Covenant of the League of Nations, 1919

The High Contracting Parties,

In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security
by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war,
by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations,
by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of
conduct among Governments, and
by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the deal
ings of organised peoples with one another,
Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations.
Article 1
The original Members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories which are named
in the Annex to this Covenant and also such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede
without reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a Declaration deposited with
the Secretariat within two months of the coming into force of the Covenant. Notice thereof shall be
sent to all other Members of the League.
Any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony not named in the Annex may become a Mem-
ber of the League if its admission is agreed to by two-thirds of the Assembly, provided that it shall give
effective guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept
such regulations as may be prescribed by the League in regard to its military, naval and air forces and
armaments.
Any Member of the League may, after two years’ notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the
League, provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall
have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.

Article 2
The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected through the instrumentality of an
Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent Secretariat.

Article 3
The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members of the League.
The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as occasion may require at the
Seat of the League or at such other place as may be decided upon.
The Assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League
or affecting the peace of the world. At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the League shall have
one vote, and may have not more than three Representatives.

Article 4
The Council shall consist of Representatives of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, togeth-
er with Representatives of four other Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall
be selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the appointment of the Repre-

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sentatives of the four Members of the League first selected by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium,
Brazil, Spain and Greece shall be members of the Council.
With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members
of the League whose Representatives shall always be members of the Council; the Council, with like
approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for repre-
sentation on the Council.
The Assembly shall fix by a two-thirds’ majority the rules dealing with the election of the non-
permanent Members of the Council, and particularly such regulations as relate to their term of office
and the conditions of re-eligibility.*
The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at least once a year, at the
Seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon.
The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or
affecting the peace of the world.
Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representa-
tive to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of matters specially
affecting the interests of that Member of the League.
At meetings of the Council, each Member of the League represented on the Council shall have one
vote, and may have not more than one Representative.

Article 5
Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the terms of the present Treaty,
decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the Mem-
bers of the League represented at the meeting.
All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment
of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council
and may be decided by a majority of the Members of the League represented at the meeting.
The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by the
President of the United States of America.

Article 6
The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. The Secretariat shall
comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff as may be required.
The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary Gen-
eral shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly.
The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the
approval of the Council.
The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly and of the Council.
The expenses of the League shall be borne by the Members of the League in the proportion decided
by the Assembly.*

Article 7
The Seat of the League is established at Geneva.

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 The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be established elsewhere.
All positions under or in connection with the League, including the Secretariat, shall be open
equally to men and women.
Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the League when engaged on the
business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.
The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives
attending its meetings shall be inviolable.

Article 8
The Members of the League recognise that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of
national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by com-
mon action of international obligations.
The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall
formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such
plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years.
After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments
therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council.
The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and
implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant
upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members
of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for
their safety.
The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of
their armaments, their military, naval and air programmes and the condition of such of their indus-
tries as are adaptable to war-like purposes.

Article 9
A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provi-
sions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval and air questions generally.

Article 10
The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the
territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any
such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the
means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

Article 11
Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or
not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action
that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency
should arise the Secretary General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith sum-
mon a meeting of the Council.
It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member of the League to bring to the attention
of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which

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threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace
depends.

Article 12
The Members of the League agree that, if there should arise between them any dispute likely to
lead to a rupture they will submit the matter either to arbitration or judicial settlement or to enquiry by
the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the arbi-
trators or the judicial decision, or the report by the Council. In any case under this Article the award
of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time, and the report of the
Council shall be made within six months after the submission of the dispute.*

Article 13
The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute shall arise between them which they
recognise to be suitable for submission to arbitration or judicial settlement and which cannot be sat-
isfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration or judicial
settlement.*
Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international law, as to the exist-
ence of any fact which if established would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to
the extent and nature of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are declared to be among those
which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration or judicial settlement.
For the consideration of any such dispute, the court to which the case is referred shall be the Per-
manent Court of International Justice, established in accordance with Article 14, or any tribunal agreed
on by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them.*
The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good faith any award or deci-
sion that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to war against a Member of the League which
complies therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award or decision, the Council shall
propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.*

Article 14
The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League for adoption plans for the
establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and
determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The Court
may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the
Assembly.

