Pointers
Lenses
D - Plano Convex Lens
[ ] - Rectangular Lens
/\ - Triangular Lens
)( - Double Concave Lens
() – Double Convex Lens
)) – Concavo - Concave
(( - Convexo – Convex
Convex Lens – Converging Concave Lens – Diverging
Refraction – the bending of light when it travels from one medium to
another of different optical densities
Lens – a transparent material made of glass or plastics that reflects light
rays and focuses them at a point
Convex Lenses – thicker in the center than edges, lens that converges
light rays, and forms real image and virtual images depending on position
of the object
Concave Lenses- lenses that are thicker at the edges and thinner in the
center, diverges light rays, all images are erect and reduced
Nearsightedness – eyeball is too long and image focuses in front of the
retina ( elongated )
- Concave lenses expand focal length
Farsighted – eyeball is too short so image is focused behind the retina
Normal Vision and Myopia
Normal Vision – faraway objects is clear
Myopia – nearsighted eye, the eye ball is too long, faraway object is blurry
Myopia Corrected – connected within a minus lens
Optical Instruments and there functions
1. Magnifying Glass = a single positive lens that will add convergence
to the visual system. Function: proved an image of an object that is
bigger than that seen by the naked eye
2. Compound Microscope – consists of a combination of lenses for
magnifying an object several hundred times, uses converging lenses
with two short focal lengths, objective lens forms a real and
enlarged inverted image, eyepiece forms enlarged erect but virtual
final image
3. Telescope – allows us to see distant object, it contains the
converging lenses, forms a real image of a very distant object with
the focus of the eyepiece lens, focal length of the objective’s lens
must be relatively large
4. Camera – is a box-like device used for taking pictures, uses lens that
produces a real image, shutter that opens just long enough to allow
the image to fall on the film
- uses two convex lenses
Type: DLSR & SLR
5. Binoculars – consist of a pair of telescopes mounted together,
formed by the objective lens is upside-down, eyepiece create
enlarge, virtual, upright images
6. Endoscope – long flexible tube that is inserted in the body so that a
doctor can observe internal passages, converging lens and bunches
of optical fibers, uses the concept of total internet reflection
7. Spectrometer – uses the principle of diffraction to create a spectrum
of colors emitted by a light source, this aids the scientists and
engineers in identifying different substances
8. Overhead Projector – it has a mirror, which focuses light from an
intense source onto a pair of converging lenses, these lenses direct
the light through the side to a projection lens, lens is mounted on a
sliding tube so that it can be adjusted to be able to focus the real
image on the screen
9. Periscope – consisting of a tube attached to a set of mirror or
prisms, through which an observer can see things are otherwise out
of sight.
Mirror Equation – provides/determines the exact locations and size of the
image formed in curved mirrors 1/f + 1/p + 1/q
f = focal length or distance from the mirror and the focal point
p = distance of the objects from the mirror
q = distance of the image from the mirror
h = height of the object
h1 = height of the image
Mirror Equation applies to both concave and convex mirrors
Convex Mirrors = for all location of objects in front of the convex mirror,
the image always appears as if it is located behind the mirror, the value of
the image distance is negative
