…
b. An organism changes in appearance over time: …Development……
c. New structures appear in the body of an organism: Development …

7. List the advantages of reproduction for organisms.

Replacing individuals that die.

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 Protecting a particular kind of organisms from being extinct.
Making more organisms of the same kind.

Section 1.2

1. Fill in the following table

Elements Building Importance Storage

blocks
Carbohydrates Carbon 1- Energy rich source Starch
Hydrogen 2- Components of cell in plants
oxygen membrane and cell wall

Lipids 1- Energy rich source Fats in

2- Cholesterol is an animals
Carbon important component
Hydrogen of the cell membrane
oxygen

Proteins Amino 1- Provide energy

Carbon acids 2- Essential building
Hydrogen material
oxygen 3- Component of cell
nitrogen membrane
sulfur 4- Build and repair body
parts
5- Enzymes are proteins
that speed up chemical
reactions

Nucleic acid nucleotides 1- DNA hold the genetic

Carbon information a cell needs
Hydrogen to make proteins
oxygen 2- RNA involve in making
nitrogen proteins
Phosphorus

Water 1- Most substances

Hydrogen dissolve in water
Oxygen 2- Help a cell keep its
shape
3- Help keep the body
temperature constant
4- Transports materials in
and out of a cell.

2. List the Essential and harmful functions of cholesterol.

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 It is essential because it is a part of the cell membrane.
It is harmful because it collects inside the blood vessels and blocks the blood flow.

3. Compare the animal cell to the plant cell by placing check marks

Cell part Plant cell Animal cell

Large central vacuole Yes No
Mitochondria Yes Yes
Cell membrane Yes Yes
Cell wall Yes No
Lysosome No Yes

4. Sequence the process of producing enzymes in a cell

…2.. Enzymes are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum.
…4….. Enzymes are carried out of the cell.
…1….. Enzymes are produced by ribosomes.
…3….. Enzymes reach the Golgi body where they are processed and packed.

5. Which of the following is true for only bacterial cells?

a. It does not have a nucleus.
b. It does not have organelles with membranes.
c. It has a cell wall.
d. It has genetic material.
e. All life processes take place in the cytoplasm.

6. Fill in the table to show how a cell wall an cell membrane compare. Write Yes or No

Function Cell membrane Cell wall

Surrounds a cell Yes Yes
Protects a cell Yes Yes
Allows only certain materials to pass through Yes No
Is thin and flexible Yes No
Is thick and rigid No Yes
Present in animals Yes No
Present in plants Yes Yes

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Section 1.3
1. Fill in the table

Cell Structure Adaptation

Nerve cells One end send messages to

the neighboring nerve cells
Branches or projections at
both ends

Plant leaf cells Thin and flat Protecting the outside of an

organism’s body

Smooth muscle cells Spindle shaped Line inside of stomach

when contracting food is
stirred and digested

Red blood cells Small and rounded To fit through tiny blood
vessels to deliver oxygen to
all body cells

Sperm cells Long tail and many Energy for swimming

mitochondria through female
reproductive system

2. List the levels of cell organization from the most complex to the simplest level.

Organism - Organ system- organ- tissue- cell

3. Arrange the following with the correct cellular organizational level within an organism.

…3. Eye
…4. Nervous system
…2. Nervous tissue
…1 Nerve cell

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Section 2.1

1. Why is a cell membrane considered as “selectively permeable”?

a) It allows some materials to pass through

b) It prevents other materials from passing

2. What is a transport protein?

It is a protein in the cell membrane that allows the large molecules to pass through

3. Compare passive and active transport, by choosing the correct feature(s).

Feature Passive transport Active transport

1. Requires energy Yes / No Yes / No

2. Does not require energy Yes / No Yes / No

3. Moves material from the region of Yes / No Yes / No

higher to a region of lower
concentration
4. Moves material from the region of Yes / No Yes / No
lower to the region of higher
concentration
5. Uses transport proteins Yes / No Yes / No

6. Does not use transport proteins Yes / No Yes / No

7. Diffusion and osmosis are examples Yes / No Yes / No

of it.

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4. Compare diffusion and osmosis, by choosing the correct feature(s).

