Effect of Temperature on animals

Sathon Vijarnwannaluk
Physics department
Faculty of Science
Chulalongkorn University
 References
• Knut Schmidt-Neilsen, Animal Physiology, 5th
edition, Cambridge university press, 1998.
• Many other sources from the internet
Temperature characteristics in animals
• Homeothermy • Poikilothermy
– Body temperature remain – Body temperature
constant changes according to
• Endothermic animals surrounding temperature
– Maintain body • Ectothermic
h i animals
i l
temperature by internal – Maintain body
metabolism
b li temperature due
d to
– Mainly refers to Birds external source
andd mammalsl
Processes of Heat Transfer
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Evaporation
 I Conduction
I.
• The process of heat transfer through a medium
with out motion of medium
• In solid heat is conduct by vibration of atoms
or molecules in the medium
• In metal heat is conduct by free electrons and
vibration of atoms
• In liquid and gases heat is transfer to
molecules and then transport away by motion
(
(combined
bi d with
ith Convection)
C ti )
 Conduction

H • H = rate of energy transfer

Th TC • A = cross-section area
• L = length of medium
A
• Th = Hot surface
temperature
• Tc = cold surface
L temperature
• K = conduction
d i coefficient
ffi i
Th − Tc
H = KA
L
 Thermal conductivities of materials
materials k(Wm-1K-1)
Silver 406
Copper 385
Aluminum
l i 209
Steel 46
Glass 1.05
Rubber 0.167
Knut Schmidt-Neilsen, Animal Physiology, 5th edition, Cambridge university press, 1998
 Thermal conductivities of materials
materials k(Wm-1K-1)
Soil (dry) 0 3344
0.3344
Wood 0.125
Water(37oC) 0.63
Air 0 0238
0.0238
Adipose tissue 0.213
Animal fur 0.038
Knut Schmidt-Neilsen, Animal Physiology, 5th edition, Cambridge university press, 1998
 Thermal properties of tissue
Material Conductivityy Densityy Specific
p heat Diffusivityy
(Wm-1K-1) (g/cm3) (kJ/kgK) (m2s-1×10-7)
Muscle 0.38-0.54 1.01-1.05 3.6-3.8 0.90-1.5

Fat 0.19-0.20 0.85-0.94 2.2-2.4 0.96

Kidney 0 54
0.54 1 05
1.05 39
3.9 13
1.3

Heart 0.59 1.06 3.7 1.4

Liver 0.57 1.05 3.6 1.5

Brain 0 16 0 57
0.16-0.57 1 04 1 05
1.04-1.05 36 37
3.6-3.7 0 44 1 4
0.44-1.4

Water@37oC 0.63 0.99 4.2 1.5

Adapted from AF Emery and KM Sekins (1982); K. Giering et al (1995)

 Interesting point
• Our tissue is a poor conductor and can transport only
1/10 amount of heat generate to our skin
• Need more efficient way to transport heat
• Animals using blood to transfer heat from internal
organ to capillaries near the skin where heat is
removed
• If the body loses heat too fast, the capillaries
constricted and the blood flow to the skin is greatly
reduced.
 II Convection
II.
• A transfer of energy by the motion of fluid
• Complex Process
• Shape dependent
• Two type of convection
– Free convection : convection in stationary fluid
– Forced convection : convection in moving fluid
 Convection
• Hc = Rate
R off energy
transfer
• A = surface area
• Ts = surface temperature
H c = K c A(Ts − T∞ ) • T∞ = Fluid temperature
• Kc = coefficient of
convection
 Convection coefficient

From P. Davidovits Physics in biology and medicines (1975), Prentice-Hall

 Wind chill Factor
• R
Rate off convection
i is i greater when
h the h fluid
fl id medium
di is
i moving
i
• Calculates wind speed at an average height of five feet (typical
height of an adult human face) based on readings from the
national standard height of 33 feet (typical height of an
anemometer)
• Is based on a human face model
• Incorporates modern heat transfer theory (heat loss from the
b d tto its
body it surroundings,
di during
d i cold ld andd breezy/windy
b / i d days)
d )
• Lowers the calm wind threshold to 3 mph
• Uses a consistent standard for skin tissue resistance
• Assumes no impact from the sun (i.e., clear night sky).
 III Radiation
III.
• Every object
bj at temperature greater thanh zero
Kelvin will emit electromagnetic wave
(Blackbody Radiation)
• Power radiated is p proportional
p to temperature
p
to the forth (T4): Stefan laws
• Wavelength of the maximum radiation
intensity is inverse proportional to the
temperature (λmax∝1/T): Wein
Wein’ss displacement
law
 Stefan’ss Law
Stefan

b d = εAσT
4
H body b

• Hbody =Amount of energy radiate per second (Watt)

