GROUP 1:
GOLOSINO | GULAYAN | HADJIZAMAN |
JAMERO, M.G | JAMERO M.L | JULIADA |
LADERA | MALABO | MALICSE |
TRAVERSING
AND TRAVERSE
COMPUTATION
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
INTERIOR ANGLE
TRAVERSE
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE
• Interior angles are the angles formed between the
adjacent sides of a closed figure.
• Interior angles may be measured either in a clockwise
or counterclockwise direction.
• The common mistakes in reading, plotting and
recording are reduced if one method of measurement is
consistently adapted.
• To get the total interior angles: (n-2)180°
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
DEFLECTION
ANGLE TRAVERSE
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
DEFLECTION ANGLE TRAVERSE
• Deflection angles are horizontal angles measured
clockwise or counterclockwise from the
prolongation of the preceding line to the
succeeding line.
• They vary from 0 degrees to 180 degrees
• They must be designated as right (R) or left (L)
• Summation of the deflection angles, considering
those turned to the left as being opposite in sign to
those turned to the right, should equal to 360
degrees.
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
ANGLE TO THE RIGHT
TRANSVERSE
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
ANGLE TO THE RIGHT
TRANSVERSE
• The angles for this type of traverse are measured
clockwise from the backsight on the back line to a
forward line.
•Angles may lie anywhere between 0 to 360 degrees.
•Sum of the angles should equal to (n+2)180
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
• Azimuths are measured clockwise either from the
north or south end of a selected reference meridian
to the line.
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
Azimuth angles measured from NORTH:
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
AZIMUTH TRAVERSE
Azimuth angles measured from SOUTH:
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS:
LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS:
LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
Formulas:
Latitude = d cos ∠ Departure = d sin ∠
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS: LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE
It refers to the length and bearing of a line
segment joining the initial and terminal point of a
closed traverse.
Formulas:
LEC = σ 𝐿𝑎𝑡 2 + σ 𝐷ⅇ𝑝 2
−𝑐𝑑
Bearing angle of the side of the error = arctan
−𝑐𝑙
𝐿ⅇ𝐶
Relative Precision (RP) =
𝐷
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS: LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
COMPASS RULE
• named after the distinguished American navigator
Nathaniel Bowditch
• It is based on the assumption that all lengths were
measured with equal care and all angles taken with
approximately the same precision.
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS: LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
TRANSIT RULE
• With this, the latitude and departure corrections
depend on the length of the latitude and departure
of the course respectively instead of both
depending on the length of the course.
•It is based on the assumption that the angular
measurements are more precise than the linear
measurements and that the errors in traversing are
accidental.
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS: LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
TRANSIT RULE
• With this, the latitude and departure corrections
depend on the length of the latitude and departure
of the course respectively instead of both
depending on the length of the course.
•It is based on the assumption that the angular
measurements are more precise than the linear
measurements and that the errors in traversing are
accidental.
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
GRAPHICAL METHOD:
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES,
COORDINATE METHOD
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
GRAPHICAL METHOD: RECTANGULAR
COORDINATES, COORDINATE METHOD
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
• Two horizontal distances measured to a point
from a pair of mutually perpendicular axes are
referred to as the rectangular coordinates of a
point.
TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
GRAPHICAL METHOD: RECTANGULAR COORDINATES,
COORDINATE METHOD
COORDINATE METHOD
• When a survey is run and made to close on a distant
terminal station or point of known coordinates, it will be
expected that the computed coordinates of the terminal
station will differ from its known coordinates.
•This may be employed when the preliminary coordinates
of stations along the traverse have been determined.
TRAVERSING
AND TRAVERSE
COMPUTATION