Feature Diffusion Osmosis

1. Requires energy Yes / No Yes / No

2. Moves material from the region of Yes / No Yes / No

higher to a region of lower
concentration
3. Uses transport proteins Yes / No Yes / No

4. Always takes place across selectively Yes / No Yes / No

permeable membrane
5. Example: Transport of oxygen and Yes / No Yes / No
carbon Dioxide
6. Example: Transport of proteins Yes / No Yes / No

7. Example: transport of water Yes / No Yes / No

5. What happens to a red blood cell placed in pure water? Explain.

It swells then bursts, because water will move from high concentration of water
(pure water) to lower concentration of water (cytoplasm)

6. What happens to a red blood cell placed in 50% salt solution? Explain.
It shrinks and shrivels, because water will move from high concentration of water
(cytoplasm) to lower concentration of water (20 % salt solution)

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7. Consider the following solution separated by a selectively permeable membrane, as
shown in the figure below:

a. What is the name of the solute component of the solution? Sugar

b. Which component of the solution can move through the selectively permeable
membrane? Water

c. From which side? B to A

8. How are the following transported?

a. Water osmosis
b. Glucose transport protein
c. Oxygen Diffusion
d. Carbon dioxide Diffusion
e. Proteins secreted by the cells of the stomach Exocytosis
f. White blood cells engulfing bacteria Endocytosis
g. Secretion of salts by marine fish active transport
h. Absorption of salts by the roots of plants Active transport

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9. Which process is shown by the following figure? Endocytosis

10. Which process is shown by the following figure? Exocytosis

11. The following figure shows a process which takes in the cell?

a. What is shown by structure X? __________Transport protein__________

b. What is shown by structure Y? __________Cell membrane_____________

c. Which of the cell’s organelle provide the energy used during this process?
Mitochondria

d. What will happen to this process if there was no oxygen?

It stops because active transport requires energy, provided by aerobic respiration

12. Which of the following requires energy?

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 A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Endocytosis
D. Exocytosis.

Section 2.2
1. The following figure shows a chloroplast.

a) In which type of organisms is a chloroplast found?

A plant

b) Which reaction is carried out by a chloroplast?

Photosynthesis

c) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

6CO2 + 6 H2O sunlight energy 6O2 + C6H12O6

d) Name the sugar produced in this reaction?

Glucose

e) How does this sugar store energy?

As chemical energy

f) How is this reaction important?

1. Produce O2 to all living organisms.

2. Makes the plant its food.
3. Stores chemical energy for all organisms.

g) List how the sugar of the above mentioned reaction is used :

1. Changed to proteins

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 2. Stored as starch
3. Stored as woody material in the tree trunk

h) Label the figure above.

A. Sunlight energy

B. Carbon Dioxide

C. Oxygen

D. Glucose

i) What are the organisms which do not have a chloroplast called?

Heterotrophs

j) How do the organisms which do not have a chloroplast, obtain their energy?

From other organisms.

k) What is the ultimate source of energy?

The sun

2. You are carrying a starch test. You take two samples A and sample B. In each you
place 5 drops of a reagent.

a. What is the purpose of a starch test?

To detect the presence of starch in a sample.

b. What is the name of the reagent used in this test?

Iodine solution.

c. What is the color of this reagent?

Yellow brown.

d. Complete the table below:

Sample Contains starch Color after test

A Yes Blue Black

B No Yellow Brown

e. Which sample is coming from root tubers?

Sample A

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 3. Arrange the steps of photosynthesis. Number the first step 1.

2 Sunlight energy is used to split water molecule.

5 Hydrogen reacts with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.

1 Chlorophyll captures sunlight.

4 Oxygen is released into atmosphere.

3 Water molecule are split into hydrogen and oxygen.

4. Sarah wanted to measure how the rate of photosynthesis changes with the intensity of
light. She placed two elodea plant sprigs in water under different conditions. The results
she obtained are summarized in the following table.

Elodea sprig 1 2

Location In direct sunlight In the shade

Bubble number in five 250 100

minutes

a) How can she use her data to compare the rate of photosynthesis?

By comparing the number of bubbles produced in five minutes, the more bubbles
produced means the faster the rate of photosynthesis.

b) What are the bubbles most probably made of? Oxygen

5. Plants make their own food; they are called producers.

a) Other than producers, what are plants called? Photoautrophs
b) Name the process that plants use to make their own food. Photosynthesis
c) Name the pigment that gives plants their green color. Chlorophyll
d) Give another function for this pigment. Capturing the sunlight needed for
photosynthesis.

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 Section 2.3
1. The following figure shows a cell containing a structure X.

a) Label the following

parts:

A. Glucose

B. Oxygen

C. Carbon Dioxide

D. Cytoplasm

F. Smaller Molecules

X. Mitochondria

b) Which reaction is carried out by a structure X?

Cellular respiration

c) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

6O2 + C6 H12 O66CO2 + 6H2O + energy

d) How is this reaction important?

1. releases energy from the chemical bonds.