• ε = emissivity (Blackbody: ε=1)
• A = surface area (m2)
• σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5 67 10-88 W/m
5.67×10 W/ 2 K4
• Tb surface temperature of the body in Kelvin
 Radiation from surrounding
• Area around systems also
radiated electromagnetic wave
which will be absorb to the
body
• Ta = ambient temperature H ambient = εAσT
a
4

• Hambient = amount of energy

absorbed
 Total Radiation from subject body

(
H rad = ε A σ T − T 4
b a
4
)
Two particular case
• object is very hot (Tb>>Ta)
• Object is almost at the same temperature
(Tb≈Ta)
 Very Hot object
(Tb>>Ta)
• Hrad≈Hbody

H body = εAσT 4
b
 (
H rad = εAσ Tb4 − Ta4 )
Tb≈Ta H rad
⎡ ⎛T
= εAσTb ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ a
4 ⎞
⎟⎟
4
⎤
⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ Tb ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ T − ΔT ⎞ 4 ⎤
H rad = εAσTb4 ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ b ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ Tb ⎠ ⎥⎦
[
H rad = εAσTb4 1 − (1 − x )
4
]
Tb − Ta
x=
Tb
(
H rad = εAσTb4 4 x − 6 x 2 + 4 x 3 − x 4 )
⎛ Tb − Ta ⎞
H rad ≈ 4 εAσT ⎜⎜ 4
b
⎟⎟
⎝ Tb ⎠
⎛ Tb − Ta ⎞
H rad ≈ 4 H body ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Tb ⎠
 IV Evaporation
IV.
• When
h large
l amount off heat
h is i generate inside
i id
the body and all other processes can not
transfer enough heat to maintain constant body
temperature, animal use evaporation of water
to keep cool
• Latent
e heat
e of
o vaporization
v po o iss about
bou 2.50
.50 kJ/g
J/g
(at 273 Kelvin)
• This is the main process of heat loss during
exercise
 IV Evaporation
IV.

dQ dm
H evap = =L = Lm

dt dt

• L = Latent heat of evaporation

• dm/dt
d /dt is
i the
th rate
t off sweating
ti
Thermal regulation
 Energy requirements
and
Metabolic rate
• Metabolic rate is an amount of energy per unit time
per unit area that is requires to sustain activities
• This rate is independent of body size (For human)
• Metabolic
M t b li rate t att restt is
i called
ll d “Basal
“B l metabolic
t b li
rate”. For human it is about 150 kJ/m2hr
 Metabolic rate
Activity Energy Cost (kJ / m2 hr)
sleeping 150
sitting
itti 210
working at a desk 250
standing 350
washing or dressing 420
walking (3 mph) 590
bi li
bicycling 1050
swimming 1465
running 2510
 How to calculate surface area of a
human body?

