3.

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TOPIC: 3.10 SOLUBILITY

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
3.10.A Explain the relationship between the solubility of ionic and molecular compounds in aqueous and nonaqueous
solvents, and the intermolecular interactions between particles.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE:
3.10.A.1 Substances with similar intermolecular interactions tend to be miscible or soluble in one another
EQUATION(S):
N/A

NOTES:
Solubility describes the extent to which a solute will dissolve into a solvent to from a solution. If a lot of the solute
can dissolve it can be described as highly soluble, if very little dissolves it would be described as slightly (sparingly)
soluble or if none can dissolve it would be insoluble.

Water is a common solvent because it has the ability to dissolve many different substances.
When a solution has water as the solvent the solution is referred to as an aqueous solution.

Water is a good solvent because it is a highly polar molecule. It has 2 sets of lone pairs on the
highly electronegative oxygen atom meaning that the electrons are “pulled” towards the
oxygen atom leaving the hydrogens with a partial positive charge. The lone pairs give water a
bent or angular molecular geometry with a bond angle of 104.5°.

When an ionic solid is dissolved into water, the ions become hydrated. Hydration is the process where the water
molecules surround the ions to dissolve them. When water molecules surround the ions they orient themselves so
that the partially positive ends of the water molecule are closest to the negative ions and the partially negative end
of the water molecule is closest to the positive ion. This attraction is often referred to as an ion-dipole.

Water can also dissolve non-ionic substances as well, as shown in this

image. The water is attracted to the polar part of the acetic acid,
CH3COOH, molecule. The –O-H on the acetic acid is capable of forming
a hydrogen bond with water. This attraction allows the acetic acid to
dissolve in water. Notice that the acetic acid molecule does not break
apart like the ionic compound. (Side note: The hydrogen ion in acetic
acid does partially ionize, but most molecules in solution are
CH3COOH (not dissociated)– we will discuss this later with weak
acids)

Not all substances can dissolve in water. The memory aid for
determining solubility is “like dissolves like.” This refers to the types of intermolecular forces present in a sample.
Substances with similar IMFs to the solvent will dissolve but substances with IMFs that differ from the solvent are
unlikely to dissolve.

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 3.10
There are three steps that must occur in order for a solution to form.
1) The solute particles must separate (energy required)
2) The solvent particles must separate (energy required)
3) The solute and solvent particles must come back together (energy released)

The amount of energy needed for each step depends on the IMFs of the materials. The stronger the IMFs are the
more energy will be involved.

Polar substances will dissolve into polar solvents and nonpolar substances will dissolve into nonpolar solvents.
Nonpolar substances do not dissolve into polar solvents and polar substances do not dissolve into nonpolar
solvents because there is not enough energy released in the last step to negate the energy needed for the first two
steps.

When two substances can mix together they are said to be miscible, like vinegar and water.
When two substances cannot mix together they are said to be immiscible, like oil and water.

I DO:
For each of the following substances, determine the type(s) of IMF present and then decide if the substance will
dissolve better in hexanes (C6H14) or water (H2O).
Hexanes, C6H14 Water, H2O
Substance Type(s) of IMF  LDF Hydrogen Bonding, D-D, LDF

NaCl ionic Dissolves better

C3H8 LDF Dissolves better

CO2 LDF Dissolves better

CH2O Dipole-dipole, LDF Dissolves better

WE DO:
Draw a molecular level diagram that shows what happens when the following reaction takes
place.
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl-(aq)  PbCl2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3- (aq)
Be sure to show the solutions before and after the reaction takes place and include a key.

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 3.10
YOU DO:
1) Look at the different structural formulas provided and determine which would be most likely to dissolve in
methanol. Explain your selection based on the intermolecular forces.

0
Methanol A) Ethane B) Ammonia C) Carbon D) Cyclohexane
tetrachloride

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Chemistry/chapters/cha wer/what-is-the- rbon_tetrachloride.html
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of-nh3.html

Ammonia is polar and sincemethanol is alsopolar itwillbemostlikely

compound
to dissolvein methanol
2) Rank the following from MOST soluble in water to LEAST soluble in water.
a. CH3CH2CH2OHmiddlesolubleinwater
b. HOCH2CH2OHmostsoluble inwater
c. CH3CH2CH2 CH3leastsolubleinwater

3) The following gases were bubbled through water, which of the gases is most likely to dissolve?
a. CO2
b. CH4 O
c. PH3
d. N2

4) In each pair determine which ion would be more strongly hydrated with water and explain why. Refer to
the notes on Coulomb’s Law if you need a review.

towatermolecules
O I9
a) Na+ or Li+ Henrakamifwnragedrivattraction

attraction toWater Molecules

b) Na+ or Mg 2+ highercharge smalleratomicradiusstronger

c) ClO4- orOfamaffer
ClO2- attraction
gotha a stronger
5)
towatermoleus
Which of the following pairs of substances are miscible? (Choose all that apply)

O
a)
b)
C6H14 and C5H12
H2O and CH3OH
O c) C4H10 and C4H9OH
d) CHCl3 and CH2Cl2
O e) CH3NH2 and CH3CH3

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