2. Recycles CO2 needed for photosynthesis.

3. Provides continuous supply of energy for the organisms.

e) What is the process that breaks down large carbohydrates molecules in food into
smaller glucose molecule?
Digestion

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 2. Fill in the Venn diagram to compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Glucose is the starting material – releases energy – occurs in the cytoplasm and
mitochondria –

requires oxygen – occurs only in the cytoplasm – does not require oxygen

Aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration

Occurs in the cytoplasm Glucose Occurs only in

and mitochondria is the starting the cytoplasm
material.

Requires Oxygen Releases energy Does not require

Oxygen

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3. Consider the following:

1. Oxygen + Glucose  carbon dioxide + water + energy

2. Glucose  carbon dioxide + alcohol + energy

3. Glucose  carbon dioxide + lactic acid + energy

4. Chemical compounds  gases + energy

a. Identify to which category of respiration does each belongs to:

1. Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)

2. Alcoholic Fermentation

3. Lactic acid fermentation

4. Anaerobic respiration

b. In which process (es) is mitochondria used?

Aerobic respiration

c. Which process produces most energy?

Aerobic respiration

d. Which process takes place in anaerobic bacteria only?

Anaerobic respiration

e. Which process takes place in bacteria living in deep sea only?

Anaerobic respiration

4. Anna’s mother was baking bread. She put the dough in a warm place to rise. Alcohol
and Carbon dioxide were produced during this phase. After baking the dough, Anna
noticed small holes in the bread.

a) What caused the dough to rise and the bread holes to appear? CO2 gas bubbles
produced.

b) What happens to alcohol when the dough is baked? It evaporates.

c) Name the process that produced alcohol and carbon dioxide. Alcoholic Fermentation.

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5. Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast cellular respiration and
photosynthesis.

Performed by animals – performed by plants – produce glucose – produce oxygen –

produces water – produces carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration photosynthesis

Produce Carbon Dioxide Produce Oxygen

Produce water Performed by

Plants
Performed by animals Produce glucose

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 Chapter (4)
Section 4.1
1. Label the figure using: Gene, Chromosome, DNA, Nucleotides.

A Gene

B DNA

C Nucleotide

D Chromosome

2. Match the following:

A. Trait 1. The science that studies how traits and their
differences are inherited
B. Heredity 2. A gene form that is expressed even if only one
copy is present
C. Gene 3. which are natural differences in the way a trait
appears
D. Genetics 4. segment of a DNA molecule that contains the
genetic information for an inherited trait
E. Allele 5. A characteristic of a living thing
F. Dominant allele 6. the X and Y chromosomes
G. recessive allele 7. The passing of genetic information from parent to
offspring in sex cells
H. Chromosomes 8. These are not passes from parents to offspring
I. variations 9. a gene form that is expressed only when two
copies are present
J. Sex 10. Each form of a gene
chromosomes
K. Acquired traits 11. Structures found in nucleus containing genes
L. Meiosis 12. Process which causes halving of chromosome
number during cell division

A B C D E F G H I J K L
5 7 4 1 10 2 9 11 3 6 8 12

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3. Consider the following two figures:

a. Which process is shown by figure a?

Transcription
b. Which process is shown by figure b?
Translation
c. Where does process a take place?
Nucleus
d. Where does process b take place?
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm
e. What are these two processes used for in the cell?
Protein synthesis
f. What is the function of tRNA?
It picks up amino acids from the cytoplasm, carry them to the ribosome, and
assemble them into a protein.
g. What is the function of mRNA? How many mRNA nucleotide code for one amino
acid?
mRNA is assembled by base pairing with the exposed DNA, it then carries the
genetic information from the gene in the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
3 mRNA nucleotides code for one amino acid.
h. What are amino acids?
The building blocks making up proteins.
i. How many strands are there in a DNA molecule?
2 strands
j. How many strands are there in RNA molecule?
1 strand
k. How many kinds of RNA molecules are there?
2 types
Name them: mRNA and tRNA

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 4. Label the following diagram

A= mRNA nucleotide.
B= Newly made mRNA

5. Complete the following about the two steps of protein synthesis using the words from
the box

mRNA – proteins – nucleus – transcription – translation – cytoplasm/ribosome

a. The first step of protein synthesis is transcription it takes place in the nucleus and
produces mRNA
b. The second step of protein synthesis is translation it takes place in the
cytoplasm/ribosome and produces proteins