A = 0.202M 0.425
H 0.725

• Empirical
E i i l formula
f l
• A = area in m2
• M = mass in kg
• e g in meter
H = height e e (m)
( )
 Metabolic rate
Activity
c v y Energy
e gy Cost
Cos ((kJJ /
m2 hr)
sleeping
p g 150
sitting 210
working
ki att a desk
d k 250
standing 350
washing or dressing 420
walkingg ((3 mph)
p ) 590
bicycling 1050
swimming
i i 1465
running 2510
 Food and energy
• Energy come from
E f Food
F d
• Carbohydrate and Protein Provide 16.7 kJ/g (4 kcal/g)
• Li id (Fat)
Lipids (F t) : 37.6
37 6 kJ/g
kJ/ (9 kcal/g)
k l/ )
• Alcohol : 29.3 kJ/g (7 kcal/g)
• F dC
Food Calories
l i (Cal)
(C l) = 1000 calories
l i (cal)
( l)
• To get energy from food need Oxygen (O2)
• E
Every liter
lit off Oxygen
O consumedd produce
d 4.83
4 83 kcal
k l
(20 kJ)
• Therefore we can calculate metabolic rate form
Oxygen consumption rate
 Metabolic rate and size
• Energy consumption depends on energy losses
• Energy losses depends on Surface area
• Therefore metabolic rate depends on size of
animals
i l
ass ∝ Vo
• mass u e ∝ R3
Volume
• Energy losses ∝ surface area ∝ R2
• There for metabolic rate ∝ 1/size
Kliber’ss Law
Kliber
 How about Dinosaurs?
• Dinosaurs
i can have
h low
l metabolisms
b li (reptile
( il
metabolisms) but can maintain their body
temperature (Homeoterm) just because of their
size
• Large mass low metabolism can keep
e pe u e higher
temperature g e than surrounding
su ou d g
• For mammal metabolism with Dinosaurs size
(50 tons) internal temperature will be 60-
60
140oC above air temperature. = Boiled!
 Effect of high temperature to animals
• Increase metabolisms
• Enzymes function changes
• Cell organs damage
• Protein synthesis altered and degradation
occu s
occurs
• Effect gene creation
torpid = sluggish: lacking physical or mental energy
 Effect of low temperature to animals
• Water in cell frozen damage cells
• Reduce metabolic rates
• Lost consciousness
Effect of temperature to human
Body Temperature (C) Symptoms
28 muscle failure
30 loss of body temp. control
33 loss of consciousness
37 normal
42 central nervous system
breakdown
44 death byy irreversible
protein damage
 Specific Heat Capacity
Substance Specific Heat Capacity cp
g oC))
((J/kg.
Human Body (average) 3,470

Protein 1,700
,

Woodd 1 00
1,700
 How to keep warm?
• Get
G away ffrom the
h cold
ld
– Hybernation
• Increase metabolic
b li rate
– Increase activities (Keep moving)
– Shivering
Shi i
– Special design heat exchange
• Reduce
R d heat
h t losses
l (Insulation)
(I l ti )
– Vascoconstriction
– Blubber
Bl bb
– Feather
 Large Aquatic animals.
• Large animals lose less heat.
-e.g., leatherback
l h b k turtle l maintains
i i core temp. 25°C
even if water 7.5 °C.
Hi h metabolic
High b li rate & goodd insulation.
i l i
 Small aquatic
q animals.

• High surface area to volume ratio, i.e., lose heat

quickly.
i kl
• To generate heat, must increase O2 consumption -
requires large gill surface area
g ggill surface area = heat loss.
• Problem: large
Solution:
• Heat exchanger between gills & muscles.
muscles
 The heat exchanger (rete mirabile).
mirabile)
• Solution used by fast
fast-swimming
swimming fish (tuna,
(tuna shark).
shark)
• Oxygenated blood from gills run along arteries just
under skin.
skin This blood is cool
cool.
• Arteries have many fine parallel branches which run
next to fine venules of warm blood coming in opposite
direction deep in red muscles (cruising muscles).
• Heat exchange takes place & heat maintained within
muscles reducing loss to environment.
temps (some 12 – 14 °C
• The elevated temps. C warmer than
water) increase power of muscles = faster swimming
speeds.
Rete mirabile
Blubber Insulation.

• ~ 5 cm thick in seals.
• 50% or more of cross-sectional area is blubber.
• p as water (no
Skin of seal is same temp. ( heat loss).
)
• Q: How do seals lose heat after exercise or when
out of water?
A: Blood shunted through blubber to cutaneous
blood vessels for heat dissipation
dissipation.
 Seal Blubber.
Blubber
Seal emerged
g out of water.

Air temperature in 90’s.

Images taken from Infrared Zoo Gallery.

Combined blubber & fur insulation.
insulation
• Polar bears have both
blubber & fur to aid
insulation in water & air.
pp in fur acts as
• Air trapped
insulator on land - useless
when wet.
• Both blubber & fur aids
semi-aquatic
semi aquatic lifestyle.
How to keep warm
Huddling
Insulation
 How to keep warm
Basking
• For reptiles
il andd amphibian,
hibi their
h i body
b d
temperatures changes with environment
• To get enough metabolic rate to move they
need to increase body y temperature
p to the level
suitable to function
• They stay in the Sun (“basking”)
( basking ) and use the
radiation from the sun to stay warm
• Their
Th i body
b d temp
t may be hi h as 40 oC
b as high
• Solar irradiation at sea level 900-1000 W/m2