Article 15
If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which
is not submitted to arbitration or judicial settlement in accordance with Article 13, the Members of the
League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may effect such
submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all
necessary arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof.*
For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary General, as promptly
as possible, statements of their case with all the relevant facts and papers, and the Council may forth-
with direct the publication thereof.

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 The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if such efforts are success-
ful, a statement shall be made public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the
terms of settlement thereof as the Council may deem appropriate.
If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make
and publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which
are deemed just and proper in regard thereto.
Any Member of the League represented on the Council may make public a statement of the facts
of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the same.
If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the Repre-
sentatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League agree that they will
not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report.
If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof,
other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League
reserve to themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the maintenance
of right and justice.
If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council, to arise
out of a matter which by international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the
Council shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.
The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute shall
be so referred at the request of either party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within
fourteen days after the submission of the dispute to the Council.
In any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions of this Article and of Article 12 relating to
the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided
that a report made by the Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the
League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive in
each case of the Representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as a report by
the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of
the parties to the dispute.

Article 16
Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants under Articles 12,
13 or 15, it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of
the League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or financial
relations, the prohibition of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the covenant-
breaking State, and the prevention of all financial, commercial or personal intercourse between the
nationals of the covenant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a Member of the
League or not.
It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several Governments con-
cerned what effective military, naval or air force the Members of the League shall severally contribute
to the armed forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League.
The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in the
financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to minimise the loss and
inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will mutually support one another in
resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and that

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they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the
Members of the League which are co-operating to protect the covenants of the League.
Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may be declared to be
no longer a Member of the League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of all
the other Members of the League represented thereon.

Article 17
In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a State which is not a Member of the
League, or between States not Members of the League, the State or States not Members of the League shall
be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon
such conditions as the Council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles
12 to 16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed necessary by the Council.
Upon such invitation being given the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry into the cir-
cumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the
circumstances.
If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the pur-
poses of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of the League, the provisions of Article
16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action.
If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the
League for the purposes of such dispute, the Council may take such measures and make such recom-
mendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the settlement of the dispute.

Article 18
Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by any Member of the League shall
be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such
treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered.

Article 19
The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of
treaties which have become inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose con-
tinuance might endanger the peace of the world.

Article 20
The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all obliga-
tions or understandings inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake
that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof.
In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, have under-
taken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member
to take immediate steps to procure its release from such obligations.

Article 21
Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of international engagements,
such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the
maintenance of peace.

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 Article 22
To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under
the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not
yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should
be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of
civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant.
The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples
should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their
geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that
this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.
The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people,
the geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions and other similar circumstances.
Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of devel-
opment where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the
rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to
stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the
Mandatory.
Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatory must be
responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of
conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of
abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establish-
ment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than
police purposes and the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and
commerce of other Members of the League.
There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which,
owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres
of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circum-
stances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory,
subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population.
In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference
to the territory committed to its charge.
The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not
previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council.
A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the
Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates.

Article 23
Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter
to be agreed upon, the Members of the League:
(a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour for men, women,
and children, both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial
relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary international organisa-
tions;

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 (b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control;
(c) will entrust the League with the general supervision over the execution of agreements with
regard to the traffic in women and children, and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs;
(d) will entrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with
the countries in which the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;
(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications and of transit and
equitable treatment for the commerce of all Members of the League. In this connection, the special
necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914–1918 shall be borne in mind;
(f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international concern for the prevention and control
of disease.

Article 24
There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaux already estab-
lished by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and all
commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed
under the direction of the League.
In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general convention but which are not
placed under the control of international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall,
subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant
information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable.
The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or
commission which is placed under the direction of the League.

Article 25
The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment and co-operation
of duly authorised voluntary national Red Cross organisations having as purposes the improvement of
health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world.

Article 26
Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose
Representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Repre-
sentatives compose the Assembly.
No such amendments shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom,
but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League.

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