6. Protein synthesis is an important process within a cell. This process involves two main
stages, transcription and translation.
a. Explain in three steps what happens during transcription.
 The DNA molecule unzips and makes a single strand.
 mRNA nucleotides pair with the exposed DNA bases to make a new mRNA strand.
 mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it finds the ribosome

b. Explain in two steps what happens during transcription.

 tRNA pick up free amino acids from the cytoplasm and carry them to the
ribosome.
 Amino acids are assembled into proteins in the ribosome

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7. Label the following diagram

A= tRNA
1= mRNA
2= growing protein

8. The diagram below shows different processes that cause genetic variations within living
things. Complete this diagram using words from the box below.
Fertilization – meiosis – multiple gene traits – multiple alleles

 Union of human sperm and egg cell …fertilization

Genetic
 Several genes controlling one trait …Multiple gene traits
 Different sets of alleles for the same gene …Multiple alleles variation
 Production of different gametes …Meiosis

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 9. The following figure shows cells at the start of meiosis, and at the end of
meiosis, respectively:

How does meiosis contribute to variation in the offspring?

After meiosis, daughter cells receive random alleles, which is why each daughter
cell have a different genetic information.

10. The diagram below represents a drawing of a human’s set of chromosomes found in a
body cell.

a) Is this body cell a gamete? A body cell

Explain your answer. The chromosomes are found in pairs/there are 46 chromosomes

b) Does this body cell belong to a male or a female? A male

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 11. Arrange the steps of protein synthesis.
………2… Nucleotides of mRNA pair with the DNA exposed bases.
………5… tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.
………4….The mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus to the ribosome.
……1…….The DNA molecule unzips and forms a single strand.
………3…. A strand of mRNA is made.
………6. …In the ribosome, amino acids are assembled in a protein.

12. Compare and contrast a DNA and a RNA molecule. Complete the following Venn
diagram with terms from the box below.
Single stranded – made up of nucleotides – has the base uracil – double stranded –
involved in protein synthesis – has the base thymine

DNA RNA

Double stranded involved in single stranded

Protein synthesis

Has the base Thymine made up of has the base Uracil

nucleotides

13. The chain below shows nucleotides of a nucleic acid molecule.

ACGGUUGCAAUG
A: Adenine
G: Guanine
C: Cytosine
U: Uracil

a) Does the given chain represent a part of a DNA or RNA molecule? Explain your
answer.
RNA molecule
Because it contains Uracil

b) How many amino acids can be assembled by this chain? Explain your answer.

4 amino acids
Because every 3 nucleotides in the RNA molecule code for 1 amino acid.

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 Section 4.2

1. Why did Mendel use pea plants for his experiment?

Because pea plants produce large number of offspring in a short time, and they normally
self-pollinate.

2. Consider the following cross:

P1 Tall plant X Short plant

TT tt

T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt

F1 All tall plants

Tt
______

a. Using appropriate symbols to show the alleles complete the cross.

b. What kind of dominance is shown by this cross?

Complete dominance

Give a reason for your answer?

The dominant allele is the only allele expressed in crossing a purebred tall with a
purebred short.

3. Consider the following cross:

P1 Red flower X White flower

___RR_ ___WW_
R R

W RW RW
W RW RW

F1 All pink plants

100% RW
______

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 a. Using appropriate symbols to show the alleles, complete the cross.

b. What kind of dominance is shown by this cross?

Incomplete dominance.

Give a reason for your answer?

An intermediate phenotype is obtained in the heterozygous individuals.

4. Consider the following cross between a person having blood group A and a person
having blood group B:

P1 Ai X Bi

A i

B AB
AB BiBi

i AiAi iiii

F1 type AB type B type A type O

AB Bi Ai ii

a. Using appropriate symbols to show the alleles, complete the cross.

b. What kind of dominance is shown by this cross?

Codominance.

Give a reason for your answer?

Both alleles A and B are equally expressed

5. . A purebred dog with red hair was crossed with a purebred dog with yellow hair. All
the offspring had a red hair color.

a) Which allele can be represented by R?

Red Hair

Explain your answer

Because it is the dominant allele, and the red color masked the yellow color in the
offspring.

b) Give the genotype of the parents.

Red hair: RR
Yellow hair: rr

c) Give the genotype of the offspring.

Rr

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 6. The diagram below shows a cross between two purebred plants.

Parents Green pod purebred X yellow pod

purebred

F1 generation green pod

a) Which trait is dominant?

Green color pod

Explain your answer.

The factor for the green color masked the factor for the yellow color in the F1 generation.

b) If plants of F1 generation are self- pollinated, what is the phenotypic ratio of the
offspring in the F2 generation?
75% will have green color pod
25% will have a yellow color pod

The end
Good luck

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